Western Jewry and the Zionist Project, 1914-1933

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47087-2 - Western Jewry and the Zionist Project, 1914–1933 Michael Berkowitz Index More information

Index

agriculture, 93-99, 102-09, 121, 122-23 in Russian Empire, 7, 18,82,89 aforestation, 62, 137 travel bureaus and, 129, 130, 131 funding for, 106--07 Turkish, 83-84 German-sponsored projects, 166 in United States, 82 and land reclamation, 105, 106--07 US accusations of, 18 limited value of, 62 Zionist experience in Palestine (1920s), photographic portrayal of, 97-99 84 and "plague of locusts" (1917), 84 see also pogroms; stereotypes Zionist emphasis on, 95, 111, 135, 145 ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand) Ahad Ha-Am (Asher Ginsburg), 26 forces, 9 A1derblum, Nima, 141 Arab riots (1929-30), 55, 72, 78,121,172 A1lenby, Field Marshal Edmund, 9-10 Brandeis speech on, 42 Allied powers, 7, 8, 18 and fundraising, 57, 80, 89 see also World War I; World War II ostensible cause of, 136 Altneuland (The odor Herzl), 109 and tourism, 125 American Hebrew (non-Zionist journal), Zionist perception of, 104, 159 163 see also Arab-Zionist relations American Jewish Joint Distribution Arab-Zionist relations, 27, 103-05, 111 Committee (JDC, "the Joint"), 17, "Arab problem," 104-05 19,57 conflict, 110, 112, 118, 121, 128, 171 American Jewish Relief Committee, 19, 20 (see also Arab riots, 1929-30) American Red Cross, 17, 45 conflict minimized, 89, 105 American Schools of Oriental Research, 136 Jewish sympathy for/understanding of American Zionist Federation, 45 Arabs, 55, 89-90,139,159,172, American Zionist Medical Unit, see 187 Hadassah Arabs, Palestinian American Zionist Organization, see Zionist British bias toward, 138 Organization of America (ZOA) culture recognized, 104 anti-defamation, 196 nationalism of, 104, 105, 171-72 anti-Semitism and tourist trade, 128 in Austria and Germany, 18,24,52, see also Arab riots (1929-30); Arab- 53-54, 76, 151 Zionist relations and Balfour Declaration, 34 archaeology, 136--37, 138, 142 and credit to Jewish troops, 9-10 Aronson family, 83 Einstein on, 52-53 Artamanen (German youth group), 149 in France, 18 Australia, Zionism in, 9 and fundraising, 78-79 Austria, 8, 18, 149, 180 and Jews in cities, 94 Jewish troops from 13, 14, 16,20 organizations defending against, 154, Zionism in, 7, 11, 178 155,174 Avineri, Shlomo, 40, 48 in Poland, 21, 82 Avukah, 166--72, 173-74 and prostitution, 15 Avukah Bulletin, 170

292

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-47087-2 - Western Jewry and the Zionist Project, 1914–1933 Michael Berkowitz Index More information

Index 293

Babel, Isaac, 24 Brenner, Michael, 2 Balfour, Arthur James, earl of, 38, 55, 140, Breuer, Mordechai, 28 197 Britain "Balfour Days," 29, 80 archaeological excavations by, 136, 137, and Hebrew University, 30-31, 32, 50 138 as hero of Zionist movement, 26, 27, British tourists in Palestine, 125, 28-32,35 131-32, 136 (see also Cook, Balfour Declaration (November 1917), 3, Thomas, Ltd.) 43--44,61,81, 121, 221n29, 233n3 as center of European Zionism, 182 British misperceptions and, 34 character of Zionism in, 11, 200 disappointment with, 28 fundraising in, 75, 80, 88 as rallying point for Zionism, 23, 25, Jewish immigration into, 162-63 28-29, 181 restricted, 79-80, 81, 82-83, 163 revised,32 Jewish press in, 20 (see also press, Balfour Forest (Palestine), 32 Zionist) Basel Program, 167, 233n3 Jewish troops and "Jewish Legion" Beer-Hoffman, Richard, 17 (World WarI), 8-10, 12, 13, 19, Belgian relief, 86 21-23,27 Ben Avi, Ittamar, 171 Passfield White Paper of (1930),79-80, Ben-Gurion, David, 60, 161, 219n9 81 ben Zvi, Isaac, 100 socialism in, 73 Bentwich, Norman, 160 Summer School, 165 Berger, Julius, 132 and "Western Zionism," 195-96 Berit-ha-'olim (Covenent of the Olim), 154 youth groups and students in, 148, Berman, Aaron, 48, 56 159-66, 168, 173 Bernstein, Eduard, 157 Zionist women in, 178-79, 181-85 (see Beth Alpha, tours to synagogue at, 142 also WIZO) Bazalel Art Institute, 135, 136 see also Balfour Declaration (November Bialik, C. N., 85 1917); British Mandate Bible Circle youth group (Bibelkreise, B'rith Shalom faction, 172 Germany), 152 British Mandate, 3, 68, 131, 163, 221n29, BJC (Zionist student group), 156 233n4 Blau-Weiss (Blue-White, League for Department of Antiquities, 136 Jewish Youth Excursions), 12,94, dissatisfaction with, 78, 104, 105, 125, 149-55 139 failure of settlements of, 158 investments of, III songs and songbooks of, 150-51 "welcomed," 160 Blau-Weiss Fahrer, 151 British Palestine Exploration Fund, 136 Blumenfeld, Kurt, 52, 53, 156 British School of Archaeology Gerusalem), B'nai B'rith, 149, 167, 179 136 Boehm, Adolf, 36, 79, 82, 194 Brod, Max, 140 Brandeis, Louis, 15,53,54,55 Brodetsky, Selig, 160 and Balfour Declaration, 43-44 Brown University, 140 and fundraising, 83 Buber, Martin, 21, 47, 140, 150, 185, and Hadassah, 45, 75, 186-89, 195 221-22n46, 226n133 as hero of Zionist movement, 27 as head of Provisional Committee, Weltsch's letters to, 12, 14, 15 60-61 Building Loan and Savings Society, 130 as leader of Zionist movement, 26, 27, Bulgaria, Jewish troops of, 19 40--45,52,72-73,79,134,197,199 Bunde (German youth group), 149 opponents of, 42, 71 Burkhardt, Jacob, 157 as opponent ofWeizmann, 28, 35, 36, Burschenschaften (German youth group), 44--45,56,61,63-67,74-75,76, 149 186, 188 Burt, Robert, 63 on US Supreme Court, 44 BZK (Zionist student group), 157

