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Pain-Relievers
Pain-Relievers Pain. It is a common experience though the cause Ibuprofen/Naproxen and severity differ greatly. Lucky for us there are pain-relievers (analgesics). Purpose: To reduce inflammation, reduce pain (E.g. Headache, mild or moderate pain. More Which pain- effective than aspirin or reliever will be acetaminophen for relief the most menstrual cramps effective one (dysmenorrhea). for you? Adverse Reactions: Commonly used nausea, heartburn, pain relievers diarrhea, indigestion, are not only abdominal discomfort, used for mild bleeding and ulcers. pain but also fever reduction and inflammation. Choose your pain reliever wisely for the most Examples: Advil, Motrin, Nuprin, Metaprin. effective treatment possible. The following Aleve and naproxen are similar to ibuprofen, information will give you a brief outline for each but last longer. All must be taken with food. commonly used pain relieving substance. Not recommended for use by pregnant or There are generic forms of each of the pain breast-feeding women. relievers. The generic pain relievers are as effective as the “Name Brand” pain relievers, and Avoid if any history of aspirin sensitivity. cost considerably less. For more information ask your pharmacist or health practitioner. Acetaminophen Aspirin Purpose: reduce pain, reduce fever Purpose: To reduce inflammation, pain, fever, (E.g. headache, and low intensity pain (E.g. headache, joint fever) pain, muscle pain) Adverse Adverse Reactions: skin rash, hives, shortness Reactions: of breath, asthma, shock, edema (swelling), Stomach irritation, stomach irritation, bleeding and ulcers. skin rash much less common than with Examples: Bayer aspirin. Aspirin, Bayer Timed Release, generic Examples: Tylenol, Panadol, Aspirin Free, aspirin. Anacin and Apap. -
Synthesis of Aspirin
SYNTHESIS OF ASPIRIN I. OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND You will: synthesize acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) by carrying out a simple organic reaction, separate your product from the reaction mixture by vacuum filtration, purify your product by recrystallization, perform a chemical test to identify the change in functional group from reactant to product, and determine the success of your synthesis by calculating the percentage yield of your product. INTRODUCTION Aspirin is one of the most widely used medications in the world. It is employed as an analgesic (pain relief), an anti-pyretic (fever control) and an anti-inflammatory. More recently, studies have indicated that daily intake of small doses of aspirin can lower the risk of heart attack and stroke in high-risk patients. The history of aspirin and its precursor dates back to ancient times. Documents attributed to Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, from the 4th century B.C. refer to the alleviation of pain by chewing on the bark of a willow tree or ingesting a powder made from the bark and leaves of the willow. This remedy was passed on from generation to generation. Fast forward now to the 19th century, where the field of organic chemistry began to experience tremendous growth. By 1838, chemists had managed to isolate, purify and identify the component of willow bark that provided the analgesic benefit. The compound was named salicylic acid, which was based on the genus name of the willow. Efforts to market salicylic acid met with failure, due to an unfortunate side effect-- prolonged ingestion of salicylic acid led to stomach pain, and in some cases, ulcers. -
Pharmacokinetics of Salicylic Acid Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Sodium Salicylate in Sheep
animals Article Pharmacokinetics of Salicylic Acid Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Sodium Salicylate in Sheep Shashwati Mathurkar 1,*, Preet Singh 2 ID , Kavitha Kongara 2 and Paul Chambers 2 1 1B, He Awa Crescent, Waikanae 5036, New Zealand 2 School of Veterinary Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (P.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-221-678-035 Received: 13 June 2018; Accepted: 16 July 2018; Published: 18 July 2018 Simple Summary: Scarcity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to minimise the pain in sheep instigated the current study. The aim of this study was to know the pharmacokinetic parameters of salicylic acid in New Zealand sheep after administration of multiple intravenous and oral doses of sodium salicylate (sodium salt of salicylic acid). Results of the study suggest that the half-life of the drug was shorter and clearance was faster after intravenous administration as compared to that of the oral administration. The minimum effective concentration required to produce analgesia in humans (16.8 µL) was achieved in sheep for about 0.17 h in the current study after intravenous administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of sodium salicylate. However, oral administration of these doses failed to achieve the minimum effective concentration as mentioned above. This study is of significance as it adds valuable information on pharmacokinetics and its variation due to breed, species, age, gender and environmental conditions. -
Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) As an in Situ Technique for Dissolution Studies Abe S
Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) Summer 8-2011 Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an In Situ Technique for Dissolution Studies Abe S. Kassis Seton Hall University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations Part of the Biochemistry Commons Recommended Citation Kassis, Abe S., "Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an In Situ Technique for Dissolution Studies" (2011). Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). 1432. https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/1432 Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an In Situ Technique for Dissolution Studies by Abe S. Kassis Ph.D. DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Seton Hall University Seton Hall University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 400 South Orange Avenue South Orange, New Jersey 07079 August 2011 DISSERTATION COMMITTEE APPROVALS We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is sufficient in scientific scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy APPROVED BY: Advisor, Seton Hall University Nicholas H. Snow, Ph.D. Member of Dissertation Committee, Seton Hall University Tarun ~el, Ph.D. Member of Dissertation Committee, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Q\A"b A lM~ en P. KeI;y, Ph.D. Chair, Department ofChemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University [ii] "Although nature commences with reason and ends in experience it is necessary for us to do the opposite, that is to commence with experience and from this to proceed to investigate the reason." -Leonardo da Vinci [iii] Abstract Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an in situ Technique for Dissolution Studies Dissolution studies are critical tests for measuring the performance, or rate of release, of a drug product. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0221245 A1 Kunin (43) Pub
US 2010O221245A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0221245 A1 Kunin (43) Pub. Date: Sep. 2, 2010 (54) TOPICAL SKIN CARE COMPOSITION Publication Classification (51) Int. Cl. (76) Inventor: Audrey Kunin, Mission Hills, KS A 6LX 39/395 (2006.01) (US) A6II 3L/235 (2006.01) A638/16 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: (52) U.S. Cl. ......................... 424/133.1: 514/533: 514/12 HUSCH BLACKWELL SANDERS LLP (57) ABSTRACT 4801 Main Street, Suite 1000 - KANSAS CITY, MO 64112 (US) The present invention is directed to a topical skin care com position. The composition has the unique ability to treat acne without drying out the user's skin. In particular, the compo (21) Appl. No.: 12/395,251 sition includes a base, an antibacterial agent, at least one anti-inflammatory agent, and at least one antioxidant. The (22) Filed: Feb. 27, 2009 antibacterial agent may be benzoyl peroxide. US 2010/0221 245 A1 Sep. 2, 2010 TOPCAL SKIN CARE COMPOSITION stay of acne treatment since the 1950s. Skin irritation is the most common side effect of benzoyl peroxide and other anti BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION biotic usage. Some treatments can be severe and can leave the 0001. The present invention generally relates to composi user's skin excessively dry. Excessive use of some acne prod tions and methods for producing topical skin care. Acne Vul ucts may cause redness, dryness of the face, and can actually garis, or acne, is a common skin disease that is prevalent in lead to more acne. Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide teenagers and young adults. -
Salsalate Tablets, USP 500 Mg and 750 Mg Rx Only
SALSALATE RX- salsalate tablet, film coated ANDAPharm LLC Disclaimer: This drug has not been found by FDA to be safe and effective, and this labeling has not been approved by FDA. For further information about unapproved drugs, click here. ---------- Salsalate Tablets, USP 500 mg and 750 mg Rx Only Cardiovascular Risk NSAIDs may cause an increase risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. This risk may increase with duration of use. Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk. (See WARNINGS and CLINICAL TRIALS). Salsalate tablets, USP is contraindicated for the treatment of perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (See WARNINGS). Gastrointestinal Risk NSAIDs cause an increased risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal. These events can occur at any time during use and without warning symptoms. Elderly patients are at greater risk for serious gastrointestinal events. (See WARNINGS). DESCRIPTION Salsalate, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent for oral administration. Chemically, salsalate (salicylsalicylic acid or 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-carboxyphenyl ester) is a dimer of salicylic acid; its structural formula is shown below. Chemical Structure: Inactive Ingredients: Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, D&C Yellow #10 Aluminum Lake, Hypromellose, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Sodium Starch Glycolate, Stearic Acid, Talc, Titanium Dioxide, Triacetin. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Salsalate is insoluble in acid gastric fluids (<0.1 mg/mL at pH 1.0), but readily soluble in the small intestine where it is partially hydrolyzed to two molecules of salicylic acid. -
A History of Aspirin
