DOCSLIB.ORG

Immigrants in Oslo, Norway

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Immigrants in Oslo, Norway Prevalence of Hypertension among Pakistani Immigrants in Oslo, Norway. Farhad Mohsin Supervisor: Marte Karoline Kjøllesdal University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine Institute of Health and Society Department of Community Medicine November 2017 Thesis submitted as a part of the Master of Philosophy Degree in International Community Health 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have played an important role in the completion of my study. First, I am very thankful to my parents and family members who helped me and encouraged me to study hard and achieve my goals. Without their guidance I would never have achieved my goals. I am very thankful to Department of Community Health, University of Oslo for supporting me and giving financial assistance for fieldwork. Special thanks to my supervisor, Marte Karoline Kjøllesdal, who helped me a lot during fieldwork and thesis. She was always very active and supportive and replied immediately whenever I needed help. Whenever I was stuck, she helped me to get out of it. With her useful and precious suggestions and guidance, I was able to complete this study. I am very grateful to Ahmad Ali Madar, who really helped me to improve my thesis and gave me very good suggestions and guidelines. Thanks to my coordinator, Terese Eriksen and Merita who helped me a lot throughtout the master’s program. Special thanks to my friend, Jamil Ahmed Soomro for his help and motivation. I remember his favorite quote “Don’t take tension, be easy and focus on what you have to do and you can do, you have capability”. In the end, a huge thanks to my wife. She always encouraged and supported me during my study. After birth of new born baby, it was difficult to study but my wife helped me a lot by staying awake whole night just to let me sleep so that the next day I can study freshly. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 9 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Background of Pakistani population in Oslo, Norway.......................................... 11 2.1.1 Facts of Pakistan .................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2 Immigrants Population in Norway .................................................................. 11 2.1.3 Pakistani immigration to Norway .................................................................... 13 2.1.4 Typically Pakistani diet ...................................................................................... 13 2.1.5 Lifestyle changes among Pakistanis immigrants in Norway ........................ 14 2.1.6 Change in food habits ......................................................................................... 14 2.1.7 Lack of physical activity ..................................................................................... 15 2.1.8 Health.................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.9 Risk factors of Hypertension ............................................................................. 16 Age ................................................................................................................................ 16 Family history .............................................................................................................. 16 Education ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Hypertension Globally ............................................................................................... 17 2.3 Hypertension in South Asian .................................................................................... 18 2.4 Hypertension in Pakistan ........................................................................................... 19 2.5 Hypertension among South Asian immigrants in Europe .................................. 20 2.6 Hypertension among Asian immigrants in United States of America ................ 20 2.7 Hypertension among immigrants in Norway ........................................................ 21 2.1 Summary of literature review ................................................................................... 22 2.2 Rationale of study and objectives .................................................................................. 23 2.3 Rationale of study ....................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.4.1 Main objective ...................................................................................................... 23 3 SUBJECTS AND METHODS ............................................................................................. 24 3.1 Study area ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Study design and population .................................................................................... 25 3 3.3 Sample Selection .......................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1 Inclusion Criteria ................................................................................................. 25 3.3.2 Exclusion Criteria ................................................................................................ 25 3.3.3 Operational Definition ....................................................................................... 25 3.4 Sample selection process ............................................................................................ 26 3.5 Sample size calculation .............................................................................................. 26 Sample Size for Frequency in a Population ............................................................ 26 3.6 Data collection ............................................................................................................. 27 3.6.1 Survey procedure ................................................................................................ 27 3.7 Statistical methods:........................................................................................................ 28 3.8 Ethical approval: ............................................................................................................ 