The Ecology of Freshwater Molluscs Robert T

Home , Pisidium hibernicum, Pisidium lilljeborgii, Sinotaia, Theodoxus jordani, Valvata lewisi, Valvata sincera

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Index

Achatina 298 predation of 306 Acroloxidae 3, 76–9 reproduction 84 Acroloxus lacustris 76–7, 382, 389 Anisus albus 386 Actinonaias 317, 409 Anisus complanatus 382 Actinonaias carinata 399, 409, 412, 413 Anisus contortus 381, 382, 408 Actinonaias ellipsiformis 37, 38, 399 Anisus crista 382 Actinonaias ligamintina 413 Anisus rotundatus 386 Actinonaias pectorosa 399, 409, 412 Anodonta Alasmidonta arcula 422 feeding period 21 Alasmidonta marginata 399, 412 habitat 22, 23 Alasmidonta undulata 37, 41 life cycle pattern 152–3 Allocreadiidae 231 predation of 319 Amblema plicata 28, 213, 399, 413 reproduction 38, 40–1, 48, 49 Ambleminae Anodonta anatina 379, 408 classification 2 feeding and digestion 11 larvae 48, 49, 50 habitat 26–7 size at birth 138 parasitism 269 Amnicola 96–7, 277, 278, 291 reproductive effort 127–9 Amnicola limosa 167, 404 Anodonta corpulata 398 biogeography 357–8, 361, 417 Anodonta couperiana 41, 422 and environmental calcium 335 Anodonta cygnea 21, 40, 152, 153, 274 diet and habitat 69, 96–7, 121, 383 Anodonta gibbosa 422 population dynamics 194, 200 Anodonta grandis predation of 289, 290, 308, 311, 318 communities 354–5, 399, 402, 424 Amnicola lustrica 294, 404, 418–19 feeding and digestion 19–20, 21 Amphimelania holandri 285 habitat 24–6, 27, 28 Ampullaria glauca 219 larvae 48 Ampullariidae population dynamics 192 classification 3 Anodonta grandis simpsoniana 275–6 diet and habitat 97–9 Anodonta imbecillis 399, 403 interspecific competition 215–19, 300, feeding 19 369 parasitism 269 predation of other molluscs 300–1 reproduction 41–2, 152 reproduction 102, 103–4, 106 Anodonta peggyae 41, 152–3 size at birth 139, 140 Anodonta piscinalis 11, 153, 213 Anatidae 277–8 Anodonta woodiana 48 Ancylidae 3, 5, 76–9 Anodontinae Ancylus 60, 282, 372 classification 2 Ancylus fluviatilis 123 larvae 48, 49, 50 biogeography 359, 393 size at birth 138 diet and habitat 76–9 Anodontoides 21 population dynamics 204, 205 Anodontoides ferrusacianus 26

500 · Index Aplexa hypnorum 67, 208, 369 interspecific competition 214–15, 222 Aplexa marmorata 306 parasitism Archaeogastropoda 3 consequences 239, 242–4, 245, 247 Arcidens confragosus 399 prevalence 233, 236, 237 area 338–49 resistance to 257 Armiger crista 140, 359, 389 population dynamics 171, 175–6, 177, 178, Aspidogaster conchiola 268 179, 180, 184 aspidogastrids 268–9 reproduction 84 Austropeplea ollula 234 Biomphalaria straminea autecology dietary overlap 371, 372 bivalves 8–56 interspecific competition 207–8, 220 gastropods 57–116 parasitism 234 population dynamics 173, 179 Basommatophora 3, 4 Biomphalaria sudanica tanganyicensis 191 Bathyomphalus contortus 408 birds 277–9, 313 behavioural defences 305–9 birth size 135–40 Bellamya 157, 393 Bithynia 100–1, 197, 305, 371, 372 Bellamya bengalensis 162, 370 Bithynia graeca 171–2 bicarbonate 331, 332 Bithynia leachii 321 biogeography 326–66 Bithynia siamensis 100 area 338–49 Bithynia tentaculata 404 community composition 354–64 diet and feeding 61, 100, 377 environmental calcium 327–38 life cycle pattern 162 isolation 349–52 population dynamics 194, 196 other factors 352–4 predation Biomphalaria defences 306–7 diet and habitat 61, 62–5 and distribution 321 interspecific competition 369 reproductive effort 129, 132, 