BERITA BIOLOGI 2(2) Mi 1977 25

MOSQUITOES OF THE BOGOR BOTANICAL GARDENS

SOENARTONO ADISOEMARTO Museum Zoologi Bogor - LBN, Bogor

INTRODUCTION Various types of plant communities in bo- collected rain water for the mosquitoes to breed. tanical gardens provide surroundings for animal Four bamboo poles were erected in each of the life. In addition to their main role in botany, 14 habitats (Table I) to provide the breeding the botanical gardens provide aspects for zoo- sites for the mosquitoes. In so doing, the methods logical investigations as well (Adisoemarto 1974) . applied were not designed for quantitative ana- The Bogor Botanical Gardens provide most of lyses. all possible types of environments for the develop- ment and construction of mosquito population. Table I. Habitats in the Bogor Botanical Gardens To develop the study of some ecological aspects selected to trap mosquitoes from their of the mosquitoes, the availability of qualitative surroundings. data is very much desired. For this purpose, observations on mosquito fauna have been carried Plot out in the Bogor Botanical Gardens and the Habitat Condition results are presented in this paper. no. 1 Rattan and other palm species Secluded, dark MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 Bamboo grove Secluded, dark The Bogor Botanical Gardens, which are 200 3 Tree legumes with no acres, are divided into roughly 20 sections, each undergrowths Almost bright of which is assigned for certain plant communities, 4 Pandans Bright such as the bamboo groves, the palms, the pandans, the legumes and the dipterocarps. Scattered in 5 Rubiaceae Half-opened, these gardens are complexes of housing and office somewhat dark buildings, inhabited by 150 permanent residents 6 Guttiferae Half-secluded, and about 200 people in the office buildings dark during the working days between 7 a.m. and 2 7 Climbers with under- Half-opened, p.m. Approximately, 300 more people work out- growths partially dark doors from 7 a.m. to noon. Thousands of visitors 8 Shrubs, near dwellings Open, bright wander around the gardens on Sundays and ho- 9 Bananas and shrubs Open, bright lidays. These gardens are traversed by a natural river (Ciliwung) and two small creeks. There are 10 Dipterocarpaceae Half-opened, also six artificial ponds and other types of water partially dark bodies scattered in these gardens. Almost all major 11 Mixed forest Secluded, dark groups of animals are represented in these gardens. 12 Clear shaded area Half-opened, Mosquitoes for this study were collected from partially dark July to December 1973 by the conventional 13 Extension of Dip- Half-opened, sweeping method and by trapping. Sweeping was terocarpaceae dark done in all available habitats by using ordinary 14 Palmae Open, bright insect nets and aspirators. This activity was carried out from time to time, so that each habitat was The selection of these habitats was done in visited at various times from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. such a way that the surroundings represented as Trapping was done by using bamboo poles which many as possible sections of the gardens, ranging 26 BERITA BIOLOGI 2(2) Mi 1977 from an open bright site without undergrowths Table II. List of mosquito species recorded from to a miniature forest. the Bogor Botanical Gardens Examination of poles was done daily to check the appearance of the larvae in the poles. If the Methods of collecting Man pole water was positive with larvae, it was then Species transfered into jars and kept in a laboratory Trapping Sweeping biting under room conditions to rear the larvae until females their emergence. Larvae population from each different plot was reared separately. However, Culicinae mixing pole water from different poles of the Aedes (Stegomyia) same plot collected on the same day, was oc- aegypti + casionally practiced. The time of emergence of Aedes (Stegomyia) the adult mosquitoes was noted. albopictus + Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei + RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Armigeres (Armigeres) A total of 12 species of mosquitoes have been malayi collected from the Bogor Botanical Gardens during Armigeres (Armigeres) the observation period (Table II). These were subalbatus + Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti L., A. (S.j albopictus Armigeres (Leicesteria) Skuse, A. (S.) annandalei Theobald, Armigeres digitatus (Armigeresj malayi Theobald, A. (A.) subalbatus Culex (Culex) bitae- Coquillett, A. (LeicesteriaJ digitatus Edwards, Cu- niorhynchus lex (Culex) bitaeniorhynchus Giles, C. (C.) quin - Culex (Culex) quin- quefasciatus Say, Culex (Culiciomyia) fragilis Lud- quefasciatus + low, Tripteroides aranoides Theobald T. coeruleo- Culex (Culiciomyia) cephala Leicester and Anopheles (Anopheles) fragilis roperi Reid. In addition, Toxorhynchites splendens Wiedemann, a larvivorous species of Culicidae, Tripteroides ara- was also collected. noides + Tripteroides coe- Aedes aegypti appeared in two localities, with • ".Hi one specimen in each of the localities, namely in ruleocephala + the partially dark dipterocarp section and a some- Anophelinae what dark half-opened plot of Rubiaceae. The Anopheles (Anopheles) larvae of this species were found together with roperi those of Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subal- batus. However, A. aegypti was apparently the + present + biting loser in the competition. This situation explain Armigeres subalbatus, Culex quinquefasciatus and why this species was not encountered in the Tripteroides aranoides, although the coexistence sweeping method. The occurrence of this species of these six species at the same time was never in bamboo stumps is unusual, since the common encountered. The sweeping method has also proven habitats for this species are artificial collections that this species was the most commonly found of water near human habitations (Barraud 1934, and ubiquitous in the gardens. Aedes albopictus Mattingly 1965). This species has been known to has also been known to be responsible for the bite man and is also reputed to be the principal transmission of dengue haemorrhagic fever in vector of dengue haemorrhagic fever in many other parts of Southeast Asia. The larvae are parts of Southeast Asia. usually found in tree-holes, bamboo and leaf axils, The most commonly found and ubiquitous while the adults prefer a dark, cool and humid mosquitoes in the Bogor Botanical Gardens were environment. Aedes albopictus. This species has been found The adults of Aedes annandalei were collected living together with Aedes aegypti, 'A. annandalei. by tearing the larvae from water trapped in a BERITA BIOLOGI 2(2) Juli 1977