29 4 RESULTS.................................................................................................................................. 30 4.1 Unadjusted binary logistic regression models in males and females showing the association between hypertension and possible risk factors . .................................... 34 4.2 Adjusted binary logistic regression models in males and females showing the association between hypertension and possible risk factors. ................................................... 35 5 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 37 5.1 Discussion of main findings ............................................................................................ 37 5.2 Methodological Discussion ........................................................................................ 40 5.2.1 Study design ........................................................................................................ 40 5.2.2 Population and sample size ............................................................................... 41 5.2.3 Assessment Tools ................................................................................................... 42 5.2.4 Bias ......................................................................................................................... 42 5.2.5 Validity: .................................................................................................................. 44 5.2.6 Strengths ............................................................................................................... 45 5.2.7 Limitations ........................................................................................................... 45 6 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 47 7 RECOMMENDATION AND FUTURE RESEARCH ..................................................... 48 8 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 49 9 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 52 9.1 Appendix: 1 Questionaire .......................................................................................... 52 9.2 Appendix: 2 Informed consent .................................................................................. 54 9.3 Appendix: 3 Ethical Approval & Amendment from REK ..................................... 57 4 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Demographic characteristics of study population ............................................. 30 Table 2: Demographic characteristics of hypertension in Females ................................. 31 Table 3: Demographic characteristics of hypertension
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Population Dynamics and Ethnic Geographies in Oslo
    Population dynamics and ethnic geographies in Oslo: the impact of migration and natural demographic change on ethnic composition and segregation Terje Wessel1 , Lena Magnusson Turner2 and Viggo Nordvik2 Abstract This paper explores demographic processes behind ethnic geographies in Oslo. We compare data for census tracts in 2001 and 2011, and decompose ethnic composition and segregation on local mobility, national migration, international migration and natural demographic change. The study comprises five national groups: Poles, Somalis, Sri Lankans, Iraqis and Pakistanis, plus aggregates for Nordic and non-Nordic residents. A key observation is that local mobility weakens the status of original settlements without a corresponding effect on levels of ethnic segregation. For several groups, local mobility increases both own-group exposure and separation from the Nordic majority. International migration, in contrast, increases spatial integration between Nordic and non-Nordic residents. Natural change accords with our expectation and strengthens both minority representation in established eastern settlements and ethnic segregation in Oslo at large. Certain features of the Oslo context, e.g. lack of multi-ethic experiences, domination of owner-occupied dwellings and redistributive policies, may explain the surprising results. Key words: demographic events, ethnic geographies, Norway, segregation measures Terje Wessel [email protected] Lena Magnusson Turner [email protected] Viggo Nordvik [email protected] 1University of Oslo, Department of Sociology and Human Geography, Oslo, Norway 2Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Norwegian Social Research, Oslo, Norway 1 Population dynamics and ethnic geographies in Oslo: the impact of migration and natural demographic change on ethnic composition and segregation 1 Introduction The study of ethnic residential segregation in Europe has evolved through distinct stages of refinement.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalis in Oslo
    Somalis-cover-final-OSLO_Layout 1 2013.12.04. 12:40 Page 1 AT HOME IN EUROPE SOMALIS SOMALIS IN Minority communities – whether Muslim, migrant or Roma – continue to come under OSLO intense scrutiny in Europe today. This complex situation presents Europe with one its greatest challenges: how to ensure equal rights in an environment of rapidly expanding diversity. IN OSLO At Home in Europe, part of the Open Society Initiative for Europe, Open Society Foundations, is a research and advocacy initiative which works to advance equality and social justice for minority and marginalised groups excluded from the mainstream of civil, political, economic, and, cultural life in Western Europe. Somalis in European Cities Muslims in EU Cities was the project’s first comparative research series which examined the position of Muslims in 11 cities in the European Union. Somalis in European cities follows from the findings emerging from the Muslims in EU Cities reports and offers the experiences and challenges faced by Somalis across seven cities in Europe. The research aims to capture the everyday, lived experiences as well as the type and degree of engagement policymakers have initiated with their Somali and minority constituents. somalis-oslo_incover-publish-2013-1209_publish.qxd 2013.12.09. 14:45 Page 1 Somalis in Oslo At Home in Europe somalis-oslo_incover-publish-2013-1209_publish.qxd 2013.12.09. 14:45 Page 2 ©2013 Open Society Foundations This publication is available as a pdf on the Open Society Foundations website under a Creative Commons license that allows copying and distributing the publication, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the Open Society Foundations and used for noncommercial educational or public policy purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Scandinavia's Population Groups Originating from Developing Countries: Change and Integration
