Open Access Journal of Chemistry Volume 3, Issue 3, 2019, PP 22-28 ISSN 2637-5834

A Review on a Some Analytical Methods for Determination of Salicylic Acid

Amina M. Abass1*, Jamal M. Rzaij2, Huda ghalib Salman1, Wisam Kadhum H.Al-Hashemi1 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Al-Jaderia, Baghdad-Iraq 2Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq *Corresponding Author: Amina M. Abass, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Al-Jaderia, Baghdad-Iraq. Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Salicylic acid is being used as a keratolytic agent for treatment of corns or verrucae; it’s being used in many ointments and medicines due to its ability to remove the stratum corneum. Since such products containing salicylic acid are easily obtainable, salicylic acid poisoning (salicylism) cases are relatively many especially for infants not older than 5 years. Its poisoning symptoms were reported to be headache, vertigo, tinnitus, bradyacusia, amblyopia and sweating. There are many analytical techniques that have been reported for simultaneous estimation of salicylic acid and its derivative pharmaceutical dosage form such as : Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylamide, sodium salicylate, p-amino salicylic acid and methyl salicylate. Some of those techniques are UV Spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography (GC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography UPLC), In addition of various analytical methods are available for the quantification of pharmaceutical forms, ion-Selective Electrodes one of the most important chemical technique which used for determination of salicylic acid in pure and pharmaceutical formations. Keywords: ISEs, Salicylic acid, Review, Analytical Methods. Spectrophotometry, HPLC

0 INTRODUCTION point is 158-161 C., chemical structure shown in Figure 1[3]. Salicylic acid is chemically 2-hydroxy benzoic acid that has antiseptic, antifungal and keratolytic properties. It is used to treat warts, psoriasis, corns and other skin conditions. It works by softening and loosening dry, scaly, or thickened skin so that it falls off or can be removed easily [1,2]. Salicylic acid is white or almost white, Figure1. Chemical structure of Salicylic acid crystalline powder or white or colorless, acicular In this literature review, various analytical crystals, slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol, sparingly soluble in methylene methods are demonstrated for salicylic acid, some of these techniques are reported and it is chloride, Its molecular formula is C7H8O3 and -1 given as Table1, Table 2 and Table 3 molecular weight is138.1 gm mole . Its melting Table1. Spectro photometric methods for determination salicylic acid Name of Method Results Ref. No UV-Spectral Sample :Aspirin in blood 4 absorption by change λ maxused=300, 319 nm in PH Range of acetylsalicylic acid=9.3-10.2 mg/µ.,with SD= ±0.32 Range of salicylic acid=22.2-23.7 mg/µ.,with SD= ±0.77 UV-Visible Sample :salicylic acid 5 Spectrophotometric λ max used=300 and 250 nm. Concentration Range=5-50µg/ml %Drug content in marketed formulation=103.85 PH-Selective Visible Sample :salicylic acidas a chromogenic agent 6 Spectrophotometric λ max used=520 , 460 nm.

Open Access Journal of Chemistry V3 ● 13 ● 2019 22 A Review on a Some Analytical Methods for Determination of Salicylic Acid