294 Index

"Catholic Quickborn" youth group Dead Sea, tours to, 143 (Gennany), 152 Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, excavations Central Committee of Associates, see by, 137 Hadassah diaspora Jewry Central European Zionists, see Europe, difference of, from Yishuv, 193, 195 Zionist movement in emigrants from Palestine, 163-64 Central powers, Zionists in, 7, 20 fmancial aid from, see fundraising see also World War I graphic depiction of atrocities against, Centralverein (Central Organization of 20 Gennan Citizens of the Jewish Halutsim as teachers of, 164 Confession), 149 t~urism and, 129, 134, 140, 194 Cesarani, David, 80 women's organizations, 186 Chmielnicki Massacres (Poland, 1648), 82 in World War 1,21 Christian visitors to Palestine, 126, 130, youth acculmration to life of, 160 133, 135 youth movements in, 90 (see also youth cities, 122, 123 organizations and smdents) architecmre of, 91, 112, 118 see also diaspora Zionists; Eastern as focal points of Zionist initiative, 107, European Jewry; Western Jewry 109-18, 137, 138 diaspora Zionists, 6, 194-95 modernization of, 94 and Arab--Jewish relations, 89-90 "social conscience" of, 118 Einstein's support of, 48, 54 tourist visits to, 128, 135, 142-43 and fundraising, 77, 90, 105, 185 see also Haifa; Jerusalem; Tel Aviv and self-government, 192 Clash of Heroes, A (Ben Halpern), 59 and social services, 118 Cohen, Smart, 160 tourism and, 127, 143 (see also tourism) collectives (Kevutsot [kvutzah], Kibutsim, Djemal Pascha, 83 Mosh~vot), 94, 99, 102, i35, 142, Dreyfus case, 42 196 Dugdale, Blanche, 29, 30, 32 Lindheim settles on, 195 see also Ifalutsim (pioneers) Eastern European Jewry communism, 11,94, 102 Americans, 70 conferences and conventions and "collectivist programs," 59 Cleveland (1921), 65--66 economic conditions of, 13, 82, 177 Jewish Women's Organizations fight for rights of, 171 (Manchester, 1909), 182-83 "Gennan Jews" versus "Americanism," London (1921), 64 53,59-60,71,74, 151 Philadelphia (1925), 185, 187 as immigrants to Gennany, 53, 155 Pittsburgh (1928), 69, 70 in Pale of Settlement, 13-14 Congresses, World Zionist, 130, 196 in Palestine, as refugees or immigrants, First (Basel, 1897), 38 124, 165, 197 Fifth (Basel, 1901),95 "metamorphosis" of, 99 Thirteenth (Carlsbad, 1923),79 pogroms against, 20, 82,104,182 Fifteenth (Basel, 1927), 67-68 relief assistance to, 85, 87 Conservative Jewry (in the United States), as scapegoats, 54 173 Weizmann and Sokolow as Cook, Thomas, Ltd., 128, 129-32, 141, representatives of, 35, 38, 40, 70, 142 74 Crimean settlement, 57 women, 13-15, 177, 180, 183 Culler, Jonathan, 125 Zionist ties to Western Jewry, 200 Cunard Line, 131 see also Russian Empire Czechoslovakia, 205n6 economic conditions, 84 concealment of, 16 Damascus cemetery, 83 of Eastern and Central European Jews, de Haas, Jacob, 42, 43, 44 13,82, 177 de Lieme, Nehemia, 61 and fundraising, 50,72,81,90