133 parasitism 229 substrate 389 predation of 294, 299, 301, 302 Bithyniidae defences 309, 313 classification 3 and distribution 319 diet and habitat 100–1 reproduction 82, 83 reproduction 102 Biomphalaria alexandrina size at birth 139 interspecific competition 215 Bivalvia parasitism 257, 260, 261 autecology 8–56 population dynamics 173, 179, 184 classification 2 Biomphalaria camerunensis 260, 261, 330 size at birth 138 Biomphalaria glabrata body size, see size and current 391 bradytictic populations 43, 150–1 diet and feeding 61, 377–8 Brotia hainanensis 159 and environmental calcium 329, 336 Bulimnea megasoma 159 interspecific competition 207–8, 216–19, Bulinus 220–2 depth migration 384 parasitism diet 62 consequences 240, 242, 244–5, 247–8 interspecific competition 214–15, 369 prevalence 233 parasitism 229, 232, 233 resistance to 254–9, 260, 261 predation of 294, 299, 301, 313, 319 population dynamics 173–4, 176, 179, 180, reproduction 83 184, 188–9 Bulinus abyssinicus 178 predation of 285, 286 Bulinus africanus 378 reproduction 79 Bulinus forskalii 84, 186 size at maturity 141 Bulinus globosus Biomphalaria pfeifferi and environmental calcium 336 and current 391 parasitism 236–9 and environmental calcium 331, 332 population dynamics 171, 176, 180, 182–4

Index · 501 reproduction 79, 84 life cycle pattern 155 size at maturity 144–6 population dynamics 200–1 Bulinus nasutus productus 252 predation of 289, 292–3, 294, 309–11 Bulinus senegalensis 84 reproduction 52, 53–4 Bulinus tropicus reproductive effort 127 and environmental calcium 336 size at birth 138 feeding 378 Corbicula cf. fluminalis 53 interspecific competition 222 Corbicula fluminea population dynamics 175–7, 178, 180, 181, feeding and digestion 15–16, 18 187–8 habitat 31–2 predator defences 306 population dynamics 201 Bulinus truncatus reproduction 52, 53–4 interspecific competition 215 Corbicula leana 54 parasitism 233, 241, 242 Corbicula sandai 15, 54 population dynamics 179, 182, 184 Corbiculidae 1, 2 reproduction 84 Corbiculoidea 1 Byssanodonta 393 classification 2 habitat 28–34 caddis fly 370 life cycle pattern 154–5 Caelatura 393 reproduction 9, 52–5 calcium 327–38 Cortrema corti 234 Campeloma 99, 110, 111–12, 278 Cotylaspis insignis 268 Campeloma decisum (decisa) 161, 167, 308, 318, Cotylaspis occidentalis 268 361, 385, 404 crabs 309, 312 Campeloma rufum 110 crayfish 293–5, 308, 309–10, 314–116, 318, Canthyria spinosa 422 319 Carunculina 17 Cristaria discoidea 11–12 Carunculina parva 399 cross-fertilization Castalia undosa 37 pulmonates 79–83 Cerithoidea 3 see also reproduction Chaetogaster 227 crowding 186–91 Chamberlaina 45 crustaceans 293–5 Cincinnatia binneyana 404 Cucumerunio 153 Cipangopaludina chinensis 361, 362 Cumberlandia monodonta 399 Cleopatra 393 current 353, 385, 390–1 climate 354 Cyclonaias tuberculata 399 communities 367–433 Cyprogenia alberti 44 assembly of 428–31 Cyprogenia irrorata 399 composition 354–64 interspecific ecological overlap 371–91 demography 121–3 models of species abundance 421–8 depth 378–86 models of species distribution 391–407 diet models of species similarity 407–21 dietary overlap 371–7 and predation 316–18 prosobranchs 85–101 competition 207–23 pulmonates 61–79 see also population dynamics see also feeding and digestion conglutinates 44 digenetic trematodes 226–68 Conradilla caelata 399 consequences of parasitism 239–48 Contradens ascia 36 and population regulation 262–8 coprophagy 61 prevalence 230–9 Corbicula resistance to 248–62 and environmental calcium 335 Diplodon 9, 36 feeding and digestion 9, 11, 12, 13, 14–16, distribution 17–18 effects of predation 318–22 habitat 33–4, 393 see also biogeography; species distribution interspecific competition 210–12, 369 models

