DOCSLIB.ORG

Mosquito Oviposition Behavior and Vector Control

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mosquito Oviposition Behavior and Vector Control insects Review Mosquito Oviposition Behavior and Vector Control Jonathan F. Day Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, IFAS, 200 9th St. SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA; jfda@ufl.edu; Tel.: +1-772-778-7200 (ext. 132) Academic Editor: Walter J. Tabachnick Received: 1 September 2016; Accepted: 31 October 2016; Published: 18 November 2016 Abstract: The burden of gene transfer from one mosquito generation to the next falls on the female and her eggs. The selection of an oviposition site that guarantees egg and larval survival is a critical step in the reproductive process. The dangers associated with ephemeral aquatic habitats, lengthy droughts, freezing winters, and the absence of larval nutrition makes careful oviposition site selection by a female mosquito extremely important. Mosquito species exhibit a remarkable diversity of oviposition behaviors that ensure eggs are deposited into microenvironments conducive for successful larval development and the emergence of the next mosquito generation. An understanding of mosquito oviposition behavior is necessary for the development of surveillance and control opportunities directed against specific disease vectors. For example, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus is the vector of viruses causing important human diseases including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. The preference of this species to oviposit in natural and artificial containers has facilitated the development of Ae. aegypti-specific surveillance and toxic oviposition traps designed to detect and control this important vector species in and around disease foci. A better understanding of the wide diversity of mosquito oviposition behavior will allow the development of new and innovative surveillance and control devices directed against other important mosquito vectors of human and animal disease. Keywords: mosquito oviposition; mosquito control; mosquito-borne disease transmission 1. Introduction Anautogenous female mosquitoes must blood feed to acquire the protein necessary to develop a batch of eggs. Blood meal digestion is temperature-dependent and takes 2 to 3 days in the tropics and 5 to 8 days in temperate environments [1] (pp. 222–285). Products from blood meal digestion (such as amino acids) are absorbed by the fat body, which in turn synthesizes and releases vitellogenin (Vg), a glycophospolipoprotein, into the hemolymph. The Vg is transported to the ovaries and where it is absorbed by oocytes in the follicular epithelia. Female mosquitoes are considered to be gravid, sometimes containing as many as 250 eggs, when the oocytes are replete. Gravid females initiate oviposition searching flights that correspond with their normal daily activity periods. Many mosquito species oviposit during the dawn and dusk crepuscular periods. Even though mosquitoes have fixed circadian activity periods, environmental factors ultimately control their flight patterns. Meteorological conditions including temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and wind determine when gravid females fly and where they oviposit. In general, warm, moist, humid, and calm conditions favor mosquito flight and oviposition [2]. Once in flight, gravid females rely on visual [2,3] and olfactory cues to identify potential oviposition sites. As a site is approached, visual, olfactory, and finally tactile cues are used to evaluate the quality of the site for oviposition. The chemical ecology of mosquito oviposition was reviewed by Bentley and Day [4] and is a source of additional information concerning many aspects of mosquito oviposition behavior. It can take a gravid female days, weeks, or even months to locate a suitable oviposition site. Delayed oviposition may affect disease transmission by mosquitoes Insects 2016, 7, 65; doi:10.3390/insects7040065 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2016, 7, 65 2 of 22 infected with nematode, protozoan, or viral pathogens. Once ingested, the pathogen undergoes an extrinsic incubation period (EIP) that involves migration out of the blood meal, penetration of the midgut, replication within mosquito cells, and invasion of the mosquito’s body tissues including the salivary glands, a process that may take from 7 to 30 days and is usually temperature-dependent. Because blood digestion is a short process, usually less than a week, it is unlikely that the EIP will be completed before digestion of the blood meal in which the pathogen was acquired. When oviposition is delayed, the EIP may be completed before the first egg batch is laid, thus allowing disease transmission after a single gonotrophic cycle [5]. An understanding of the biological factors associated with mosquito oviposition provides opportunities for the design of highly effective, species-specific mosquito surveillance and control protocols. For