Index 295

Great Depression, 50,81,90, 125 fundraising individualism, Jewish propensity for, Arab riots and, 57, 80, 89 89 British, 75, 80, 88 stock market crash, 72, 81 catastrophe and, 57,77-90 education, see intellectual life charity/relief versus nation-building, 6, Egremont, Max, 29 58,75,77,78,84-87,121,175, Egypt, tours/pilgrimages to, 127, 128, 129 190--91 Einstein, Albert, 140, 172 consolidation of, 57 as hero of Zionist movement, 26, 27, criticism of efforts, 58-59, 61-69, 48-55, 197 74-76,85-86,90 Einstein Forest (Palestine), 50 seen as treason, 69-70, 189 Eksteins, Modris, 16 diaspora Jews and, 4, 77, 80--81, 89, 90, Elam, Yigal, 3, 61 105,185, 190, 198, 220n28 Elon, Amos, 136 economic conditions and, 50, 72, 81, 90 England, see Britain Einstein and, 50 English Zionist Federation, 75, 88, 160 "Emergency Funds," 80, 86 "Ladies' Committee," 183 and false expectations, 89-90 Erets Israel, 126, 129, 154, 161, 164, "Flag-Day," 84 233n4 German, 80, 88 emigration from, 163 Hadassah and, 58, 65-66, 74-75, Zionist pride in, 194 78-79,90, 186, 187-88 see also Yishuv, the for land purchase, 106-07 Europe, Zionist movement in, 91, 177, 195 need for emphasized, 194 center of, under Weizmann, 182 pessimism about expressed, 198 dormancy of (in France and phonograph records used in, 181 Switzerland), 2, 81, 126 priorities of, 84, 86-87 women in, 178-86, 188, 193 and propaganda, 83, 87-88, 106, 138, World War I and, 24 140, 170 see also Austria; Britain; Eastern resistance to change and, 73-74 European Jewry; France; Germany sick-care fund (I>upat 1;I0lim), 73, 187, 193 Fabreline cruise company, 131 tourism and, 127, 135, 139-40, 144-45 farming, see agriculture US, see Zionism, American Fascism, 171, 174 Weizmann and, 59-60, 77, 79, 81, 85, Federation of Women Zionists (FWZ, 199 Britain), 182, 183, 184 women and, 90 (see also Hadassah) Feingold, Henry, 57 World War I, 84-85, 86, 87 feminism, see women for Yishuv, 61-63, 83, 87, 89, 184 films, see visual images of Palestine visual portrayal of needs, 105-06 Finkielkraut, Alain, 6, 196 by youth groups, 159, 165, 173, 174 Fishman, Ada, 184 forests Gal, Allon, 48 aforestation practices, 62, 137 Gandhi, Mahatma, 157 Memorial (Palestine), 32, 50, 52 Gaze, Henry (British travel company), Forverts! (periodical), 84 243n38 France, Anatole, 17 gender as issue, 15,48,74,176,180,197 France, 8, 18, 154 see also women Jewish troops in, 16, 19 German Jews Zionism in, 2, 81,126 versus Eastern European Jews, 53, Franco-Prussian War (1870-71),16 59-60,71,74, 151 Frank, Leo, 82 Einstein on, 52-54 Frankel, Jonathan, 7, 200 in German army (World War I), 12, Frankfutter, Felix, 36 13-14, 15-16, 18, 243n19 Freidenreich, Harriet, 178 national consciousness of, 15-16, 93 Friesel, Evyatar, 221n45 in the Yishuv, 154

296 Index

Gennany male view of/alienation from, 48, 56, agricultural projects sponsored by, 166 183, 189-90, 191 anti-Semitism in, 18,24,52,53-54,76, membership, 56, 175 151 as "Mother of Palestine," 119-20 Berlin "Palestine Week" (1919),106 National Board, 48, 71 character of Zionism in, 200 politics of, 176 cultural heritage, 16, 52, 151 predated by WlZO, 182 Eastern European immigration to, 155 Szold and, 45-48, 171, 172-73, 175, excavations in Palestine by, 137 176, 186-93 Gennan tourists in Palestine, 125 and tourism, 130, 140-42 Jewish women in (non-Zionist and University Women's Group, 171 Zionist), 176, 178, 180-84 in World War I, 17 right-wing or revanchist groups, 11 Medical Unit, 25, 45-46, 186, 192, and "Western Zionism," 195-96 227n133 youth groups and students of, 12,94, youth programs, 171, 173, 176 147,165,171-72,174 Zionist perceptions of, 175-93 curriculum of, 157, 161, 168 ZOA and, 66, 69-75, 175, 188, 190, Jewish versus non-Jewish, 155-56 263n78 and nationality, 148-59, 174 Hadassah News Letter, 139, 141 and sertlement in Palestine, 125, Haifa, 94, 109-12, 118, 138, 240n3 151-56 Shaare Tzedik hospital, 180 Zionist press in, see press, Zionist tourists in, 135, 142 Girls' Training Fann (Kineret), 181 Haifa Technikum, 135 see also women Halkin, S. L., 169 Givat Brenner, 154 Halpern, Ben, 59 Glueck, Nelson, 137 lfalutsim (pioneers), 24-25,129, 153, 169, Goldmann, Nahum, 48,51-52,55 197 Goodman, Mrs. Paul, 183 communal purpose of, 101, 102 Gorny, Yosef, 195 fundraising for, 65, 80 Greatest Romance in History (Keren leaving Palestine, 163 Hayesod publication), 87-88 as teachers of diaspora, 164 Greece, tourism in, 128 tourists' visits to, 133-34 Greenberg, Dr. Hayim, 143 in US protest (1930), 81 Gronnemann, Sammy, 14 women, 100, 181, 182, 195 Gross, Nahum, 61 Hamischmar ("The Watch," "utopian" organization), 154 Habonim youth movement (Britain), 161 Ha-Po'el ha-tsa'ir (young Workers), 154, Hadassah (Women's Zionist Organization 186, 253nl13 of America), 99, 198 Harry, Myriam, 138-39 Brandeis and, 45, 75, 186-87, 188-89, Harvard University, 167 221-22n24,227nI33 Ha-Shomer ha-tsa'ir (Young Guards), Central Commirtee, 45, 66 152, 154 as "charity," 191 Hasmonea (Berlin student group), 251n68 criticism of/opposition to, 90, 183, Hebrew language, 15, 170, 173 186-93, 195 study or revival of, 156, 160-64, 168, educational programs, 157, 171 171, 182 and fundraising, 58, 65-66, 74-75, Hebrew University Gerusalem), 29, 30, 78-79,90,186,187-88 172 and gender as issue, 74 compulsory artendance at, 161 Hospital Gerusalem), 118, 135 Einstein and, 50, 51 and hygienic standards, 119-20, 178, founding of, 32, 50, 118, 140 180 tourist visits to, 135 importance of, 74, 175, 193 Heldinnen des Aufbaues (Heroines o/the Junior, see Hadassah, youth programs Yishuv, film), 184 and Keren Hayesod, 65-66, 187 Heller, Rabbi Max, 140