502 · Index Dreissena 1 Fasciola hepatica 71, 229–30, 246, 249, 250, feeding and digestion 251 assimilation 16–17, 18 feeding and digestion digestive anatomy 9 bivalves 9–22 feeding period 21 feeding period 20–2 particle ingestion 16 non-particulate dietary components particle retention 11, 12, 14 19–20 habitat 34–5 particle assimilation 16–19 interspecific competition 212–14, 369 particle ingestion 14–16 life cycle pattern 155–6 particle retention 11–14 parasitism 231 feeding strategies 377–8 population dynamics 200, 201–2, 205 gastropods 58–61 predation of 278, 284, 285, 294, 309 see also diet and shell 311–12 Ferrissia fragilis 167 reproduction 51–2 biogeography 358, 361, 362, 363 size at birth 138, 140 parasitism 234, 235, 236 Dreissena polymorpha 11, 51 Ferrissia parallela 361, 404 Dreissenoidea 1, 2 Ferrissia rivularis 78, 127, 156 Dressenidae 2 fish Dromus dromus 399 glochidial parasitism 42–51, 413 ducks 277–8 predation of molluscs 282–93 consequences 316 Echinoparyphium recurvatum 262 defences against 307, 309, 310–12, 313 Echinostoma liei 247, 260, 261 flukes, see digenetic trematodes Echinostoma paraensi 248 Fontigens 278, 284 Echinostoma togoensis 247 Fossaria modicella 167, 361 Echinostomatidae 230, 247–8, 259–62 Fossula 9 Elliptio 37, 41 Fusconaia 28, 317 Elliptio arctata 37 Fusconaia barnsiana 399 Elliptio buckleyi 37 Fusconaia cor 316 Elliptio complanata Fusconaia cuneolus 399 habitat 24, 25, 26 Fusconaia ebena 200, 398, 399, 402 interspecific competition 212 Fusconaia edgariana 399 particle retention 12 Fusconaia flava 400 population dynamics 190, 192 Fusconaia subrotunda 400 reproduction 37, 38–9 Fusconaia undata 400 Elliptio crassidens 399 Elliptio crassidens downiei 37 Gammarus pulex 76 Elliptio dariensis 422 Gastropoda Elliptio dilatata (dilatatus) 27, 398, 399, 402 autecology 57–116 Elliptio hopetonensis 37, 422 classification 3–4 Elliptio icterina 37, 269 life cycle pattern 156–62 Elliptio mcmichaeli 37 size at birth 139 Elliptio shepardianus 422 genetics 118–23 environment 118–23 Gillia altilis 404 see also biogeography; interspecific Glabaris luteolus 36, 37 ecological overlap glochidia 38, 42–51 environmental calcium 327–38 Goniobasis 310, 311, 370, 398 Epioblasma brevidens 399 Goniobasis cahawbensis 87–8 Epioblasma capsaeformis 399 Goniobasis carinifera 87–8 Epioblasma triquetra 399 Goniobasis clara 88 Etheriacea 2 Goniobasis clavaeformis 90–1, 198, 199 Etheriidae 2 Goniobasis curryana 90 Goniobasis livescens 404 Fasciola 245–7, 249–52, 299 diet and habitat 86–7, 374–5, 385 Fasciola gigantica 229–30, 249, 250 life cycle pattern 159

Index · 503 reproduction 108 Helisoma duryi reproductive effort 127, 128, 129, 133 and environmental calcium 330 Goniobasis proxima 104–6, 108, 375–7 interspecific competition 214–15 Goniobasis semicarinata 88–9, 108, 109 parasitism 260, 261 Goniobasis suturalis 86 population dynamics 175, 176, 178, 179 gonochorism Helisoma newberryi 278 prosobranchs 101–9 Helisoma trivolvis 404 unionoids 35–9 biogeography 361, 363, 391 Gorgoderidae 231 diet 73, 377 Grandidiera 44 interspecific competition 208, 369 guilds 369–70 life history gut contents 371–7 and environment 120, 121 Gyraulus 390 life cycle pattern 162 diet and