Pain-Relievers

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Pain-Relievers Pain. It is a common experience though the cause Ibuprofen/Naproxen and severity differ greatly. Lucky for us there are pain-relievers (analgesics). Purpose: To reduce inflammation, reduce pain (E.g. Headache, mild or moderate pain. More Which pain- effective than aspirin or reliever will be acetaminophen for relief the most menstrual cramps effective one (dysmenorrhea). for you? Adverse Reactions: Commonly used nausea, heartburn, pain relievers diarrhea, indigestion, are not only abdominal discomfort, used for mild bleeding and ulcers. pain but also fever reduction and inflammation. Choose your pain reliever wisely for the most Examples: Advil, Motrin, Nuprin, Metaprin. effective treatment possible. The following Aleve and naproxen are similar to ibuprofen, information will give you a brief outline for each but last longer. All must be taken with food. commonly used pain relieving substance. Not recommended for use by pregnant or There are generic forms of each of the pain breast-feeding women. relievers. The generic pain relievers are as effective as the “Name Brand” pain relievers, and Avoid if any history of aspirin sensitivity. cost considerably less. For more information ask your pharmacist or health practitioner. Acetaminophen Aspirin Purpose: reduce pain, reduce fever Purpose: To reduce inflammation, pain, fever, (E.g. headache, and low intensity pain (E.g. headache, joint fever) pain, muscle pain) Adverse Adverse Reactions: skin rash, hives, shortness Reactions: of breath, asthma, shock, edema (swelling), Stomach irritation, stomach irritation, bleeding and ulcers. skin rash much less common than with Examples: Bayer aspirin. Aspirin, Bayer Timed Release, generic Examples: Tylenol, Panadol, Aspirin Free, aspirin. Anacin and Apap. Excedrin also contain caffeine. Remember that pain is our bodies’ way of If you have a stomach that is sensitive to indicating a problem. See your health aspirin, consider a buffered (Bufferin) or a practitioner if pain is severe, persistent, or not coated aspirin. Coated aspirin, such as Ecotrin, relieved by these over-the-counter analgesics. dissolves in the intestine rather than the Overdoses can be lethal, so follow the stomach. directions on the container. This document was prepared by the staff of the UWSP University Health Service. This information should not be used in lieu of medical care. Last updated: March 2003 Pain-Relievers.doc .

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Synthesis of Aspirin
SYNTHESIS OF ASPIRIN I. OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND You will: synthesize acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) by carrying out a simple organic reaction, separate your product from the reaction mixture by vacuum filtration, purify your product by recrystallization, perform a chemical test to identify the change in functional group from reactant to product, and determine the success of your synthesis by calculating the percentage yield of your product. INTRODUCTION Aspirin is one of the most widely used medications in the world. It is employed as an analgesic (pain relief), an anti-pyretic (fever control) and an anti-inflammatory. More recently, studies have indicated that daily intake of small doses of aspirin can lower the risk of heart attack and stroke in high-risk patients. The history of aspirin and its precursor dates back to ancient times. Documents attributed to Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, from the 4th century B.C. refer to the alleviation of pain by chewing on the bark of a willow tree or ingesting a powder made from the bark and leaves of the willow. This remedy was passed on from generation to generation. Fast forward now to the 19th century, where the field of organic chemistry began to experience tremendous growth. By 1838, chemists had managed to isolate, purify and identify the component of willow bark that provided the analgesic benefit. The compound was named salicylic acid, which was based on the genus name of the willow. Efforts to market salicylic acid met with failure, due to an unfortunate side effect-- prolonged ingestion of salicylic acid led to stomach pain, and in some cases, ulcers.