secluded bamboo grove and in another floristic ever, unlike Aedes albopictus, the pattern of dis- community of the gardens with dark and damp tribution of this species coincided with the location surroundings. The larvae could live in coexistence of ponds, creeks, river and other bodies of water with Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus. in the gardens. This is due to the fact that these Random sweeping infrequently collected this mos- water bodies are the breeding sites of the larvae. quito, which was caught in partially dark or They live amongst green algae in open weedy pools. shaded areas of the gardens. In one locality the However, this species has been known to be highly adults of this species were collected together with variable and have diversified feeding habits (Siri- Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, A. digi- vanakarn 1973). The adult females have been tatus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus and C. fragilis. This known to bite man. species was never encountered to bite man during The adults of Culex quinquefasciatus were re- the observation, but it was formerly stated that latively rare in the Bogor Botanic Gardens. A small A. annandalei was commonly taken biting under number of the adult mosquitoes reared from larvae trees outside, shortly after sunset (Bonne-Wpster & was found together with Aedes albopictus, A. an- Brug 1932), or bite man readily in the shade nandalei, Armigeres subalbatus, Tripteroides ara- (Mattingly 1965). noides and T. coeruleocepkala in a secluded dark Armigeres subalbatus was trapped from all and humid environment. Sweeping in a somewhat localities, but it was not as common as Aedes dark environment near an artificial pond also col- albopictus. These two species can live in co- lected a small number of the adults together with existence. The larvae have been found in bamboo Aedes albopictus and Culex bitaeniorhynchus. The stumps and coconut shells. On a separate occasion, larvae have been known to breed in domestic this species has been observed breeding in a septic collections of water, in overflow waters from tank within the housing complex of the gardens. houses, kitchens, etc., in foul ground pool, ditches, The adults were caught together with Aedes cesspools and large artificial containers, but rarely albopictus, A. annandalei and Anopheles roperi in in tree-holes or bamboos. The lack of these pre- a rather densely vegetated environment. Armigeres ferred breeding sites, combined with a tendency of subalbatus has been encountered indoors and is the gradual replacement of C. quinquefasciatus known to bite man. by Aedes albopictus, may explain the rareness of During this study, Armigeres malayi was col- this species in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. lected only by sweeping. Although the larvae have C. quinquefasciatus is a potential vector of Wuche- been reported to occupy the same breeding sites reria bancrofti, the causal agent of filariasis. as those of A. subalbatus, no adult mosquitoes The non-human-biting Culex fragilis was rarely were ever collected by the trapping method during found in shaded areas of the Bogor Botanical the study. There is no available explanation for Gardens, together with Aedes albopictus, A. annan- its absence from the bamboo pole traps. However, dalei and Culex bitaeniorhynchus. The larvae of on a separate occasion, larvae of Armigeres malayi this species have been known to breed in artificial were collected from coconut shells found in the containers, coconut shells, ground pools and tree- Bogor Botanical Gardens and reared to adult stage. holes, but trapping by bamboo poles did not collect Nothing is known of the female biting habits the adults. On a separate occasion, adults of this (Delfinado 1966), but this species has been en- species were obtained by rearing larvae collected countered indoors in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. from brackish water contained in a well on Pulau Armigeres (Leicesteriaj digitatus was collected Dua, West Jawa. only by sweeping, although the larvae have been Two more non-biting mosquito species, Trip- known to breed in bamboo and tree-holes. The teroides aranoides and T. coeruleocephala, were adults have not been known to bite man, and in collected from the Bogor Botanical Gardens. An the Bogor Botanical Gardens they were found to- adult specimen of T. coeruleocephala was obtained gether with Aedes albopictus, A. annandalei, Armi- from a bamboo pole set in a secluded dark and geres subalbatus and Culex bitaeniorhynchus. humid environment. It is associated with Aedes Culex bitaeniorhynchus was also frequently albopictus, A. annandalei, Armigeres subalbatus, found in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, constituting Culex quinquefasciatus and Tripteroides aranoides. the second most common outdoor species. How- This species has been known to breed in bamboos, 28 BERITA BIOLOGI 2(2) Mi 1977

