Influential Papers in Filariasis Made Possible by the FR3 Website April
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The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca Volvulus Excretory Secretory Products
pathogens Review The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products Luc Vanhamme 1,*, Jacob Souopgui 1 , Stephen Ghogomu 2 and Ferdinand Ngale Njume 1,2 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (F.N.N.) 2 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). Wewill mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes). -
Biting Behavior of Malaysian Mosquitoes, Aedes Albopictus
Asian Biomedicine Vol. 8 No. 3 June 2014; 315 - 321 DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0803.295 Original article Biting behavior of Malaysian mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus Skuse, Armigeres kesseli Ramalingam, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex vishnui Theobald obtained from urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur Chee Dhang Chena, Han Lim Leeb, Koon Weng Laua, Abdul Ghani Abdullahb, Swee Beng Tanb, Ibrahim Sa’diyahb, Yusoff Norma-Rashida, Pei Fen Oha, Chi Kian Chanb, Mohd Sofian-Aziruna aInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, bMedical Entomology Unit, WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia Background: There are several species of mosquitoes that readily attack people, and some are capable of transmitting microbial organisms that cause human diseases including dengue, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis. The mosquitoes of major concern in Malaysia belong to the genera Culex, Aedes, and Armigeres. Objective: To study the host-seeking behavior of four Malaysian mosquitoes commonly found in urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: The host-seeking behavior of Aedes albopictus, Armigeres kesseli, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex vishnui was conducted in four urban residential areas in Fletcher Road, Kampung Baru, Taman Melati, and University of Malaya student hostel. The mosquito biting frequency was determined by using a bare leg catch (BLC) technique throughout the day (24 hours). The study was triplicated for each site. Results: Biting activity of Ae. albopictus in urban residential areas in Kuala Lumpur was detected throughout the day, but the biting peaked between 0600–0900 and 1500–2000, and had low biting activity from late night until the next morning (2000–0500) with biting rate ≤1 mosquito/man/hour. -
Genomics of Loa Loa, a Wolbachia-Free Filarial Parasite of Humans
ARTICLES OPEN Genomics of Loa loa, a Wolbachia-free filarial parasite of humans Christopher A Desjardins1, Gustavo C Cerqueira1, Jonathan M Goldberg1, Julie C Dunning Hotopp2, Brian J Haas1, Jeremy Zucker1, José M C Ribeiro3, Sakina Saif1, Joshua Z Levin1, Lin Fan1, Qiandong Zeng1, Carsten Russ1, Jennifer R Wortman1, Doran L Fink4,5, Bruce W Birren1 & Thomas B Nutman4 Loa loa, the African eyeworm, is a major filarial pathogen of humans. Unlike most filariae, L. loa does not contain the obligate intracellular Wolbachia endosymbiont. We describe the 91.4-Mb genome of L. loa and that of the related filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti and predict 14,907 L. loa genes on the basis of microfilarial RNA sequencing. By comparing these genomes to that of another filarial parasite, Brugia malayi, and to those of several other nematodes, we demonstrate synteny among filariae but not with nonparasitic nematodes. The L. loa genome encodes many immunologically relevant genes, as well as protein kinases targeted by drugs currently approved for use in humans. Despite lacking Wolbachia, L. loa shows no new metabolic synthesis or transport capabilities compared to other filariae. These results suggest that the role of Wolbachia in filarial biology is more subtle All rights reserved. than previously thought and reveal marked differences between parasitic and nonparasitic nematodes. Filarial nematodes dwell within the lymphatics and subcutaneous (but not the worm itself) have shown efficacy in treating humans tissues of up to 170 million people worldwide and are responsible with these infections4,5. Through genomic analysis, Wolbachia have for notable morbidity, disability and socioeconomic loss1. -
Susceptibility in Armigeres Subalbatus
