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Basics of Management - Intensive Grazing Stephen K
Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Conference Management Conference Nov 18th, 12:00 AM Basics of Management - Intensive Grazing Stephen K. Barnhart Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons Barnhart, Stephen K., "Basics of Management - Intensive Grazing" (1998). Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference. 28. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm/1998/proceedings/28 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Symposia at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BASICS OF MANAGEMENT -INTENSIVE GRAZING Stephen K. Barnhart Agronomist-Extension Forage Programs Department of Agronomy Iowa State University. What Is Management-Intensive Grazing ? Management-intensive grazing is a method for regulating how often and how much to graze in order to control the quality, yield, consumption, and persistence of forage from pasture. Managed grazing attempts to optimize animal performance or limit intake to a desired level and reduce wasted forage. Depending on the grazing methods used, the amount of fresh pasture provided, the amount of forage eaten, and its quality is regulated by the size of pasture area being grazed, the duration of that grazing, and the amount of the available forage allowed for grazing. Also critical is the period that each pasture is rested between grazings. -
Livestock and Landscapes
SUSTAINABILITY PATHWAYS LIVESTOCK AND LANDSCAPES SHARE OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN GLOBAL LAND SURFACE DID YOU KNOW? Agricultural land used for ENVIRONMENT Twenty-six percent of the Planet’s ice-free land is used for livestock grazing LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION and 33 percent of croplands are used for livestock feed production. Livestock contribute to seven percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions through enteric fermentation and manure. In developed countries, 90 percent of cattle Agricutural land used for belong to six breed and 20 percent of livestock breeds are at risk of extinction. OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SOCIAL One billion poor people, mostly pastoralists in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, depend on livestock for food and livelihoods. Globally, livestock provides 25 percent of protein intake and 15 percent of dietary energy. ECONOMY Livestock contributes up to 40 percent of agricultural gross domestic product across a significant portion of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa but receives just three percent of global agricultural development funding. GOVERNANCE With rising incomes in the developing world, demand for animal products will continue to surge; 74 percent for meat, 58 percent for dairy products and 500 percent for eggs. Meeting increasing demand is a major sustainability challenge. LIVESTOCK AND LANDSCAPES SUSTAINABILITY PATHWAYS WHY DOES LIVESTOCK MATTER FOR SUSTAINABILITY? £ The livestock sector is one of the key drivers of land-use change. Each year, 13 £ As livestock density increases and is in closer confines with wildlife and humans, billion hectares of forest area are lost due to land conversion for agricultural uses there is a growing risk of disease that threatens every single one of us: 66 percent of as pastures or cropland, for both food and livestock feed crop production. -
List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017
Washington Natural Heritage Program List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017 The following list of animals known from Washington is complete for resident and transient vertebrates and several groups of invertebrates, including odonates, branchipods, tiger beetles, butterflies, gastropods, freshwater bivalves and bumble bees. Some species from other groups are included, especially where there are conservation concerns. Among these are the Palouse giant earthworm, a few moths and some of our mayflies and grasshoppers. Currently 857 vertebrate and 1,100 invertebrate taxa are included. Conservation status, in the form of range-wide, national and state ranks are assigned to each taxon. Information on species range and distribution, number of individuals, population trends and threats is collected into a ranking form, analyzed, and used to assign ranks. Ranks are updated periodically, as