tree-holes and pitcher plants. Further studies on the population dynamics of Unlike T, coeruleocephala, T. aranoides is more the harmful species may be conducted in these widely distributed, although it has been known to gardens, which indeed provide perfect outdoor occupy the same types of breeding sites. However, laboratories. none were collected by the sweeping method. The only anopheline species found in the Bogor KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MOSQUITOES OF Botanical Gardens was Anopheles roperi, which THE BOGOR BOTANICAL GARDENS has been known to breed in pools on the margins of streams or in the beds of drying streams in the 1. Body-covering scales black; snow white forest (Scanlon et al. 1968, Hodgkin 1950). This markings always present, especially on might be the reason why the bamboo pole trapping legs, as definite bands, stripes or lines did not collect this species. Although Hodgkin 2 mentioned the possibility of this species being a Body-covering scales dark brown or other- vector of human malaria, Wharton et al. (1963) wise paler; pale body markings if proved that this species was definitely a vector of present not snow white, but rather mouse deer malaria caused by Plasmodium traguli. yellowish; shapes of pale markings In addition to these 12 species of mosquitoes, not definite 4 a predaceous species of Culicidae, Toxorhynchites 2. Mesonotum with large anterior white spot , splendens, was occasionally found, by sweeping as (Fig. Id); hind tarsus with three white well as by trapping method. A single larva was bands (Fig, Ik) Aedes annandalei found among a larvae population of the other mos- Mesonotum with one median or two sub- , quitoes. In laboratory rearing, a single larva could median white lines (Figs, le and If); eat up the whole mosquito larvae population of hind tarsus with five white bands about 60 individuals collected from a bamboo (Fig. 1 1) 3 pole. This species has also been known to breed in 3. Mesonotum with a nearly complete median tree-holes, water butts and jars. white line (Fig. le) Aedes albopictus Mesonotum with two narrow submedian white lines and a pair of submarginal CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS curved white markings (Fig. 10 Out of the 12 species of culicine and anophe- Aedes aegypti line mosquitoes recorded from the Bogor Botanical 4. Abdomen with uninterrupted (continuous) Gardens, Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, dorsal pale bands (Fig. lg) 5 Culex bitaeniorhynchus and C. quinquefasciatus, Abdomen without continuous dorsal bands; are worthy of further study. This consideration is abdominal markings if present only on based mainly on the feeding habits of the adult lateral margin (Figs, lh and li) 6 females which bite man and the fact that they are 5. Proboscis with white band (Fig. la); side encountered indoors. Aedes albopictus and Culex of thorax with obvious black markings quinquefasciatus deserve more attention since these Culex bitaeniorhynchus species have been known to transmit human Proboscis without white band; side of thorax diseases. without black markings During the present situation, Aedes segypti in Culex quinquefasciatus the Bogor Botanical Gardens can be ignored; how- 6. Scales on palpus bushy (Fig. lc) ever, attention must be paid to the changes that Anopheles roperi may be in favour of this species. Scales on palpus appressed (not bushy) 7 The presence of the rest of the species may be 7. Abdomen without white markings; pro- to the benefit to the human population in the boscis straight Culex fragilis gardens, in regard to the pressure they exert to Abdomen with white markings; proboscis lower the population of the harmful species. curved downward (Fig. lb) .„„.„„.... 8 A means should be created to facilitate the breeding of Toxorhynchites splendens in the breed- 8. White markings on side of abdomen form- ing sites of harmful species. ing a single lateral line (Fig. lh) BERITA BIOLOGI 2(2) Juli 1977 29