Mosquito Transcriptome Profiles and Filarial Worm Susceptibility in Armigeres subalbatus Matthew T. Aliota1, Jeremy F. Fuchs1, Thomas A. Rocheleau1, Amanda K. Clark2, Julia´n F. Hillyer2, Cheng- Chen Chen3, Bruce M. Christensen1* 1 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 2 Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America, 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Authority Abstract Background: Armigeres subalbatus is a natural vector of the filarial worm Brugia pahangi, but it kills Brugia malayi microfilariae by melanotic encapsulation. Because B. malayi and B. pahangi are morphologically and biologically similar, comparing Ar. subalbatus-B. pahangi susceptibility and Ar. subalbatus-B. malayi refractoriness could provide significant insight into recognition mechanisms required to mount an effective anti-filarial worm immune response in the mosquito, as well as provide considerable detail into the molecular components involved in vector competence. Previously, we assessed the transcriptional response of Ar. subalbatus to B. malayi, and now we report transcriptome profiling studies of Ar. subalbatus in relation to filarial worm infection to provide information on the molecular components involved in B. pahangi susceptibility. Methodology/Principal Findings: Utilizing microarrays, comparisons were made between mosquitoes exposed -
Rapid Identification of Medically Important Mosquitoes by Matrix
Mewara et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:281 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2854-0 RESEARCH Open Access Rapid identification of medically important mosquitoes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry Abhishek Mewara1*, Megha Sharma1, Taruna Kaura1, Kamran Zaman1, Rakesh Yadav2 and Rakesh Sehgal1 Abstract Background: Accurate and rapid identification of dipteran vectors is integral for entomological surveys and is a vital component of control programs for mosquito-borne diseases. Conventionally, morphological features are used for mosquito identification, which suffer from biological and geographical variations and lack of standardization. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for protein profiling of mosquito species from North India with the aim of creating a MALDI-TOF MS database and evaluating it. Methods: Mosquito larvae were collected from different rural and urban areas and reared to adult stages. The adult mosquitoes of four medically important genera, Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Armigerus, were morphologically identified to the species level and confirmed by ITS2-specific PCR sequencing. The cephalothoraces of the adult specimens were subjected to MALDI-TOF analysis and the signature peak spectra were selected for creation of database, which was then evaluated to identify 60 blinded mosquito specimens. Results: Reproducible MALDI-TOF MS spectra spanning over 2–14 kDa m/z range were produced for nine mosquito species: Anopheles (An. stephensi, An. culicifacies and An. annularis); Aedes (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus); Culex (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaenorhynchus); and Armigerus (Ar. subalbatus). Genus- and species-specific peaks were identified to create the database and a score of > 1.8 was used to denote reliable identification. -
Lymphatic Filariasis
BiologyPUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE 29 In areas with low or moderate transmission of malaria, in those with advanced health services with well trained and experienced personnel, and in priority areas such as those with development projects, attempts may be made to reduce the prevalence of malaria by community-wide mosquito control measures. In areas subject to epidemic risk, quick-acting and timely vector control mea- sures, such as insecticide spraying, play an important role in the control or prevention of epidemics. Apart from the input of health services in the planning and management of activities, it is also important for communities to participate in control efforts. Sufficient resources have to be ensured for the long-term maintenance of improve- ments obtained. In developed countries with advanced professional capabilities and sufficient resources, it is possible to aim at a countrywide eradication of malaria. Eradication has been achieved in southern Europe, most Caribbean islands, the Maldives, large parts of the former USSR and the USA. As most anopheline mosquitos enter houses to bite and rest, malaria control programmes have focused primarily on the indoor application of residual insecti- cides to the walls and ceilings of houses. House spraying is still important in some tropical countries but in others its significance is diminishing because of a number of problems (see Chapter 9), which, in certain areas, have led to the interruption or termination of malaria control programmes. There has been increased interest in other control methods that would avoid some of the problems related to house spraying. Methods that are less costly and easier to organize, such as community-wide use of impregnated bednets, and methods that bring about long- lasting or permanent improvements by eliminating breeding places are now being increasingly considered. -
Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia Duodenalis Isolates