    TemaNord 20 TemaNord 13:561 Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Scandinavia’s Population Groups Originating from Developing Countries: Scandinavia’s Population Groups Originating from Change and Integration Developing Countries: Change and Integration Scandinavia’s foreign-origin population has steadily increased over the past six decades. Migration flows into the region have been linked to societal phenomena such as growing labour demands, family reunifica- tion and the acceptance of refugees fleeing wars and political conflicts. Whereas earlier migration streams were generally expected to inte- grate relatively easily, concerns about the current streams are high on the political agenda. This report is a cross-country research into selected key features of population change and the integration of population groups with roots in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Turkey and Vietnam in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The research has sought to achieve three objectives. The first is to determine how and when the groups came to the three Scandinavian countries and how they have since developed. The second is to analyze two aspects of the groups’ integration, namely their participation in education and their participation in the labour market. And the final objective is to provide a brief overview of the groups’ situation in each of the three countries with regards to economic development, immigra- tion history and policy development. TemaNord 2013:561 ISBN 978-92-893-2598-1 Tn2013561 omslag.indd 1 16-09-2013 10:27:25 Scandinavia's Population Groups Originating from Developing Countries: Change and Integration Pieter Bevelander, Rasmus H. Bilde, Inge Dahlstedt, Marc Eskelund, Line Møller Hansen, Miroslav Macura, Kasper Gehrke Pedersen and Lars Østby TemaNord 2013:561 Scandinavia's Population Groups Originating from Developing Countries: Change and Integration Pieter Bevelander, Rasmus H.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigrants in Norway, Sweden and Denmark There Are Very Few Good Analyses That Compare Immigration and Integration in Different Countries
    Scandinavian comparative statistics on integration Immigrants in Norway, Sweden and Denmark There are very few good analyses that compare immigration and integration in different countries. Also in Scandinavia, establishing data that is of sufficiently good quality for comparisons is not without its problems. Sweden has by far the most immigrants, par- ticularly refugees, both in absolute terms and in relation to the size of the population. Labour immigration from the EU has been relatively greater in Norway than in Sweden and Denmark. The integration of immigrants is often linked to differences in the extent and composition of the immigration. Immigration on a scale experienced in the Scandinavian countries over the Silje Vatne Pettersen and last 40 years has never been seen before (see Figure 1). Some fundamental si- Lars Østby, Statistics Norway milarities have been observed in the three countries’ migration patterns, and the countries also have strong historical and cultural similarities. Neverthe- less, there are important disparities in the nature and scope of immigration that are well worth studying. The blessings of comparisons… With so many political and social similarities between the Scandinavian countries, we are as close to an experimental situation as is possible in social Data source sciences. The purpose of comparative analyses of integration of immigrants This article uses register data from in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, is to identify similarities and differences in Norway, Sweden and Denmark on the the behaviour and living conditions of immigrants in the three countries. By population’s composition, education doing so, we can form a basis for evaluating the effect of somewhat differing and labour participation.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Immigrant Population
    Immigration and Immigrants 2004 Immigrant population Tanja Seland Forgaard and Minja Tea Dzamarija 2. Immigrant population This chapter describes the composition • The largest groups in the immigrant and structure of the immigrant popula- population were persons with back- tion. Under the heading population struc- grounds from Pakistan, Sweden, ture (chapter 2.1) we will look at some Denmark and Vietnam. demographic aspects of groups of immi- • Almost half of the persons in the immi- grants, such as first generation immi- grant population were aged 20-44 years, grants, persons born in Norway with two whereas the corresponding figure for the foreign-born parents, and refugees. It is total population was 35 per cent. important to look at the composition with regard to sex, age, country of origin, • 46 per cent of persons in the immigrant length of stay in Norway, reason for immi- population had Norwegian citizenship. gration, where in the country they live etc. • One fifth of the population in Oslo In this chapter we have also included a belong to the immigrant population, and section on demographic changes (chapter one third of the immigrant population 2.2) with special focus on changes in the live in Oslo. immigrant population. This part of chap- ter two includes figures on immigration • 37 per cent of the non-western immi- and emigration, naturalisation and chan- grant population live in Oslo. ges in marital status in the immigrant • First generation immigrants totalled population. The last part of chapter two 289 000 persons, 6 per cent of the total includes figures on refugees (chapter 2.3) population.