new information is collected. We welcome new information for any species on our list. Common Name Scientific Name Class Global Rank State Rank State Status Federal Status Northwestern Salamander Ambystoma gracile Amphibia G5 S5 Long-toed Salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum Amphibia G5 S5 Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Amphibia G5 S3 Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii Amphibia G5 S5 Dunn's Salamander Plethodon dunni Amphibia G4 S3 C Larch Mountain Salamander Plethodon larselli Amphibia G3 S3 S Van Dyke's Salamander Plethodon vandykei Amphibia G3 S3 C Western Red-backed Salamander Plethodon vehiculum Amphibia G5 S5 Rough-skinned Newt Taricha granulosa -
Hog Pastures and Conservation Compliance
Illinois Grazing Manual Fact Sheet GRAZING MANAGEMENT Hog Pastures and Conservation Compliance General Information Significant problems exist in meeting conservation compliance requirements for livestock producers. These include high intensity grazing of hogs on forages in rotation with row crops, grazing crop residues, and manure injection of HEL fields. Swine pasture trials have been conducted to learn more about the interrelationships of pasture species selection, seeding rate, stocking density, grass stand (plants per sq. ft.), and per cent ground cover. These trials have networked the experience, knowledge, and skills of pro-active swine producers, the Natural Resources Conservation Service and University of Illinois Extension. Initial trials were seeded in the spring of 1992 utilizing alfalfa and grass mixtures. The grass species included were: 1) Tetraploid perennial ryegrass, 2) Matua Rescuegrass, 3) low endophyte Tall Fescue, and 4) Orchardgrass. These trial plots were intensively grazed and evaluated during 1993 with a mean stocking rate of 11.6 sows and litter per acre. Grass stands and % cover was evaluated throughout the year. Results indicated that tetraploid perennial ryegrass exhibited a very vigorous growth habit and was able to withstand high levels of grazing and trampling. It maintained higher levels of ground cover throughout the season. Tall Fescue established well, exhibited high stand counts, and even with very high grazing intensity was able to maintain over until late in the season. Tall Fescue also reduced the seed cost per acre. The use of alfalfa-orchardgrass under high intensity use, held up through mid-season but declined rapidly to only 20% cover in the fall. -
Interior Columbia Basin Mollusk Species of Special Concern
Deixis l-4 consultants INTERIOR COLUMl3lA BASIN MOLLUSK SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN cryptomasfix magnidenfata (Pilsbly, 1940), x7.5 FINAL REPORT Contract #43-OEOO-4-9112 Prepared for: INTERIOR COLUMBIA BASIN ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECT 112 East Poplar Street Walla Walla, WA 99362 TERRENCE J. FREST EDWARD J. JOHANNES January 15, 1995 2517 NE 65th Street Seattle, WA 98115-7125 ‘(206) 527-6764 INTERIOR COLUMBIA BASIN MOLLUSK SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN Terrence J. Frest & Edward J. Johannes Deixis Consultants 2517 NE 65th Street Seattle, WA 98115-7125 (206) 527-6764 January 15,1995 i Each shell, each crawling insect holds a rank important in the plan of Him who framed This scale of beings; holds a rank, which lost Would break the chain and leave behind a gap Which Nature’s self wcuid rue. -Stiiiingfieet, quoted in Tryon (1882) The fast word in ignorance is the man who says of an animal or plant: “what good is it?” If the land mechanism as a whole is good, then every part is good, whether we understand it or not. if the biota in the course of eons has built something we like but do not understand, then who but a fool would discard seemingly useless parts? To keep every cog and wheel is the first rule of intelligent tinkering. -Aido Leopold Put the information you have uncovered to beneficial use. -Anonymous: fortune cookie from China Garden restaurant, Seattle, WA in this “business first” society that we have developed (and that we maintain), the promulgators and pragmatic apologists who favor a “single crop” approach, to enable a continuous “harvest” from the natural system that we have decimated in the name of profits, jobs, etc., are fairfy easy to find. -
Calculation and Use of Selectivity Coefficients of Feeding: Zooplankton Grazing *