biomedicines Article Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates Gianluca Marucci 1, Ilaria Zullino 1, Lucia Bertuccini 2 , Serena Camerini 2, Serena Cecchetti 2 , Agostina Pietrantoni 2, Marialuisa Casella 2, Paolo Vatta 1, Alex D. Greenwood 3,4 , Annarita Fiorillo 5 and Marco Lalle 1,* 1 Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (I.Z.); [email protected] (P.V.) 2 Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (M.C.) 3 Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany 5 Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; annarita.fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2670 Abstract: Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, G. Citation: Marucci, G.; Zullino, I.; lamblia virus (GLV), genus Giardiavirus, family Totiviridae, might inhabit human and animal isolates Bertuccini, L.; Camerini, S.; Cecchetti, S.; Pietrantoni, A.; Casella, M.; Vatta, of G. duodenalis. Three GLV genomes have been sequenced so far, and only one was intensively P.; Greenwood, A.D.; Fiorillo, A.; et al. -
Construction and Characterization of an Expressed Sequenced Tag Library for the Mosquito Vector Armigeres Subalbatus George F
Entomology Publications Entomology 2007 Construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector Armigeres subalbatus George F. Mayhew University of Wisconsin–Madison Lyric Bartholomay Iowa State University, [email protected] Hang-Yen Kou National Yang-Ming University Thomas A. Rocheleau University of Wisconsin - Madison Jeremy F. Fuchs UFonilvloerwsit ythi of sW aiscondn asiddn - itMionadisoaln works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs Part of the Entomology Commons, Genetic Processes Commons, Genetics Commons, See next page for additional authors Genomics Commons, and the Laboratory and Basic Science Research Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ent_pubs/150. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector Armigeres subalbatus Abstract Background The mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus, mounts a distinctively robust innate immune response when infected with the nematode Brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. In order to mine the transcriptome for new insight into the cascade of events that takes place in response to infection in this mosquito, 6 cDNA libraries were generated from tissues of adult female mosquitoes subjected to immune-response activation treatments that lead to well-characterized responses, and from aging, naïve mosquitoes. -
Anisakis Simplex
Cavallero et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:31 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2585-7 RESEARCH Open Access Tissue-specific transcriptomes of Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto) and Anisakis pegreffii reveal potential molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenicity Serena Cavallero1*, Fabrizio Lombardo1, Xiaopei Su2, Marco Salvemini3, Cinzia Cantacessi2† and Stefano D’Amelio1† Abstract Background: Larval stages of the sibling species of parasitic nematodes Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto)(s.s.) (AS) and Anisakis pegreffii (AP) are responsible for a fish-borne zoonosis, known as anisakiasis, that humans aquire via the ingestion of raw or undercooked infected fish or fish-based products. These two species differ in geographical distribution, genetic background and peculiar traits involved in pathogenicity. However, thus far little is known of key molecules potentially involved in host-parasite interactions. Here, high-throughput RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analyses of sequence data were applied to the characterization of the whole sets of transcripts expressed by infective larvae of AS and AP, as well as of their pharyngeal tissues, in a bid to identify transcripts potentially involved in tissue invasion and host-pathogen interplay. Results: Approximately 34,000,000 single-end reads were generated from cDNA libraries for each species. Transcripts identified in AS and AP encoded 19,403 and 10,424 putative peptides, respectively, and were classified based on homology searches, protein motifs, gene ontology and biological pathway mapping. Differential gene expression analysis yielded 226 and 339 transcripts upregulated in the pharyngeal regions of AS and AP, respectively, compared with their corresponding whole-larvae datasets. These included proteolytic enzymes, molecules encoding anesthetics, inhibitors of primary hemostasis and virulence factors, anticoagulants and immunomodulatory peptides. -
In Vitro Melanin Deposition on Microfilariae of Brugia Pahangi and B
