The Historical Controversy of Coffeehouses

Home , Coffeehouse, History of coffee, Ottoman coffeehouse

Bibliography Research Plan The Historical Controversy of Coffeehouses

Caroline Lee

LIS 601 – Dr. Vanessa Irvin – Spring 2016

May 4, 2016

Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

A. TOPIC AND SCOPE ...... 3 B. Audience ...... 3 C. Citation Style…………………………………………………………………………………………………3

II. SEARCH STRATEGY ...... 3

A. SEARCH TERMS ...... 3 I. Instructions ...... 4 II. Library of Congress Subject Headings ...... 4 III. Library of Congress Call Numbers ...... 4

B. Search Process ...... 5 I. OPACS ...... 5 a. Hawaii Voyager ...... 5 b. Hawaii Public Library Catalog ...... 5 c. Library of Congress Catalog ...... 5 II. Databases and Indexes ...... 6 a. Academic Search Complete ...... 6 b. Anthrosource ...... 6 c. Art & Architecture Online ...... 7 d. ARTstor ...... 7 e. Arts & Humanities Citation Index ...... 8 f. LexisNexis Academic ...... 8 g. Literature, Arts & Medicine Database ...... 8 h. ProQuest ...... 9 III. Web Resources ...... 9 a. Google Scholar ...... 9 b. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History ...... 10 C. CONCLUSION ...... 10 D. REFERENCE LIST ...... 11 E. APPENDIX A: Search Terms Relevancy Chart ...... 14 F. APPENDIX B: Annotated Bibliography ...... 23 a. Coffeehouses and its role in revolution and intellectual discourse ...... 24 b. Coffee and its medicinal properties ...... 25

INTRODUCTION Coffeehouses in the 16th century was actually a controversial subject given the new nature of the social establishment and unregulated gathering of common people who could give rise to sedition or even revolution. In Iran, coffeehouses and the drink itself caused alarm for its leaders because too many intellectuals were gathering together that created a real threat to authority. This caused the eventual banning of coffee and coffeehouses in some areas of Iran during the Ottoman Empire. Fortunately, by this time, too many leaders were regular drinkers of coffee and these disputes could never officially make the controversial drink illegal permanently. Similarly, when the drink itself finally reached a level of some popularity in Europe there was suspicion and even backlash of this new commodity which started to compete with local alehouses of many English villages. Many people were not accustomed to this strange Islamic drink which came from the land of Saracens. These feelings of xenophobia contributed to outright trials and arguments over the morality and safeness of coffee. Moreover, coffeehouses in France are well noted to contribute to the French revolution because they were hotbeds for different social classes to come together and talk.

When starting a research on a specific area of history like coffee or coffeehouses one must ask many different questions that will require many different type of sources. Questions like: What effect did the coffeehouse business have on other local business? Where and when did the plant come from? What was it used for? When and where did coffeehouses open up? How was the drink popularized? Who frequented these establishments? Was coffee unique in its ability to encourage conversation, creativity, and radical thinking? Therefore, this type of query will require a wide variety of databases other than historical in nature which will need investigating. A range in topic such as; medicine, anthropology, architecture, art, music, literature and so much more can help a historian really understand and give substance to a subject like coffee.

For the purpose of this audience this research will focus on the origins and effects coffeehouses had in Europe and Iran since it stirred a lot of controversy in those two key regions. Furthermore, the subtopics for this subject will be: “Coffeehouses and its role in revolution and intellectual discourse,” and “Coffee and its medicinal properties.”

Audience The target audience is high school students and history teachers. I conduct a lesson on coffee and coffeehouses developed by Dr. Deborah Johnston, when teaching the post-classical unit of exchange and encounter. Students are to be taught about the history of coffee and coffeehouses then complete answer and question packets and finally participate and research for a coffeehouse mock trial. Therefore, this bibliography will serve to help the teacher prepare much more thoroughly and to help students who have a hard time finding resources for their plaintiff or prosecution side of the court.

Citation Style All citations included in this bibliography research paper will be written in MLA format as follows the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition (MLA). 3

SEARCH STRATEGY

SEARCH TERMS Instructions. Throughout this bibliography research the subject heading controlled vocabulary (CV) terms are written using ALL CAPS, as are Boolean search terms (i.e. AND, OR, NOT). Natural language (NL) terms are written in lower case and italicized for charts and text.