habitat 69, 371, 372 reproductive effort 129, 132 and environmental calcium 336 predation of 291, 303, 304 population dynamics 194, 195 defences 308, 318 predation of 281, 291, 295 hermaphroditism Gyraulus albus 262 corbiculoids 52–4 Gyraulus circumstriatus 167 prosobranchs 113 Gyraulus deflectus 167, 357, 358, 361, 404 pulmonates 79–80 Gyraulus hirsutus 404 unionoids 40–2 Gyraulus parvus 404 Heterodonta 2 biogeography 361 Hippeutus cantonensis 371, 372 communities 417, 418–19 Hydridella menziesi 19, 23–4 habitat 383, 384 Hydrobiidae population dynamics 194–5 classification 3 predation of 291, 299, 308, 311 diet and habitat 94–7 reproduction 79 reproduction 102, 104 Hydrobioides manchouricus 205, 206 habitat Hydropsyche 370 corbiculoids 28–34 Hyriidae 2 Dreissena 34–5 overlap 378–91 Indoplanorbis 98 prosobranchs 85–101 Indoplanorbis exustus 62, 179, 300 pulmonates 61–79 insect predators 295–300, 318, 320 unionoids 22–8 interspecific competition, see competition Halipegus occidualis 262–3 interspecific ecological overlap 371–91 haplosporidian disease 227 current 390–1 haustorium 38, 42–3 depth, temperature and oxygen 378–86 Hebetancylus excentricus 234, 235, 236 feeding strategies 377–8 Helicopsyche 370 gut content 371–7 Helisoma substrate 386–90 interspecific competition 369 Inversidens yanagawensis 152 population dynamics 194 isolation 349–52 predation of 280, 281, 288, 289, 302, 303 Juga plicifera 89 defences 308, 310, 311, 312 Juga siliculata 89–90 reproduction 82 Helisoma anceps 121, 167, 404 Laevapex fuscus 123, 167, 168, 404 biogeography 361, 385 biogeography 361 diet and habitat 61–2 parasitism 234, 235 parasitism 262–3 reproduction 79, 127 predation of 291, 308, 318 Lamprotula 15 Helisoma antrosa 384, 386–8 Lampsilis 21–2, 44–5, 317 Helisoma campanulata (campanulatum) 121, 167, Lampsilis anodontoides 398, 400 361, 385, 388, 404 Lampsilis dolabraeformis 422

504 · Index Lampsilis fasciola 45, 47, 51, 400 Lymnaea elodes 363 Lampsilis higginsii 400 diet and habitat 73–4 Lampsilis luteola 45 growth and fecundity 123 Lampsilis ovata 398, 400 interspecific competition 208–10, 369 Lampsilis radiata 354, 379 population dynamics 184, 185, 193–4, habitat 24, 26, 27, 28 195 interspecific competition 213 predation of 288–9 reproduction 37, 41 reproductive effort 130–1 Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea 152, 400 size at maturity 122, 146–9 Lampsilis siliquoidea 269 and temperature 384 Lampsilis splendida 422 Lymnaea emarginata 120, 192, 308 Lampsilis suborbiculata 400 Lymnaea glabra 345, 346, 359 Lampsilis teres 398, 400 Lymnaea haldemani 404 Lampsilis ventricosa 400 Lymnaea humilis 404 Lanistes 98, 104 Lymnaea natalensis larval stage diet and habitat 71 corbiculoids 53 and environmental calcium 336 Dreissena 52 interspecific competition 222 unionoids 42–51 parasitism 249, 250 lasidium 38, 42–3 population dynamics 176, 177, 178, 180 Lasmigona complanata 400 predation of 306, 318 Lasmigona compressa 28 Lymnaea ollula 298, 299, 371, 372 Lasmigona costata 400 Lymnaea ovata 321, 383 Lastena lata 400 Lymnaea palustris Lavigera 312 biogeography 346, 386 leeches 301–4, 318, 320, 321–2 life cycle 162, 165 defences against 305–7, 312–13 parasitism 249, 250 and distribution of molluscs 320, 321–2 predation of 299–300 Leptodea fragilis 400, 403 Lymnaea peregra (pereger) Leptodea laevissima 400 biogeography 346, 389 Leptodea leptodon 51 diet and habitat 61, 71–2, 73, 74, 76, 85–6, Leptoxis carinata 91, 127, 128, 192, 375, 376 