example, the preference of some Culex species to lay eggs in highly organic freshwater pools has been exploited to develop efficient traps (gravid traps) [6] to monitor mosquito populations responsible for the transmission of St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile viruses. Likewise, the preference of Aedes aegypti to oviposit in artificial containers was used to develop ovitraps for the surveillance and control of local populations of this mosquito species in Australia [7]. The diversity of mosquito oviposition behavior provides some of the most interesting examples of adaptation in the natural world. Strategies and adaptations including skip oviposition, where females scatter an egg batch between different oviposition sites; morphological adaptation, where a narrowing of the thorax allows females access to oviposition sites through extremely small holes; and egg-brooding, where females guard and protect their eggs, are all factors that ensure mosquito larval development in favorable habitats. The natural history of mosquito oviposition including oviposition site location and evaluation, physiological factors that affect oviposition, circadian oviposition behavior, mosquito egg-hatching strategies, and how an understanding of mosquito oviposition can be used to develop novel mosquito surveillance and control techniques are the subjects of this review. 2. The Natural History of Mosquito Oviposition 2.1. Oviposition Site Location There are presently 3550 mosquito species recognized worldwide that are contained in two subfamilies, 11 tribes, and 112 genera [8]. Mosquitoes deposit two basic types of eggs: Rapid-Hatch (RH) and Delayed-Hatch (DH). Rapid-Hatch eggs are deposited directly into water, on the water surface, or on substrate close to the water and usually hatch within 48 h. The RH eggs are laid individually, in small groups, or in rafts containing up to several hundred eggs. Delayed Hatch eggs are usually deposited singly or in small groups, are drought-resistant, survive for long periods out of the water, hatch soon after being re-flooded, and sometimes enter a photoperiod-induced diapause to survive temperate and arctic winters. Examples of mosquito egg laying behavior and the types of eggs deposited are presented in Table1. Based on mosquito flight behavior in Florida, USA, Bidlingmayer [9] grouped species into three broad categories according to flight preference: (1) Field mosquitoes occurred most frequently in habitats such as new fields, open salt marshes, and pine flatwoods; all habitats with little understory vegetation. These species occurred in lowest numbers in densely vegetated habitats. Field mosquitoes avoided trees and shrubs and were taken in large numbers in light traps set in open habitats. Examples of field species include Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), Ae. vexans (Miegen), Anopheles crucians Wiedemann, and Uranotaenia sapphirina (Osten Sacken); (2) Woodland mosquitoes preferred forested habitats, avoided open areas during dry periods, and were less likely to enter light traps. Examples of woodland mosquitoes include Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) and Psorophora ferox (Von Humboldt); (3) Edge mosquitoes preferred ecotone habitats and were intermediate in their response to light traps. Edge mosquitoes include An. quadrimaculatus Say and Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker). Bidlingmayer and Hem [10] later added a forth group, commuter mosquitoes. These species rested in woodland habitats during the day, but foraged in open habitats during the evening crepuscular, nocturnal, Insects 2016, 7, 65 3 of 22 and morning crepuscular periods. Culex nigripalpus Theobald is an example of a commuter species. Gillies [11] in an earlier publication classified mosquitoes into four groups based on their flight behavior. His first two groups were equivalent to Bidlingmayer’s field and woodland mosquitoes but Gillies included two additional groups; domestic mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti, and cave mosquitoes including Cx. pipiens molestus Forskal. Table 1. Mosquito oviposition: examples of egg laying behavior [1,8]. Method of Oviposition Tribe Genera Species Anopheles Meigen Anopheles atroparvus Van Thiel Anopheles gambiae Giles Sabethes Sabethini Sabethes chloropterus (Von Humboldt) In flight emission of Robineau-Desvoidy single eggs to the oviposition site Sabethini Tripteroides Giles Tripteroides aranoides (Theobald) Sabethini Topomyia Leicester Topomyia yanbarensis Miyagi Sabethini Wyeomyia Theobald Wyeomyia vanduzeei Dyar and Knab Toxorhynchitini Toxorhynchites Theobald Toxorhynchites amboinensis (Doleschall) Aedini Aedes Meigen Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) Aedini Aedes Meigen Aedes triseriatus (Say) Desiccation-resistant Aedini Armigeres Theobald Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett) eggs laid singly on moist Culicini Deinocerites
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Key for Mosquito Species