PH=2.26(±0.02),PH=6.1(±0.02) Concentration Range=3.75-37.5µg/ml and 2.0-24.0 µg/ml. R=0.999,R=0.9988 Apparent molar absorptivity =1.7×103, 3.01×103 L mol-1 cm-1 Kinetic Sample :acetylsalicylic acid 7 Spectrophotometric λ max used=410 nm. Concentration Range=0.72-9.00 µg/ml Detection Limit=0.35 µg/ml Spectrophotometric Sample :salicylic acid 8 by Solvent Extraction λ max used=516 nm Concentration Range= 8×10-6- 4×10-5M PH=5.5-9. Absorptiometric in Sample : acetylsalicylic acid 9 Aqueous Ethanolic λ max used=276,300 nm. Solution Molar absorptivity =1.1×103, 3.83×103 L mol-1 cm-1 Spectrophotometry Sample : salicylic acid 10 λ max used=303 nm. Solvent: ethanol %Recovery =99.5-101.3 Spectrophotometric Sample : salicylic acid 11 Analysis Solvent: ethanol, chloroform, benzene, etc. Mean±S.D=100.99±0.9 Coefficient of Variation=0.989 Std. error =0.577 Spectro fluometry Sample: salicylamide, acetylsalicylic acid, and salicylic acid 12 Concentration Range: 10-7M First Order Sample :Aspirin 13 Spectroscopy λ max used=234.15-238.88 nm Solvent :Methanol Amplitudes= 232.98nm Concentration Range:2-10 µg mL-1 %Assay commercial formulation=98.74-101.24 Spectrophotometric Sample :Sodium salicylate 14 λ max used= 452 nm Concentration Range= 2-30µg.ml-1 Molar absorptivity =0.0188 µg/cm2,8.5013 ×103 L mol-1 cm-1 UV – Visible Sample :Aspirin 15 Spectrophotometer λ max used= 220 nm Solvent=ethanol %Recovery=97.70,98.73,96.85,99.75,98.22 Second Derivative Sample :Aspirin 16 Ultraviolet λ max used= 292 nm Spectrometry Solvent=chloroacetic acid-ethanol Concentration Range=1.00-10.02µg.ml-1 R= 0.9999 %RSD= 1.2 Spectrophotometry Sample: p-Amino salicylic Acid 17 λ max used= 460-555nm Buffer solutions=3M (HCl-KCl), 5M (HCl-KCl) Concentration Range=0.4-2.0 µg.ml-1 Molar absorptivity=2.4×104 and 3.8×104 L mol-1 cm-1 λ max used= 264 nm Molar absorptivity=7.65×103 L mol-1 cm-1 Concentration Range=2-10 µg.ml-1 %Recovery=97.6±1.71,98.4±1.45 Spectrophotometry Sample: salicylic acid 18 λ max used= 540 nm Solvent :water ,chloroform ,amyl alcohol ,ether ,ethanol P-value=0.993 , 0.000 Table2. High-performance liquid chromatography For Determination of salicylic acid Name of Method Results Ref.No

23 Open Access Journal of Chemistry V3 ● 13 ● 2019 A Review on a Some Analytical Methods for Determination of Salicylic Acid

LC-MS/MS Sample: salicylic acid 19 PH=4.2 Concentration Range=1-1000 ngL-1 %Re=95-100 R(n=6)=0.99 Liquid Chromatography Sample: salicylic acid 20 PH=3.0 Concentration Range=0.1-50µg.ml-1 R=0.999 %Re=95.6-103.9 %RSD=3.8 High-performance liquid Sample=methyl salicylate and salicylic acid 21 chromatography with Gas Concentration Range=0.07-0.89 µg.ml-1 chromatography Concentration Range=1.32-6.54 µg.ml-1 High-Performance Liquid Sample :Aspirin, salicylic acid 22 Chromatographic Concentration Range=0.5-1.25 µg.ml-1, 0.4-6.0% µg.ml-1 %Re=100.2,99.2 Coefficient of variation (n=6) =0.3,2.6. Relative retention time=3.6,6.4 sec. Reversed phase liquid Sample: acetylsalicylic, salicylic acid 23 Chromatography Concentration Range=0.21-0.39 µg.ml-1,6.3-11.7 µg.ml-1 R=0.9995,0.9988 Detection Limit=0.23 µg.ml-1,0.69 µg.ml-1 Sensitivity=1.88mAbs(µg.ml-1),1.84mAbs(µg.ml-1) GC-MS Sample: salicylic acid, methyl salicylate 24 %RSD=1.22,1.67 R=0.9976 to 0.9997 UPLC-MS/MS-API-5500 Sample: Aspirin, salicylic acid 25 Concentration Range=0.1-24 ng/ml,0.1-8 µg.ml-1 %Mean Recovery = > 85% Novel HPLC Sample: salicylic acid 26 Detection Limit=0.125,0.250 µg.ml-1 %Re=98.99±0.66 , 97.50±1.33 RP- HPLC Sample: salicylic acid 27 λ max used= 263 nm Buffer=(55:45) Concentration Range=20-80 ppm Flow Rate=1ml/min %Re=99.46 HPLC Profiles Sample: salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic 28 λUV-Detection = 280-360 nm Flow Rate=1.0 ml/min Runtime=22 and 25 min at solvent methanol and acetic acid. Runtime=30 and 45 min at solvent acetonitrile and phosphoric acid LC-MS/MS Sample: salicylic acid 29 Concentration Range=5.30-12.8 mg/kg and 0.13-1.01 mg/kg R= 0.9911 to 0.9936 %Re=98.3 to 101 Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Sample: salicylic acid 30 High-Perphormance Liquid Concentration Range=5-10 µg.ml-1 Chromatography Detection Limit=0.0048ng/ml %Re=88.0-95.0 %RSD=3.8 to 6.8 UV-HPLC Sample: Aspirin, salicylic acid 31 λmax used = 254 nm for HPLC,226,296 nm for UV. Solvent=acetonitrile and ratio of water for UV and used as a mobile phase in HPLC.