    [Show full text]
  • Situating Islam in Norway: Ethnographic Context and Theoretical Perspectives
    CHAPTER ONE SITUATING ISLAM IN NORWAY: ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Muslims in Norway Th ere is no offi cial statistics registering religious faith or belonging in Norway. Based on immigration statistics, 2008 fi gures from Statistics Norway estimated the population of immigrants from Muslim coun- tries and their descendants to be 163,000. 84,000 were registered as members of Muslim faith-communities.1 Most Muslims in Norway are either migrants (this category including labour migrants, asylum seek- ers and refugees) or descendants of migrants. Although migration to Norway from Muslim countries started comparatively late, it followed a pattern similar to the ‘Muslim migration cycle’ described for other West European countries (Alwall 1998; Cesari 1994; Kepel 1987; Leveau and Kepel 1988; Leveau 1990; Nielsen 1992; 1999; Opsal 1994). From the late 1960s male migrant workers (for the main part) started to arrive from Pakistan, Morocco and Turkey. A majority of the largest Muslim group, the Pakistanis, came from the rural Punjab area although some came from urban areas in Punjab and elsewhere. Of the Moroccans approximately 80 per cent were Berbers from the rural areas of north- ern Morocco in the vicinity of Al-Hoceima and Nador (Vogt 2000). A majority of the Turkish labour migrants came from the Konya area, and this migrant group also included quite a large number of Kurds. Th e labour migration to Norway from these three countries largely took the form of ‘chain migration’, in which pioneer migrant workers were joined by compatriots from the same areas as well as by spouses and children.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Diversity and Entrepreneurship in Oslo and Drammen
    Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship in Oslo and Drammen A report on two case studies prepared in association with ”The intercultural city - making the most of diversity”, co - ordinated by COMEDIA, UK for the cities of Oslo and Drammen. Oslo kommune Byrådsavdeling for barn og utdanning Drammen kommune 30. May 2006 Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship Oslo and Drammen Acknowledgements In the preparation of this report we have had numerous useful and constructive comments and contributions from the cities of Oslo and Drammen, from the many organisations and other representatives of the immigrant communities in the two cities, the numerous Norwegian organisations representing employers, workers, other public authorities and private companies. In fear of forgetting anyone who should be included, we mention no – one by name. We also extend our thanks to COMEDIA and the Rowntree Foundation who started up the inter cultural cities project as an open- minded exploration of the possibilities that the increasingly complex mixture of ethnic and cultural identities, skills and resources represents. The co – operation with our international partners has given inspiration, insight and stimulated the belief that a truly intercultural community is a resource with a great positive potential in the development of our communities, cities and regions. Finally, we are grateful to the Cities of Oslo and Drammen who have ensured the necessary finances for the project. The project has brought us into contact with many people who have contributed to this project. Nevertheless, the responsibility for the final product and the conclusions that are presented, are entirely our own. Bergen and Oslo 30. May.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Report
    SPECIAL REPORT Population Age Structure and Its Relation to Civil Conflict: A Graphic Metric ecent studies suggest that a large “youth experience conflict in the next decade. bulge”—a youthful population age • Of countries without recent civil conflict, 24 RICHARD P. R structure—can increase the risk of the percent of all states with more than 60 per- CINCOTTA and onset of civil conflict and political violence cent of their population under 30 years of ELIZABETH LEAHY (Urdal, 2006, Cincotta et al., 2003). These stud- age (i.e., a young age structure) experienced ies exclude states with a recent history of civil at least one incident of civil conflict during Richard P. Cincotta is a conflict, reasoning that they are already highly the following decade. Among countries with demographer and consultant vulnerable to persistent and re-emerging violence less than 60 percent under 30 years of