Physicians, Fads, and Pharmaceuticals: A History of Aspirin Anne Adina Judith Andermann*, B.Sc., M.Phil. Cantab * To whom correspondence should be addressed: Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Drummond St., Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6"Politics is not out there in society. Politics is down there in the laboratory." --Bruno Latour (1). Aspirin is a product of the late-nineteenth-century laboratory, pharmaceutical industry, and medical community. The prevailing scientific techniques, industrial approaches, and medical beliefs were instrumental in the development, promotion and reception of the drug. As a result, the present account does not extend further back than a few decades prior to the release of aspirin from the laboratories of Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co. in 1899. In contrast, much of the current literature on aspirin (2,3,4) attempts to trace the compound back to antiquity through the Ebers papyrus, the Hippocratic writings, and the works of Galen. Such histories tell a simple, linear tale of the numerous "discoveries" proposed to have led to the use of certain salicylate-containing plants, such as willow bark and wintergreen, or salicylate-related compounds, including salicilin and salicylic acid, as cures for a variety of ailments. Indeed, according to Mann and Plummer: Both [salicilin and salicylic acid] attacked fever and pain, and their partisans advocated the salicylates' use as antiseptics, mouthwashes, and water preservatives for ocean voyages; one important chemist further suggested (erroneously) that sodium salicylate, a chemical relative, would successfully treat scarlet fever, diphtheria, measles, syphilis, cholera, rabies and anthrax (5). However, it is difficult to establish what effect, if any, these examples of the "historical" uses of "proto-aspirin" had on the impetus for and modes of developing and using the actual drug called aspirin. -
Sodium-Salicylate-European-Public-Mrl-Assessment-Report-Epmar-Committee-Veterinary
27 October 2010 EMA/CVMP/562066/2007 Veterinary Medicines and Product Data Management Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use European public MRL assessment report (EPMAR) Sodium salicylate (turkeys) On 12 October 2010 the European Commission adopted a Regulation1 establishing provisional maximum residue limits for sodium salicylate in turkeys, valid throughout the European Union. These provisional maximum residue limits were based on the favourable opinion and the assessment report adopted by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use. In turkeys, sodium salicylate is intended for use orally as an antipyretic in the treatment of acute respiratory diseases. Sodium salicylate was previously assessed for the purpose of establishing maximum residue limits and was entered in Annex II of Regulation (EEC) No 2377/902 (no MRL required) for topical use in all food producing species except fish and for oral use in bovine and porcine species. Chevita Tierarzneimittel GmbH submitted to the European Medicines Agency on 4 January 2007 an application for the extension of existing entry in Annex II of Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 for sodium salicylates to turkeys. On 12 December 2007 the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use adopted an opinion recommending the amendment of the entry in Annex II of Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 to include sodium salicylate for oral use in turkeys. The European Commission subsequently returned the opinion to the Committee to consider whether its opinion should be reviewed to take into account issues raised during the Commission’s inter service consultation and in particular to consider whether establishment of maximum residue limits for sodium salicylate in turkeys should be established. -
Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 201.323
Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 201.323 liver damage or gastrointestinal bleed- calcium, choline salicylate, magnesium ing). OTC drug products containing in- salicylate, or sodium salicylate] or ternal analgesic/antipyretic active in- other pain relievers/fever reducers. [Ac- gredients may cause similar adverse ef- etaminophen and (insert one nonste- fects. FDA concludes that the labeling roidal anti-inflammatory analgesic/ of OTC drug products containing inter- antipyretic ingredient—including, but nal analgesic/antipyretic active ingre- not limited to aspirin, carbaspirin cal- dients should advise consumers with a cium, choline salicylate, magnesium history of heavy alcohol use to consult salicylate, or sodium salicylate] may a physician. Accordingly, any OTC cause liver damage and stomach bleed- drug product, labeled for adult use, ing.’’ containing any internal analgesic/anti- (b) Requirements to supplement ap- pyretic active ingredients (including, proved application. Holders of approved but not limited to, acetaminophen, as- applications for OTC drug products pirin, carbaspirin calcium, choline sa- that contain internal analgesic/anti- licylate, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, magne- pyretic active ingredients that are sub- sium salicylate, naproxen sodium, and ject to the requirements of paragraph sodium salicylate) alone or in combina- (a) of this section must submit supple- tion shall bear an alcohol warning ments under § 314.70(c) of this chapter statement in its labeling as follows: to include the required warning in the (1) Acetaminophen. ‘‘Alcohol Warn- product’s labeling. Such labeling may ing’’ [heading in boldface type]: ‘‘If you be put into use without advance ap- consume 3 or more alcoholic drinks proval of FDA provided it includes the every day, ask your doctor whether exact information included in para- you should take acetaminophen or graph (a) of this section. -