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Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) As an in Situ Technique for Dissolution Studies Abe S
Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) Summer 8-2011 Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an In Situ Technique for Dissolution Studies Abe S. Kassis Seton Hall University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations Part of the Biochemistry Commons Recommended Citation Kassis, Abe S., "Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an In Situ Technique for Dissolution Studies" (2011). Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). 1432. https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/1432 Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an In Situ Technique for Dissolution Studies by Abe S. Kassis Ph.D. DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Seton Hall University Seton Hall University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 400 South Orange Avenue South Orange, New Jersey 07079 August 2011 DISSERTATION COMMITTEE APPROVALS We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is sufficient in scientific scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy APPROVED BY: Advisor, Seton Hall University Nicholas H. Snow, Ph.D. Member of Dissertation Committee, Seton Hall University Tarun ~el, Ph.D. Member of Dissertation Committee, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Q\A"b A lM~ en P. KeI;y, Ph.D. Chair, Department ofChemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University [ii] "Although nature commences with reason and ends in experience it is necessary for us to do the opposite, that is to commence with experience and from this to proceed to investigate the reason." -Leonardo da Vinci [iii] Abstract Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) as an in situ Technique for Dissolution Studies Dissolution studies are critical tests for measuring the performance, or rate of release, of a drug product.
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A History of Aspirin
Physicians, Fads, and Pharmaceuticals: A History of Aspirin Anne Adina Judith Andermann*, B.Sc., M.Phil. Cantab * To whom correspondence should be addressed: Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Drummond St., Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6"Politics is not out there in society. Politics is down there in the laboratory." --Bruno Latour (1). Aspirin is a product of the late-nineteenth-century laboratory, pharmaceutical industry, and medical community. The prevailing scientiﬁc techniques, industrial approaches, and medical beliefs were instrumental in the development, promotion and reception of the drug. As a result, the present account does not extend further back than a few decades prior to the release of aspirin from the laboratories of Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co. in 1899. In contrast, much of the current literature on aspirin (2,3,4) attempts to trace the compound back to antiquity through the Ebers papyrus, the Hippocratic writings, and the works of Galen. Such histories tell a simple, linear tale of the numerous "discoveries" proposed to have led to the use of certain salicylate-containing plants, such as willow bark and wintergreen, or salicylate-related compounds, including salicilin and salicylic acid, as cures for a variety of ailments. Indeed, according to Mann and Plummer: Both [salicilin and salicylic acid] attacked fever and pain, and their partisans advocated the salicylates' use as antiseptics, mouthwashes, and water preservatives for ocean voyages; one important chemist further suggested (erroneously) that sodium salicylate, a chemical relative, would successfully treat scarlet fever, diphtheria, measles, syphilis, cholera, rabies and anthrax (5). However, it is difﬁcult to establish what effect, if any, these examples of the "historical" uses of "proto-aspirin" had on the impetus for and modes of developing and using the actual drug called aspirin.
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Aspirin a Curriculum Resource for Post-16 Chemistry and Science Courses
Aspirin A curriculum resource for post-16 chemistry and science courses 1 Aspirin (2nd edition) Compiled by David Lewis Edited by Colin Osborne and Maria Pack Designed by Imogen Bertin and Sara Roberts First published by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1998 Second edition published by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2003 Printed by the Royal Society of Chemistry Copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry 2003 Registered charity No. 207890 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the Royal Society of Chemistry at the London address printed on this page. Notice to all UK Educational Institutions. The material in this book may be reproduced by photocopying for distribution and use by students within the purchasing institution providing no more than 50% of the work is reproduced in this way for any one purpose. Tutors wishing to reproduce material beyond this limit or to reproduce the work by other means such as electronic should first seek the permission of the Society.
