DOCSLIB.ORG

Longevity Studies of Sindbis Virus Infected Aedes Albopictus Jonida Kosova University of North Florida

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Longevity Studies of Sindbis Virus Infected Aedes Albopictus Jonida Kosova University of North Florida University of North Florida UNF Digital Commons All Volumes (2001-2008) The sprO ey Journal of Ideas and Inquiry 2003 Longevity Studies of Sindbis Virus Infected Aedes Albopictus Jonida Kosova University of North Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ojii_volumes Part of the Life Sciences Commons Suggested Citation Kosova, Jonida, "Longevity Studies of Sindbis Virus Infected Aedes Albopictus" (2003). All Volumes (2001-2008). 94. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ojii_volumes/94 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the The sprO ey Journal of Ideas and Inquiry at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Volumes (2001-2008) by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2003 All Rights Reserved Longevity Studies of Sindbis Virus Ae. albopictus is diffusely located in the Infected Aedes Albopictus Mediterranean Basin and according to Romi (2002), and this mosquito was introduced to lonida Kosova Italy in 1990 by the import of used tires from United States. Ae. albopictus is Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Doria F. Bowers, recognized for its aggressive human-biting Assistant Professor of Biology habit, and its ability to colonize both tree holes in the forest habitat and human-made Abstract containers in the peri domestic environment. Arthropod-Borne-Viruses referred to as The persistent captive life cycle of a "arboviruses" are perpetuated in the wild virus infected mosquito was examined. through interactions between invertebrate The model system used was Aedes hosts (mosquito) and vertebrate hosts (birds, albopictus and the Alphavirus, Sindbis rodents) and are transmitted to vertebrates virus. The adult life span of virus infected by the bite of the infected arthropods, Ae. albopictus was compared to the life usually mosquitoes and ticks (Brown, D.T., span of virus free Ae. albopictus. et aI., 1986). This efficient virus Intrathoracic inoculation was the method transmission indicates that it has the used to infect the experimental group of potential to serve as both maintenance and the adult female Ae. albopictus with an epidemic vector of many arthropod­ Sindbis virus. This experimental data borne viruses in the Western Hemisphere demonstrates that this virus does not (William, A. H., 1987). hamper the mosquito life span. The The term "insect vector" was classically results from this experiment can be used used to describe the passive role of the in future experiments, such as examining insect in the transmission of arboviruses to the immune system of the mosquito and vertebrates. However, it is clear today that its responses or protection strategies active replication of arboviruses in the against the Sindbis virus. This virus invertebrate host is essential in the serves as a model for more virulent persistence of the virus in nature. The most Alphaviruses, such as Eastern Equine common method of arbovirus transmission Encephalitis that can cause serious and in the wild is a horizontal cycle alternating fatal diseases. Additionally, Ae. between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. albopictus in this experiment can serve as Other methods of transmission are vertical a model for other species of mosquitoes transmission, which occurs transovarially infected with the virus. from one infected generation to the next, and transtadial transmission where virus is Introduction exchanged between a male and a female during copulation (Kow, C.Y., 2001). Ae. albopictus is an important disease Sindbis virus (SIN) is the prototype vector native to Asia, which has recently member of the alphavirus genera, belonging become established in the Western to the family Togaviradae (Griffin, D.E., et Hemisphere. This artificial container­ aI., 1986). Serological surveys suggest that breeding mosquito was first identified in infection is relatively common in certain Harris County, Texas, in 1985 (Sprenger D., regions but has different effects on 1986). Used tires are the primary breeding vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. site of North American Ae. albopictus and Alphaviruses such as Easten Equine are the most likely means of introduction to Encephalitis (EEE) and Western Equine the United States (William A. H., 1987). Encephalitis (WEE) can cause serious clinical diseases with high fever, Osprey Journal of Ideas and Inquiry 21 encephalitis, hemorrhagia, and death in man (Gerberg, E. 1., 1970). A second method is and domesfic animals (Brown, D.T., et aI., through an artificial membrane system. The 