Ecological Modelling, 7 (1979) 135--149 135 © Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands CALCULATION AND USE OF SELECTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF FEEDING: ZOOPLANKTON GRAZING * HENRY A. VANDERPLOEG and DONALD SCAVIA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (U.S.A.) (Received 8 June 1978; revised 27 September 1978) ABSTRACT Vanderploeg, H.A. and Scavia, D., 1979. Calculation and use of selectivity coefficients of feeding: zooplankton grazing. Ecol. Modelling, 7: 135--149. A straightforward method of calculating selectivity coefficients (Wii) of predation from raw data, mortality rates of prey, filtering rates, feeding rates and electivity indices is derived. Results from a comparison of selectivity coefficients for the copepod Diaptomus oregonensis grazing under a number of experimental conditions suggest that Wij's for size- selective feeding are invariant, a conclusion also supported by the leaky-sieve model. Recommendations are made on how to use Wij's in linear and nonlinear feeding constructs for zooplankton and other animals. INTRODUCTION Many recent aquatic ecosystem models have been designed to simulate seasonal succession of phytoplankton and zooplankton. In order to accom- plish this, the models have included several phytoplankton and zooplankton groups (Bloomfield et al., 1973; Park et al., 1974; Canale et al., 1976; Scavia et al., 1976a and b; Bierman, 1976). A main factor controlling successional change in both phytoplankton and zooplankton is zooplankton selective feeding (cf. Porter, 1977). Many field and laboratory studies have been carried out to quantify the selection process; however, the forms in which the data are reported are not immediately applicable to models. -
Gastropoda, Pleuroceridae), with Implications for Pleurocerid Conservation
Zoosyst. Evol. 93 (2) 2017, 437–449 | DOI 10.3897/zse.93.14856 museum für naturkunde Genetic structuring in the Pyramid Elimia, Elimia potosiensis (Gastropoda, Pleuroceridae), with implications for pleurocerid conservation Russell L. Minton1, Bethany L. McGregor2, David M. Hayes3, Christopher Paight4, Kentaro Inoue5 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Houston Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard MC 39, Houston, Texas 77058 USA 2 Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th Street SE, Vero Beach, Florida 32962 USA 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, 521 Lancaster Avenue, Richmond, Kentucky 40475 USA 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 100 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA 5 Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, 578 John Kimbrough Boulevard, 2260 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA http://zoobank.org/E6997CB6-F054-4563-8C57-6C0926855053 Corresponding author: Russell L. Minton ([email protected]) Abstract Received 7 July 2017 The Interior Highlands, in southern North America, possesses a distinct fauna with nu- Accepted 19 September 2017 merous endemic species. Many freshwater taxa from this area exhibit genetic structuring Published 15 November 2017 consistent with biogeography, but this notion has not been explored in freshwater snails. Using mitochondrial 16S DNA sequences and ISSRs, we aimed to examine genetic struc- Academic editor: turing in the Pyramid Elimia, Elimia potosiensis, at various geographic scales. On a broad Matthias Glaubrecht scale, maximum likelihood and network analyses of 16S data revealed a high diversity of mitotypes lacking biogeographic patterns across the range of E. -
December 2011
Ellipsaria Vol. 13 - No. 4 December 2011 Newsletter of the Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Volume 13 – Number 4 December 2011 FMCS 2012 WORKSHOP: Incorporating Environmental Flows, 2012 Workshop 1 Climate Change, and Ecosystem Services into Freshwater Mussel Society News 2 Conservation and Management April 19 & 20, 2012 Holiday Inn- Athens, Georgia Announcements 5 The FMCS 2012 Workshop will be held on April 19 and 20, 2012, at the Holiday Inn, 197 E. Broad Street, in Athens, Georgia, USA. The topic of the workshop is Recent “Incorporating Environmental Flows, Climate Change, and Publications 8 Ecosystem Services into Freshwater Mussel Conservation and Management”. Morning and afternoon sessions on Thursday will address science, policy, and legal issues Upcoming related to establishing and maintaining environmental flow recommendations for mussels. The