Library of Congress Subject Headings The subject headings for my topic were acquired from the Library of Congress website which has a huge database that house primary and secondary sources of coffee and coffeehouses. A sampling of the most relative subjects that were found is: • COFFEEHOUSES • COFFEEHOUSES-ENGLAND-LONDON-HISTORY • COFFEEHOUSES-FRANCE-PARIS-HISTORY • COFFEEHOUSES IN ART • COFFEEHOUSES IN LITERATURE • COFFEEHOUSES-IRAN-HISTORY • COFFEEHOUSES-EUROPE-HISTORY

Natural Language • the historical controversy of coffeehouses • the history of coffeehouses • the controversy of coffee • the medicinal qualities of coffee • coffeehouses and the onset of revolution in europe

Library of Congress Call Numbers I used the Library of Congress Online call numbers to search for topic on coffee or coffeehouses which made me really appreciate how thorough this database is because of the very specific sources that I found that was very relevant to this research. For example, the call numbers found in Class G under the subheading GT-Manners and customs had great resources from GT1-7070. More specifically you can use the call numbers GT2919.M628 H38 1988 and GT2880 .S83 2005 which are a books that focuses on the history of coffeehouses in the Middle East and other regions. Class S-agriculture between call numbers SB183-317 also has coffee topics. An example of this is under the subclass SB-plant culture you can find the wonderful book titled, “The romance of coffee; an outline history of coffee and coffee-drinking through a thousand years” by Ukers, Williams H. Lastly, one other example is under class T-Technology between call numbers TX901-946.5 where you can find topics on the social life of coffee in regions like Great Britain (TX908 .C68 2005).

SEARCH PROCESS

OPACS

Hawai’i Voyager: Libraries of the University of Hawai’i System Hawai’i Voyager located excellent quality books available on the topic of coffeehouses. The hard part of finding sources for this topic is keeping it very specific to the history and region where I want to focus on. Many results are modern topics of coffee and its social and economic implications which is what I do not want. However using, SU: COFFEEHOUSES yielded 73 results of which 23 were highly relevant sources. Most notably the book by Ralph Hattox, “Coffee and coffeehouses: the origins of social beverage in the Medieval Near East” was exactly what I was looking for. This scholarly work done by a historian has excellent primary sources and background knowledge of the drink itself as well as the political and social repercussions it had in Iran, Great Britain, France and many other regions. On the other hand when using SU: COFFEE HOUSES as two words the subject was less relevant and more general in scope judging by the content and the 173 source results this yielded. There were some things relevant like historical coffee houses but using some kind of limiters would definitely help sift through the large amount of irrelevant sources that popped up. Natural language was not a very successful strategy versus using controlled vocabulary and truncations seems to really have no real value to this database in particular.

Online Library of Congress Catalog I found that the Online Library of Congress Catalog is one of my favorite databases to find relevant sources for historical topics that I need to use in the classroom and lectures. However, there are some differences in search strategies that were significant in narrowing my search. The LOC uses question marks and percentage signs for truncations and wildcards. Furthermore, natural language did not render any results. Using the controlled vocabulary with limiters reaped the best results. The library of Congress has an enormous amount of resources from all over the world which will make you need to use limiters like, “English” only and where and when the publication was created. There were many relevant books available in this database, but a resource that was also very helpful was a scholarly webcast by Dr. Thierry Rigogne on, Creating the Parisian Café, 1660-1800. This webcast was about 65 minutes long and excellent in research, rich in history and also extremely relevant to the topic of “Historical Controversy of Coffeehouses”.

DATABASES and INDEXES

Academic Search Complete Finding sources for this database obviously rendered a lot of academic articles, but disappointingly the same controlled vocabulary, advanced Boolean words and natural languages did not reap the same results as the Hawai’i Voyager system on finding particular books on the subject. This database have a lot more resources in different formats like books, articles and reviews, but they are in a very wide array of subtopics which narrowing what I really need harder to find without using limiters. For example, TX: COFFEE HOUSES rendered 10,210 results and 5

TX: COFFEE* rendered 212,592 results! On the other hand, the Voyager system would result in a far less amount of search results, but would be much more refined and straight to what the topic should be. Using truncations here was slightly useful, but again you need a lot more limiters if you want to narrow your research. Furthermore, using natural languages like, the history of coffeehouses or the controversy of coffee was actually helpful and brought up sources that were very relevant, but not in the same way Hawaii Voyager or the LOC provided.