1986). However, SIN is among the least artificial membrane system provides a virulent of the Alphaviruses, fundamental to supply of virus-blood suspension. It consists its use as a prototype in research. Although of a skin-like membrane on which the insect protracted disease occurs occasionally, feeds upon (Gerberg, E. 1., 1970). A third neither fatal infections nor encephalitis have method is the hanging drop method, by been recognized (Schlesinger, S., 1986). which a blood suspension infected with the The mosquito vector demonstrates no virus is delivered fia a hanging drop of pathology in response to Alphavirus suspension oil the top of the cage for the infection, and the infection persists insects to feed on (Gerberg, EJ., 1970). throughout the life of the arthropod. While An alternative way to achieve infection the mosquito host is believed to not suffer is through intrathoracic inoculation (Turell, deleterious effects of the alphavirus MJ., 1984). This route assures 100% infection, tissue-specific pathology has been infection unlike the previously mentioned observed in Ae. albopictus following methods, and although it is not the natural intrathoracic inoculation with the SIN route of inoculation, infection is ensured. (Bowers, D. F., et aI., 2003, in press). Mosquitoes are anesthetized on ice. The According to Bowers and colleagues thorax of the insect is then injected with a (1995), Ae. albopictus possesses a wide tiny glass needle made specifically for range of permissive host cells that replicate inoculation of virus. SIN. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes infected by Recognition of arthropod-borne viruses Sindbis virus were examined during the over the last years has regained prominence acute phase of infection by Bowers et aI., and attention in the press (Gratz, N.G., 1995, and these studies were ended at day 1999). There has been an outbreak of 18 of post-infection. This infection will now vector-borne diseases such as Malaria, be observed beyond day 18 of post­ Dengue, and Plague, which have been infection. In order to study the persistent inactive for a long time in areas where these phase of infection in Ae. albopictus. The diseases were thought to be under control. longevity of the virus free mosquitoes was According to Gratz 1999, ecological previously determined by Zammito, 2001 (J. changes and development projects such as Zammito, personal communication). urbanization and deforestation have resulted According to Zammito, female mosquitoes in the appearance of new diseases and lived for 65 days with 80% survival under reoccurrence of old ones. Infectious agents the insectary conditions at University of are also spread due to increased traveling by North Florida. This study was stopped at 80 people who have introduced the virus to days with approximately 65% survivals. areas where it has been absent. It is Adult female Ae. albopictus are important to know how the disease is hematophagous insects requiring the protein transmitted in order to prevent appearance found in vertebrate blood to produce eggs. of new diseases and reoccurrences of old The blood meal provides protein for egg ones, and also to serve as a model for development and only females partake effective control. blood (James, A.A., 1991). There are According to Romi, Ae. albopictus is different methods available to infect Ae. considered an underestimated health albopictus mosquitoes with virus. One of problem in Italy, to which more attention the methods is by using live animals during should be given (Romi, R., 2001). the viremic phase of infection. Animals Arboviruses can cause serious problems for used are anesthetized or restrained and are eco-tourism. Another example of the most preferred hosts by Ae. albopictus arboviruses, besides Sindbis virus, is the 22 Osprey Journal of Ideas and Inquiry West Nile virus. This virus caused Disney Pupae transfer to cages World in Florida to be shut down for a day in April 2001. According to Dr. Dame Pupae were placed in paper cups with (2001), when Disney World shut down tap water. The cups were then transferred during mosquito control efforts, this sent a into cages. After emergence, adults were strong message to the public that the supplied with constant access to a mosquito control efforts should be taken carbohydrate source (honey) and water. seriously (New York Academy Science, 2001.) Experimental Design Materials and Methods Groups of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were monitored in the insectary during the Insectary Conditions SVHR inoculation experiment. Mosquito survivals were counted daily and the dead The insectary is a controlled growth mosquitoes were removed from the cages. room with bio-safety level-2 certification. The cages were checked and watered three All mosquito groups were hatched and times