Graphic No Vels & Comics
GRAPHIC NOVELS & COMICS SPRING 2020 TITLE Description FRONT COVER X-Men, Vol. 1 The X-Men find themselves in a whole new world of possibility…and things have never been better! Mastermind Jonathan Hickman and superstar artist Leinil Francis Yu reveal the saga of Cyclops and his hand-picked squad of mutant powerhouses. Collects #1-6. 9781302919818 | $17.99 PB Marvel Fallen Angels, Vol. 1 Psylocke finds herself in the new world of Mutantkind, unsure of her place in it. But when a face from her past returns only to be killed, she seeks vengeance. Collects Fallen Angels (2019) #1-6. 9781302919900 | $17.99 PB Marvel Wolverine: The Daughter of Wolverine Wolverine stars in a story that stretches across the decades beginning in the 1940s. Who is the young woman he’s fated to meet over and over again? Collects material from Marvel Comics Presents (2019) #1-9. 9781302918361 | $15.99 PB Marvel 4 Graphic Novels & Comics X-Force, Vol. 1 X-Force is the CIA of the mutant world—half intelligence branch, half special ops. In a perfect world, there would be no need for an X-Force. We’re not there…yet. Collects #1-6. 9781302919887 | $17.99 PB Marvel New Mutants, Vol. 1 The classic New Mutants (Sunspot, Wolfsbane, Mirage, Karma, Magik, and Cypher) join a few new friends (Chamber, Mondo) to seek out their missing member and go on a mission alongside the Starjammers! Collects #1-6. 9781302919924 | $17.99 PB Marvel Excalibur, Vol. 1 It’s a new era for mutantkind as a new Captain Britain holds the amulet, fighting for her Kingdom of Avalon with her Excalibur at her side—Rogue, Gambit, Rictor, Jubilee…and Apocalypse. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,221,377 B1 Meyer (45) Date of Patent: Apr
USOO6221377B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,221,377 B1 Meyer (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 24, 2001 (54) ADMINISTRATION MEDIA FOR (56) References Cited ANALGESIC, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANT-PYRETC DRUGS CONTAINING FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS NITROUS OXDE AND PHARMACEUTICAL 2 277 264 10/1994 (GB). COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING SUCH MEDIA AND DRUGS OTHER PUBLICATIONS (75) Inventor: Petrus Johannes Meyer, Randburg Chemical ABstracts AN 1985:464783, Hertz et al., Jan. (ZA) 1985.* Chemical Abstracts AN 1978:44978, Berkowitz et al., Jan. (73) Assignee: Pitmy International N.V., Bonaire 1977.* (NL) International Publication No. WO93/25213, published Dec. 23, 1993. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Mikrochim. Acta, vol. 2, No. 5-6, 1980 pp. 464–474, Stahl patent is extended or adjusted under 35 et al., Extraction of natural Substances using Supercritical U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. and liquified gases. (21) Appl. No.: 09/068,543 Reynolds J.E.F. et al., “Martindale', 1989, The Pharmaceu tical Press. (22) PCT Filed: Nov. 13, 1996 Science, vol. 194, No. 4268, 1976, pp. 967–968, Berkowitz (86) PCT No.: PCT/IB96/01366 et al., "Nitrous oxide “analgesia': resemblance to opiate action'. S371 Date: May 13, 1998 Steinegger et al., “Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie und Phy S 102(e) Date: May 13, 1998 topharmazie', Edition 4, 1988. (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO97/17978 * cited by examiner PCT Pub. Date: May 22, 1997 Primary Examiner Jyothsna Venkat (30) Foreign Application Priority Data ASSistant Examiner-Grace Hsu (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin Nov. 13, 1995 (ZA) ................................................... -
TFG Navarra Fontbona Eva.Pdf
2 3 Índex 1.Introducció 6 1.1.Presentació 6 1.2.Objectius 9 2. Conceptualització del projecte 10 2.1.Format 10 2.1.1.Gènere 11 2.1.2.Estructura de la bíblia 14 2.2.Trastorn dissociatiu de la identitat 17 2.2.1 Què és la dissociació 17 2.2.2 Explicació del trastorn: què el produeix, en què consisteix i quin és el diagnòstic 21 2.2.3 Quins i com són les identitats 28 2.2.4 Tractament i integració 37 2.2.5 Conceptes importants 40 2.3. Estudi de mercat 43 2.3.1.Finestres/canals d’explotació 43 2.3.2.Target 57 2.3.3.On queda l’animació adulta en el mercat actual 58 3. Presentació formal projecte professional 66 3.1.Biblia 66 3.1.1. Fitxa tècnica 66 3.1.2.Història 66 3.1.3.Tractament 70 3.1.4.Tractament de gènere 70 3.1.5. Disseny de personatges 71 3.1.6.Personatges 74 4 3.1.7.Relació entre personatges 96 3.1.8.Móns i espais 100 3.1.9.Mapa de la trama 109 3.1.10.Sinopsi per episodi 110 3.1.11.Guió de l’episodi pilot 116 4. Llista de referències 144 5. Annex 151 5 1.Introducció 1.1.Presentació La idea d'aquest projecte neix, per curiós que sigui, arran d'una cerca a YouTube que, de vídeo recomanat a vídeo recomanat, em va portar a un canal anomenat Fae System. La noia que sortida al vídeo en qüestió, l'Iris, estava criticant la representació que feia un famós creador de continguts de YouTube sobre el trastorn de personalitat antisocial (conegut popularment com a sociopatia).