Anthrosource Anthropology topics and journals based on anthropology with sub categories highlight this particular database. However, there are several inferior features noticed in their search engines. For example, you cannot use truncations or Boolean words which seem to have no effect on the search results. Furthermore, natural language also lacked better search results even with longer and specific words. This database only had one type of limiter which was to use sub categories after writing in a topic of your choice. This type of searching takes a lot longer than more sophisticated search engines like Ebsco or Library of Congress Online Catalog. However, there were some very relevant sources needed to analyze coffeehouses and the drink coffee from an anthropological perspective, such as the article, “Coffee and the moral order: Ethiopian Jews and Pentecostals against culture” by Don Seeman which gives you a cultural glimpse of how coffee is literally ingrained in their society and everyday life. I used controlled vocabulary like, “COFFEE” which rendered 2388 results and “COFFEEHOUSES” which rendered only 64 results. I used limiters that required you to pick specific journals which were helpful by chance since you don’t know what kind of articles are available in that set. Another drawback to this database is that you need to fully subscribe to their publication to receive full access to all of the full text articles. The UH access only allows you partial access. Overall, I didn’t find an anthropological study on coffeehouses or coffee particularly in the 16th or 17th centuries. Rather, I found that modern topics on coffee and coffeehouses especially in Latin America rendered thousands of results since they have one journal dedicated to Latin American Anthropology.

Art & Architecture Online The Art & Architecture database is an absolute hotbed for 16th and 17th century coffeehouse topics. In particular, French and English regions were a consistent hit as well as economic topics which are all rich in historical content. An excellent economic topic from the article on “Exotic Edibles: Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, And the Early Modern French How-To” focuses on how coffee was eventually commercialized in France. As well as the article, “Mr. Spectator And the Coffeehouse Public Sphere” which focuses on the political uses of the establishment in 18th century English life. Controlled vocabulary words like “AB COFFEE*” AND “AB 16th CENTURY” rendered fantastic results like these. Using the initial words like “COFFEEHOUSES” or “COFFEE” rendered too many results and therefore using limiters and more advanced strategies like truncations and added specific controlled vocabulary like “EUROPE” “FRANCE” HISTORY” “16TH CENTURY” “17TH CENTURY” narrowed down the search results to highly relative sources. This database is one of the best ones for historical research and will be booked marked for future use on other relevant topics based on my World History lesson plans. 6

ARTstor Up to sixteen different categories ranging from paintings to architecture are available to use with a complete citation in this incredible database. This is one of my favorites because of the Boolean search terms used and limiters like dates (C.E. to B.C.E), geography, classifications and even collections. All of these advanced search options helps you narrow your research and browse the many other types of artifacts you never imagined even existed. Additionally, there are free quality webinars for teacher and students to take on art topics or even how to use the database itself, ranging from all grade levels. Controlled vocabularies like “COFFEEHOUSES” and “COFFEE HOUSE” resulted in a few sources (16-47), but the word, “COFFEE” rendered 1,557 results since artifacts that hold the drink and anything associated with the drink like ancient goblets and cups are considered “coffee”. Truncations like, “COFFEE*” rendered 1,716 more resources. Medieval paintings and engravings of coffeehouses in England and the Middle East were many of the fantastic primary sources available here, but notably nothing in France coffeehouse was connected to this database. Still, the type of artifacts found here for a historian and students preparing for a coffeehouse trial is like a gold mine. One of my favorites is a painting of a coffeehouse from the Ottoman Empire c. 1580 and an 18th century German print of “Turks Drinking Coffee.”

Art and Humanities Citation Index Web of Science uses Boolean search terms like AND, OR, NOT and also SAME and the advanced search strategy NEAR/x. You can also use limiters such as languages and document types. Furthermore, you can also use up to 19 search fields from the basics like “topic” to “Grant Number.” This database focuses on scholarly literature in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. The scientific and medicinal nature of coffee is also a big factor in this research and therefore could utilize what this resource has to offer. For example, “COFFEEHOUSES” rendered 122 sources while separating the word “COFFEE HOUSE” rendered even more with 491 sources. The controlled vocabulary by itself “COFFEE” came up with the largest results in any database thus far at 62,225. “COFFEE AND HISTORY” helped with the narrowing of the topic at 1,658 while “COFFEE AND EUROPE” at 907 and “COFFEEHOUSES AND HISTORY” at 13. One of the last two controlled vocabulary rendered very specific results rendering in only 4 high relevant sources from the words, “COFFEEHOUSES AND EUROPE.” One of the best sources that came from this database was, the article written by Brian Cowan which is titled “The Rise of the Coffeehouses Reconsidered.” This article specializes in the British Coffeehouses of the 17th century and analyzes the micro-politics and political debates that were conducted in them that affected the entire country at a national level.