per week and kept continuously reared under the same insectary conditions. supplied with honey. Thermostatic control temperature, humidifiers and light controls were used to Intrathoracic Inoculations and Infection maintain temperature (23 - 26° C), relative humidity (70 - 80%) and photoperiod (16 Insects were anaesthetized in the cold hours light and 8 hours dark). for 5 to 10 minutes. Mosquitoes were placed on a chill plate under a stereoscopic Hatching microscope and inoculated directly into the thorax. This method used compressed air to A small jar was filled with I % nutrient force the inoculum through a tiny "needle" broth of bacto beef extract in tap water and an prepared by drawing out glass borosilicate egg sheet was submerged into this broth tubing of known internal diameter to a fine (Difto Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan). point (Rosen, L., 1974).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R
    Irish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:559 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z RESEARCH Open Access A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R. Irish1*, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin2, Mohammad Shafiul Alam2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results: Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions: While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come. Keywords: Species list, Mosquitoes, Bangladesh, Culicidae Background separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, Aslamkhan [11] Several diseases in Bangladesh are caused by mosquito- published checklists for mosquito species, indicating which borne pathogens. Malaria remains an important cause of were found in East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
    [Show full text]
  • Biting Behavior of Malaysian Mosquitoes, Aedes Albopictus
    Asian Biomedicine Vol. 8 No. 3 June 2014; 315 - 321 DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0803.295 Original article Biting behavior of Malaysian mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus Skuse, Armigeres kesseli Ramalingam, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex vishnui Theobald obtained from urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur Chee Dhang Chena, Han Lim Leeb, Koon Weng Laua, Abdul Ghani Abdullahb, Swee Beng Tanb, Ibrahim Sa’diyahb, Yusoff Norma-Rashida, Pei Fen Oha, Chi Kian Chanb, Mohd Sofian-Aziruna aInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, bMedical Entomology Unit, WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia Background: There are several species of mosquitoes that readily attack people, and some are capable of transmitting microbial organisms that cause human diseases including dengue, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis. The mosquitoes of major concern in Malaysia belong to the genera Culex, Aedes, and Armigeres. Objective: To study the host-seeking behavior of four Malaysian mosquitoes commonly found in urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: The host-seeking behavior of Aedes albopictus, Armigeres kesseli, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex vishnui was conducted in four urban residential areas in Fletcher Road, Kampung Baru, Taman Melati, and University of Malaya student hostel. The mosquito biting frequency was determined by using a bare leg catch (BLC) technique throughout the day (24 hours). The study was triplicated for each site. Results: Biting activity of Ae. albopictus in urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur was detected throughout the day, but the biting peaked between 0600–0900 and 1500–2000, and had low biting activity from late night until the next morning (2000–0500) with biting rate ≤1 mosquito/man/hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia Pierre-Olivier Maquart, Didier Fontenille, Nil Rahola, Sony Yean, Sébastien Boyer
    Checklist of the mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia Pierre-Olivier Maquart, Didier Fontenille, Nil Rahola, Sony Yean, Sébastien Boyer To cite this version: Pierre-Olivier Maquart, Didier Fontenille, Nil Rahola, Sony Yean, Sébastien Boyer. Checklist of the mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia. Parasite, EDP Sciences, 2021, 28, pp.60. 10.1051/parasite/2021056. hal-03318784 HAL Id: hal-03318784 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03318784 Submitted on 10 Aug 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Parasite 28, 60 (2021) Ó P.-O. Maquart et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021056 Available online at: www.parasite-journal.org RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Checklist of the mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia Pierre-Olivier Maquart1,* , Didier Fontenille1,2, Nil Rahola2, Sony Yean1, and Sébastien Boyer1 1 Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge 5, BP 983, Blvd. Monivong, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France Received 25 January 2021, Accepted 4 July 2021, Published online 10 August 2021 Abstract – Between 2016 and 2020, the Medical and Veterinary Entomology unit of the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge collected over 230,000 mosquitoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Mosquitoes in Tribe Aedini 925