age, whose research has focused (Collier et al., 2002). Can these two quantifiable just 7 percent experienced civil conflict. on the course of the demo- variables—population age structure and recent Conclusion: One-fourth of all non-con- graphic transition and on pat- history of civil unrest—be used to project risks of flict countries with young age structures terns of human migration. His civil conflict a decade into the future? will likely experience a new civil conflict published work strives to We conducted separate analyses of three during the next decade. characterize these trends and decades—the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s—using • About 86 percent of all countries that experi- their relationships to natural the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset, enced a new outbreak of civil conflict had age resource dynamics, to human which identifies conflicts with at least 25 battle- structures with 60 percent or more of the pop- health trends, and to the related deaths per year (Gleditsch et al., 2002; ulation younger than 30 years of age.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapport 2008:7
    rapport 2008:7 The Oslo Immigrant Health Profile Author: Bernadette N. Kumar Co- authors: Liv Grøtvedt Haakon E. Meyer Anne Johanne Søgaard Bjørn Heine Strand Rapport 2008:7 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2008 Title: The Oslo Immigrant Health Profile Author: Bernadette N. Kumar Co- authors: Liv Grøtvedt Haakon E. Meyer Anne Johanne Søgaard Bjørn Heine Strand Copy Editor: Heidi Lyshol Published by: Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt Postboks 4404 Nydalen NO-0403 Norway Tel: 21 07 70 00 E-mail: [email protected] www.fhi.no Design: Per Kristian Svendsen Layout: Grete Søimer Front page illustration: www.colourbox.com Print: Nordberg Trykk AS Number printed: 500 Order: [email protected] Fax: +47-21 07 81 05 Tel: +47-21 07 82 00 ISSN: 1503-1403 ISBN: 978-82-8082-270-3 printed version ISBN: 978-82-8082-272-7 electronic version Preface Immigrant groups differ significantly between and within themselves regarding risk factors and diseases. Differences between and within immigrant groups are as interesting as differences between immigrants and the indigenous Norwegian population. This is a main finding in the Oslo Immigrant Health Profile, reminding us that studies of unspecific categories of immigrants such as ‘non-western’ or ‘Asian’ are of little value when we aim to guide health care providers and public health policies. The Oslo Immigrant Health Profile presents results from the Oslo Health Study (2000-2001) and the Oslo Immigrant Health Study (2002) on immigrant groups originating from Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Iran and Turkey. An impressive number of scientific publications and doctoral theses have been published from these health studies (http://www.fhi.no/artikler?id=69820) since the data were collected 6-8 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is Norway 2019 We Are Surrounded by Statistics and Information About Norwegian Society
    This is Norway 2019 We are surrounded by statistics and information about Norwegian society. However, it is not always clear what the figures tell us. Figures must be compared, and differences, correlations and trends must be described and interpreted. This is Norway presents statistics from a variety of areas and seeks to give an overview of Norwegian society and its developments in recent years. STATISTICS NORWAY, JULY 2019 Geir Axelsen Director General PREPARED BY EDITOR IN CHIEF RIGHTS AND USE Department of communications Ingrid Modig © Statistics Norway, 2019 EDITORIAL WORK COMPLETED PHOTO When using material from this publication, 4 July 2019 Colourbox Statistics Norway must be cited as the source. POPULATION Immigration and ageing 2 FERTILITY From generation to generation 6 FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS Singel or cohabiting 10 HEALTH Life and death 14 EDUCATION Wise women 18 WORK AND PAY Nine to five 22 INCOME AND WEALTH Rich and poor 26 CONSUMPTION Big spenders 30 HOUSING My house is my castle 34 SOCIAL CARE AND SOCIAL PROTECTION From cradle to grave 38 CULTURE Cinema and stage 42 MEDIA Books and bytes 46 TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL On the road 50 CRIME The arm of the law 54 ELECTIONS Promises, promises 58 ECONOMY Growth and prosperity 62 INDUSTRIAL STUCTURE Change and innovation 66 PRIMARY INDUSTRIES From agriculture to aquaculture 70 SECONDARY INDUSTRIES From