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Women, Gender, and Health Susan L Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page i Women, Gender, and Health Susan L. Smith and Nancy Tomes, Series Editors Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page ii Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page iii Nursing and the Privilege of Prescription, 1893–2000 Arlene W. Keeling The Ohio State University Press Columbus Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page iv Copyright © 2007 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Keeling, Arlene W., 1948– Nursing and the privilege of prescription, 1893–2000 / Arlene W. Keeling. p. ; cm. — (Women, gender, and health) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1050-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1050-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Nursing—United States—History—20th century. 2. Drugs— Prescribing—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Nursing Services—history—United States. 2. History, 19th Century—United States. 3. History, 20th Century—United States. 4. Nurse's Role—history—United States. 5. Prescriptions, Drug— history—United States. WY 11 AA1 K26n 2007] RT31.K444 2007 610.73—dc22 2006025073 Cover design by Jay Bastian Type set in Adobe Garamond Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page v This book is dedicated to my mother, Charlotte Elizabeth Prins Wynbeek, who introduced me to the world of the library and instilled in me a love of women’s history. It is also dedicated to the nurses and physicians whose story is told with- in these pages. Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page vi Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page vii CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix List of Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction xv Chapter 1 Midway between the Pharmacist and the Physician: The Work of the Henry Street Settlement Visiting Nurses, 1893–1944 1 Chapter 2 Practicing Medicine without a License? Nurse Anesthetists, 1900–1938 28 Chapter 3 Providing Care in the “Hoot Owl Hollers”: Nursing, Medicine, and the Law in the Frontier Nursing Service, 1925–1950 49 Chapter 4 “My Treatment Was Castor Oil and Aspirin”: Field Nursing among the Navajo in the Four Corners Region, 1925–1955 72 Chapter 5 Verbal Orders and Hospital Nursing: Expanding Nurses’ Scope of Practice in the Mid-Twentieth Century 97 Chapter 6 Nurse Practitioners and the Prescription Pad, 1965–1980 121 Chapter 7 Prescriptive Authority for Advanced Practice Nurses, 1980–2000 138 Conclusion Toward a More Equitable System of Health Care 156 Notes 159 Select Bibliography 197 Index 207 vii Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page viii Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1.1: A visiting nurse on call, date unknown 8 Figure 1.2: Nurses in a row, date unknown 10 Figure 1.3: Original prescription, 1893 12 Figure 1.4: Visiting nurse with family in tenement 15 Figure 1.5: Drugs and supplies: Camp Tapawingo, 1931 18 Figure 2.1: Red Cross nurses, World War I 39 Figure 2.2: World War I military operating room, France 41 Figure 2.3: St. Mary’s Hospital Operating Room, circa 1920s 44 Figure 2.4: Helen Lamb (seated). Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, circa 1940s 47 Figure 3.1: Medical Routine Revised 1930 50 Figure 3.2: FNS nurse on horseback crossing creek 53 Figure 3.3: FNS nurse visiting home 55 Figure 3.4: Nurse teaching well-baby care 65 Figure 3.5: FNS nurse at stove 66 Figure 3.6: Highlanders at FNS clinic 67 Figure 4.1: Elizabeth Foster with Model-T Ford, 1925 74 Figure 4.2: Navajo woman and child with Ida Bahl, 1961 79 Figure 4.3: Ida Bahl examines Navajo girl, woman, and boy, 1955 83 Figure 4.4: Ida Bahl and doctor examining child, 1955 88 Figure 5.1: RN selecting medications 103 Figure 5.2: Rose Pinneo, RN, defibrillating patient 117 Figure 6.1: Sample prescription of gantrisin pediatric suspension 131 Figure 6.2: Barbara Dunn, PNP, examining child’s ear, 1970s 133 ix Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page x Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AANA HF American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, Historical Files AJN American Journal of Nursing AJS, JA American Journal of Surgery, Anesthesia Supplement BHM Bulletin of the History of Medicine BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs CNHI, UVA Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry, The University of Virginia CSHN, UP Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, The University of Pennsylvania CU Columbia University FNS Routine Frontier Nursing Service Medical Routines (standing orders) FNSC, UK-SC Frontier Nursing Service Collection, University of Kentucky, Division of Special Collections & Archives IHS Indian Health Service IHSNQ Indian Health Service Nursing Questionnaires JAANA Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association KC-CNHI Keeling