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Link to the Whole Issue As Single 02/2014 S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: INTERVENTION. METHODS. DOCUMENTATION. S:I.M.O.N. – Shoah: Intervention. Methods. DocumentatiON. ISSN 2408-9192 Issue 2014/2 Board of Editors of VWI’s International Academic Advisory Board: Gustavo Corni/Dieter Pohl/Irina Sherbakova Editors: Éva Kovács/Béla Rásky Web-Editor: Sandro Fasching/Éva Kovács/Béla Rásky Webmaster: Bálint Kovács Layout of PDF: Hans Ljung S:I.M.O.N. is the semi-annual e-journal of the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI) in English and German. Funded by: © 2014 by the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI), S:I.M.O.N., the authors, and translators, all rights reserved. This work may be copied and redistributed for non-commercial, educational purposes, if permission is granted by the author(s) and usage right holders. For permission please contact [email protected] S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: I NTERVENTION. M ETHODS. DOCUMENTATION. TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES Elisabeth Gallas „Facing a crisis unparalleled in history“ 5 Jüdische Reaktionen auf den Holocaust aus New York, 1940 bis 1945 Robby Van Eetvelde Judging the Past 16 The Use of the Trials against the Members of the Gestapo in Belgium as a Source for Historical Research Anna Lujza Szász Visualising the Holocaust 28 Éva Kovács/András Lénárt/Anna Lujza Szász Oral History Collections on the Holocaust in Hungary 48 SWL-READERS Randolph L. Braham Ungarn 67 Das umstrittene Kapitel des Holocaust Ulrike Jureit Gefühlte Opfer 81 Illusionen der Vergangenheitsbewältigung Tim Cole Holocaust Landscapes 92 Mapping Ghettoization in Hungary Zygmunt Bauman A Natural History of Evil 106 Susanne Heim Zuflucht und Utopie 122 Österreichisch-jüdische Emigration in die Dominikanische Republik Istvan Pal Adam, Tipping the Rescuer? TABLE OF CONTENTS OF TABLE 3 S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: I NTERVENTION. M ETHODS. DOCUMENTATION. TABLE OF CONTENTS Mária M. Kovács Disenfranchised by Law 136 The ‘Numerus Clausus’ in Hungary 1920–1945 Yahya Elsaghe Thomas Mann ohne Juden 144 Vergangenheitspolitik im westdeutschen Nachkriegskino Jeffrey C. Alexander Culture, Trauma, Morality and Solidarity 156 The Social Construction of ‘Holocaust’ and Other Mass Murders EVENTS Bewegt erinnern … http://www.vwi.ac.at/index.php/ Istvan Pal Adam, Tipping the Rescuer? TABLE OF CONTENTS OF TABLE 4 S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: I NTERVENTION. M ETHODS. DOCUMENTATION. Elisabeth Gallas „Facing a crisis unparalleled in history“ Jüdische Reaktionen auf den Holocaust aus New York, 1940 bis 1945 Abstract This contribution describes and analyses the activities of two expert committees on Jewish politics and analysis of the present age, which were established in New York in 1940 and 1941. The Research Institute on Peace and Post-War Problems and the Institute of Jewish Affairs were meeting places for Jewish people who worked on political strategy papers on how to address the apocalyptic presence of the extermination of the European Jews, based on their range of experiences during the interwar period. They were modelled on the tradi- tion of East European minority protection policies and the Jewish defence against antisemi- tism in the Weimar Republic; it was their aim to debate the possibilities for saving the Jews as well as the future of Jewish existence. Their activities resulted in the collection of wide- ranging documentation and many reports on the reality of Nazism. These documents are significant sources of information on the immediate effect of the events on contemporaries and bear witness to the attempts to act, understand, report, remember the victims and at the same time design a new Jewish life after the catastrophe in America while war and extermi- nation were still going on. Lag New York während des Zweiten Weltkrieges geographisch gesehen weit ent- fernt vom europäischen Kriegsschauplatz, schien es in anderer Hinsicht wiederum sehr nah am Geschehen. Nicht nur der japanische Angriff auf Pearl Harbour und der darauf folgende Kriegseintritt der amerikanischen Truppen im Dezember 1941 hat- ten die von Europa ausgehenden Ereignisse ins Zentrum der amerikanischen Öffent- lichkeit katapultiert. Auch die zahlreichen jüdischen Flüchtlinge aus Europa, die sich an erster Stelle in New York niederließen, erhöhten die amerikanische Aufmerksam- keit für die katastrophischen Vorgänge unter der sich ausbreitenden nationalsozialis- tischen Herrschaft. Mit seiner stetig anwachsenden jüdischen Bevölkerung und der bereits hohen Dichte jüdischer politischer, wissenschaftlicher und sozialer Organisa- tionen war im New York der 1930er- und 1940er-Jahre die historisch größte urbane Ansiedlung von Jüdinnen und Juden weltweit entstanden.1 Deshalb bietet sich die Stadt auf einzigartige Weise an für eine Betrachtung der