[Jpn. J. ParasitoL, VoL 36, No. 4, 242-247, August, 1987] In vitro Melanin Deposition on Microfilariae of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi in Haemolymph of the Mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus NOBUO OGURA (Received for publication; April 11, 1987) Abstract Live microfilariae (Mf) of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi were melanized in haemolymph samples taken from 1-day-old female adults of Armigeres subalbatus that had been injected with Aedes saline supplemented with sucrose. In cell-free haemolymph prepared by cen- trifugation, live Mf were only slightly melanized, while heat-killed Mf were strongly mela nized. Thus, haemocytes, fat body cells, or other precipitable components in haemolymph play an important role in the melanization response against live Mf. Haemagglutinins in haemolymph may also play a role in the melanization response, since stachyose, a haptenic sugar against Ar. subalbatus haemagglutinin, inhibited melanin deposition. Key words: Melanization, filaria, nematoda, mosquito, Diptera, in vitro Introduction haemolymph play important role(s) in the melanization responses against live Mf. The The mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus, is experiments, moreover, suggested that haemag an efficient host for filarial larvae of Brugia glutinins in haemolymph may play a role in pahangi, while the mosquito is not a good the melanization response. host for the larvae of B. malayi and shows remarkable melanization responses against Materials and Methods the larvae in the thorax (Wharton, 1962) or in the thorax and abdomen (Yamamoto et al., Parasites 1985). Mechanisms underlying the melanization B. pahangi and B. malayi (Che-ju strain) responses in the haemocoel of Ar. subalbatus were maintained in Meriones unguiculatus. are not understood. -
1 Localization and Rnai-Driven Inhibition of a Brugia Malayi Encoded
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.13.443627; this version posted May 15, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Localization and RNAi-driven inhibition of a Brugia malayi encoded 2 Interleukin-5 Receptor Binding protein 3 Rojelio Mejia1, Sasisekhar Bennuru1, Yelena Oksov2 Sara Lustigman2, 4 Gnanasekar Munirathinam3, Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram3, Thomas B. 5 Nutman1* 6 1Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 7 Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 2Lindsay F. Kimball Research Institute, 8 New York Blood Center, New York, NY, and 3Department of Biomedical 9 Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL, USA. 10 Running title: Brugia malayi RNAi in L3 11 Corresponding author: Thomas B. Nutman [email protected] 12 Keywords: Brugia malayi, RNAi, Host-parasite defense, Interleukin 5 13 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.13.443627; this version posted May 15, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 14 Abstract 15 A molecule termed BmIL5Rbp (aka Bm8757) was identified from Brugia malayi 16 filarial worms and found to competitively inhibit human IL-5 binding to its human 17 receptor. After the expression and purification of a recombinant BmIL5Rbp and 18 generation of BmIL5Rbp-specific rabbit antibody, we localized the molecule on B. 19 malayi worms through immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. 20 RNA interference was used to inhibit BmIL5Rbp mRNA and protein production. -
Brugia Malayi
RESEARCH ARTICLE Release of Small RNA-containing Exosome-like Vesicles from the Human Filarial Parasite Brugia malayi Mostafa Zamanian1,2☯, Lisa M Fraser1☯, Prince N Agbedanu1, Hiruni Harischandra1, Andrew R Moorhead3, Tim A Day1, Lyric C Bartholomay4, Michael J Kimber1* 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America, 2 Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America, 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America, 4 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, a11111 United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a socio-economically devastating mosquito-borne Neglected Citation: Zamanian M, Fraser LM, Agbedanu PN, Tropical Disease caused by parasitic filarial nematodes. The interaction between the para- Harischandra H, Moorhead AR, Day TA, et al. (2015) site and host, both mosquito and human, during infection, development and persistence is Release of Small RNA-containing Exosome-like Vesicles from the Human Filarial Parasite Brugia dynamic and delicately balanced. Manipulation of this interface to the detriment of the para- malayi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(9): e0004069. site is a promising potential avenue to develop disease therapies but is prevented by our doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004069 very limited understanding of the host-parasite relationship. Exosomes are bioactive small Editor: Achim Hoerauf, Institute of Medical vesicles (30–120 nm) secreted by a wide range of cell types and involved in a wide range of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, physiological processes.