Collection, Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry KHSLSC-UL Kornhsuser Health Sciences Library Special Collections, University of Louisville LWC Lillian Ward Collection MCC Mary Clymer Collection NARA National Archives Records Administration, Washington, DC NAU-BBWC Northern Arizona University—Virginia Brown, Ida Bahl & Lillian Watson Collection NAU-CL Northern Arizona University, Cline Library Special Collections & Archives Department NHR Nursing History Review NYPL New York Public Library PC, CNHI Pinneo Collection, Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry PCH, CNHI Peach Collection, Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry PHQ Public Health Quarterly xi Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page xii xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS QSAA, AJS Quarterly Supplement of Anesthesia & Analgesia, American Journal of Surgery RWJ Robert Wood Johnson Foundation SLLJ St. Louis Law Journal USPHS United States Public Health Service VCU Virginia Commonwealth University WPA Works Progress Administration Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page xiii Acknowledgments his book could not have been written without financial support from T the National Library of Medicine at the National Institute of Health (G13–LM07604–02) and the National Institute of Nursing Research (K01) and the help and support of friends, colleagues, and archivists across the nation, and for all of this assistance I am grateful. First and foremost, I am indebted to Barbara Brodie for introducing me to the study of nurs- ing history early in my graduate career and for mentoring me along this incredible journey, and to Joan Lynaugh for her mentorship, friendship, support, and insightful critique of the work. Joan also gave me permission to use her words “necessary knowledge for safe care” as a unifying theme, and for that I express my gratitude. A special thanks also goes to Julie Fairman, Pat D’Antonio, and Karen Buhler Wilkerson for their insightful questions and comments about the research and my conclusions, and to the nurses and physicians I interviewed on the telephone or in person, including Judith Stuart, Barbara Dunn, Denise Geolot, Richard Crampton, Rose Pinneo, Janet Younger, and others too numerous to men- tion. I am also indebted to the many graduate students who assisted me in data collection, including Kathleen Haugh and Nancy Jallo, who traveled with me to the “hoot owl hollers” in Kentucky; law student Erin Segal Whaley and her advisor Paul Lombardo for interpreting the legal cases for me; and John Kirchgessner, Joy Buck, Jennifer Casavant, and Gina Alexander for their endless copying of research articles and help in the archives. A special thanks also goes to colleagues who heard and reacted to early drafts of the work presented at the American Association for the History of Nursing, the Southern Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Association for the History of Medicine conferences, and to the history graduate students at the both the University of Virginia and the University of Pennsylvania whose critique also helped shape the work. In addition, this book reflects the invaluable comments from the editors and anonymous reviewers at The Ohio State University Press, and to them I am grateful. I’d also like to thank the acute care nurse practitioner and clinical nurse specialist graduate students at the University of Virginia, and ACNP fac- ulty Suzanne Burns, Audrey Snyder, and Nita Reigle, who kept me xiii Keeling_FM_3rd.qxp 2/9/2007 4:43 PM Page xiv xiv Acknowledgments grounded in the realities of clinical practice while I pursued this project. I extend a special thank you to my friends, Connie and Donald Brown, and colleagues, Cheryl Bourguignon, Ann Hamric, Mary and Robert Gibson, Ann Taylor, Sharon Utz, Doris Greiner, Tina Brashers, Barbara Parker, Beth Merwin, Courtney Lyder, Pamela Kulbok, Doris Glick, JoAnne Peach, Giny Lee, Linda Davies, Dorothy Tullmann, and Rick Steeves for their support and friendship during the process. My administrative assis- tants Renee Breeden and Linda Hanson also deserve credit for their patience and support with the details of this project. A special thanks also goes to my family: to my daughter Amy, who trav- eled with me in the summer monsoon season to the Navajo Reservation and the Cline library to collect data; to Jennifer and D’Arcy II, for getting me out of the house to see D’Arcy III—at least at dinner time; to Jennifer also for introducing me to the world of photography and the work of artists like Laura Gilpin; to my son, David, for his critique of the work through a poet’s eyes, and my daughter-in-law, Jen for believing that I could do this; to Rich and Eric, for their support and a second home in New York City when I was researching the Henry Street Settlement; and to Ashby, my golden retriever, who faithfully nudged my hands off the computer so that we could take a walk.
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