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A New Species of Anthracocarpon (Verrucariaceae) from Argentina

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A New Species of Anthracocarpon (Verrucariaceae) from Argentina A new species of Anthracocarpon (Verrucariaceae) from Argentina MARI´A PRIETO,GREGORIO ARAGO´ N AND ISABEL MARTI´NEZ Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, ESCET, A´ rea de Biodiversidad y Conservacio´n, c/ Tulipa´n s/n, 28933 Mo´stoles, Madrid, Spain e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] OTHMAR BREUSS Naturhistorisches Museum, Botanische Abt., Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, Austria e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Anthracocarpon andinum, a new terricolous species, is described from northern Argentina. The most important differences from A. virescens (Zahlbr.) Breuss are in thallus morphology and size and shape of the ascospores. Anthracocarpon andinum develops a squamulose thallus covered by a sulcate epinecral layer. The squamules of A. virescens are smaller, thinner and covered by a thin and continuous epinecral layer. In addition, A. andinum has paler rhizines than A. virescens. Thallus thickness, spore width and length/ width ratio of ascospores are significantly different for the two species. KEYWORDS. Verrucariaceae, Anthracocarpon, lichen, new species, Argentina, South America. ¤¤¤ Recent studies have shown that Catapyrenium s.l. is irregular contour where the conidiogenous cells are a heterogeneous group, consisting of several entities radially arranged. Nevertheless, according to Me´nard that deserve recognition at generic level. These and Roux (1995), the question of the conidial type catapyrenoid genera are Anthracocarpon, between the Endocarpon- and Staurothele-type is Catapyrenium, Clavascidium, Heteroplacidium, not clear, yet such is necessary to improve the study Involucropyrenium, Neocatapyrenium, Placidium and of the structure and ontogeny of these types of Scleropyrenium (Breuss 1996). pycnidia. Support for the heterogeneity of the group is the Anthracocarpon was segregated from presence of two different pycnidial types. Harada Catapyrenium s.l. mainly by the presence of (1993) and Breuss (1996) referred to the main types carbonaceous perithecial walls and pycnidia of the of pycnidia found in the Verrucariaceae as Endocarpon-type (Breuss 1996). Both anatomical Xanthoria- and Staurothele-types. However, these characters were the main differences between types of pycnidia were previously described as the Anthracocarpon and the similar genus Placidium. Dermatocarpon- and Endocarpon-types by Janex- Pycnidial structure also separated Anthracocarpon Favre and Wagner (1986). The Dermatocarpon-type from Dermatocarpon and Clavascidium, with the is plurilocular with several to many small cavities latter two genera having pycnidia of the within a paraplectenchymatous tissue and the Dermatocarpon-type (Breuss 1996). Catapyrenioid Endocarpon-type consists of a single cavity with an genera with pycnidia of the Endocarpon-type are The Bryologist 111(1), pp. 128–132 0007-2745/08/$0.65/0 Copyright E2008 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. Prieto et al.: Anthracocarpon andinum n.sp. 129 assigned to Scleropyrenium, which is characterized by Anthracocarpon andinum Prieto, Arago´n& its pachydermatous upper cortex and its brown to Breuss sp. nov. Fig. 1 black exciples (Harada 1993), and Neocatapyrenium, Anthracocarpo virescenti similis sed ascosporae which lacks a rhizohyphal web for fixing the latiores, (7.1–)8.8–11.3(–12.5) mm, pycnosporae squamules to the substrate and presents hyaline to tenuiores, rhizomorphae pallidae. Cortex superior brown exciples (Harada 1993). Another feature of strato amorpho crasso sulcato supertectum. Anthracocarpon is the subapical ring-structure in the TYPE: ARGENTINA. JUJUY: Iruya, Quebrada de ascus tips, visible by epifluorescence microscopy as Humahuaca, 4100 m, on limestone soils, 7 Aug demonstrated by Grube (1999) in several genera of 2005, G. Arago´n & I. Martı´nez. (holotype, MA- Verrucariaceae. 11016; isotypes, MA, W). Anthracocarpon currently includes only two Description. Thallus formed by scattered to species: A. virescens (Zahlbr.) Breuss and A. adjacent squamules, not overlapping, to 6 mm diam., caribaeum Breuss (Breuss 1996, 1999). Both taxa 250–475 mm thick, rounded to deeply lobed, totally differ in the color of exciple and rhizines, ascospore adpressed to the substrate with slightly raised size and squamule width (Breuss 1999). Furthermore, margins; upper surface brown, matte, covered by A. virescens mainly has a Mediterranean distribution a whitish to gray epinecral layer (Fig. 1A, B), upper (Nimis 1993) while A. caribaeum is only known from m the type locality in Puerto Rico (Breuss 1999). cortex 54–132 m thick, paraplectenchymatous, angular cells 4–10.5 mm in diam.; epinecral layer 7– In the course of our fieldwork in Argentina, 40 mm thick, sulcate (Fig. 1D) and cracked into several specimens belonging to the genus subconical portions thus giving the surface an Anthracocarpon were collected. In this paper, we areolate appearance; algal layer 67.5–156 mm thick, demonstrate morphological and anatomical