Bedingungen und Formen jüdischer Reaktionen außerhalb Europas auf den ultimativen Genozid, der sich im deutschen Machtbereich vollzog. Hier lässt sich ein Raum rekonstruieren, der wie unter einem Brennglas das Blick- und Handlungsfeld der Zeitzeugen zeigt. Das jüdi- sche New York der Kriegszeit war geprägt von fieberhafter Aktivität in den unter- 1 Zur Geschichte des jüdischen New Yorks dieser Zeit vgl. Deborah Dash Moore (ed.), City of Promises. A History of the Jews from New York, New York 2012, hier Bd. 3: Jeffrey S. Gurock, Jews in Gotham. New York Jews in a Changing City, 1920–2010. Elisabeth Gallas: „Facing a crisis unparalleled in history“ ARTICLE 5 S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: I NTERVENTION. M ETHODS. DOCUMENTATION. schiedlichsten Feldern jüdischer Politik, Wohlfahrt und Recherche. Es entstanden in dieser Zeit abertausende Dokumentationen und Strategiepapiere, Aufrufe und Inter- pretationen jüdischer Provenienz unterschiedlichster Prägung. Anhand ausgesuch- ter Fallbeispiele lassen sich auf der Mikroebene Untersuchungen anstellen, die unter- halb der breit und kontrovers geführten Diskussion um die Wirksamkeit und Reich- weite der von Juden in Amerika angestoßenen Auseinandersetzungen bzw. deren Verhalten während des Holocaust im Allgemeinen angesiedelt sind und neue Er- kenntnisse hervorbringen. Diese helfen dabei, ein differenzierteres Bild davon zu er- halten, auf welcher Ebene und mit welchen Mitteln reagiert wurde und damit die polemisch diskutierte Frage der möglicherweise unzureichenden Reaktionen durch eine detaillierte Analyse der rekonstruierbaren Verhaltensformen in ihren sozialen, politischen, ökonomischen und historischen Rahmenbedingungen zu ersetzen.2 Denn schon der kursorische Blick auf einzelne Akteure zeugt erstens von dem brei- ten Spektrum von Einflussversuchen und verdeutlicht zweitens die Motive, Bedin- gungen und Chancen jüdischer Politik der Zeit. Es lässt sich ein in der Forschung bisher weitgehend unbeachtet gebliebenes Feld jüdischer Auseinandersetzung mit dem Holocaust herausarbeiten, dessen Darstellung nicht nur den weitreichenden Bemühungen jüdischer Akteurinnen und Akteure Rechnung trägt, die zu frühester Zeit mit Akribie und großem Verständnis die Aufarbeitung des Geschehens anstie- ßen und jedem Eindruck von der Passivität oder Abkehr der amerikanischen Juden gegenüber den Geschehnissen in Europa zuwiderlaufen.3 Es können gleichermaßen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der politischen wie erkenntnistheoretischen Auseinan- dersetzung mit der Vernichtung der europäischen Juden auf Grundlage der Zeugnis- se unmittelbar Betroffener, Beteiligter und Beobachter noch einmal neu diskutiert und für die gegenwärtige Holocaustforschung furchtbar gemacht werden. Exemplarisch und in aller Kürze soll anhand der Aktivitäten zweier jüdischer Or- ganisationen, die 1940 und 1941 als Expertenkommissionen für jüdische Politik und Gegenwartsanalyse entstanden, gezeigt werden, aus welchen Beweggründen heraus sich jüdische Akteure in New York mit der Realität von Verfolgung und Vernichtung in Europa konfrontierten und wie sie mit ihr umzugehen sowie sie zu beschreiben versuchten. Dabei handelt es sich zum einen um das im November 1940 unter dem Dach des American Jewish Committee entstehende Research Institute on Peace and Post War Problems und zum anderen um das im Februar 1941 begründete Institute of Jewish Affairs, das als eine Art Think Tank des World Jewish Congress agierte.4 Beide Einrichtungen verstanden sich explizit als Forschungsinstitutionen, die sich zur Aufgabe machten, auf Grundlage umfassender Analysen der historischen und gegenwärtigen politischen Entwicklung in Europa, Pläne zur Sicherung der Lage der Jüdinnen und Juden zu erstellen und den Alliierten zu Gehör zu bringen. Im Kontext beider Institute und des gesamten Umfelds jüdischer Organisationen, in dem sie sich 2 Die Auseinandersetzung um die Haltung der in Amerika ansässigen Juden während des Holocaust schwelt seit den 1960er-Jahren bis heute. Einen einführenden Überblick über die entsprechende Forschungsentwicklung bietet Raphael Medoff, The Holocaust, America, and American Jewry Revisited, in: Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs VI (2012), 2, 127-135. 3 Die passive Haltung der in Amerika ansässigen Juden betonen z. B.: Gulie Ne’eman Arad, America, its Jews, and the Rise of Nazism, Bloomington 2000; Henry Feingold, Bearing Witness. How America and the Jews responded to the Holocaust, Syracuse 1995; David Wyman, Das unerwünschte Volk. Amerika und die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden, Ismaning bei München 1989; Arthur Morse, While Six Million Died. A Chronicle of Ame- rican Apathy, New York 1968. 4 Zur Geschichte des Research Institute on Peace and Post-War Problems gibt es bisher keine historische Darstel- lung; zur Geschichte des Institute of Jewish Affairs vgl. Omry Feuereisen Kaplan,
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