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Qt63g6128j Nosplash 8F4ba038 Black California Dreamin’ The Crises of California’s African-American Communities Editors Ingrid Banks, Gaye Johnson, George Lipsitz, Ula Taylor, Daniel Widener & Clyde Woods C B S R © 2012 UCSB Center for Black Studies Research ISBN 0-9765036-6-2 Front cover photo courtesy of: Donna Ross-Jones Back cover photos courtesy of: Juli Grigsby (© Juli Renee Photography) Inside jacket photo courtesy of: Southern California Library - The People’s Library 6120 S. Vermont Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90044 The photo depicts the Library still standing while other buildings around it were burned down in the aftermath of the Los Angeles Rebellion in 1992. One of those buildings was a liquor store across the street from the library. Clyde A. Woods January 17,1957 - July 6, 2011 Photograph by Lluvia Higuera, commissioned by the Department of Black Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara Black California Dreamin’ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Black California Dreamin’: The Crises of California’s African-American Communities owes a great debt to Clyde Woods. His vision of Black California Studies will leaves an indelible mark on how we think about the African-American presence throughout California and we thank him for helping all of us to think more innovatively about how we engage work that merges different genres and speaks to a diverse audience. The co-editors are also indebted to the authors of Black California Dreamin’ for permitting us to publish their work in the pages that follow. Alison Jefferson worked with Clyde in writing grants for the Black California Dreamin’ project and organizing the conference, held in May 2011. Alison was Clyde’s right-hand in dealing with all aspects of the conference. Her incredible efforts laid the foundation for the publication of this volume and we thank her immensely. We also thank Emily Tumpson Molina for her work in assisting Clyde with the Black California Dreamin’ project. We are especially thankful to Alva Stevenson for graciously agreeing to serve as Honorary Co-editor of the volume. The co-editors thank Howard Winant and the UC Center for New Racial Studies and UC Santa Barbara’s Interdisciplinary Humanities Center for very generous grants to fund both the Black California Dreamin’ conference and the publication of the volume. We thank Anna Everett, Acting Associate Vice Chancellor QV=+;IV\I*IZJIZI¼[7NÅKMNWZ,Q^MZ[Q\a-Y]Q\aIVL)KILMUQK8WTQKaI[_MTTI[ Melvin Oliver, Executive Dean in the College of Letters & Science, for assisting in funding the images for the collection’s cover. We are especially grateful to Zaveeni Khan-Marcus, Director of UC Santa Barbara’s Multicultural Center, and Ricardo )TKIyVW,QZMK\WZ<Q\TM1@+WWZLQVI\WZQV\PM7NÅKMWN-Y]IT7XXWZ\]VQ\a Sexual Harassment/Title IX Compliance, for going over and beyond in assisting with funding the cover, as their contributions made a huge difference in meeting our fundraising goals to create a cover honoring Clyde Woods and one that speaks to his imaginings of a “Black California Dreamin’.” We are eternally grateful to Juli Grigsby for allowing us to use her photos for the back cover. We also thank the Southern California Library for sharing the photo that appears in the inside jacket of the volume. The Library held a very special place in Clyde’s heart and we are eternally grateful for their support. Special thanks to Jeffrey Stewart, Chair in the Department of Black Studies at UC Santa Barbara, for allowing us to reprint the department’s commissioned photo of Clyde that appears on the previous page. We extend a very special thank you to Clyde’s cousin, Donna Ross-Jones, for granting permission to use the photo of Clyde that appears on the front cover. We believe Black California Dreamin’ 5 Clyde would approve of our appropriating his image in our visual take on the Black California Dreamin’ theme. Along with Donna, we thank Clyde’s son Malik Woods and cousin Deborah Bassard for their unwavering support. ?MIZMM`\ZMUMTa\PIVSN]T\W5IP[PMML)aW]J*][QVM[[7NÅKMZQV\PM+MV\MZ for Black Studies Research at UC Santa Barbara. Her assistance in organizing the conference as well as various other tasks associated with publishing the volume has been invaluable. Adam Kaiserman, Editor and Publications Manager in the Center for Black Studies Research, proved to be an extraordinary Managing Editor for Black California Dreamin’. His eye to detail and critical input in working with the co-editors and authors was invaluable. We extend our deepest gratitude to both Mahsheed and Adam. In addition, Michelle Kendall served as an exceptional proofreader and we thank her for her diligent work. A tremendous thank you to Chryss Yost for taking the time out of her very busy schedule to design what we believe is a cover that represents Clyde Woods’ vision of “Black California Dreamin.’” We extend a thousand thank yous to Claudine Michel, Interim Director of UC Santa Barbara’s Center for Black Studies Research, for her continuing support of Clyde’s scholarly legacy. During