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R2=0.9996, 0.9992 in UV, 0.006,0.004 µg.ml-1 for HPLC. %Re=98.80 to 101.26 and 98.67 to 103.33 HPLC Sample: Aspirin 32 %Re=91.0-97.8 ,94.3-102.7 ,92.3-107.6 ,102.5-103.6 %RSD=0.4 ,0.2 ,0.5 ,0.6 ,3.4 R2=0.997 ,0.999 ,0.999 ,0.995 ,0.998 HPLC Analysis Sample: salicylic acid 33 λmax used =334 nm Concentration Range= 0.038–0.56 mg/mL Solvent: acetonitrile-acetic acid Run= 1 mL/min Reverse phase high performance Sample: salicylamide, salicylic acid 34 liquid chromatographic λmax was used =245 nm Concentration Range=1-50 µg.ml-1 R2=≥ 0.99 %RSD= less than 1.0 %Re=99.74, 99.52 ,99.40 HPLC and GC/MS Sample: salicylic acid , acetylsalicylic acid 35 PH=9.0 Net mobility=6.3×10-4 cm2V-1 S-1 ,5.6×10-4 cm2V-1 S-1 Electro –osmotic mobility=9.3×10-4 cm2V-1 S-1 Liquid chromotography Sample: Salicylic Acid 36 λmax was used= 245 nm Concentration Range=256-384 µg/ml %Re=100.56, 100.63 , 100. Flow rate=1.5 ml/min Table3. Ion –Selective Electrodes for Determination salicylic acid Type of Ion –pair for Slope Conc. Range Detection R Response PH Life Ref Electrodes mV/decade Limit Time Time . [bis(2-hydroxyl imino)1- –59.1 ± 0.4 1.0 × 10-6- 5.0 × 10–7 0.998 15 sec 2.0–7.8 - 37 phenyl,2-(2- 1.0 × 10–1 (mole/L) qunolile) 1-ethanona] (mole/L) Aluminium(III) Zinc aluminium layered 58.8 ± 1.0 1.0 x 10-5- 3.9 x 10-6 - 11-35 sec 4.0-12.0 4 months 38 double hydroxides-4(2,4- 1.0 x 10-1 (mole/L) dichlorophenoxy) butyrate (mole/L) (Zn/Al-DPBA) nanocomposite Trioctylmethyl ammonium 56±1.0, 3×10-6−1 8×10-7 - ~ 5 sec 5.0-12.0 - 39 chloride 57.7±1.0 1×10-6−1 (mole/L) (mole/L) Second kind 58.66 6.0×10-4- - - 6.0 18 40 -1 Pt|Hg|Hg2(salic)2 Graphite 1.0×10 months (mole/L) ZnO/Al2O3 nanocomposite - 0.5-80.0 μM. 0.25 μM - - 2.0-9.0 - 41 Pencil graphite electrode 29.60 ± 0.30 1.0 × 10−5 - 5.42 μM - <20 sec 4.0-6.0 - 42 1.0 × 10−1 (mole/L) Ferric(III) nitrate and - 0.02– - - 10,8 min 2.1 ,6.5 - 43 copper(II) acetate on 0.50 g/L Dowex‐50x8 0.40– 1.40 g/L Acetylsalicylic Acid in 43±4 and 7.5 x 10-3– - - < 2 sec - - 44 Tablets with Salicylate Ion 45±2.5 7.5 x 10-2 Selective Electrode in a (mole/L) Batch Injection Analysis System Calix[4]arene 58.8±0.5 1.0×10−5– 4.3×10−6 - 5–10 sec 4.0 - 45 1.0×10−1 (mole/L) (mole/L)

25 Open Access Journal of Chemistry V3 ● 13 ● 2019 A Review on a Some Analytical Methods for Determination of Salicylic Acid

Tubular salicylate 56.0 0.05--10 mM 0.05 mM - - - - 46 Glassy carbon electrode - 0.04–350 μM 4.42 nM - - 7.4 - 47 (GCE) modified with a composite film of poly (4– vinylpyridine) (P4VP) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)

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Citation: Amina M. Abass, Jamal M. Rzaij, Huda ghalib Salman, Wisam Kaduhm H. Al-Hashemi, “A Review on a Some Analytical Methods for Determination of Salicylic Acid”, Open Access Journal of Chemistry, 3(3), 2019, pp. 22-28. Copyright: © 2019 Amina M. Abass. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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