LexisNexis Academic The interface for LexisNexis Academic is clean and simple. A really neat feature on the homepage is the hot topic links that connects you straight away to current trending subjects like, “panama papers,” and “zika virus.” This database has an advance search ability that allows you to use topic or subject search, AND, OR, NOT, w/5, w/p, and limiters like date and content type to narrow your search queries. The type articles here are more business, law and current event news based scholarly articles but the term COFFEEHOUSE, COFFEEHOUSES AND 7

HISTORY, or COFFEE AND HISTORY turned up more than a 1,500 results and revealed relevant articles that pertain to historical as well as regional references to the controversy of coffee. Most of the articles are based more on the law or peer reviewed current events and newspaper articles, which doesn’t delve deep into the historical details I am really looking for. However, a highly relevant article about the historical nature of coffeehouses and even a timeline with it comes from the Sun Times in Ireland, “The Revolutionary History of Coffee; Behind Coffeehouse Doors.”

Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database Focused subjects like medical humanities are provided here in this database for audiences like scholars, educators, students and patients. I chose this database because coffee and coffeehouses are connected medically, artistically and socially to our world and history. The advanced search options for this database allows you to use categories such as performing arts and literature. There are “Creator Era,” “Category,” “Genre,” and “Creator Type” as limiters. Unfortunately, I only found one resource that pertained to coffee and it was a poem titled, “Sing Song.” It had nothing to do with the historical research I was looking for and so I labeled it as NR. However, I am very surprised that none of my keywords, natural language or truncations rendered any results in a “humanities” subject oriented database. I thought I hit the jackpot of art and science that relates to coffee, but again if you don’t try you will never know. Out of all of the databases this was the least useful to my research.

ProQuest There are 8,990 publications and 29 databases within ProQuest to search your query in. This particular database has many scholarly journals and uses advanced search options. You can limit your search to source type, publication subject, language, publisher and database. Boolean searches with near or within an articles are used as well as truncations and wildcards. The search fields used are ALL (full text) to SU (subject). This database is quite useful in my subject matter because of their scholarly full text articles. Using simple Boolean search terms like “COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY”, or “COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY” helped me find very relevant articles like, “Controversy in seventeenth-century english coffeehouses: Transcultural interactions with an oriental import.” Anther really awesome part about this database it ebary availability which rendered super highly relevant ebooks on coffeehouses in history and social life in Europe and the Ottoman Empire. The word “COFFEEHOUSES” resulted in 41,541 results and 1,794 ebooks many of which were relevant on a sliding scale to my subject. The first ebook at the top of the search query was, “Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse.” When using the subject fields and Boolean phrases like AB: (COFFEEHOUSE) AND HISTORY renders 654 articles with no ebooks, but if you keep scrolling there are very highly relevant articles in this batch of results too. For example, “History of adjusting, part 3: Lloyd's and the great fire of London,” focuses on a famous coffeehouse in London that caught on fire. Overall, I would definitely use this database for historical research again.

WEB RESOURCES

Google Scholar Google Scholar is a web-based database that allows the user to search with an advanced search option where you can limit the query with two subject fields: “all in the title” and “anywhere in the article.” Many of the search results were very relevant, but most of the resources were by purchase-based results and books that were partially available. Although very helpful in finding many books and articles related to the historical aspect of coffeehouses and coffee its limits is the type of unavailable full-text sources. Natural language works very well, but widens your search results while using Boolean search terms and limiters like ALLINTITILE: COFFEEHOUSES resulted with 114 while natural language search phrases like the controversy of coffee rendered 130,000 results. I couldn’t possible look at every single source, but for the most part many topics were very accurate to the subject matter. Many were also just citations and not really sources so there was a lot of repetition. Many of the same highly relevant authors popped up in the search results, but a book by the author Klien titled, “Coffeehouse Civility, 1660-1714: An Aspect of Post-Courtly Culture in England” was also very useful because it too focuses on the social and political impact of coffeehouses in 17th century Europe.

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History The Smithsonian website allows you to use an advanced search process where you can use “all of the words,” “with the exact phrase,” “with at least one of the words” or “without the words” and limiters like language file format and domains. Wildcards do not work, but truncations and natural languages do. Boolean search terms like COFFEEHOUSES did not reap any results, but when I separated the word COFFEE HOUSES then at least 694 sources came up. The most sources resulted when I used the truncation COFFEE* with 1,860 results where many of the content is about North and South American coffee related articles and websites. Although European topics were relatively few the biological and comparative analysis of coffee and coffeehouses in America is also an important part of this research. Therefore, articles like “Coffee Arabica,” from the Encyclopedia of Life help the medicinal part of this subject where you need to know the effects and origins of coffee.

CONCLUSION Experiencing a bibliography research plan has truly helped become much more versed in the art of database searching. My strengths were in my search strategy skills using advanced search terms like truncations, wildcards and natural languages as well as creative Boolean terms with synonyms, which has made me realize how complicated and well thought out a thorough search process really takes. However, I am weak in my database knowledge. I am still figuring out which databases will be worth the hours of research I would possibly take. For example, databases I thought were going to be very rich in resource on the topic of medieval coffeehouses or coffee was essentially null and void of their existence.

