The Scientific Revolution Lesson

Please start ONE Google Doc for this lesson. When ALL 4 tasks are completed, please share all of them together in ONE Google Doc. Please be sure to CLEARLY LABEL each task in your Google Doc. Due: 4/24 ------​------

Notes

Introduction: Both the Renaissance and the Reformation looked to the past for ​ information and models of the universe. Humanists turned to ancient classical ideas of the Greeks and Romans. Religious reformers looked to the Bible and early Christian times for inspiration. The profound change that took place in science beginning in the mid-1500’s, by contrast, pointed ahead, toward a future shaped by a new way of thinking about the physical universe. We call that historic change the Scientific Revolution. ​ ​

Changing Views of the World Until the mid-1500’s, European scholars accepted the idea of the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy that the Earth was the center of the universe. They accepted this view because it seemed to agree with common sense. It also followed the teachings of the Church.

Copernicus & the Heliocentric Model In the 1500s and 1600s, some startling discoveries radically changed the way Europeans viewed the physical world. In 1543, Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus published On the ​ Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. In it, he proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, ​ ​ ​ model of the universe. The Earth, he went on, was just one of several planets that revolve around the sun.

Most experts rejected Copernicus’s revolutionary theory, which contradicted both the Church teachings, and the teachings of Ptolemy. In Europe at the time, all scientific knowledge and many religious teachings were based on the arguments developed by classical thinkers. If Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was wrong, they believed, then the whole system of human knowledge would also have to be questioned.

Brahe & Kepler Then, in the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe, provided evidence that supported Copernicus’s theory. Brahe set up an astronomical observatory. Every night for years, he carefully observed the sky, accumulating data about the movement of the heavenly bodies. After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the brilliant German astronomer and mathematician, Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun. His calculations supported Copernicus’s heliocentric view. At the same time, however, they showed that the planets did not move in perfect circles, as both Ptolemy and Copernicus believed, but in another kind of orbit called an ellipse.

Galileo Scientists of many lands built on the foundations laid by Copernicus and Kepler. In Italy, Galileo Galilei used technology developed by a Dutch lens grinder to assemble an astronomical telescope. With this instrument, he became the first person to see the mountains on the moon and sunspots. He also observed the four moons of Jupiter moving slowly around that planet - exactly, he realized, the way Copernicus said that the Earth moved around the sun.

Galileo’s discoveries caused an uproar. Other scholars attacked him because his observations contradicted ancient views about the world. The Church condemned him because his ideas challenged the Christian teaching that the heavens were fixed, unmoving, and perfect.

In 1633, Galileo was brought to trial before the Inquisition. Threatened with death unless he withdrew his “heresies,” Galileo agreed to publicly state that the Earth stood motionless at the center of the universe. “Nevertheless,” he is said to have muttered as he left the court, “it does move.” Questions Task #1 - Please use the Notes above to answer the following questions in ​ ​ your Google Doc.

1. What did the Renaissance and Reformation look to when seeking information about the universe? a. What did Humanists look to? b. What did Religious Reformers look to? 2. What Greek astronomer did European scholars follow until the mid-1500’s? a. What was his accepted idea? b. For what 2 reasons did they blindly accept this? 3. What was Nicolaus Copernicus’s radical discovery in the 1500’s? 4. How did most experts react to Copernicus’s theory? a. Why did they feel this way? b. What did they feel would need to be questioned if Ptolemy was wrong? 5. How did Brahe support Copernicus’s findings? a. What additional discoveries did his assistant Kepler make? 6. Who was Galileo? a. What equipment did he use, and what did observe? b. What impact did this have on Copernicus’s findings? 7. How did scholars react to Galileo’s findings? a. How did the Church react to his findings? 8. What happened when Galileo was brought to trial in 1633? a. How did he respond? ------The Scientific Method

Despite the opposition of religious authorities, by the early 1600s a new approach to science had emerged. Unlike most earlier approaches, it started not with Aristotle or Ptolemy or even the Bible, but with observation and experimentation. Complex mathematical calculations were used to convert the observations and experiments into scientific law. In time, this approach became known as the scientific method. ​ ​

Task #2 - Please review the diagram of the scientific method above, read ​ ​ the excerpt provided below, and answer the questions that follow in your Google Doc.

What is the scientific method? The ideas of philosophers like Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes influenced the development of the scientific method. The scientific method is a step-by-step process to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments.

Beyond doing experiments, why is it important to communicate and share data? Advances in the ability to disseminate new ideas by making standardized letters, numbers, and diagrams repeatable allowed for an unprecedented level of cooperation among philosophers who could now build on each other's ideas over long periods of time. It would be difficult to overstate the effect of the print revolution. Astronomers such as Copernicus and Galileo began to share and build upon their experiments, and religious reformers began to publicize new (and increasingly radical) Protestant ideas.

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/beginners-guide-baroque1/a/francis-bacon-and -the-scientific-revolution

1. According to the excerpt above, what technology allowed scientists to disseminate [share] their ideas with others?

2. What was the benefit of sharing these new ideas with other scientists and philosophers?

------Changing Views of Anatomy

Task #3 - Study the way the views of anatomy have evolved over time, and ​ ​ answer the questions that follow in your Google Doc.