Index 297

Hertzberg, Arthur, 40, 48 Einstein offered presidency, 51 Herzl, Theodor, 26, 53, 54, 70, 196, 198 Hadassah and, 175 Brandeis compared to, 42, 44 and Jewish warrior figure, 11 and "conquest of communities," 91 new information on early years, 204n 19 at First Zionist Congress (1897), 40 tourism to, 125, 129, 240n3 Jahrzeit of, 80 Weizmann as president, 51 novel by, 107, 109 women in, 177 and politics, 34, 127, 178 Italy, 11 and women's participation, 178 Herzl clubs, 153 Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 22, 27, 28, 223n72 Herzl Forest (Palestine), 32 Jaffa, 142, 180 Herzliya, tours to, 143 Turkish evacuation of (1917), 83, 89 Herzliya Gymnasium, 135 Jaffe, L., 198 Hillel (B 'nai B 'rith), 167 Jaures, Jean, 24 Hirsch, Joseph, 133 JDC ("the Joint"), see American Jewish Histadrut (labour union), 73, 143 Joint Distribution Committee Hitler, Adolf, 76, 77 Jericho, tours to, 143 Hobsbawm, Eric, 3 Jerusalem Holland, 17, 183 archaeology in, 136-37 Holy Sepulcher, disrepair of, 135 conquest of(1918), 9-10, 83 hotel industry, see tourism Jewish Quarter, 137 Hoveve (or Hibat) Tsiyon (Lovers of lace-making workshops in, 180 . Zion); 182 Old City, 136, 137, 143 Hyman, Paula, 2 pre-World War I, 114 "regenerated," 115, 117, 118 Ibsen, Henrik, 17 rural settlers move to, 163 Immortal Adventure, The (Irma Lindheim), tourism to, 135-37, 143, 143, 240n3 93, 138-39 "Jerusalem school," 205n27 Independent Socialist Party (Britain), 73 Jew as "warrior," 11,22 industrialization, 67,110, 111-14 see also World War I hotel industty, 130, 133-35 Jewish Agency for Palestine, see Palestine lace-making workshops, 180 Jewish Chronicle (London), 8, 12, 13, intellectual life, 99-102 235n23 educational programs, 89-90,154, 157, "Jewish Legion," see Britain 165-66,171,172-73,180 Jewish National Fund ONF or KKL), 17, hostility toward, 169-70 105-06,198 poverty of, 162, 165, 168-69 aforestation practices, 62, 137 among POWs (World War I), 17 established (1901), 79, 80, 85 student groups, see youth organizations "Golden Book" of, 18,32 and students and Hadassah, 186 Summer Schools, 160, 165-66 Keren Hayesod as rival, 64, 75, 86 tourism and study combined, 161 priorities of, 84, 86-87 Zionism at universities, 160-71 student groups and, 159, 165, 173 see also Hebrew language and tourism, 130, 139-40 Intercollegiate Zionist Organization of see also fundraising America (IZA), 166-67 Jewish Publication Society of America Inter-University Jewish Federation of (JPS), 45, 48 Great Britain and Ireland, 160, 162 Jewish separatism (World War I), 10, 12 Irwell, Henrietta, 183 Jewish Women's Group for Cultural Work Islam, 90, 104, 126, 135, 139 in Palestine, see Kulturverband fur see also Arabs, Palestinian Frauenarbeit Israel, biblical nation of, 136 Jewish Women's Organization(s) Israel, State of Conference of (England, 1909), 182-83 archaeology as "working experience" in, non-Zionist, Germany, 176, 179-80 137 Jordania (Munich student group), 251n68