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30. Synthesis of an Analgesic: Aspirin
30. Synthesis of an Analgesic: Aspirin A. Background Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) belongs to a class of drugs known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which work by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins in the body. Before exploring the chemistry of aspirin, one should understand the biological process of inflammation. Inflammation in the body occurs in response to the presence of harmful stimuli including: the presence of a foreign organism, nerve damage, and tissue irritation. Symptoms of inflammation include: redness, swelling, pain, and loss of mobility at the affected site. The experience of pain in the body begins with some stimulus that invokes an immune response. To combat the stimulus, the brain signals the body to begin a number of biological cascade reactions that include the synthesis of histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, all of which contribute to the experience of inflammation and pain. During an inflammation response, prostaglandins are synthesized from the ω-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid, which O comes from our diet and can be OH synthesized in the body from linoleic acid. An important enzyme arachidonic acid in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins is Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) which abstracts a hydrogen atom from O arachidonic acid to produce a radical intermediate. This reactive OH intermediate then undergoes a number of subsequent steps, eventually leading to the Steps production of prostaglandins (PGE2 is shown). Most anti- inflammatory drugs work by O inhibiting the prostaglandin synthesis pathway in some O OH manner. In the case of Aspirin, the COX-1 enzyme is deactivated by Prostaglandin PGE2 transfer of the aspirin acetyl group to an important –OH moiety of the HO COX enzyme.
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Chemistry: Essay
CHEMISTRY: ESSAY The History of Aspirin "The active ingredient in Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, was synthesised for the first time in a chemically pure and thus stable form in 1897 by a young chemist working for Bayer, Dr. Felix Hoffmann.” – Bayer Aspirin, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a versatile drug that treats a number of pains, from reducing fever to relieving joint pains. Acetylsalicylic acid was first produced in 1853 by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt. However, 1897 saw German chemist Felix Hoffmann study Gerhardt’s experiments and as a result, truly “rediscovered” acetylsalicylic acid. Bayer, a German chemical and pharmaceutical company soon dubbed this drug as we now know it – aspirin, or the wonder drug. Aspirin-like substances date back to the Ancient Romans, in which willow bark was used as a means of reducing fever. The leaves and bark of the willow tree contain a similar chemical to acetylsalicylic acid called salicin, a naturally occurring compound. In 1763, English chaplain Edward Stone discovered this active ingredient, announcing at the Royal Society its potent ability to treat aches, fatigue, inflammation and other fever-like symptoms. Following this, several scientists of 19th century Europe sought to extract modest yields of salicin from willow bark. By the 1830s, salicylic acid was first discovered by Swiss pharmacist Johann Pagenstecher and later by Italian chemist Raffaele Piria. Initially, both scientists had not realised that they had discovered the same, new pain-reducing substance. However, it was only until 1890 that Carl Duisberg, head of research at Bayer, expanded the company’s research program by employing several pharmaceutical research teams, one of which included young Felix Hoffmann.
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The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine, and 100 Years of Rampant Competition
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 1992 Book Review: The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine, and 100 Years of Rampant Competition Joseph A. Page Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1146 47 Food & Drug L.J. 459-481 (1992) (reviewing Charles C. Mann & Mark Plummer, The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine, and 100 Years of Rampant Competition (1991)) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Food and Drug Law Commons, and the Marketing Law Commons Book Review jOSEPH A. PAGE* The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine, and 100 Years of Rampant Com petition, by Charles C. Mann and Mark Plummer. Published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (201 E. 50th St., New York, N.Y. 10022) (1991). 420 pages. $25.00. l. INTRODUCTION The recent identification of a possible link between the long-term use of aspirin and a reduced incidence of colon and rectal cancer1 has directed renewed attention to a familiar household medication whose origins reach back to antiquity.2 Competition from other painkillers had begun to cut deeply into the market once dominated by aspirin-based products3 when studies indicated the possibilities, first that the regular consumption of aspirin might pre vent second heart attacks,4 and later that it might lower the risk of heart attacks in healthy individuals.5 If these two discoveries, as well as the new finding about colon and rectal cancers, hold up under further scientific scrutiny and gain acceptance within the medical and regulatory communi ties, the growth potential for the sale of medicines made from acetylsali cylic acid (the chemical name for aspirin) would be virtually unlimited.