372, 393 Lexingtonia 317 feeding and digestion 59 Lexingtonia dollabelloides 400 feeding strategy 377 life cycle modelling 162–8 substrate 373, 374, 389 life cycle patterns water depth 382 corbiculoids 154–5 interspecific competition 207, 210 Dreissena 155–6 life history gastropods 156–62 and environment 122 unionoids 150–4 life cycle pattern 156, 166 life history 117–70 size at maturity 141–4 and predation 314–16 parasitism 249–50, 262, 263, 264 Ligumia recta 400 population dynamics 196, 197, 199, 205, Lioplax 278 206 Lymnaea predator defences 306 feeding and digestion 59, 98 Lymnaea stagnalis 404 predation of 282, 301, 302, 305, 318 biogeography 345, 390 Lymnaea auricularia diet and feeding 61, 72, 372, 378 diet and habitat 74, 382 and environmental calcium 328–9 interspecific competition 207 interspecific competition 210 parasitism 249, 263, 264 life history Lymnaea bulimoides 76, 249 and environment 119–20, 121 Lymnaea catascopium 384, 385, 404, 417, life cycle pattern 156, 162, 165 418–19 size at birth 140 Lymnaea columella 74–6, 163, 404 parasitism 249, 250 Lymnaea cubensis 188 population dynamics 189, 190

Index · 505 predation of 274 models of species abundance 421–8 reproduction 79 models of species distribution 391–407 Lymnaea tormentosa 71, 74–6, 249, 250, 251 models of species similarity 407–21 Lymnaea truncatula 359 mollusc predators 300–1, 313 biogeography 346 Musculium diet 71 feeding and digestion 9, 11, 18 life cycle pattern 156 habitat 29 parasitism 245–7, 249 interspecific competition 210 reproduction 83 life cycle pattern 155 Lymnaeidae 4–5, 277 population dynamics 190 classification 3 predation of 281, 282 diet and habitat 70–6 reproduction 35, 54–5 feeding and digestion 60 size at birth 136, 138, 139 population dynamics 181 Musculium lacustre 19, 136, 155, 381 Lyrogyrus granum 361, 363 Musculium partumeium 20, 53, 123, 127, 128, Lyrogyrus pupoidea 361, 363 136, 211 Musculium securis mammals 274–6 feeding and digestion 16, 18 Manningiella 253 habitat 33, 380 Manningiella conica 254 interspecific competition 210 Margaritifera margaritifera 22, 39, 45–6, 133 parasitism 231 Margaritiferidae size at birth 136 classification 2 Musculium transversum feeding and digestion 9, 10 habitat 33, 34, 380 larvae 45, 48, 49, 50 interspecific competition 210 size at birth 138 size at birth 136 Marisa 106, 279, 301, 313 muskrats 274–6, 309, 316–17, 319 Marisa cornuarietis 98, 104, 108, 216–19, Mutelidae 2 329 Mycetopodidae 2 Marstonia decepta 384 Myxas glutinosa 344, 345 Marstonia lustrica 194, 290 marsupia 38, 42 Neophylax 370 mature size 140–9 Neotricula 229 Medionidus 28, 317 Neotricula aperta 253, 254 Medionidus conradicus 47, 51, 154, 400 Neritidae 3, 59, 85–6 Megalonaias gigantea (nervosa) 400 Neritina 103 Melania 393 Neritina latissima 319 Melania crenulata 104 Neritoidea 3 Melania scabra 389 Notocotylus 234 Melanoides lincatus 110 Melanoides scabra 110 Obliquaria reflexa 398, 400 Melanoides tuberculata Obovaria olivaria 398, 400, 402 diet and feeding 371, 372, 378 Obovaria subrotunda 400 interspecific competition 219–22 Oncomelania 229 parasitism 231 diet and habitat 92–3 population dynamics 173–4, 175, 179 predation of 297, 299, 301, 312–13 reproduction 110, 112, 113 Oncomelania quadrasi 233, 264–8 shell 312 osmoregulation 5 Melanopsidae 3, 102, 103, 104 oxygen concentration 382–3 Menetus 291 Mesogastropoda 3 Paleoheterodonta 2 Micromelanidae 3 Paludomus tanschaurica 101 Micromenetus dilatatus 167, 361, 362, 363 Parafossarulus manchouricus, see Hydrobioides migration 384 manchouricus modelling life cycles 162–8 Paramelania crassigranulata 312 modelling reproductive effort 131–15 Paramelania imperialis 312