298 Index

"Judaeans" ("Jewish Legion"), 9, 22 KJV (Kartell jiidischer Verbindungen, see also Britain Zionist student fraternity), 18, 153, Judaism 156, 157, 168, 169 birthplace of, see Erets Israel KKL, see Jewish National Fund Brandeis's "return" to, 42 Knoepfrnacher, Hugo, 17 feminist reinterpretation of, 184 Kohn, Hans, 17,76,157 German youth and "affirmative," 150 Kultur der Renaissance Uacob Burkhardt), student connection to, 156--57 157 Jude, Der (journal), 27 Kulturverband fur Frauenarbeit, 178, Jiidisch-nationale Frauenvereinigung 180-81, 182 (Berlin), 178, 181 ~upat l;Iolim, see Labor Zionism "jiidische Palastina, Das" (information Kvutzah, see collectives bureau pamphlet), 139--40 KZV (German Zionist student group), 156 Jiidische Rundschau (Zionist journal), 80, 81-82,129,130-31,133 labor, women and, 48,180,190,197 Jiidischer Frauenbund CIFB), 176, labor unions, 42 179-80 and American press, 188 Jiidischer Pfadfmder, 152 Histadrut, 73, 143 Jung-jiidischer Wanderbund, 154 Labor League "seminar," 142 Young Workers, 154, 186, 253nl13 Kadimah, Jewish Hiking Groups' and Labor Zionism, 89,142-32,171-72,186 Scouts' Circle, 154 sick-care fund (~upat l;Iolim), 73,187, Kallen, Horace, 23,167 191 Kameradan (German youth group), 149 lace-making workshops, 180 Kaplan, Marion, 179 Lachmann, Edith, 181 Kartell-Convent der Verbindungen Lamport, Samuel, 140 deutscher Studenten jiidischen Land of Promise, The (film), 130 Glaubens (KC or Union of German land reclamation, see agriculture Students of the Jewish Faith), 155, Lavsky, Hagit, 61, 148 156 League for Labor Palestine, 142 Kenesset Israel, 192 see also labor unions Keren Hayesod (KH, Palestine Levene, Mark, 34 Foundation Fund), 56, 79, 85, 90, Levin, Shmayra, 64 173,198 Libmann, Dr. Emanuel, 140 "abnormal ascendancy" of, 75 Lichtheim, Richard, 159 controversy over, 188, 189,200 Lilien, E. M., 18,95, 112 film produced by, 130 Lindheim, Irma L., 58, 195, 216n97 founding of, 60, 80, 159, 188 on Balfour, 29, 30 funds raised by, 80,81, 105 Lipsky versus, 70, 76, 189 Hadassah and, 65-66, 187 travel memoir, 93, 112, 137, 138-39 JNF as rival, 64, 75, 86 on Weizmann, 36--37 propaganda of, 87-88, 106, 138 on the Yishuv, 101-02, 104 and tourism, 138, 139--40 Lipsky, Louis, 47 Weizmann and, 35, 50, 63-65, 85 and fundraising, 85, 169 women's auxiliary planned, 183 as head ofZOA, 60, 64-71, 74, 76 Keren Kayemeth, L'Israel (KKL), see opponents of/charges against, 42, 45, Jewish National Fund 67,69-70,76,188-89,223n72 Kevutsot (kvutzah), see collectives Lithuania, scout group visits to, 152 Krat Nahum, Kfar Saba, tours to, 142, locusts, "plague of' (1917),84 143 Loewe, Heinrich, 7 KH, see Keren Hayesod Loewenstein, Fritz, 132 Kibutsim, see collectives Lowenthal, David, 128 :king, Phillip, 136 King David Hotel, 134-35, 196 Maccabaean, The (American Zionist Kishinev pogrom (1903), 20 journal), 18, 19,20,79,73

Index 299

Mack, Julian, 36, 46, 71, 76, 112, 163, New Palestine (Zionist journal), 71-72, 187 167, 173 removed from leadership, 63-65, 66 1973 war, effect on tourism, 240n3 Magnes, Judah L., 91, 172 Nordau, Max, 10, 26, 28, 42, 198 Malarial Unit (Palestine), 61 Marcus, Ernst, 56 Ohio State University (OSU) Avukah Marks sisters, 183 chapter, 169 Masaryk, Thomas, 140, 157 On Modem Jewish Politics (Ezra Meinecke, Friedrich, 157 Mendelsohn),3 Meir, Golda, 172 Orphans Committee (Palestine), 130 Melville, Herman, 135 Ottoman Empire, emigrants from, 180 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 3, 4, 198, 201n4 see also Turkey Menorah (student society), 167 Menorah Journal, 167 Pais, Abraham, 53 messianism, 77, 78, 89, 90,121 Paliistina-Bilder-Korrespondenz (Zionist Metser, Jacob, 61 journal), 92, 138 Mexican Revolution, 19 Pale of Settlement, 13-14 Mikveh Israel agricultural school, 135, 142 see also Eastern European Jewry Miller, Dr. Herbert A., 169 Palestine Miriam (Zionist group, Vienna), 178 Arabs of, see Arabs, Palestinian Mizrahi (Zionist women's group), 186 archaeological excavations in, 136-37, Monash, General (later Sir) John, 9 138 Monthly Pioneer (British Zionist paper), 34 British control of, see British Mandate Moria (proto-Zionist group, Vienna), 178 Eastern European immigrants to, 99, Moshavot, see collectives 124,165,197 Motzah Gewish settlement), 163 economic conditions, 72, 84, 164 Muller-Cohen, Anitta, 180, 181 "Emergency Fund" for (1929), 80 emigrants from, 163-64 nationalism forestry in, see forests Arab, 104, 105, 171-72 interwar image of, created by press, 92 European, American fears of, 24 Jewish Agency for, 57, 68, 85, 88, 118, fundraising and, 75 137, 139, 223n73 German, 15-16,93 Jewish settlement in, see Yishuv, the Jewish, 52, 54-55, 75, 124, 173 (see also as "Jewish Switzerland," 133 Zionism) Jewish troops in fight for, 9-10, 18 literature on, 157 Malarial Unit in, 61 women and, 15, 25, 185, 193 "nationalization" of, 23 (see also effect of World War! on, 15, 17, 166 nationalization, Zionist) of youth groups, 148-49, 153, 157, 162, photographs and films of, see visual 167 images of Palestine see also Zionism physical environment, 121-22 (see also nationalization Zionist, 23, 27, 91 agriculture) diaspora, 127 as refuge, 121, 124 fundraisinglcharity and, 75, 175, 198 rural and urban utopian visions of, "Western Zionism" and, 196 91-124 National Socialist (Nazi) movement, 50, settlement in, as goal, 151, 165 (see also 52,84,94 Yishuv, the) foreshadowed, 54, 174 tourism in, 125-46 World WarII, 219nl0 Christian visitors to, 126, 130, 133, youthfulness of, 147 135 Ness Ziona, tours to, 142 Turkish treatment of, 83-84 Neumann, Emmanuel, 223n72 US support of Zionism in, 18,25,61, "New Jew," 97 73 (see also fundraising) New Judaea (Zionist journal), 130 see also Balfour Declaration (November New Maccabaean (journal), 76 1917)