his tenure in working on the Black California Dreamin’ project, Clyde served as Acting Director of the Center in Claudine’s absence. When Claudine resumed her role as director, she continued to direct all needed assistance to the publication of the volume. We are eternally grateful to Claudine and are proud that the Center serves as publisher of Black California Dreamin’: The Crises of California’s African-American Communities. CONTENTS 4 Acknowledgments 9 Introduction: Black California Dreamin’ Ingrid Banks, Gaye Johnson, George Lipsitz, Ula Taylor & Daniel Widener 15 Forward: In Memoriam Malik Woods 19 <PM;MIZKPNWZ;QOVQÅKIVKMQV1V\MZ[\Q\QIT;XIKM";IV2W[MIVLQ\[/ZMI\*TIKS5QOZI\QWV 1941-1968 0MZJMZ\/:]NÅV11 57 Remember the Fillmore: The Lingering History of Urban Renewal in Black San Francisco Christina Jackson & Nikki Jones 75 “From Fillmore to No More”: Black-Owned Business in a Transforming San Francisco Jasmine Johnson & Shaun Ossei-Owusu 93 “This is Not a Protest”: Managing Dissent in Racialized San Francisco Savannah Shange 107 Criminals, Planters, and Corporate Capitalists: The Case of Public Education in Los Angeles Damien M. Schnyder 127 Reversed Gains?: African-Americans and Foreclosures in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, 2008-2009 Emily Tumpson Molina 143 Season of Change Erin Aubry Kaplan 151 Serving Time: Betye Saar’s Cage, the Criminalization of Poverty, and the Healing Power of Art in Black California George Lipsitz 161 Stacks of Obits: A Performance Piece Stephanie L. Batiste 191 “A Cell is Not a Home”: Asset Stripping and Trap Economics in Central City East/Skid Row, Part 2 Clyde Woods Black California Dreamin’ INTRODUCTION Ingrid Banks, Gaye Johnson, George Lipsitz, Ula Taylor & Daniel Widener “California Dreamin’,” the 1965 single by The Mamas and the Papas, captured a shared nostalgia for California, one that emphasized environmental and social warmth as sources of universal longing. The iconic Golden State described by \PMOZW]XPI[QVLMMLÅO]ZMLTIZOMTaQV\PMKWTTMK\Q^MQUIOQVI\QWVWN)NZQKIV Americans. Yet there is much more beyond the dream of sun, sand, and surf in black memories and experiences of California. A black “California Dreamin’” has been a critical mixture of promise and adversity, warmth and struggle. Perhaps IUWZMÅ\\QVOLMXQK\QWVWNJTIKSKWTTMK\Q^MM`XMZQMVKMWN\PM[\I\MKIVJMNW]VL in Bobby Womack’s 1968 rendition of “California Dreamin,’” which we read as a more accurate portrayal of the black relationship to the “California Dream.” Womack’s version of the song adds gritty rhythm and blues arrangements and conveys black histories and expressions of resolve and resistance in the face of [\ZQNM<PMKWUJQVI\QWVWN[MV[QJQTQ\QM[KIX\]ZMLJa?WUIKSQ[IÅ\\QVOIVITWOaNWZ Professor Clyde Woods’s own dream of assembling a diverse group of academics and journalists to consider the meaning of what he opined, “Black California Dreamin’: The Crises of California’s African-American Communities.” After receiving grants from the University of California’s Center for New Racial Studies and UC Santa Barbara’s Interdisciplinary Humanities Center to fund the “Black California Dreamin’” project, Woods began laying the seeds for what he envisioned as a University of California-wide initiative on California Studies. To that end, in July 2010, Woods sent out a call for papers requesting writings on the presence of blacks in California and on May, 13, 2011, in the midst of battling cancer, he hosted the “Black California Dreamin’ Conference” at UC Santa Barbara. Tragically, as Woods began to collect papers for the volume, he passed away on July 6, 2011. At the time, he was also engaged in working on an essay for the volume that he unfortunately was unable to complete. However, that essay, published here as a “work in progress,” concludes his dream of “Black California Dreamin’.” Black California Dreamin’: The Crises of California’s African-American Communities critically examines the multiple challenges facing black communities in California. 1\M`IUQVM[XW^MZ\aPW][QVO]ZJIVZMVM_ITOMV\ZQÅKI\QWVQVKIZKMZI\QWV^QWTMVKM education, homelessness, and the economic devastation of home foreclosures. Prior 10 Ingrid Banks et al. to the past three decades, African-Americans already led the state with the largest high school dropouts, homelessness, incarceration, and mortality. Since the economic crisis, blacks have also experienced extreme rates of unemployment and housing foreclosure, the elimination of life sustaining social and educational programs, and the closure of major organizations, institutions, and cultural programs. In addition to the problems facing black communities in California, the editors of this anthology are also aware of the inequalities that exist within academia. Traditional academia pivots on the meta-narrative of a “scholarly canon,” thereby rendering forms of knowledge and scholarship that exist outside of said canon as non-normative. We understand the importance of beginning a conversation whereby new archives and databases can be developed that privilege marginalized narratives.
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