Scrutinizing many of the databases that are available to me helped me I realize the weakness of not only my abilities, but of databases and their search capabilities. To me, databases that have really organized advanced search options with truncations, wildcards, and extremely useful 9

limiters makes all the difference and also gives a clue how expanse the collection is. I noticed that databases that did not have a large collection were very simple and also did not have the sophisticated advance search option, which scholars and students would need to research with. However, depending on the subject, databases like the Library of Congress and Hawaii Voyager for a theme like the history of coffee and coffeehouses are excellent places to start because there are whole books dedicated to this topic from various regions and countries based on different perspectives on the same subject.

Surprisingly, the least favorite database to search for me was anthrosource and academic premier. These two really didn’t have a lot of variety that I was expecting from a subscription based database. In contrast, ProQuest or ARTstor had the variety and although ARTstor didn’t have the complex search terms they still had very rich primary sources of artwork, artifacts and so much more that dealt with coffee or coffeehouses. I had the impression that LexisNexis would result in very similar results with ProQuest, but I was quite wrong. In comparison, ProQuest had the superior quality or variety articles that pertained to coffeehouses while LexisNexis dealt with more cotemporary issues that related with the subject. After completing this research I am planning to use some of the resources found for my own school library. Wonderful historical books on coffeehouses I found were: Coffee and coffee-houses by Ulla Heise, Coffee and coffeehouses: the origins of a social beverage in the medieval Near East by Ralph S Hattox, Seventeenth century token issuing coffee houses by John Lancaster Wetton, Penny universities; a history of coffee-houses by Aytoun Ellis and finally The world of the Paris café: sociability among the French working class, 1789-1914 by Scott Haine. I am planning to ask my librarian to obtain copies of these books for our school. The enormous experience of librarian level research will be carried with me to the next school year lessons. Because of this final, I have required an excitement about teaching history day research projects like never before.

Works Cited

Brewster, H. Pomeroy. The Coffee Houses and Tea Gardens of Old London. Rochester, NY:

Post-Express Print., 1888. Print.

Brownlee, K. (2014). History of adjusting, part 3: Lloyd's and the great fire of London. Claims,

ProQuest. 2 May 2016.

4464188?accountid=27140>.

Clayton, Antony. London's Coffee Houses: A Stimulating Story. London: Historical

Publications, 2003. Print.

"Coffee Arabica." Encyclopedia of Life. EOL, 2016. Web. 5 May 2016.

< http://eol.org/pages/1109554/overview>.

Cowan, Brian. "Mr. Spectator And The Coffeehouse Public Sphere." Eighteenth-Century Studies

37.3 (2004): 345-366. Art & Architecture Complete. Web. 3 May 2016Cowan, Brian

William. The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse.

New Haven: Yale UP, 2005. Print TX908 .C68 2005

Dawson, Warren R. The Treasures of Lloyd's; a Descriptive Account of the Monuments,

Pictures, Drawings, Plate, Medals, Manuscripts, and Other Objects of Historic Interest

Preserved at Lloyd's, London, Preceded by a Sketch of the History of Lloyd's. London:

Lloyd's, 1930. Print.

Dittrich, Carol A. Historic Coffeehouses: Vienna, Budapest, Prague. Milwaukee, WI: Lemieux

International, 2002. Print.

Drinking Coffee A La Turque. 18th Century. Print. ARTstor. University of California, San

Diego. Web. 4 May. 2016.

Ellis, Aytoun. The Penny Universities: A History of the Coffee-houses. London: Secker &

Warburg, 1956. Print.

Ellis, Markman. The Coffee-house: A Cultural History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004.

Print.

Haine, W. Scott. The World of the Paris Café: Sociability among the French Working Class,

1789-1914. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996. Print.

Hamm, Manfred, Jürgen Boettcher, and George Mikes. Coffee Houses of Europe. London:

Thames and Hudson, 1980. Print.

Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval

Near East. Seattle: Distributed by U of Washington, 1985. Print.

Heise, Ulla. Coffee and Coffee-houses. West Chester, Penn.: Schiffer Pub., 1987. Print.

Jones, Christine A. "Exotic Edibles: Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, And The Early Modern French

How-To." Journal Of Medieval & Early Modern Studies 43.3 (2013): 623-653. Art &

Architecture Complete. Web. 3 May 2016.

KIrlI, C. (1999). Coffeehouses and spies: Social control in the mid-nineteenth-century ottoman

empire. Toplum Ve Bilim/Science & Society, (83), 58-79. Web. 2 May. 2016.