    FORUM Classification of Mosquitoes in Tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae): Paraphylyphobia, and Classification Versus Cladistic Analysis HARRY M. SAVAGE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522 J. Med. Entomol. 42(6): 923Ð927 (2005) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/42/6/923/886357 by guest on 29 September 2021 ABSTRACT Many mosquito species are important vectors of human and animal diseases, and others are important nuisance species. To facilitate communication and information exchange among pro- fessional groups interested in vector-borne diseases, it is essential that a stable nomenclature be maintained. For the Culicidae, easily identiÞable genera based on morphology are an asset. Major changes in generic concept, the elevation of 32 subgenera within Aedes to generic status, and changes in hundreds of species names proposed in a recent article demand consideration by all parties interested in mosquito-borne diseases. The entire approach to Aedini systematics of these authors was ßawed by an inordinate fear of paraphyletic taxa or Paraphylyphobia, and their inability to distinguish between classiÞcation and cladistic analysis. Taxonomists should refrain from making taxonomic changes based on preliminary data, and they should be very selective in assigning generic names to only the most important and well-deÞned groups of species. KEY WORDS Aedini classiÞcation, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, paraphylyphobia, mosquito classiÞcation MANY MOSQUITO SPECIES IN the tribe Aedini, a cosmo- In this communication, I brießy review taxonomic politan group represented by 11 genera and Ϸ1,239 categories in a zoological classiÞcation, the Interna- species, are important vectors of human and animal tional Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the Code), diseases, and many others are of considerable eco- the development of generic concept within the Cu- nomic importance as nuisance or pest species.
    [Show full text]
  • Susceptibility in Armigeres Subalbatus
    Mosquito Transcriptome Profiles and Filarial Worm Susceptibility in Armigeres subalbatus Matthew T. Aliota1, Jeremy F. Fuchs1, Thomas A. Rocheleau1, Amanda K. Clark2, Julia´n F. Hillyer2, Cheng- Chen Chen3, Bruce M. Christensen1* 1 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 2 Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America, 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Authority Abstract Background: Armigeres subalbatus is a natural vector of the filarial worm Brugia pahangi, but it kills Brugia malayi microfilariae by melanotic encapsulation. Because B. malayi and B. pahangi are morphologically and biologically similar, comparing Ar. subalbatus-B. pahangi susceptibility and Ar. subalbatus-B. malayi refractoriness could provide significant insight into recognition mechanisms required to mount an effective anti-filarial worm immune response in the mosquito, as well as provide considerable detail into the molecular components involved in vector competence. Previously, we assessed the transcriptional response of Ar. subalbatus to B. malayi, and now we report transcriptome profiling studies of Ar. subalbatus in relation to filarial worm infection to provide information on the molecular components involved in B. pahangi susceptibility. Methodology/Principal Findings: Utilizing microarrays, comparisons were made between mosquitoes exposed
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Identification of Medically Important Mosquitoes by Matrix
    Mewara et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:281 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2854-0 RESEARCH Open Access Rapid identification of medically important mosquitoes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry Abhishek Mewara1*, Megha Sharma1, Taruna Kaura1, Kamran Zaman1, Rakesh Yadav2 and Rakesh Sehgal1 Abstract Background: Accurate and rapid identification of dipteran vectors is integral for entomological surveys and is a vital component of control programs for mosquito-borne diseases. Conventionally, morphological features are used for mosquito identification, which suffer from biological and geographical variations and lack of standardization. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for protein profiling of mosquito species from North India with the aim of creating a MALDI-TOF MS database and evaluating it. Methods: Mosquito larvae were collected from different rural and urban areas and reared to adult stages. The adult mosquitoes of four medically important genera, Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Armigerus, were morphologically identified to the species level and confirmed by ITS2-specific PCR sequencing. The cephalothoraces of the adult specimens were subjected to MALDI-TOF analysis and the signature peak spectra were selected for creation of database, which was then evaluated to identify 60 blinded mosquito specimens. Results: Reproducible MALDI-TOF MS spectra spanning over 2–14 kDa m/z range were produced for nine mosquito species: Anopheles (An. stephensi, An. culicifacies and An. annularis); Aedes (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus); Culex (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaenorhynchus); and Armigerus (Ar. subalbatus). Genus- and species-specific peaks were identified to create the database and a score of > 1.8 was used to denote reliable identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia Duodenalis Isolates
    biomedicines Article Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates Gianluca Marucci 1, Ilaria Zullino 1, Lucia Bertuccini 2 , Serena Camerini 2, Serena Cecchetti 2 , Agostina Pietrantoni 2, Marialuisa Casella 2, Paolo Vatta 1, Alex D. Greenwood 3,4 , Annarita Fiorillo 5 and Marco Lalle 1,* 1 Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (I.Z.); [email protected] (P.V.) 2 Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (M.C.) 3 Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany 5 Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; annarita.fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2670 Abstract: Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, G. Citation: Marucci, G.; Zullino, I.; lamblia virus (GLV), genus Giardiavirus, family Totiviridae, might inhabit human and animal isolates Bertuccini, L.; Camerini, S.; Cecchetti, S.; Pietrantoni, A.; Casella, M.; Vatta, of G. duodenalis. Three GLV genomes have been sequenced so far, and only one was intensively P.; Greenwood, A.D.; Fiorillo, A.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction and Characterization of an Expressed Sequenced Tag Library for the Mosquito Vector Armigeres Subalbatus George F
    Entomology Publications Entomology 2007 Construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector Armigeres subalbatus George F. Mayhew University of Wisconsin–Madison Lyric Bartholomay Iowa State University, [email protected] Hang-Yen Kou National Yang-Ming University Thomas A. Rocheleau University of Wisconsin - Madison Jeremy F. Fuchs UFonilvloerwsit ythi of sW aiscondn asiddn - itMionadisoaln works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs Part of the Entomology Commons, Genetic Processes Commons, Genetics Commons, See next page for additional authors Genomics Commons, and the Laboratory and Basic Science Research Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ent_pubs/150. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector Armigeres subalbatus Abstract Background The mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus, mounts a distinctively robust innate immune response when infected with the nematode Brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. In order to mine the transcriptome for new insight into the cascade of events that takes place in response to infection in this mosquito, 6 cDNA libraries were generated from tissues of adult female mosquitoes subjected to immune-response activation treatments that lead to well-characterized responses, and from aging, naïve mosquitoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Influential Papers in Filariasis Made Possible by the FR3 Website April
    Filariasis papers made possible by the FR3. (Number of times cited) Current as of April 2011. Animal Model/Culture McCall JW, Malone JB, Ah H-S, Thompson PE. 1973. Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with Brugia pahangi by the intraperitoneal route: A rich source of developing larvae, adult filariae, and microfilariae. The Journal of Parasitology 59:436. (57) Yates JA, Schmitz KA, Nelson FK, Rajan TV. 1994. Infectivity and normal development of third stage Brugia malayi maintained in vitro. Journal of parasitology. 80:891-894. (13) Smith HL, Paciorkowski N, Babu S, Rajan TV. 2000. Development of a serum-free system for the in Vitro cultivation of Brugia malayi infective-stage larvae. Experimental parasitology. 95:253-264. (11) Higazi TB, Shu L, Unnasch TR. 2004. Development and transfection of short-term primary cell cultures from Brugia malayi. Molecular and biochemical parasitology. 