    ‘Reverse’ identification key for mosquito species More and more people are getting involved in the surveillance of invasive mosquito species Species name used Synonyms Common name in the EU/EEA, not just professionals with formal training in entomology. There are many in the key taxonomic keys available for identifying mosquitoes of medical and veterinary importance, but they are almost all designed for professionally trained entomologists. Aedes aegypti Stegomyia aegypti Yellow fever mosquito The current identification key aims to provide non-specialists with a simple mosquito recog- Aedes albopictus Stegomyia albopicta Tiger mosquito nition tool for distinguishing between invasive mosquito species and native ones. On the Hulecoeteomyia japonica Asian bush or rock pool Aedes japonicus japonicus ‘female’ illustration page (p. 4) you can select the species that best resembles the specimen. On japonica mosquito the species-specific pages you will find additional information on those species that can easily be confused with that selected, so you can check these additional pages as well. Aedes koreicus Hulecoeteomyia koreica American Eastern tree hole Aedes triseriatus Ochlerotatus triseriatus This key provides the non-specialist with reference material to help recognise an invasive mosquito mosquito species and gives details on the morphology (in the species-specific pages) to help with verification and the compiling of a final list of candidates. The key displays six invasive Aedes atropalpus Georgecraigius atropalpus American rock pool mosquito mosquito species that are present in the EU/EEA or have been intercepted in the past. It also contains nine native species. The native species have been selected based on their morpho- Aedes cretinus Stegomyia cretina logical similarity with the invasive species, the likelihood of encountering them, whether they Aedes geniculatus Dahliana geniculata bite humans and how common they are.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, New Records of Haemagogus
    Zootaxa 1779: 65–68 (2008) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Correspondence ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2008 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) New records of Haemagogus (Haemagogus) from Northern and Northeastern Brazil (Diptera: Culicidae, Aedini) JERÔNIMO ALENCAR1, FRANCISCO C. CASTRO2, HAMILTON A. O. MONTEIRO2, ORLANDO V. SILVA 2, NICOLAS DÉGALLIER3, CARLOS BRISOLA MARCONDES4*, ANTHONY E. GUIMARÃES1 1Laboratório de Diptera, Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21045-900 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil. 2Laboratório de Arbovírus, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Av. Almirante Barroso 492, CEP: 66090-000, Belém, PA, Brazil. 3Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-UMR182), LOCEAN-IPSL, case 100, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France 4 Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040- 900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil Haemagogus (Haemagogus) is restricted mostly to the Neotropical Region, including Central America, South America and islands (Arnell, 1973). Of the 24 recognized species of this subgenus, 15 occur in South America, including the Anti- lles. However, the centre of distribution of the genus Haemagogus is Central America, where 19 of the 28 species (including four species of the subgenus Conopostegus Zavortink [1972]) occur (Arnell, 1973). Haemagogus (Hag.) includes species with great significance as vectors of Yellow Fever (YF) virus and other arbovi- rus, both experimentally (Waddell, 1949) and in the field (Vasconcelos, 2003). During entomological surveys from 1982 to 2004, the Arbovirus Laboratory of Evandro Chagas Institute obtained specimens of Haemagogus from several localities not reported in the literature. New records are listed in Table 1 and study localities shown on Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R
    Irish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:559 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z RESEARCH Open Access A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R. Irish1*, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin2, Mohammad Shafiul Alam2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results: Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions: While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come. Keywords: Species list, Mosquitoes, Bangladesh, Culicidae Background separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, Aslamkhan [11] Several diseases in Bangladesh are caused by mosquito- published checklists for mosquito species, indicating which borne pathogens. Malaria remains an important cause of were found in East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) Into New Geographic Areas