300 Index

Palestine Development Council, 66-67 Politische Schriften (Max Weber), 157 Palestine Economic Corporation, 134 Pollak, Carl, 235n23 Palestine Executive, see Zionist Executive, Poppel, Stephen, 148 Palestine postcards, see visual images of Palestine Palestine Exhibition (West London, press, the 1929),132 Americanlabo~ 188 Palestine Exploration Society, 136 Anglo-Jewish, 8, 20 Palestine Express Company, 131 Hebrew, 38 Palestine Foundation Fund, see Keren Polish,38 Hayesod Yiddish, 38, 42, 190 Palestine Uoyd Ltd., 131, 132 press, Zionist, 50 Palestine National Museum, 136 American, 167, 186 Palestine Pictorial Service (Zionist advertising tourism, 131, 138, periodical), 92 139 "Palestine Weeks," 106 and World War!, 9,10,22,79 "Palestinology," 136 on Zionist leaders, 42, 45 Pappenheim, Ber;tha, 176, 179 British, 161, 184, 235n23 Passfield White Paper (1930), 79-80, 81 advertising tourism, 138, 144 paternalism, 177, 191 on fundraising, 75, 80 male domination of Zionism, see and World War 1,8-9,12-13 Zionism on Zionist leaders, 34, 52 see also gender as issue Central European, 92, 138 Patterson, Colonel J. H., 22 German, 80, 81-82, 129-33, 178, Pekarsky,Maurice, 170 184,233n6,235n23 Penslar, Derek, 61,195 on Einstein, 50 Perlzweig, M. L., 75 gutter journalism of, 71-72 Pfadfinder (German scouts), 149, 152, 153 on Hadassah, 186, 187, 190 phonograph records (in fundraising), 181 images popularized by, 92, 138-39, photographs, see visual images of Palestine 235n23 pilgrimages, see tourism international, 130 Pilichowski, Leopold, 30 and tourism, 129-33, 138, 139, 140, Pinsker, Leon, 44 141, 144 Pioneer (British Zionist journal), 75, 138 and World War 1,8-10, 12-13, 18,22, Pioneer Woman (US labor-oriented 79 journal), 188 Prestel, Claudia, 3 pioneers, see /falUlSim propaganda, Zionist pogroms, 20, 82, 89, 104, 182 Avukah and, 170 see also anti-Semitism criticized, 63 Poland fundraising and, 83, 87-88, 106, 138, anti-Semitism in, 21, 82 140,170 Jewish immigrants from, 59 tourism and, see tourism Jewish women of, 14, 183 World War I, 20 relief for refugees from, 84, 86 see also press, Zionist; visual images of Zionist movement in, 27 Palestine see also Eastern European Jewry prostitution, 14-15, 176 politics Provisional Committee, see Zionism, American Zionist, 188-89 American analysis of, 182 de-politicization of Zionism, 185 racism, 71, 89-90, 104 "ethnic," in United States, 79 see also anti-Semitism; Arab-Zionist ofHadassah,176 relations Henland,34, 127, 178 Ranana, tours to, 143 in the Yishuv, 102 "Redemption," 78, 90,146 Zionist, 60, 191, 196 see also messianism of Zionist youth wing, 173 Rehovoth, tours to, 142