I 30 BERITA BIOLOGI 2(2) Juli 1977

Tripteroides aranoides BARRAUD, PJ. (1934). The fauna of British India. White markings on side of abdomen form- Diptera V. Culicinae. Megarhinini and Culicini. ing lateral bands or spots (Fig. li). if Taylor and Francis, London. continuous, white markings on venter BONNE-WEPSTER, J. & BRUG, S.L. (1932). The as bands 9 subgenus Stegomyia in Netherlands Indie. Ge- 9. Scales on occiput deep purple; two silvery neesk. Tifds. Ned. Ind. 72 (2) : 39 -lit. white spots on outer surface of hind DELFINADO, M. (1966). Culicine mosquitoes Of : femur; venter of abdomen golden yel- the Philippines, tribe Culicini (Diptera, && low Tripteroides coeruleocephala cidae). Mem. Am. ent. Inst. 7:1- 252. Scales on occiput dark brown with white HODGKIN, E.P. (1950). The Anopheles umbiosus or pale markings; white marking on group (Diptera: Culicidae). II. Biology and side of femur as continuous stripe on transmission of malaria. Trans. R. ent. Soc. lower half, from base to apex (Fig. lj); London 101 (9) : 319 -334. venter of abdomen white or black with MATTINGLY, P.F. (1965). The Culisine mosqui- white bands 10 toes of the Indomalayan area. Part VI. Genus 10. White markings on side of abdomen as Aedes Meigen, subgenus Stegomyia Theobald oblique bands starting from lower an- (Group A, B and Dj. Trustees of the Brifjsh terior corners (Fig. li) _ Museum (Natural History). London. •»«« Armigeres digitatus SCANLON, J.E., PAYTON, EX. & GOULD, DJ. White markings on side of abdomen more (1968). An annotated checklist of the Ano- or less rounded or paralel to margin 11 pheles of Thailand. Thai. natn. scient. Pap., 11. Venter of abdomen entirely white Fauna Ser. 2:1- 35. -afir Armigeres malayi SIRIVANAKARN, S. 1973. The forms of Culat Venter of abdomen black with white bands (Culex) bitaeniorhynchus Giles in Southeast Armigeres subalbatus Asia. Mosquit. Syst. S (3) : 235 - 251. WHARTON, R.H., EYLES, D.E. MOOREHOUSE, REFERENCES D.E. & SANDOSHAM, A.A. (1963). Investi- ADISOEMARTO, S. (1974). Kebun Raya: adakah gation leading to the identification of memblis gunanya dalam zoologi? (Botanical gardens: of the Anopheles umbrosus group as probable their uses in zoology). Bui. Kebun Raya 1(4) : vectors of mouse deer malaria. Bull. Wld 15 -19. Org. 27 : 357 - 374.