Galen Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad Andreas Vesalius (131–201) Rome (1514-1564) Flanders ​ ​ ibn Ilyās (ca. 1384) Persia (Western Europe)

‘Muscles Man', A drawing based on “Mansur’s Anatomy” Ink drawing Image from Andreas Vesalius's De ​ ​ ​ Galen’s Books about anatomy but from Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad ibn humani corporis fabrica (1543), ​ drawn by someone else. Ilyās human anatomy book page 174.

Galen (131-201) was a Greek Islamic doctors studied Greek Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) ​ ​ physician who learned about and Roman texts like those was a Renaissance physician ​ anatomy through the dissection written by Hippocrates and born in Flanders in Western ​ ​ of apes and pigs, clinical Galen. They then improved Europe. He went to medical ​ observation, and thorough upon those texts based on their school where it was required ​ examination of patients and own observations. One example for students to study the symptoms. Galen was is Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad ibn medical advances made by ​ forbidden by Roman law to Ilyās, a physician in present-day Arab doctors like Manṣūr ibn ​ ​ ​ dissect human corpses, so his Iran who wrote his book, Muḥammad ibn Ilyās. In ​ knowledge was limited to what Manṣūr’s Anatomy around addition to reading other he could learn from other 1384. The book included writings, Vesalius decided to do ​ animals and outward chapters on the bones, nerves, his own dissections of human examinations of the bodies of muscles, veins, and arteries. A corpses, something that Galen ​ dead gladiators and hanged concluding chapter discusses was not able to do. Through criminals. the formation of the fetus. dissections, he created more Source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:'Musc Source: http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9719/ ​ ​ les_Man',_Pseudo-Galen,_Anathomia;_WMS_290_We accurate and detailed llcome_L0034577.jpg ; ​ depictions of the human body http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9712/#q=galen; ​ ​ 3. How did Manṣūr build http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/sh ​ than had ever been written. p/ancient/romanknowledgerev1.shtml upon Galen’s Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius_Fabr observations? ica_p174.jpg;http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/t ​ ​ 1. How did Galen opic/626818/Andreas-Vesalius 4. How did Manṣūr go discover more about 5. How did Vesalius build beyond Galen’s how the human body upon Manṣūr’s findings? ​ worked? observations?

2. What limited Galen’s 6. How did Vesalius go ​ ​ understanding of the beyond Galen and human body? Manṣūr’s findings?

------Changing Views of Astronomy

Task #4 - Study the way the views of astronomy have evolved over time, ​ ​ and answer the questions that follow in your Google Doc. Ptolemy’s Geocentric Nasir al-Din Tusi’s Nicolaus Copernicus’s, ​ Model of the Solar Planetary Model Heliocentric Model of the System, 150 C.E. (1207-1274), Persia Solar System (1543) East Prussia (modern day Poland)

Detail 2 from Ptolemy's Almagest Tusi couple - 13th century CE Image of heliocentric model from ​ (150 CE) sketch by Nasir al-Din Tusi. Nicolaus Copernicus' "De ​ ​ Source: Generates a linear motion as a sum revolutionibus orbium coelestium". http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_chaisson_astronomytod ay_5/0,9185,1383966-content,00.html of two circular motions. Invented for 1543 Tusi's planetary model. Source: Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copernican_h Claudius Ptolemy was an http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tusi_couple.j eliocentrism_theory_diagram.svg ​ Egyptian astronomer of Greek pg Nicolaus Copernicus was a descent who lived in Alexandria, ​ Egypt when it was a part of the Arab scientists examined and Polish astronomer who criticized Greek and Roman proposed a heliocentric, Roman Empire. In 150 C.E. he ​ ​ texts. They especially read and published a book called ​ sun-centered, model of the discussed Ptolemy. Ibn solar system. Copernicus’s Almagest in which he described ​ ​ ​ al-Haytham, one of the leading theory suggested that Ptolemy what he thought the ​ Muslim scholars around 1000 was wrong and that the sun, relationships were between the ​ earth, sun, planets, and stars. CE even write a book entitled not the Earth was at the center “Shukūk ʿalā Baṭlamyūs He believed in what was later ​ of the solar system. called a geocentric theory of (“Doubts About Ptolemy”). Copernicus’s model also ​ the solar system, one in which Al-Haytham’s doubts about included Tusi’s Couple, but it is ​ the Earth was in the center and Ptolemy’s work led others, like unclear if Copernicus made the the sun and planets moved Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, to improve same discovery as Tusi around it. Ptolemy’s was the upon it. Tusi’s model of the independently or, if he was leading theory for nearly fifteen solar system was geocentric, exposed to Tusi’s work. like Ptolemy’s, but it included a hundred years. Source: Sources: mechanism called a “Tusi http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/136591/ http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_chaisson_astronomytod ​ Nicolaus-Copernicus/8437/Publication-of-De-revoluti ay_5/0,9185,1383966-content,00.html; couple” that better explained ​ ​ onibus http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482098/ the movement of the planets. Ptolemy 4. Did Copernicus Sources: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40047/a support Ptolemy’s 1. What was Ptolemy’s stronomy/314020/The-Islamic-world#ref1211430; ​ ideas about the solar theory about the solar http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/610583/ Nasir-al-Din-al-Tusi system? system?

2. Did Arab scientists 5. What new ideas did he support Ptolemy’s suggest? ideas about the solar

system?

3. What new ideas did they suggest?