506 · Index parasitism Physa marmorata 180 of fish by glochidia 42–51 Physa parkeri 385, 388 of molluscs 227–72 Physa sayii 383, 404 aspidogastrids 268–9 Physa vernalis 295, 296, 361, 363, 373 consequences 239–48 Physa virgata 66, 68, 189, 308, 314–16, 319 degenetic trematodes 228–30 Physidae 3, 5, 181 population regulation 262–8 diet and habitat 66–70 prevalence 230–9 Pila 103 resistance 248–62 Pila globosa 98 unionicolids 269–70 Pila verens 98 parthenogenesis 109–13 Pisidiidae 1 Paryphostomum segregatum 260 classification 2 pH 330–1, 332 feeding and digestion 20 phenotypic plasticity 118–19 habitat 28, 29 Phyllodistomum 231 parasitism 231 Physa 163, 390, 398 predation of 280, 289, 298 diet 375, 376 size at birth 136–8, 139 maturity 141 Pisidium population dynamics 194, 195, 197 and environmental calcium 334–5 predation of 277, 280, 281, 282, 288, 289, feeding and digestion 291, 295, 302 assimilation 17, 18, 20 defences 306, 307, 310, 311 digestive anatomy 9–10 and density 320 non-particulate dietary components 19 Physa acuta habitat/biogeograpy 28, 29, 354–7, 380–1, ecological overlap 371, 372, 389 393 parasitism 260, 261, 262 life cycle pattern 154–5 population dynamics 176, 178 population dynamics 202–6 predator defences 306 predation of 277, 285, 292 Physa ancillaria 167, 361 reproduction 35, 52, 53, 54 Physa fontinalis reproductive effort 124–6 biogeography 345, 346, 386, 389 size at birth 136, 137–8 diet 372, 377 Pisidium amnicum life cycle pattern 156 feeding and digestion 17 population dynamics 196, 205, 206 habitat 29, 381 predation 321 life cycle pattern 155 predator defences 305 reproductive effort 124 reproduction 79 reproduction 52 Physa gyrina size at birth 136 biogeography 361, 362, 363, 390 Pisidium casertanum diet and habitat 67, 68–70, 73 communities 354–5, 356 interspecific competition 208–10, 369 and environmental calcium 332–4 life history feeding and digestion 17, 19 and environment 120, 121 habitat 28, 29, 30, 31, 380, 381 life cycle modelling 165 life history 122, 154–5 reproductive effort 130–1 reproductive effort 124, 126 population dynamics 178 Pisidium compressum 28, 30–1, 155 predation of 293, 294, 299–300, 318, 319 Pisidium conventus 17, 31, 53, 155, 381 Physa heterostropha Pisidium dubium 380 biogeography 361 Pisidium equilaterale 335 diet and habitat 68 Pisidium ferrugineum 335, 380 population dynamics 180, 182 Pisidium henslowanum predation of 291 community composition 356, 357 reproduction 79, 84, 85 habitat 380, 381 Physa integra 166, 290, 404 population dynamics 202, 203, 204, 205 diet and habitat 66–7, 68 reproductive effort 126 and water depth/substrate 384, 385, 386–8, Pisidium hibernicum 32, 155, 203, 204–5, 356, 392 381

Index · 507 Pisidium lilljeborgii 32, 155, 380 Pleurobema rubrum 401 Pisidium milium 203, 204, 205, 356, 381 Pleurocera 278 Pisidium moitessierianum 124, 136, 154, 356, Pleurocera acuta 86, 108 381 Pleuroceridae 104 Pisidium nitidum 32, 203, 356, 357, 380, 381 Pomacea 61, 279, 301, 308, 313 Pisidium obtusale 356 Pomacea canaliculata 98, 103, 179, 298, 301 Pisidium personatum 356, 381 Pomacea lineata 97–8 Pisidium pulchellum 356, 381 Pomacea paludosa 205, 206, 279, 308 Pisidium punctatum 380 Pomacea urceus 103–4, 140 Pisidium punctiferum 29 Pomatiopsidae Pisidium subtruncatum 