manufacturing to oil 74 TERTIARY INDUSTRIES At your service 78 NATURE, ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT In full flow 82 POPULATION Immigration and ageing Immigration pushes up population growth The figure shows immigration, emigration and net immigration Persons 80 000 70 000 Immigration 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 Emigration 20 000 10 000 Net immigration 0 -10 000 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018 Source: ssb.no/en/flytting Norway’s population has increased by approximately 2 million since 1950, and now totals 5.3 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Educational Challenges in Oslo and Los Angeles - a Metropolitan Perspective Nr 2
    International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2014, 6(3), 441-462. Diversity and Educational Challenges in Oslo and Los Angeles - A Metropolitan Perspective nr 2 Kamil ÖZERK ∗∗∗ University of Oslo, Norway Charles Taylor KERCHNER Claremont Graduate University, USA Received: 12.01.2014 / Revised: 17.04.2014 / Accepted: 09.06.2014 Abstract Receiving, accommodation and education of children with immigrant background is one of the challenging issues in almost all the metropolitan areas in many countries. In our study we are exploring the impact of demographic changes on political agendas, legal frames, educational approaches, research findings and student achievement in the field of education of linguistic minorities in Oslo, Norway and Los Angeles, USA. Although there are significant historical and socio economical differences between Los Angeles and Oslo, many of the educational challenges facing the educational policy makers and the linguistic minority students are quite similar. Keywords: Education in Metropolitan Areas, Linguistic Diversity in Education, School Achievement, Oslo, Los Angeles. Introduction Although different in many respects, both Los Angeles and Oslo are ports of immigration in their respective countries. The public school systems in each city are charged with educating large numbers of immigrant children whose home language differs from the national language of the country. In both cities, the academic achievement of the largest immigrant group lags in national and local measures. In both cities, the education of immigrants and the strategies to be used have become politically controversial, and policies for learning the national language have been buffeted by ideological winds. In both cities, the economic and social future depends on the successful education of immigrant children.
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Skilled Labor Migration to Norway: a Case of Indian Migrants
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2015 Highly Skilled Labor Migration to Norway: A Case of Indian Migrants Padmini Gopal Trinity College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Gopal, Padmini, "Highly Skilled Labor Migration to Norway: A Case of Indian Migrants". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2015. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/520 Highly Skilled Labor Migration to Norway: A Case of Indian Migrants A thesis presented by Padmini Gopal to Trinity College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Interdisciplinary Student Designed Major in International Relations: Relations between Industrialized countries of Europe and Post- Colonial Countries Trinity College Hartford, CT April 20, 2015 ____________________________ Thesis Advisor: Prof. Anthony M. Messina 1 Abstract This study attempts to investigate the reasons for the persistence of labor migration to Norway, wherein significant anti-immigrant popular sentiment prevails. It focuses on high skilled labor migrants, Indian migrants in particular, as statistical data indicate that their numbers have steadily increased over the recent decade. The study elucidates the logic underpinning the aforementioned puzzle based on a comprehensive analysis of the available scholarship on Norwegian immigration, the use of statistical data, and personal interviews conducted with different relevant elite actors in Norwegian society. Evidence suggests that the main reasons for the increasing trend of Indian migrants are micro and macro level economic incentives and/or forces that supersede the desire to maintain or establish a migration policy that is hinged on populist restrictionism, influences of international organizations (IOs) in Norwegian migration policy, and an established Indian community in Norway.
    [Show full text]