137:345-348. (4) Ramesh M, McGuiness C, Rajan TV. 2005. The L3 to L4 molt of Brugia malayi: real time visualization by video microscopy. Journal of parasitology. 91:1028-1033. (2) Diagnosis/Treatment Smith HL, Rajan TV. 2000. Tetracycline inhibits development of the infective-stage larvae of filarial nematodes in Vitro. Experimental parasitology. 95:265-270. (45) Rao R, Weil GJ. 2002. In vitro effects of antibiotics on Brugia malayi worm survival and reproduction. Journal of Parasitology. 88:605-611. (25) Kanesa-thasan N, Douglas JG, Kazura JW. 1991. Diethylcarbamazine inhibits endothelial and microfilarial prostanoid metabolism in vitro. Molecular and biochemical parasitology. 49:11-20. (19) Rajan TV. 2004. Relationship of anti-microbial activity of tetracyclines to their ability to block the L3 to L4 molt of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Melanin Deposition on Microfilariae of Brugia Pahangi and B
    [Jpn. J. ParasitoL, VoL 36, No. 4, 242-247, August, 1987] In vitro Melanin Deposition on Microfilariae of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi in Haemolymph of the Mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus NOBUO OGURA (Received for publication; April 11, 1987) Abstract Live microfilariae (Mf) of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi were melanized in haemolymph samples taken from 1-day-old female adults of Armigeres subalbatus that had been injected with Aedes saline supplemented with sucrose. In cell-free haemolymph prepared by cen- trifugation, live Mf were only slightly melanized, while heat-killed Mf were strongly mela nized. Thus, haemocytes, fat body cells, or other precipitable components in haemolymph play an important role in the melanization response against live Mf. Haemagglutinins in haemolymph may also play a role in the melanization response, since stachyose, a haptenic sugar against Ar. subalbatus haemagglutinin, inhibited melanin deposition. Key words: Melanization, filaria, nematoda, mosquito, Diptera, in vitro Introduction haemolymph play important role(s) in the melanization responses against live Mf. The The mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus, is experiments, moreover, suggested that haemag an efficient host for filarial larvae of Brugia glutinins in haemolymph may play a role in pahangi, while the mosquito is not a good the melanization response. host for the larvae of B. malayi and shows remarkable melanization responses against Materials and Methods the larvae in the thorax (Wharton, 1962) or in the thorax and abdomen (Yamamoto et al., Parasites 1985). Mechanisms underlying the melanization B. pahangi and B. malayi (Che-ju strain) responses in the haemocoel of Ar. subalbatus were maintained in Meriones unguiculatus. are not understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Illustrated Keys to the Mosquitoes of Thailand Vi
    ILLUSTRATED KEYS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF TRIBE AEDINI ILLUSTRATED KEYS TO THE MOSQUITOES OF THAILAND VI. TRIBE AEDINI Rampa Rattanarithikul1, Ralph E Harbach2, Bruce A Harrison3, Prachong Panthusiri1, Russell E Coleman4, and Jason H Richardson1 ILLUSTRATIONS by Prachong Panthusiri 1Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; 2Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, UK; 3Public Health Pest Management, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; 4US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA Abstract. Illustrated keys for the identification of the fourth-instar larvae and adult females of the mosquito species of tribe Aedini in Thailand are presented, along with the geographic distribution of the species and the known habitats of their immature stages. The keys are the first to encompass the recent revisionary studies of tribe Aedini. One hundred and seventy-five species of Aedini belonging to 38 genera and 18 subgenera are recognized in Thailand. Two species of genus Armigeres, two of genus Collessius, and one of genus Downsiomyia are undescribed. Himalaius simlensis [formerly Aedes (Finlaya) simlensis], Hopkinsius (Yamada) albocinctus [formerly Aedes (Finlaya) albocinctus], Downsiomyia nipponica and Downsiomyia saperoi [formerly species of Aedes (Finlaya)], and Hulecoeteomyia pallirostris [formerly Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) pallirostris] are new country records. Aedimorphus (formerly a subgenus of Aedes), Cancraedes, and Rhinoskusea (formerly subgenera of Ochlerotatus) are recognized as genera, and genus Petermattinglyius includes species previously included in Diceromyia (formerly a subgenus of Aedes) in Thailand. Heteraspidion, Huangmyia, Stegomyia, and Xyele are newly recognized subgenera of genus Stego- myia (formerly a subgenus of Aedes), which includes eight species without subgeneric placement.
    [Show full text]