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Conservation Status of Freshwater Gastropods of Canada and the United States Paul D This article was downloaded by: [69.144.7.122] On: 24 July 2013, At: 12:35 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Fisheries Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ufsh20 Conservation Status of Freshwater Gastropods of Canada and the United States Paul D. Johnson a , Arthur E. Bogan b , Kenneth M. Brown c , Noel M. Burkhead d , James R. Cordeiro e o , Jeffrey T. Garner f , Paul D. Hartfield g , Dwayne A. W. Lepitzki h , Gerry L. Mackie i , Eva Pip j , Thomas A. Tarpley k , Jeremy S. Tiemann l , Nathan V. Whelan m & Ellen E. Strong n a Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) , 2200 Highway 175, Marion , AL , 36756-5769 E-mail: b North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences , Raleigh , NC c Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA d United States Geological Survey, Southeast Ecological Science Center , Gainesville , FL e University of Massachusetts at Boston , Boston , Massachusetts f Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources , Florence , AL g U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Jackson , MS h Wildlife Systems Research , Banff , Alberta , Canada i University of Guelph, Water Systems Analysts , Guelph , Ontario , Canada j University of Winnipeg , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada k Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources , Marion , AL l Illinois Natural History Survey , Champaign , IL m University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL n Smithsonian Institution, Department of Invertebrate Zoology , Washington , DC o Nature-Serve , Boston , MA Published online: 14 Jun 2013. To cite this article: Paul D. Johnson , Arthur E. Bogan , Kenneth M. Brown , Noel M. Burkhead , James R. Cordeiro , Jeffrey T. Garner , Paul D. Hartfield , Dwayne A. W. Lepitzki , Gerry L. Mackie , Eva Pip , Thomas A. Tarpley , Jeremy S. Tiemann , Nathan V. Whelan & Ellen E. Strong (2013) Conservation Status of Freshwater Gastropods of Canada and the United States, Fisheries, 38:6, 247-282, DOI: 10.1080/03632415.2013.785396 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2013.785396 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Downloaded by [69.144.7.122] at 12:35 24 July 2013 FEATURE Conservation Status of Freshwater Gastropods of Canada and the United States Paul D. Johnson Estado de la conservación de los Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center, Alabama Department of Conser- vation and Natural Resources (ADCNR), 2200 Highway 175, Marion, AL gasterópodos de Canadá y los Estados 36756-5769. E-mail: [email protected] Unidos de Norteamérica Arthur E. Bogan RESUMEN: esta es la primera evaluación sobre el estado North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC que guarda la conservación de los gasterópodos (cara- coles) de Canadá y los EE.UU., realizada por el Subcomité Kenneth M. Brown para los Gasterópodos (Comité de Especies Amenazadas) Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA de la Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías. Esta revisión Noel M. Burkhead comprende 703 especies, pertenecientes a 16 familias y 93 géneros, de las cuales 67 se consideran extintas o proba- United States Geological Survey, Southeast Ecological Science Center, Gainesville, FL blemente extintas; 278 están en peligro, 102 amenazadas, 73 vulnerables, 157 cuentan con poblaciones estables y 26 James R. Cordeiro especies presentan un estado taxonómico incierto. De la University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, and Nature- totalidad de la fauna, 74% de los gasterópodos se encuen- Serve, Boston, MA tran en alguna categoría de vulnerabilidad (amenazados, Jeffrey T. Garner en peligro o vulnerables) o extintos, lo cual excede al nivel de amenaza al que está sujeto el grupo de los peces (39%) Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Florence, AL y los langostinos (48%), pero es similar al de los mejil- Paul D. Hartfield lones (72%). Comparando las tasas de extinción actuales U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, MS contra las tasas de extinción de fondo en el grupo de los gasterópodos, se tiene que en la actualidad son las más Dwayne A. W. Lepitzki altas registradas: 9,539 veces la tasa de extinción de fondo. Wildlife Systems Research, Banff, Alberta, Canada Los gasterópodos son altamente susceptibles a la degra- dación y pérdida de hábitat, en particular aquellas espe- Gerry L. Mackie cies endémicas cuya distribución está restringida a un solo University of Guelph, Water Systems Analysts, Guelph, Ontario, Canada manantial o a arroyos pequeños. La compilación realizada Eva Pip para esta revisión se dificultó por la falta de información sobre la incertidumbre en la distribución y taxonomía del University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada grupo. Si bien se necesita desarrollar investigación en dis- Downloaded by [69.144.7.122] at 12:35 24 July 2013 Thomas A. Tarpley tintos frentes como biología básica, fisiología, estrategias Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center, Alabama Department of Conserva- de conservación, historias de vida y ecología, se consid- tion and Natural Resources, Marion, AL eran como prioridades la sistemática, curación de col- ecciones museográficas y bases de datos acopladas con Jeremy S. Tiemann muestreos sistemáticos integrales (para establecer límites Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL geográficos, identificación de amenazas). Nathan V. Whelan University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL and 26 species have uncertain taxonomic status. Of the entire Ellen E. Strong fauna, 74% of gastropods are imperiled (vulnerable, threat- Smithsonian Institution, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Washington, DC ened, endangered) or extinct, which exceeds imperilment levels in fishes (39%) and crayfishes (48%) but is similar to that of mussels (72%). Comparison of modern to background extinc- ABSTRACT: This is the first American Fisheries Society con- tion rates reveals that gastropods have the highest modern ex- servation assessment of freshwater gastropods (snails) from tinction rate yet observed, 9,539 times greater than background Canada and the United States by the Gastropod Subcommittee rates. Gastropods are highly susceptible to habitat loss and deg- (Endangered Species Committee). This review covers 703 spe- radation, particularly narrow endemics restricted to a single cies representing 16 families and 93 genera, of which 67 species spring or short stream reaches. Compilation of this review was are considered extinct, or possibly extinct, 278 are endangered, hampered by a paucity of current distributional information and 102 are threatened, 73 are vulnerable, 157 are currently stable, taxonomic uncertainties. Although research on several fronts Fisheries • Vol 38 No 6 • June 2013 • www.fisheries.org 247 including basic biology, physiology, conservation strategies, 1952; Vogt 1981), Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis and Limp- life history, and ecology are needed, systematics and curation kin Aramus guarauna (Bourne 1993), and the Muskrat Ondatra of museum collections and databases coupled with comprehen- zibethicus (Neves and Odum 1989). sive status surveys (geographic limits, threat identification) are priorities. Native freshwater gastropods of Canada and the United States belong to three main clades: Neritimorpha, Caenogas- INTRODUCTION tropoda, and Heterobranchia (Bouchet and Rocroi 2005), rep- resenting numerous independent colonizations by marine or Freshwater gastropods (snails) are an important and diverse terrestrial ancestors (Strong et al. 2008). Most gastropods be- component of aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Gastropods have long to the Caenogastropoda, which, along with the Neritimor- diversified into every conceivable aquatic habitat, including pha, possess an operculum, respire with a gill, mature slowly, hypogean aquifers, springs, small streams, large rivers, ponds, and are long-lived dioecious species with internal fertilization, lakes, and ephemeral to permanent wetlands. Most graze on and females generally attach eggs to firm substrates in late periphytic or epiphytic algae and biofilms, though some are spring and early summer. Many species are
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