33110?accountid=27140>

Painting of an Ottoman Coffeehouse. c. 1580-1600. Illuminated manuscript. ARTstor. Chester

Beaty Library, Dublin. Web. 4 May. 2016.

Pierce, M. L. (2015). Controversy in seventeenth-century english coffeehouses: Transcultural

interactions with an oriental import. ProQuest. Web. 2 May 2016.

0?accountid=27140>.

Ransome, Arthur. Bohemia in London. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1984. Print.

Robinson, Edward Forbes. The Early History of Coffee Houses in England; with Some Account

of the First Use of Coffee and a Bibliography of the Subject. London: K. Paul, Trench, 12

Trübner &, 1893. Print.

Lillywhite, Bryant. London Coffee Houses; a Reference Book of Coffee Houses of the

Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Centuries. London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1963.

Print.

Satin, Morton. Coffee Talk: The Stimulating Story of the World's Most Popular Brew. Amherst,

NY: Prometheus, 2011. Print.

"The Revolutionary History of Coffee; Behind Coffeehouse Doors:." Sun. Independent

Newspapers Ireland Unlimited, 22 Nov. 2015. Web. 04 May 2016.

Theirry Rigogne. “Creating the Parisan Cafe, 1660-1800.” Online video clip. Library of

Congress, 12 Apr. 2012. Web. 1 May 2016.

Timbs, John. Clubs and Club Life in London; with Anecdotes of Its Famous Coffeehouses,

Hostelries, and Taverns, from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Time. Detroit: Gale

Research, 1967. Print.

Wetton, J. L., and N. L. Wetton. Seventeenth Century Token Issuing Coffee Houses.

Couffoulens, France: Solèlh, 1994. Print.

APPENDIX A: Search Terms Relevancy Charts

Results Relevancy: Types of search performed: HR=Highly Relevant SU = Subject Search SW = Somewhat Relevant TI = Title Search U=Useful KW = Keyword Search NR=Not Relevant KWSH = Keyword in Subject Headings AF = All Fields KSUB = Subject Geographic AB = Abstract FT = Full Text TS = Topic Search ALL=Full text ALLINTITLE= All in the title ALLINTEXT= All in the text

Hawai’i Voyager: Libraries of the University of Hawai’i System (excellent)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

KW: COFFEESHOUSES 73 HR

KW: COFFEE HOUSES 173 SW

KW: COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 42 U

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 1 HR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 0 NR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 3 SW

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 NR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND IRAN 0 NR

SU: COFFEE AND HISTORY 115 SW

KW: the historical controversy of coffeehouses 0 NR

KW: the history of coffeehouses 0 NR

KW: the controversy of coffee 11 SW

KW: COFFEE* 3872 U

KW: COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 0 NR

Library of Congress Online Catalog (excellent)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

GKEY: COFFEESHOUSES 142 HR

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: COFFEE HOUSES 1 HR

(Limiter: English and France only)

(Whetton, John Seventeenth century token issuing coffee houses, print)

GKEY: COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 25 HR

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 6 HR

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 4 SW

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 1 HR

Same john whetton

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 NR

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: COFFEEHOUSE AND IRAN 0 NR

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: COFFEE AND HISTORY 0 NR

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: the historical controversy of coffeehouses 0 NR

GKEY: the history of coffeehouses 0 NR

GKEY: the controversy of coffee 0 NR

GKEY: COFFEE% 81 NR

(Limiter: English Only)

GKEY: COFFEE? AND HISTORY 524 U

(Limiter: English Only)

Academic Search Complete (not so much useful)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

TX: COFFEESHOUSES 6892 SW

TX: COFFEE HOUSES 10,219 SW

KW: COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 1 U

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 0 NR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 1 HR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 40 NR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 NR

TX: the historical controversy of coffeehouses 0 NR

TX: the history of coffeehouses 143 SW

TX: the controversy of coffee 11 SW

TX: COFFEE* 212,592 U

TX: COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 0 NR

Anthrosource (not so much useful)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

COFFEESHOUSES 64 SW

COFFEE HOUSES 2,404 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 56 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 34 U

COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 1 HR

COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 18 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 8 SW the historical controversy of coffeehouses 7 NR the history of coffeehouses 56 SW the controversy of coffee 831 SW

COFFEE* n/3 HISTORY 11 NR

COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 1 NR

Art & Architecture Online (excellent)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

TX: COFFEESHOUSES 282 HR

TX: COFFEE HOUSES 219 HR

KW: COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 0 NR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 1 HR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 1 HR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 10 NR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 NR