    European Mosquito Bulletin, 27 (2009), 10-17. Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association ISSN 1460-6127; w.w.w.e-m-b.org First published online 1 October 2009 Recent introductions of aedine species (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) into new geographic areas John F. Reinert Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1600/1700 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608-1067, USA, Email: [email protected]. Abstract Information on introductions to new geographic areas of species in the aedine generic-level taxa Aedimorphus, Finlaya, Georgecraigius, Halaedes, Howardina, Hulecoeteomyia, Rampamyia, Stegomyia, Tanakaius and Verrallina is provided. Key words: Aedimorphus, Finlaya, Georgecraigius atropalpus, Halaedes australis, Howardina bahamensis, Hulecoeteomyia japonica japonica, Rampamyia notoscripta, Stegomyia aegypti, Stegomyia albopicta, Tanakaius togoi, Verrallina Introduction World. Dyar (1928), however, notes that there are no nearly related species in As indicated in the series of papers on the American continent, but many such the phylogeny and classification of in the Old World, especially in Africa, mosquitoes in tribe Aedini (Reinert et and he considered that it was probably al., 2004, 2006, 2008), some aedine the African continent from which the species have been introduced into new species originated”. Christophers also geographical areas in recent times. noted that “The species is almost the Species of Aedini found outside of their only, if not the only, mosquito that, with natural ranges are listed below with their human agency, is spread around the literature citations. whole globe. But in spite of this wide zonal diffusion its distribution is very Introductions of Aedine Species to strictly limited by latitude and as far as New Areas present records go it very rarely occurs beyond latitudes of 45o N.
    [Show full text]
  • Biting Behavior of Malaysian Mosquitoes, Aedes Albopictus
    Asian Biomedicine Vol. 8 No. 3 June 2014; 315 - 321 DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0803.295 Original article Biting behavior of Malaysian mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus Skuse, Armigeres kesseli Ramalingam, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex vishnui Theobald obtained from urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur Chee Dhang Chena, Han Lim Leeb, Koon Weng Laua, Abdul Ghani Abdullahb, Swee Beng Tanb, Ibrahim Sa’diyahb, Yusoff Norma-Rashida, Pei Fen Oha, Chi Kian Chanb, Mohd Sofian-Aziruna aInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, bMedical Entomology Unit, WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia Background: There are several species of mosquitoes that readily attack people, and some are capable of transmitting microbial organisms that cause human diseases including dengue, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis. The mosquitoes of major concern in Malaysia belong to the genera Culex, Aedes, and Armigeres. Objective: To study the host-seeking behavior of four Malaysian mosquitoes commonly found in urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: The host-seeking behavior of Aedes albopictus, Armigeres kesseli, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex vishnui was conducted in four urban residential areas in Fletcher Road, Kampung Baru, Taman Melati, and University of Malaya student hostel. The mosquito biting frequency was determined by using a bare leg catch (BLC) technique throughout the day (24 hours). The study was triplicated for each site. Results: Biting activity of Ae. albopictus in urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur was detected throughout the day, but the biting peaked between 0600–0900 and 1500–2000, and had low biting activity from late night until the next morning (2000–0500) with biting rate ≤1 mosquito/man/hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia Pierre-Olivier Maquart, Didier Fontenille, Nil Rahola, Sony Yean, Sébastien Boyer
    Checklist of the mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia Pierre-Olivier Maquart, Didier Fontenille, Nil Rahola, Sony Yean, Sébastien Boyer To cite this version: Pierre-Olivier Maquart, Didier Fontenille, Nil Rahola, Sony Yean, Sébastien Boyer. Checklist of the mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia. Parasite, EDP Sciences, 2021, 28, pp.60. 10.1051/parasite/2021056. hal-03318784 HAL Id: hal-03318784 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03318784 Submitted on 10 Aug 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Parasite 28, 60 (2021) Ó P.-O. Maquart et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021056 Available online at: www.parasite-journal.org RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Checklist of the mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia Pierre-Olivier Maquart1,* , Didier Fontenille1,2, Nil Rahola2, Sony Yean1, and Sébastien Boyer1 1 Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge 5, BP 983, Blvd. Monivong, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France Received 25 January 2021, Accepted 4 July 2021, Published online 10 August 2021 Abstract – Between 2016 and 2020, the Medical and Veterinary Entomology unit of the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge collected over 230,000 mosquitoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Mosquitoes in Tribe Aedini 925