356 classification 3 habitat 31, 381 diet and habitat 91–4 life cycle pattern 155 reproduction 102 parasitism 262 size at birth 139, 140 population dynamics 202, 203, 204 Pomatiopsis 93, 101 reproductive effort 124, 125 Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Pisidium supinum 356, 357 diet and habitat 93–4 Pisidium tenuilineatum 356, 381 reproduction 101, 102, 106–7, 108, 109 Pisidium variabile 155, 380 Pomatiopsis lapidaria 93, 101, 102 Pisidium walkeri 380 population dynamics 171–207 Plagiola lineolata 400 crowding 186–91 Plagiorchis 234 population growth 172–91 Planorbella scalare 282 population regulation 191–207 Planorbidae 5 and parasitism 262–8 classification 3 see also competition diet and habitat 61–6 Potamilus alatus 401 population dynamics 181 Potamilus capax 51, 401 Planorbis 197, 273, 305, 420–1 Potamopyrgus Planorbis albus 321, 346, 389, 420–1 diet and habitat 94–6 Planorbis carinatus 66, 321, 345, 372, 389, 408, parasitism 264 420 population dynamics 200 Planorbis complanatus 346 predation of 305, 307 Planorbis contortus 321 reproduction 104, 110, 111, 112–13 communities 420 Potamopyrgus antipodarum 109 diet 65–6, 72, 377 Potamopyrgus jenkinsi 109, 199, 262, 282, 303, habitat/biogeography 346, 389 344, 372, 393 Planorbis corneus 274, 372 Potodoma ignobilis 312 Planorbis crista 321, 344, 346, 420–1 predation 273–325 Planorbis planorbis 196 consequences 316–22 communities 420–1 defences 305–16 diet and habitat 71, 72, 374, 377 malefactors 274–305 parasitism 262 Promenetus exacuous 69, 167, 361, 383, 404 predation 306, 321 Proptera 138 Planorbis spirorbis 346 Prosobranchia 4 Planorbis vortex 372, 373–4, 377, 389–90 classification 3 Planorbula armigera 167, 361, 363 diet and habitat 85–101 Planorbula jenksii 404 feeding and digestion 58–61 Plethobasus cyphyus 400 population dynamics 181 Pleucoceridae reproduction classification 3 gonochorism 101–9 diet and habitat 86–91 hermaphroditism 113 reproduction 102, 103, 104, 109 parthenogenesis 109–13 size at birth 139 Pseudanodonta 24 Pleurobema 28, 44, 317 Pseudanodonta complanata 22 Pleurobema cordatum 37, 38, 151, 401 Pseudosuccinea 281, 308, 320 Pleurobema oviforme 47, 316, 401 Pseudosuccinea columella Pleurobema plenum 401 biogeography 357, 358, 361, 364

508 · Index Pseudosuccinea columella (cont.) Schistosoma mansoni 229, 232–3, 236–7, 240, diet and habitat 74–6 242–4, 254–9 dietary overlap 373 Schistosoma mattheei 236 life cycle pattern 164, 167, 168 Schistosoma mekongi 94, 229, 253, 254 population dynamics 179 schistosomes/schistosomiasis 228–9, 231–4 predation 295, 296 effect on molluscs 240–5 reproduction 84 resistance to 252–9 Ptychobranchus 44 see also named species Ptychobranchus fasciolaris 317, 401 self-fertilization Ptychobranchus subtentum 317, 401 corbiculoids 52–3 Pulmonata 4–5 pulmonates 83–5 classification 3 Semisulcospira 104, 298 diet and habitat 61–79 shell 309–14 feeding and digestion 58–61 Sierraia 109 predation of 300–1, 303 Sierraia expansilabrum 108 reproduction Sierraia leonensis 108 outcrossing 79–83 Sierraia outambensis 108 selfing 83–5 Simpsoniconcha ambigua 401 size at birth 139 Sinotaia historica 100 Pyganodon 19 Sinotaia quadrata 108, 371, 372 Pyganodon grandis 22 size Pyrgula annulata 285 at birth 135–40 at maturity 140–9 Quadrula cylindrica 401 snail kite 279, 313 Quadrula cylindrica strigillata 37 Somatogyrus 278 Quadrula intermedia 401 Somatogyrus subglobosus 404 Quadrula metanevra 401 species abundance models 421–8 