TX: the historical controversy of coffeehouses 0 NR

TX: the history of coffeehouses 18 HR

TX: COFFEE* 15,994 SW

TX: COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 0 NR

ARTstor (excellent)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

TX: COFFEESHOUSES 6892 SW

TX: COFFEE HOUSES 10,219 SW

KW: COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 1 U

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 0 NR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 1 HR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 40 NR

SU: COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 NR

TX: the historical controversy of coffeehouses 0 NR

TX: the history of coffeehouses 143 SW

TX: the controversy of coffee 11 SW

TX: COFFEE* 212,592 U

TX: COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 0 NR

Arts and Humanities Citation Index (useful)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

TOPIC: COFFEESHOUSES 122 SW

TOPIC: COFFEE HOUSES 491 SW

TOPIC: COFFEE AND HISTORY 1,658 SW

TOPIC: COFFEE AND EUROPE 907 SW

TOPIC: COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 13 HR

TOPIC: COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 4 HR

TOPIC: COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 NR

TOPIC: the historical controversy of coffeehouses 0 NR

TOPIC: the history of coffeehouses 0 NR

TOPIC the controversy of coffee 0 NR

TOPIC: COFFEE 62,225 U

TOPIC: COFFEE* n/3 HISTROY 3 NR

LexisNexis Academic (not so much useful)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

COFFEESHOUSES 1,000 SW

COFFEE HOUSES 999 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 1,000 NR

COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 2,667 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 1,667 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 2,325 U

COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 SW the historical controversy of coffeehouses 111 NR the history of coffeehouses 1,000 SW the controversy of coffee 996 SW

COFFEE* 999 NR

COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 0 NR

Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database (not useful)

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COFFEESHOUSES 0 NR

COFFEE HOUSES 1 NR

COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 0 NR

COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 0 NR

COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 0 NR

COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 0 NR

COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 NR the historical controversy of coffeehouses 0 NR the history of coffeehouses 0 NR the controversy of coffee 0 NR

COFFEE* 0 NR

COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 0 NR

ProQuest (excellent)

Search Terms Search Relevancy Results/ebrary ebooks

ALL: COFFEESHOUSES 41,541/ HR

1,794

ALL: COFFEE HOUSES 418,165/ 35,259 SW

AB(COFFEEHOUSE) AND AB(HISTORY) 654/

AB(COFFEEHOUSE) AND AB(EUROPE) 67 HR

AB(COFFEEHOUSE) AND AB(REVOLUTION) 37 HR

AB(COFFEEHOUSE) AND AB(FRANCE) 18 HR

AB(COFFEEHOUSE) AND AB(CONTROVERSY) 11 HR

ALL(the historical controversy of coffeehouses) 3/ HR

71,905

ALL: the history of coffeehouses 402/ SW

82,108

ALL: the controversy of coffee 278/ NR

71,553

ALL COFFEE* 243,524/ SW

ALL: COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 36/ SW

101

Google Scholar (useful)

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ALLINTITLE: COFFEESHOUSES 114 HR

ALLINTITLE: COFFEE HOUSES 471 SW

ALLINTITLE: COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 2 HR

ALLINTITLE COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 2 HR

ALLINTITLE: COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 0 NR

ALLINTITLE: COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 0 NR

ALLINTITLE: COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 0 NR

ANYWHEREINARTICLE: the historical controversy of 16,700 SW coffeehouses

ANYWHEREINARTICLE: the history of coffeehouses 24,400 HR

ANYWHEREINARTICLE: the controversy of coffee 130,000 SW

ALLINTITLE: COFFEE* 0 NR

ALLINTITLE: COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 0 NR

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (useful)

Search Terms Search Results Relevancy

COFFEESHOUSES 0

COFFEE HOUSES 694 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND HISTORY 625 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND EUROPE 250 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND REVOLUTION 26 HR

COFFEEHOUSE AND FRANCE 384 SW

COFFEEHOUSE AND CONTROVERSY 10 NR the historical controversy of coffee houses 8 NR the history of coffee houses 623 SW controversy of coffee 40 SW

COFFEE* 1,860 SW

COFFEE* n/3 CONTROVERSY 0 NR

APPENDIX B: Annotated Bibliography

Ellis, Aytoun. The Penny Universities: A History of the Coffee-houses. London: Secker &

Warburg, 1956. Print.

Coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries were first coined “Penny Universities” because of the penny price to purchase a coffee or entrance fee. These establishments were a critical development in European societies because they were socializing levelers since it was not an exclusive establishment unlike the gentlemen’s club that was popular in those times. This source is an excellent glimpse into what kind of activities and social impacts coffeehouses had in everyday life in Europe.