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The Novel Aspirin As Breakthrough Drug for COVID-19: a Narrative Review
IBEROAMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 00 (2020) XXX–XXX Journal homepage: www.iberoamericanjm.tk Review The Novel Aspirin as Breakthrough Drug for COVID-19: A Narrative Review Bamidele Johnson Alegbeleyea,* , Oke-Oghene Philomena Akpovesob, Adewale James Alegbeleyec, Rana Kadhim Mohammedd, Eduardo Esteban-Zuberoe aDepartment of Surgery, St Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Shisong, Northwestern Region, Cameroon bDepartment of Pharmacology, American International University West Africa, Kainifing, Gambia cDepartment of Geriantology, Basildon & Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Nethermayne-Basildon, United Kingdom dDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq eEmergency Department, Hospital San Pedro, Logroño, Spain ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Introduction: Aspirin has justifiably been called the first miracle drug. In this article, we highlight the Received 30 June history of Aspirin, a novel mechanism of action, and its use in cardiovascular and other diseases. Also 2020 included is a brief statement of emerging new applications. Received in revised Objective: We highlight principal mechanisms by which Aspirin inhibits acute inflammation and alters platelet-biology; therefore, hypothesized that Aspirin might prove highly beneficial as a novel form 26 July 2020 therapeutic drug for combating severe acute inflammation and thrombosis associated with the Accepted 28 July cytokine storm in COVID -19 patients. The communiqué also suggests possible strategies for 2020 maximizing the gain of Aspirin as a wonder-drug of the future. Discussion: Interestingly, some fascinating studies demonstrated Aspirin's superior benefits with Keywords: dangerous side effects. Aspirin inhibits COX-1 (cyclooxygenase-1). Its impact on COX-2 is more Aspirin delicate because it “turns off” COX-2's production of prostaglandins but “switches on” the enzymatic COVID-19 ability to produce novel protective lipid mediators.
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Take an Aspirin (Or Two) and Call (Or Text Or Email) Me (Or Us) in the Morning (Or Later)
Take an Aspirin (or Two) and Call (or Text or Email) Me (or Us) in the Morning (or Later) Michael Mendoza, MD, MPH, MS Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Department of Public Health Sciences Medical Director, Highland Family Medicine Public Health Grand Rounds November 7, 2014 Objectives At the end of this presentation, I hope you will: 1. Understand the complexity surrounding aspirin use for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 2. Define evidence based practice and describe two major barriers to evidence based practice, and 3. Appreciate that eliminating these barriers can pave the way for advances in clinical care and population health. 2 Early History of Aspirin . 1543 BC – Medicines made from willow and other salicylate-rich plants appear in Egyptian pharonic pharmacology papyri . 460 BC – Hippocrates described the use of powder of the willow tree, so-called “salicylic tea” to reduce fevers . 1763 – Edward Stone comes upon the bark of the willow tree by accident, credit with discovering aspirin 3 4 Modern Discovery of Aspirin . 1800s – Lewis and Clark allegedly used willow bark tea as a remedy for fever for members of the famous expedition. 1838 – Salicylic acid is discovered and used by physicians throughout the mid-19th century to treat pain, fever, inflammation. Gastric irritation is well-described. 1853 – Charles Frederic Gerhardt isolated acetylsalicylic acid. 1897 – Chemists (Felix Hoffman) produced a pure (and stable) form of ASA, named Aspirin® by Bayer o Felix Hoffman goes on to develop diacetylmorphine which Bayer named “heroin” because it made people feel heroic. o Jewish chemist Arthur Eichengrun claimed ownership, records expunged by Nazis.