session on Friday Meetings 8 morning will consider how to incorporate climate change into freshwater mussel conservation; talks will range from an overview of national and regional activities to local case Contributed studies. The Friday afternoon session will cover the Articles 9 emerging science of “Ecosystem Services” and how this can be used in estimating the value of mussel conservation. There will be a combined student poster FMCS Officers 47 session and social on Thursday evening. A block of rooms will be available at the Holiday Inn, Athens at the government rate of $91 per night. In FMCS Committees 48 addition, there are numerous other hotels in the vicinity. More information on Athens can be found at: http://www.visitathensga.com/ Parting Shot 49 Registration and more details about the workshop will be available by mid-December on the FMCS website (http://molluskconservation.org/index.html). -
Grazing and Browsing Behavior, Grazing Management, Forage Evaluation and Goat Performance: Strategies to Enhance Meat Goat Production in North Carolina
1 Grazing and Browsing Behavior, Grazing Management, Forage Evaluation and Goat Performance: Strategies to Enhance Meat Goat Production in North Carolina Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, Professor, J. Paul Mueller, Professor and Interim Dean of International Programs, James. T. Green, Jr., Professor Emeritus, Douglas S. Chamblee, Professor Emeritus, and Heather M. Glennon, Meat Goat Program Research Technician and PhD candidate College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University Campus Box 7620, Raleigh NC 27695 ABSTRACT the use of high quality forage and browse and the Goats (Capra hircus hircus) offer an opportunity strategic use of expensive concentrate feeds. This can to more effectively convert pasture nutrients to be achieved by developing a year-round forage animal products as milk, meat and fiber which are program allowing for as much grazing as possible currently marketable and in demand by a growing throughout the year. segment of the US population. With the introduction of the Boer breed and the upgrading of meat-type Some people still believe that goats eat and do goats with Boer genetics, research focusing on well on low quality feed. Attempting to manage and forage evaluation, feeding strategies and the feed goats with such a belief will not lead to development of economical grazing systems was successful meat goat production. On pasture or urgently needed to meet the needs of this emerging rangeland, maximum goat gains or reproduction can industry. The first part of this paper focuses on the be attained by combining access to large quantities of quality forage that allow for selective feeding. description of grazing/browsing behavior of goats and grazing management, and grazing strategies such Goat Brazing/Browsing Behavior as control and strip grazing, differences between Goats are very active foragers, able to cover a control and continuous grazing, forward creep wide area in search of scarce plant materials. -
A Review of Planktivorous Fishes: Their Evolution, Feeding Behaviours, Selectivities, and Impacts
Hydrobiologia 146: 97-167 (1987) 97 0 Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht - Printed in the Netherlands A review of planktivorous fishes: Their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts I Xavier Lazzaro ORSTOM (Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement eri Coopération), 213, rue Lu Fayette, 75480 Paris Cedex IO, France Present address: Laboratorio de Limrzologia, Centro de Recursos Hidricob e Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Hidraulica e Sarzeamento, Universidade de São Paulo, AV,DI: Carlos Botelho, 1465, São Carlos, Sï? 13560, Brazil t’ Mail address: CI? 337, São Carlos, SI? 13560, Brazil Keywords: planktivorous fish, feeding behaviours, feeding selectivities, electivity indices, fish-plankton interactions, predator-prey models Mots clés: poissons planctophages, comportements alimentaires, sélectivités alimentaires, indices d’électivité, interactions poissons-pltpcton, modèles prédateurs-proies I Résumé La vision classique des limnologistes fut de considérer les interactions cntre les composants des écosystè- mes lacustres comme un flux d’influence unidirectionnel des sels nutritifs vers le phytoplancton, le zoo- plancton, et finalement les poissons, par l’intermédiaire de processus de contrôle