    FORUM Classification of Mosquitoes in Tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae): Paraphylyphobia, and Classification Versus Cladistic Analysis HARRY M. SAVAGE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522 J. Med. Entomol. 42(6): 923Ð927 (2005) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/42/6/923/886357 by guest on 29 September 2021 ABSTRACT Many mosquito species are important vectors of human and animal diseases, and others are important nuisance species. To facilitate communication and information exchange among pro- fessional groups interested in vector-borne diseases, it is essential that a stable nomenclature be maintained. For the Culicidae, easily identiÞable genera based on morphology are an asset. Major changes in generic concept, the elevation of 32 subgenera within Aedes to generic status, and changes in hundreds of species names proposed in a recent article demand consideration by all parties interested in mosquito-borne diseases. The entire approach to Aedini systematics of these authors was ßawed by an inordinate fear of paraphyletic taxa or Paraphylyphobia, and their inability to distinguish between classiÞcation and cladistic analysis. Taxonomists should refrain from making taxonomic changes based on preliminary data, and they should be very selective in assigning generic names to only the most important and well-deÞned groups of species. KEY WORDS Aedini classiÞcation, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, paraphylyphobia, mosquito classiÞcation MANY MOSQUITO SPECIES IN the tribe Aedini, a cosmo- In this communication, I brießy review taxonomic politan group represented by 11 genera and Ϸ1,239 categories in a zoological classiÞcation, the Interna- species, are important vectors of human and animal tional Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the Code), diseases, and many others are of considerable eco- the development of generic concept within the Cu- nomic importance as nuisance or pest species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multiplex PCR Assay for Six Aedini Species, Including Aedes Albopictus
    A Multiplex PCR Assay for Six Aedini Species, Including Aedes albopictus Woo Jun Bang Kyungpook National University College of Natural Sciences Min Hyeok Won Kyungpook National University College of Natural Sciences Seong Tae Cho Kyungpook National University College of Natural Sciences Jihun Ryu Kyungpook National University College of Natural Sciences Kwang Shik Choi ( [email protected] ) Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Daegu Methodology Keywords: Aedini species, Aedes albopictus, Internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2), multiplex PCR assay Posted Date: December 15th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-127286/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Parasites & Vectors on July 28th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04871-7. Page 1/8 Abstract Background Mosquitoes, as vectors of various human pathogens, are signicant drivers of serious human illness. In particular, those species in the Aedini tribe, which typically transmit dengue virus, Chikungunya fever virus, and Zika virus, are increasing their range because of climate change and international commerce. In order to prevent mosquito-borne disease, accurate mosquito species identication and monitoring are needed. The goal of this work was to develop a rapid and simple molecular diagnostic method for six morphologically similar Aedini species (Aedes avopictus, Aedes albopictus, Ochlerotatus koreicus, Ochlerotatus japonicus, Ochlerotatus togoi, and Ochlerotatus hatorii) in Korea. Methods In total, 109 samples were used in this study. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions from all six species were amplied, sequenced and analyzed using Mega 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae)
    insects Article The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae) Lílian Ferreira de Freitas * and Lyric C. Bartholomay Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Mosquitoes are an extremely diverse group of aquatic insects, distributed over all continents except Antarctica. The mosquitoes belonging to the subgenus called Ochlerotatus, as understood by Reinert et al., comprise a group of several species which are endemic to the Americas, some of which are important vectors of human and animal pathogens. However, this group is characteristically undefined, i.e., no sets of characters define the group, and this presents a major challenge for the understanding of the evolutionary tree of the mosquitoes. This work underscores and contextualizes the complex taxonomic history of the group, reveals the major challenges we face in order to resolve the definition of this group, and presents a path forward for its successful revision. Abstract: A review of all taxonomic actions within the subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae) sensu Reinert et al. (2008) is provided. In particular, the complex historical taxo- nomic treatment of the type species of this group is dissected and explained in detail. Additionally, current challenges with the definition of the subgenus and its constituents are discussed, as are the requisite steps for a successful revision of the taxon. Going forward, we conclude that a taxonomic Citation: Ferreira de Freitas, L.; revision of the species should include a neotype designation for Ochlerotatus scapularis (Rondani, Bartholomay, L.