Haine, W. Scott. The World of the Paris Café: Sociability among the French Working Class,

1789-1914. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996. Print.

France in the 18th century was a critical phase in the French revolution. The Parisian café was a key meeting place for people like Voltaire and other revolutionary leaders to commiserate their plans of overthrow. Scott Haine writes an excellent historical account of what the coffeehouse’s role was for this exciting time in history.

Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval

Near East. Seattle: Distributed by U of Washington, 1985. Print.

Ralph Hattox originally wanted to write about popular Islamic laws during the Ottoman Empire, but came across the banning of coffee and all the controversy of coffeehouses. He changed his dissertation and later wrote his wonderful book on the origins of coffee. This book is a standard when it comes to the coffeehouses and coffee in a historical context and would be a go to source for my research.

Heise, Ulla. Coffee and Coffee-houses. West Chester, Penn.: Schiffer Pub., 1987. Print. Heise developed a book rich in primary sources from the Middle East and Europe that can help one to understand where coffee came from and how it spread across the world. Again, this book would also be a gold standard for my research on coffee because it is written more comprehensively rather than just focused on one area or subject on coffee and coffeehouses. Painting of an Ottoman Coffeehouse. c. 1580-1600. Illuminated manuscript. ARTstor. Chester

Beaty Library, Dublin. Web. 4 May. 2016.

An Ottoman painting from a manuscript is helps you understand that coffeehouses and coffee was popular in the early 16th century before arriving in Europe. Although a banned drink and establishment, it was too popular to be extinguished.

Theirry Rigogne. “Creating the Parisan Cafe, 1660-1800.” Online video clip. Library of

Congress, 12 Apr. 2012. Web. 1 May 2016.

Dr. Theirry Rigogne’s presentation on his research on coffee and coffeehouses is an excellent comprehensive look on the origins and then development of coffee and coffeehouses in France. This 65 minute lecture was rich in historical detail and critiques of others who tried to delve into this research, but he doesn’t go much at all into the controversial aspect of coffeehouses during the times of the French Revolution. He said it would take too much time and make this research far too big for him to finish. A delightful video I highly recommend watching if you want to a starting point for this project.

Coffeehouses and its role in revolution and intellectual discourse

Cowan, Brian. "Mr. Spectator And The Coffeehouse Public Sphere." Eighteenth-Century Studies

37.3 (2004): 345-366. Art & Architecture Complete. Web. 3 May 2016

The history coffeehouses and the drink coffee are shown in this impressive comprehensive book with an extensive bibliography. Cowan starts off by writing about the rising bourgeoisie and the important role the coffeehouse had in European society. Again, I would use this source as a comprehensive one where you can use many of his primary and secondary sources for your project. Many photos, paintings and articles written at that time are used in this book which is a great asset to this research.

Ellis, Markman. The Coffee-house: A Cultural History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004.

Print.

British coffeehouses and its development is the primary focus of this primary source richly written book. I would use this source to find social and societal impacts of the coffeehouse. The controversial part would be the alewives and how they did not like the new Turkish inspired establishment.

"The Revolutionary History of Coffee; Behind Coffeehouse Doors." Sun. Independent

Newspapers Ireland Unlimited, 22 Nov. 2015. Web. 04 May 2016.

A newspaper article from Ireland gives a nice short and comprehensive story of the history of coffee. It mentions the controversy it has sparked in Europe and even in Iran. This article even gives a timeline of coffeehouses. I would use this as a secondary source for my research.

Coffee and its medicinal properties

"Coffee Arabica." Encyclopedia of Life. EOL, 2016. Web. 5 May 2016.

< http://eol.org/pages/1109554/overview>.

The coffee bean and its physical properties are emphasized in this article. I would use this article as a secondary source to show the effects of the coffee bean.

Jones, Christine A. "Exotic Edibles: Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, And The Early Modern French

How-To." Journal Of Medieval & Early Modern Studies 43.3 (2013): 623-653. Art &

Architecture Complete. Web. 3 May 2016.

Although this article gives you information about tea and chocolate it does give you the medicinal properties of coffee. The stimulant which could be beneficial could also be harmful if taken in large quantities much like tea.

Satin, Morton. Coffee Talk: The Stimulating Story of the World's Most Popular Brew. Amherst,

NY: Prometheus, 2011. Print.

Morton Satin’s comprehensive positive book on coffee talks about the medicinal qualities of coffee. Coffee has antioxidants that can help cure cancer, caffeine that can help with your memory, gout, and liver. Finally, this alluring drink can help with people with depression, diabetes and exercise. There are obvious cons like addiction and overdose of caffeine, but in moderation this drug is an acceptable boost to everyday ailments.