successivement physiqucs, chimiques, puis biologiques (StraSkraba, 1967). L‘effet exercé par les poissons plaiictophages sur les commu- nautés zoo- et phytoplanctoniques ne fut reconnu qu’à partir des travaux de HrbáEek et al. (1961), HrbAEek (1962), Brooks & Dodson (1965), et StraSkraba (1965). Ces auteurs montrèrent (1) que dans les étangs et lacs en présence de poissons planctophages prédateurs visuels. les conimuiiautés‘zooplanctoniques étaient com- posées d’espèces de plus petites tailles que celles présentes dans les milieux dépourvus de planctophages et, (2) que les communautés zooplanctoniques résultantes, composées d’espèces de petites tailles, influençaient les communautés phytoplanctoniques. -
Invertebrate Animals (Metazoa: Invertebrata) of the Atanasovsko Lake, Bulgaria
Historia naturalis bulgarica, 22: 45-71, 2015 Invertebrate Animals (Metazoa: Invertebrata) of the Atanasovsko Lake, Bulgaria Zdravko Hubenov, Lyubomir Kenderov, Ivan Pandourski Abstract: The role of the Atanasovsko Lake for storage and protection of the specific faunistic diversity, characteristic of the hyper-saline lakes of the Bulgarian seaside is presented. The fauna of the lake and surrounding waters is reviewed, the taxonomic diversity and some zoogeographical and ecological features of the invertebrates are analyzed. The lake system includes from freshwater to hyper-saline basins with fast changing environment. A total of 6 types, 10 classes, 35 orders, 82 families and 157 species are known from the Atanasovsko Lake and the surrounding basins. They include 56 species (35.7%) marine and marine-brackish forms and 101 species (64.3%) brackish-freshwater, freshwater and terrestrial forms, connected with water. For the first time, 23 species in this study are established (12 marine, 1 brackish and 10 freshwater). The marine and marine- brackish species have 4 types of ranges – Cosmopolitan, Atlantic-Indian, Atlantic-Pacific and Atlantic. The Atlantic (66.1%) and Cosmopolitan (23.2%) ranges that include 80% of the species, predominate. Most of the fauna (over 60%) has an Atlantic-Mediterranean origin and represents an impoverished Atlantic-Mediterranean fauna. The freshwater-brackish, freshwater and terrestrial forms, connected with water, that have been established from the Atanasovsko Lake, have 2 main types of ranges – species, distributed in the Palaearctic and beyond it and species, distributed only in the Palaearctic. The representatives of the first type (52.4%) predomi- nate. They are related to the typical marine coastal habitats, optimal for the development of certain species. -
An Experimental Analysis of the Escape Response of the Gastropod
Pacific Science(1977), Vol. 31, No.1, p. 1-11 Printed in Great Britain An Experimental Analysis of the Escape Response of the Gastropod Strombus maculatus I LAURENCE H. FIELD 2 ABSTRACT: The escape response of Strombus maculatus is described in detail, including the apparent adaptive morphology of the foot, operculum, and eyestalks. The response is elicited by a chemical stimulus from two molluscivorous species of Conus and two gastropod-eating species of Cymatium but not from other pre datory species of these genera. Strombus habituated within three trials to a solution of "factor" from Conus pennaceus, but habituated only rarely, and then only after many trials, to contact with the live Conus. It was concluded that the eyes of S. maculatus are not used to see the Conus; however, eye removal significantly disrupted the orientation of the escape response, suggesting that the animal monitors some environmental cue such as polarized light. Tentacle removal appeared to interfere with escape response orientation but only to a variable extent. HERBIVOROUS GASTROPODS exhibit distinctive posterior end of the foot is thrust against the escape behavior from sea stars (Bauer 1913, substrate, causing the shell and head to lunge Feder and Christensen 1966) and predatory forward. Little additional work has been done gastropods (reviews by Kohn 1961, Robertson on strombid locomotion, and as Kohn and 1961, Kahn and Waters 1966, Gonor 1965, Waters (1966: 341) indicated, "the component 1966). 'Strombus has the remarkable ability to steps of the process have not been analyzed and escape from predators by rapid lunges, using the the functional morphology remains to be operculum to push against the substrate (Kohn studied in detail." Recently Berg (1972) and Waters 1966).