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Women, Gender, and Health Susan L
Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page i Women, Gender, and Health Susan L. Smith and Nancy Tomes, Series Editors Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page ii Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page iii Nursing and the Privilege of Prescription, 1893–2000 Arlene W. Keeling The Ohio State University Press Columbus Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page iv Copyright © 2007 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Keeling, Arlene W., 1948– Nursing and the privilege of prescription, 1893–2000 / Arlene W. Keeling. p. ; cm. — (Women, gender, and health) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1050-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1050-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Nursing—United States—History—20th century. 2. Drugs— Prescribing—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Nursing Services—history—United States. 2. History, 19th Century—United States. 3. History, 20th Century—United States. 4. Nurse's Role—history—United States. 5. Prescriptions, Drug— history—United States. WY 11 AA1 K26n 2007] RT31.K444 2007 610.73—dc22 2006025073 Cover design by Jay Bastian Type set in Adobe Garamond Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page v This book is dedicated to my mother, Charlotte Elizabeth Prins Wynbeek, who introduced me to the world of the library and instilled in me a love of women’s history.
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Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Aspirin in Pediatric Patients
Research Article Annals of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Published: 15 Oct, 2019 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Aspirin in Pediatric Patients Maddalena Padrini1, Luca Spiezia2, Giovanni De Rosa3, Paolo Simioni2, Ornella Milanesi1 and Roberto Padrini3* 1Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Cardiology Unit, University of Padova, Italy 2Department of Medicine, Thrombotic, Hemorrhagic and Coagulation Diseases Unit, University of Padova, Italy 3Department of Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Padova, Italy Abstract Objective: To investigate pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic variability of aspirin in children and adolescents on antithrombotic prophylaxis for cardiac diseases. Methods: Twenty-nine patients, aged between 6 months and 18 years, on stable Aspirin (ASA) treatment for at least one week were the study population. At 4, 5 and 6 hours after drug administration blood samples were collected to assay plasma concentrations of ASA and Salicylic Acid (SA), and arachidonic-induced platelet aggregation (Multiplate® analyzer). Residual platelet reactivity was measured by impedance change over 6 min and expressed as arbitrary units (U). The area under the concentration-time curves of ASA (AUCASA) and SA (AUCSA) from 4 h to 6 h were calculated and correlated with the corresponding platelet reactivity measure (U). Results: Platelet reactivity, AUCASA, AUCSA and AUCSA/AUCASA were highly variable among subjects. According to pre-set U cut-off values (<21, 21-28, >28), 54.2% of patients were full responders, 8.3% partial responders and 37.5% poor responders. Antiplatelet effect of ASA correlated inversely with AUCASA and directly with AUCSA/AUCASA ratio (as a marker of ASA deacetylation rate). No thromboembolic or bleeding complications were recorded during follow-up.
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Painkillers and Prostaglandins
editorial april 2003 vol. 10 no. 4 molecular form & function Painkillers and prostaglandins Prostaglandins are powerful signaling agents in the human body. Thus began the world’s current preference for acetaminophen, The two-dozen or so members of this family of small lipid mes- ibuprofen and other related drugs. sengers underpin many profound physiological events — Acetaminophen was identified as a pain reliever in the 1890s, including vasodilation, vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, even before aspirin was discovered, but it did not enter wide- platelet activation, inflammation, uterine contractions, pain spread use until the 1950s. A small drug company called McNeil perception and fever. Drugs to counter their less desirable effects Laboratories in Pennsylvania began marketing acetaminophen http://www.nature.com/naturestructuralbiology have become permanent residents in medicine cabinets around under the brand name Tylenol in 1955. Unlike aspirin, aceta- the world, and for a good reason — they are effective, cheap and minophen is strictly an analgesic and antipyretic. It does not reasonably safe. Nevertheless, history has shown that, with new reduce inflammation, but nor does it upset the stomach. information from basic research, a drug can usually be However, acetaminophen at high doses can cause liver failure. improved. For example, the results of a study reported on Clearly, no drug is perfect. page 291 of this issue of Nature Structural Biology shed light on a In the 1960s, scientists at the Boots Pure Drug Company in the particular enzyme involved in prostaglandin metabolism. UK discovered that the phenylalkanoic class of acids, of which Information such as this may eventually lead to even better ibuprofen is a member, are also good pain killers, fever reducers prostaglandin-blocking compounds than those available today.
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