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquito Immatures in Drought-Prone and Drought-Resistant Bamboo Stumps in Flores, Indonesia
    Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 15(3):271_2.:5, 1999 Copyright O 1999 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. MOSQUITO IMMATURES IN DROUGHT-PRONE AND DROUGHT-RESISTANT BAMBOO STUMPS IN FLORES, INDONESIA TOSHIHIKO SUNAHARA,I MoToYoSHI MOGII INo MAKMUR SELoMo, ABSTRACT _ Mosquito species in water-filled bamboo stumps were compared with those emerged from dormant eggs in dry stumps. Tripteroides spp. was more abundant than Aetleslstegomyia) spp. (mainly annan- dalei and albttpictus) in water-filled stumps, whereas the latter was more abundant than the former in dry stumps. During 5 days after inundation, Aedes (Stegomyia) spp. developed faster than Tripteroides spp. Density of Tripteroides spp. was high in narrow and deep stumps. Both taxa of mosquitoes were at low deniities in water- filled stumps with large detritivores (Tipulidae and Oligochaeta). KEY WOR"DS Aedes, habitat segregation, mosquito community, species interaction, Tripteroitles INTRODUCTION retained water in the dry season with those that emerged from dormant eggs in dry stumps. Several container-breeding mosquito species of- In addition to drought susceptibility, we exam- ten co-occur in the same locality without competi- ined effects of the stump morphology and presence tive exclusion. Their coexistence can be attributed of predators and large detritivores on habitat uses at least partially to habitat segregation, which re- of mosquitoes. These habitat conditions vary sults from differential specialization of mosquitoes among stumps and may affect the use of bamboo under variable habitat conditions. stumps by mosquitoes. Drought susceptibility is one of the conditions that may result in habitat segregation of mosqui- toes. Drought susceptibility varies among tree MATERIALS AND METHODS holes, bamboo stumps, and other artif,cial contain- Sampling was carried out in 7 sites near villages ers (Bradshaw and Holzapfel 1988, Sota et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationwide Distribution and Insecticide Resistance Study of Malaysian Mosquito Culex Quinquefasciatus Say by Molecular and Biochemical Tools
    NATIONWIDE DISTRIBUTION AND INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE STUDY OF MALAYSIAN MOSQUITO CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS SAY BY MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL TOOLS LOW VAN LUN THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2013 ABSTRACT A nationwide investigation was carried out to (1) determine the distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus and other species of mosquitoes in stagnant water in residential areas, (2) investigate the genetic diversity of Cx. quinquefasciatus, (3) quantify the insecticide susceptibility status of Cx. quinquefasciatus, (4) characterize the biochemical mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus, (5) characterize the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus from 13 states and one federal territory in Malaysia. Culex larval surveillance indicated that Cx. quinquefasciatus was the predominant species in residential areas. Several habitat characteristics (i.e., pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, elevation and dissolved oxygen) were found to be associated with Culex larvae distribution. In the context of molecular phylogeography, the genetic diversity of Malaysian Cx. quinquefasciatus was extremely low since only three and four haplotypes were revealed by COI and COII, respectively. As for insecticide resistance study of Cx. quinquefasciatus, both WHO larval and adult bioassays exhibited dissimilar trends in susceptibility against DDT, propoxur, malathion and permethrin. Correlations between propoxur and malathion resistance as well as between propoxur and permethrin resistance in larval bioassays were found. In enzyme microassays, elevated levels of α- esterases, β-esterases, mixed function oxidases, glutathione-S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were demonstrated in majority of the populations. Besides, a correlation between α-esterases activity and malathion resistance was also demonstrated.
    [Show full text]