Quadrula nodulata 398, 401 species distribution models 391–407 Quadrula pustulosa 22, 401 species similarity models 407–21 Quadrula quadrula (fragosa) 401 Spekia zonata 312 Quadrula sparsa 401 Sphaerium communities 354 Radix auricularia 234, 285 feeding and digestion 17, 18 Radix ovata 389 habitat 28, 29, 30 Radix plicatulus 371, 372 life cycle pattern 155 radulae 58–9 population dynamics 185 reproduction predation of 277, 281 bivalves 35–55 reproduction 35, 52, 53, 54–5 corbiculoids 52–5 size at birth 136–7, 138, 139 Dreissena 51–2 Sphaerium corneum 17, 262, 381 unionoids 35–51 Sphaerium lacustre 354 gastropods Sphaerium simile 55, 186, 303 prosobranchs 101–13 Sphaerium striatinum pulmonates 79–85 feeding and digestion 20 size at birth 135–40 habitat 28, 32–3, 380 reproductive effort 123–31 population dynamics 186 modelling 131–5 predation of 278 Ribeiroia marini 247 reproduction 55 Rissoidea 3 Stagnicola caperata 277 Stagnicola elodes 72, 130–1, 294, 361, 362, 363 salamanders 281–2 Stagnicola exilis 72 Schistosoma bovis 233 Stagnicola palustris 277 Schistosoma haematobium 228–9, 232, 236–7, Stagnicola reflexa 72 241, 242, 252 Strophitus undulatus (rugosus) 401 Schistosoma japonicum 92, 229, 232, 233, substrate 353, 385, 386–90 264–8 superconglutinates 44

Index · 509 tachytictic populations 43, 150–1 reproduction tadpoles 370 gonochorism 35–9 temperature 384 hermaphroditism 40–2 Theodoxus 102, 139 larval stage 42–51 Theodoxus fluviatilis 85–6, 159, 306, 321 USR model 131–5 Theodoxus jordani 313 Thiara crenulata 101 Valvata 113, 139, 140, 277, 419 Thiara granifera 219, 220, 222 Valvata bicarinata 404 Thiaridae Valvata cristata 321, 344, 345, 382 classification 3 Valvata lewisi 195, 208 interspecific competition 219–23, Valvata piscinalis 369 biogeography 346, 382, 383, 389 reproduction 102, 104, 110, 112 diet and habitat 101 shells 312 parasitism 262 size at birth 139 population dynamics 199 Toxolasma lividus 401 predation of 285, 316, 321 trematodes, see aspidogastrids; digenetic size at birth 140 trematodes Valvata sincera 404 triclads 304–5, 321 Valvata tricarinata 289, 404 Tricula 190, 229 biogeography 361, 362, 364, 384 Tricula aperta 94, 108, 253 population dynamics 194 Tritogonia verrucosa 401 Valvatidae 3, 101 Truncilla 138 Valvatoidea 3 Truncilla donaciformis 401 Veneroidea 2 Truncilla truncata 401 Venustachoncha ellipsiformis 231 Tulotoma angulata 102 Villosa 10, 19, 28 turtles 279–81, 308 Villosa iris 378, 379, 401, 422 Villosa nebulosa 47–8, 51, 154, 317 Unio pictorum 408 Villosa perpurpurea 401 habitat 26–7 Villosa vanuxemi 47, 48, 51, 154, 317, 401 particle retention 11 Villosa villosa 269 predation of 274 Viviparidae reproduction 37 classification 3 Unio tumidus 37, 213, 379 diet and habitat 99–100 Uniomeris declivus 269 reproduction 102, 104, 106 Unionacea 2 size at birth 139, 140 Unionicola abnormipes 269 Viviparoidea 3 Unionicola aculeata 269 Viviparus 99, 309 Unionicola formosa 269 Viviparus ater 134, 274, 335 Unionicola fossulata 269 Viviparus bengalensis 389 Unionicola intermedia 269 Viviparus contectoides 99 Unionicola serrata 269 Viviparus contectus 274 unionicolid mites 269–70 Viviparus georgianus 127, 404 Unionidae 2 life cycle pattern 159, 161 interspecific competition 212–14 population dynamics 185–6 Unionoidea 1 predation and shell of 311 classification 2 Viviparus subpurpureus 161 feeding and digestion 9 Viviparus viviparus 285, 372 habitat 22–8 life cycle pattern 150–4 zebra mussel, see Dreissena