Index 301

Reinharz, Jehuda, 35, 155 Sokolow, Nahum, 26, 27, 37-40, 55 revisionist party, see Zionism "Sokolow Month," 40, 132 Revolution(s) Solomon, Mrs. Robert, 184 of 1848,42 songs and songbooks, 150-51, 159, 164, Mexican, 19 165, 166 Russian (1917), 8, 23, 82 South Africa, Zionist movement in, 27 Rishon Ie Zion, tours to, 142 Soviet Union, emergence of disregarded, Rivlin, Morris, 167 102 Romania, Jewish troops of, 19 Spain, Jewish expulsion from, 82 Rosensohn, Samuel, 64, 67-69 Springtide in Palestine, A (Myriam Harry), Rosh Pina Gewish colony), 104 138-39 Rothschild family, 20 stereotypes, 20, 97, 123, 151 Rozenblit, Marsha, 149, 178 of American Jewry, 81, 165, 174 Russell, Sir John, 140 anti-feminist, 141 Russian Empire of Eastern Jewry, 74 anti-Semitismlpogroms in, 7, 18,82,89, oOewish soldiers, 11, 24, 234n19 182 Straus, Rahel, 180 Jewish troops in (World War I), 9-10, Struck, Hermann, 132 12, 13, 19, 20 students, see youth organizations and Pale of Settlement evacuated by, 13 students in World War I, 7-8,17,19 Sukenik, Eliezer, 137 Zionist women in, 183 Supreme Court, US, Brandeis on, 44 see also Eastern European Jewry Switzerland, Zionism in, 126 Russian Revolution (1917), 8, 23, 82 Syrian Druse, 187 Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), 27 Syrkin, Marie, 166, 167 Rutenberg, Pinchas, 36, 37,111-12 Szold, Henrietta, 18, 36, 55, 195 Rutenberg power plant, 110, 112, 142 on Brandeis, 44-45 and fundraising, 61, 69, 188 Sachar, Harry, 46, 183 greets tourists, 135 Safed and Hadassah, 45-48, 171-76, lace-making workshops in, 180 186--93 tours to, 142 as leader of Zionism, 26, 27, 45-48 Salomon, Alice, 177, 180 as member of Executive, 46, 135, 188, Samuel, Sir Herbert, 29, 112 189 Samuel, Maurice, 12, 71, 168-69 on relations with Arabs, 89-90 Sarna, Jonathan, 48 and ZOA, 61, 69, 76 Schochat, Manya, 172 Szold, Robert, 61 Sephardim, 86, 180 Szold, Mrs. Robert, 192 Shaltier, Eli, 36 Shapiro, Nathan, 38 Tananbaum, Susan, 179 Shavit, Yaacov, 136 Tarbut (Hebrew culture), 160 Shilo, Margalit, 181 Tarbut organization (Britain), 75 "Shnorrer" psychology, 36, 56, 58, 197 Tel Aviv, 91, 94, 109, 112, 114-18, Siberia, POW camps in, 17 138 Sieff, Israel, 183 as example of new Jewish life, 137 Sieff, Rebecca, 161-63, 173, 183 hotel-keepers' union in, 130 Silberman, Neil, 136 rural settlers move to, 163 Simon, Julius, 61 tours to, 143 Simon, Leon, 55, 160 excluded from itineraries, 128 Six-Day War (1967), 11 Thompson, QM Sgt. Charles, 12 Slousch, Nahum, 136 Thon, Helena Hanna, 182 socialism, 19, 24, 73, 94, 102 Thon, Jacob, 259n25 and "People's Relief Committee," 84 Thon, Sarah, 180 women and, 179 Tiberias, hospital in, 187 see also collectives Tog, Der (New York Yiddish daily), 42

302 Index

tourism, 125--46, 194, 196 University Zionist Federation of Great archaeology and, 136--37, 138 Britain and Ireland (UZF), 159, control over, 128, 145 160, 161, 164 distinguished visitors, 140 as "hive of romance," 165 effect of 1973 war on, 240n3 urbanization, see cities and fundraising or investment, 127, Ussischkin, Menahem, 135, 186 128, 135, 139--40, 144--45 criticized, 74, 85 and hotel industry, 130, 133-35 opposes reorganization, 63, 64 numbers of tourists (1920s, 1930), 125, 135 Va'ad ha-berit (administrative unit), 187 pilgrimages Gewish, Christian, Muslim), Van Tijn, Gertrude, 17,91,134,147,180 126, 127, 128, 130, 152 Verete, Mayir, 34 and propaganda, 117, 130, 133, 138, Versailles Treaty, 24 139 visual images of Palestine, 105-06 as sign ofJewish vitality, 140 films, 106, 130, 144, 170, 184 study combined with, 161 photographs, 20, 92, 97, 99,103, 106 travel memoirs, 93, 112, 138-39 postcards, 95, 97-99,114-17 treatment of visitors, 133-34 see also propaganda, Zionist Zionist press and, 129-33, 138, 139, Vital, David, 10,34 140, 141, 144 V]JVD (Association of Jewish Youth as Zionist ritual, or 'Zionistic," 127, Societies of Germany), 149 129, 131-32, 143 VJSt (German Zionist student group), travel, see tourism 156 Trial and Error (Chaim Weizmann), 57 Trumpeldor, Captain Joseph, 22, 27 Wailing Wall, 136 Turkey, 9-10, 83-84,180 see also Jerusalem Turnvereine (German gymnastic Wandervogel (German youth group), 149, societies), 149, 153 151, 152, 153 "War ofIndependence" (1947--48), United Jewish Appeal (UJA), 57 240n119 United Palestine Appeal (UPA), 69-70, Weber, Max, 157 170,189,220n20 Weizmann, Chaim, 54, 55, 182, 183, United States 195 American tourists in Palestine, 125 on "Arab problem," 105 anti-Semitism in, 82 and Balfour Declaration, 29, 43 Conservative Jewry in, 173 and fundraising, 59-60, 77, 79, 81, 85, "ethnic politics" in, 79 199 Jewish immigrants in, 58, 163 Keren Kayesod, 35, 50, 63-65, 85 dichotomy between Eastern and and Hebrew University, 50 "German," 58-59 as leader of Zionist movement, 26, 27, immigration restricted, 82-83 32-39, 186, 198 Jewish protest in (1930), 81 lies of, 64, 74, 199 Jewish troops of (World War I), 9, policy questioned or opposed, 28, 10-12, 18 35-36,44--45,59-76,186,188, stereotypes ofJews of, 81, 165, 174 189,199 Weizmann's relations with, 34 as president of State ofIsrael, 51 in World War I, 9-10, 11, 12, 19,24 as president ofWZO, 57,60,65,68,70, youth groups in, see youth organizations 71, 187 and students as scientist, 9, 34-35 Zionism in, see Zionism, American; Weizmann, Vera, 183 press, Zionist Welt, Die (Zionist journal), 178, 235n23 United Synagogue (United States), 173 Weltburgertum und Nationalstaat (Friedrich universities, Zionism at, 160-71 Meinecke), 157 university groups, see youth organizations Weltsch, Robert, 12, 14-15, 52,76,172, and students 195

