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Ethnic Diversity and Entrepreneurship in Oslo and Drammen

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Ethnic Diversity and Entrepreneurship in Oslo and Drammen Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship in Oslo and Drammen A report on two case studies prepared in association with ”The intercultural city - making the most of diversity”, co - ordinated by COMEDIA, UK for the cities of Oslo and Drammen. Oslo kommune Byrådsavdeling for barn og utdanning Drammen kommune 30. May 2006 Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship Oslo and Drammen Acknowledgements In the preparation of this report we have had numerous useful and constructive comments and contributions from the cities of Oslo and Drammen, from the many organisations and other representatives of the immigrant communities in the two cities, the numerous Norwegian organisations representing employers, workers, other public authorities and private companies. In fear of forgetting anyone who should be included, we mention no – one by name. We also extend our thanks to COMEDIA and the Rowntree Foundation who started up the inter cultural cities project as an open- minded exploration of the possibilities that the increasingly complex mixture of ethnic and cultural identities, skills and resources represents. The co – operation with our international partners has given inspiration, insight and stimulated the belief that a truly intercultural community is a resource with a great positive potential in the development of our communities, cities and regions. Finally, we are grateful to the Cities of Oslo and Drammen who have ensured the necessary finances for the project. The project has brought us into contact with many people who have contributed to this project. Nevertheless, the responsibility for the final product and the conclusions that are presented, are entirely our own. Bergen and Oslo 30. May. 2006-05-30 Benedicte Brøgger, AFI - Work Research Institute, Oslo Petter Wiberg, Norconsult, Bergen o:4319900\01_sluttrapport - 1 - Date: 30. May.2006 Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship Oslo and Drammen Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship in Oslo and Drammen 1 SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................4 2 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................5 3 THE MANDATE AND APPROACH..........................................................................6 4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...............................................................................6 5 METHOD AND APPROACH ....................................................................................7 6 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMMIGRANT POPULATIONS IN OSLO AND DRAMMEN......................................................................................................................9 6.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................... 9 6.2 A growing immigrant population ............................................................................................................... 10 6.3 Employment ................................................................................................................................................. 11 6.4 Business ownership and new firm formation ............................................................................................ 14 6.5 Housing conditions and the importance of the housing market............................................................... 15 7 OSLO......................................................................................................................17 7.1 The setting .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Ethnic composition of the population..................................................................................................................... 17 7.2 Participation in the economy ...................................................................................................................... 17 An ethnically mixed worklife ................................................................................................................................. 18 The rôle of ethnic networks .................................................................................................................................... 18 A lack of connections ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Postitive effects of ethnic diversity......................................................................................................................... 19 7.3 Public policies/town planning ..................................................................................................................... 19 7.4 Participation in the public sphere............................................................................................................... 20 A budding public sphere for immigrants? .............................................................................................................. 20 Participation in political life ................................................................................................................................... 21 A lack of connections ............................................................................................................................................. 22 Positive effects of diversity..................................................................................................................................... 22 7.5 Concluding remarks .................................................................................................................................... 22 8 DRAMMEN .............................................................................................................23 8.1 The setting .................................................................................................................................................... 23 o:4319900\01_sluttrapport - 2 - Date: 30. May.2006 Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship Oslo and Drammen Ethnic composition. ................................................................................................................................................ 23 8.2 Participation in the economy ...................................................................................................................... 23 An ethnically mixed workforce .............................................................................................................................. 23 The rôle of ethnic networks .................................................................................................................................... 23 The rôle of Norwegian institutions ......................................................................................................................... 24 Positive effects of ethnic diversity.......................................................................................................................... 24 8.3 Public policy/planning ................................................................................................................................. 24 8.4 Participation in the public sphere............................................................................................................... 25 A public sphere for immigrants? ............................................................................................................................ 25 Ethnic networks ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 The rôle of Norwegian institutions ......................................................................................................................... 26 8.5 Concluding remarks .................................................................................................................................... 26 9 CONCLUDING REMARKS.....................................................................................27 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................28 o:4319900\01_sluttrapport - 3 - Date: 30. May.2006 Ethnic diversity and entrepreneurship Oslo and Drammen 1 SUMMARY This report presents the findings from case studies in two Norwegian cities, Drammen and Oslo. The projects in Oslo and Drammen were commissioned to explore the situation with regard to immigrant participation in business and the labour market and contribution to economic development with particular attention to the multi – ethnic dimension. The cities of Oslo and Drammen have experienced a relatively long period of sustained growth in their immigrant populations. Early inward labour migration required relatively little in terms of public response. With continued growth in the immigrant population it has been recognized that there is a need for a shift from a perspective with a strong social policy emphasis to emphasis on the need to enable immigrants to participate in the Norwegian labour market, working life and in civil society. It is increasingly being recognized that diversity based on national, ethnic or other background in itself may represent a resource and a potential for innovation, entrepreneurship and growth. The question is how to mobilize
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