subcontinuous, algal cells 5.5–13.2 mm in diam.; differences from A. virescens and A. caribaeum.As medulla (sub)prosoplectenchymatous, 90–250 mm a consequence, a new species is described. thick, with elongate cells of 3–5 mm wide and a few MATERIALS AND METHODS globular cells of 3–6 mm diam.; lower surface pale to This study is based on six specimens of dark brown, with dark hypothallus; lower cortex Anthracocarpon andinum and 14 specimens of A. weakly differentiated, with more densely aggregated virescens (see Appendix). Four characters were cells.; rhizohyphae hyaline to brown, 4–6 mm thick; analyzed in all specimens studied: thallus thickness, rhizines whitish to pale brown (Fig. 1C), 1 to several ascospore length, ascospore width and ascospore per squamule, often branched, to 0.5 3 20 mm. length/width ratio. For each sample 15 measurements Perithecia immersed and frequent, appearing as black of thallus thickness and ascospores were made. dots on upper surface, subglobose, 361–556 3 353– Thalli and apothecia were sectioned at 469 mm; exciple carbonaceous, 8–36 mm; periphyses a thickness of 14–16 mm using a freezing microtome 25–30 3 3–5 mm; asci clavate, 61.9–80.9 3 7.1– and stained with lactophenol cotton blue. Polarized 23.8 mm; ascospores simple, ellipsoidal, colorless, light was used to detect crystals in thallus sections. All biseriately arranged, 8 per ascus, (14.3–)16–19.7 light microscopy measurements were made on water (–22.5) 3 (7.1–)8.8–11.3(–12.5) mm, l/w ratio mounts with an oil-immersion lens. (1.4–)1.5:2(–2.3). Pycnidia laminal, immersed, Data for thallus thickness, ascospore length, Endocarpon type, with a single, slightly folded width and ratio, did not fulfil criteria for normality cavity enclosed by 6 elongate hyphae, where and homogeneity. Thus, a non-parametric Mann- the conidiogenous cells are arranged radially, Whitney test was used to check for differences conidia (4.8–)4.9–6.3(–7.1) 3 (0.5–)0.8–1.3 between A. andinum and A. virescens. Lichen (–1.4) mm. individuals were grouped using size of the squamules Etymology. The species epithet refers to the and color of the rhizines. Andean range where the species was found. The world distributional maps were drawn using Habitat and distribution. Anthracocarpon UTM grid projection with Arcview GIS v. 3.1. andinum is only known from the type locality in 130 THE BRYOLOGIST 111(1): 2008 Figure 1. Anthracocarpon andinum, holotype. A. Habit of the thallus. B. Detail of a squamule. Note the areolate surface. C. Detail of lower surface and a rhizine. D. Transverse section of thallus showing the sulcate epinecral layer. Scales A and B 5 1 mm, C 5 1.5 mm and D 5 50 mm. Argentina (Fig. 2), growing on limestone soils, to lobed, to 6 mm in diam. Anthracocarpon virescens dominated by grassland vegetation with Stipa spp. and has a squamulose thallus with greenish brown, flat, Festuca spp. It was found together with Placidium rounded to slightly lobed squamules, to 4 mm in squamulosum var. argentinum and P. pilosellum at high diam., covered by a thin and continuous epinecral altitude (c. 4000 m). This area belongs to the Andino- layer. Furthermore, there are significant differences Patagonico Dominion, characterized by a cold, dry between both species in thallus thickness and climate with regular frosts (Cabrera 1976). ascospore width and length/width ratio, A. andinum Remarks. Anthracocarpon andinum is easily having thicker thalli and broader ascospores than A. identified as a species of Anthracocarpon by its virescens (Table 1). Moreover, there are diagnostic squamulose thallus with pycnidial structure of the differences in the color of the rhizines (whitish to Endocarpon-type, carbonaceous perithecial walls, pale brown in A. andinum and brown to black in A. a prosoplectenchymatous medulla, the absence of virescens), and in the size of conidia, which are a well-defined lower cortex and the presence of shorter in A. andinum. rhizines. Specimens of A. andinum develop The other similar taxon is A. caribaeum, the a squamulose thallus covered by a sulcate epinecral thallus of which consists of pale brownish squamules layer giving the surface a whitish to grayish brown to 2 mm wide (Breuss 1999). This species can be appearance (Fig. 1). The squamules are flat, rounded separated from A. andinum by the basally pale Prieto et al.: Anthracocarpon andinum n.sp. 131 Figure 2. World distribution of the genus Anthracocarpon. m A. andinum, & A. caribaeum, N A. virescens. exciple, the narrow thallus thickness and smaller ecology (Fig. 2). While A. caribaeum is only known ascospores (Table 1). from Puerto Rico (Breuss 1999), growing in a humid The three species of the genus Anthracocarpon forest over rough limestone (270–280 m elevation), show clear differences in their distribution and A. virescens is widely distributed in Mediterranean Table 1. Main differences between Anthracocarpon andinum, A. virescens and A. caribaeum. Mean 6 standard deviation and ranges (in parentheses) of variables (in mm). Data on A. caribaeum and the conidia size of A. virescens were obtained from bibliographic references (Breuss 1990, 1999). *indicates significant differences (p,0.001) between A.
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