Index 303

Western Jewry women, Zionist "apolitical," 2 American, see Zionism, American charity and philanthropy, see fundraising British, 178-79, 181-85 Conservative, 173 Central European, 178-86, 188, 193 diaspora, see diaspora Jewry; diaspora German newspaperwoman, 181 Zionism and fundraising, 90 (see also Hadassah) identification with agriculture, 94 gender as issue, 15,48,74,176,180, and Jewish emancipation, 11 197 national consciousness of, 92 (see also impact of, 178, 185 nationalism) male view of, 48, 177, 182, 183, 185, nationalization efforts, 27, 75 (see also 189-90, 191 nationalization, Zionist) and nationalism, 15, 25, 185, 193 and tourism, 125--46 pioneer, 100, 181, 182, 195 youth organizations, 147-74 situation in Yishuv, 182, 185 Zionism as perceived by, 2, 57, 90, in State ofIsrael, 177 91-93,123-24,196-200 and tourism, 141 Zionist ties to Eastern European Jewry, in World War I, 17 200 in World Zionist Organization, 165 see also Britain; France; Germany; Zionist organizations for, 99, 118, 177, United States 178-86 Western Women's Tent (Zionist group), Conference of (1909), 182-83 182 youth groups including girls, 153 Wilson, Woodrow, 10,34,38,40,44 see also Hadassah; WIZO Wilsonian world order, 78 Women's International Zionist Wise, James Waterman, 170 Organization, see WIZO Wise, Stephen S., 73, 76, 80, 170 Women's Organization of America, see as opponent ofWeizmann, 36, 64, 68 Hadassah With the Judaeans in the Palestine Campaign World War 1,43,83 (Col. J. H. Patterson), 22 effect on Eastern Jews, 82 With the Zionists in Gallipoli (Col. J. H. effect on Zionism, 7, 11, 17, 19-25, Patterson), 22 27-28,44,79, 166 WIZO (Women's International Zionist fundraising during, 84-85, 86, 87 Organization), 99,118,120, 161, JewishPOWs, 17, 18 176, 178, 185 Jewish separatism in, 10, 12 Anglocentrism of, 180 Jewish troops, 8-25, 27 founding of, 182, 184 Zionist contributions to, 9, 45, 181, 186 Wolf, Lucien, 34 Zionist view of, 7-8, 10-13,20-25,79 women World War II, 11,34,84, 219nlO debasement of, 15 World Zionist Organization, see Zionist diaspora organizations for, 186 Organization, World and divorce, 177 Wronsky, Siddy, 180 Eastern and Central European, 13-15, 176-83 Yanaiet, Rahel, 100 as emigrants, 182 Yiddish language, 171 feminism and anti-feminism, 46-47, Yiddish press, 38, 42, 190 179, 181, 184 Yiddishe Folk, Dos (Zionist journal), 71-72 Jewish soldiers' view of, 13-14 Yishuv, the, 6 in labor force, 48, 180, 197 agriculture in, see agriculture non-Zionist organizations for, 176, 179-80 building of, as "educational force," 94 prostitutes, 14-15, 176 (see also cities) in social service, 118, 179-81, 182, 187 difference of diaspora from, 193, 195 suffrage for, 182 electrification of, 36, 111-14 war atrocities against, 13 emigration from, 163 youth groups for or including girls, 147, funding of, see fundraising 153, 181 German Jews in, 154

304 Index

Yishuv, the (cont.) Zangwill, Israel, 42 industrial development in, see Zerubavel, Yael, 27 industrialization Zimmerman, Moshe, 148, 149 intellectualism in, 10 1 (see also Zion Mule Corps ("Jewish Legion"), 9, 22 intellectual life) see also Britain interwar development and growth of, Zionism 92, 164 activity in, as separate from emigration labor unions in, 73 to Palestine, 165 (see also diaspora Old, 121, 137, 197 Zionists) pioneering, 25 (see also lfalutsim) anthem of, 150 politics in, 102 Arab opposition to, 32, 104-05 (see also and tourism, 126, 127, 130-35, 141, Arab riots [1929-30]; Arab-Zionist 161 relations) unrealistic attitude in and toward, and archaeology, 136-37, 138 73-74,91-92 in Australia, 9 visual portrayal of, see visual images of broadening of base (1927), 184 Palestine as charity or philanthropy, funding for, women's situation in, 182, 185 see fundraising women's social programs in, 175, 180, versus commitment to European states, 187 20 youth groups rejected by, 154 conflict within, 28, 35, 44-45,58-76 and Weizmann, 36 as "cure" for prostitution, 15 during World War I, 83,186 de-politicization called for, 185 see also Erets Israel dormancy or decline of, 2, 5,45,56,81, York-Steiner, Heinrich, 235n23 126,198-200 Young Guards, see Ha-Shomer ha-tsa'ir diaspora, see diaspora Zionists Young Judaea (Zionist group), 171, Einstein's belief in, 54-55 172-73 in Europe, see Europe, Zionist Young Judaean (US Zionist journal), 138 movement in Young Workers (Zionist group), 154 explicit goal of, 18 youth organizations and students, and gender, see gender as issue 147-74 as historical process, 194 acculturation to diaspora life, 160 as "invented tradition," 3 alumni (Alte Herren) of, 155, 157-58 Jewish opposition to, 22, 115, 118, 121 Austrian, 149 and Jewish survival, 78 Boy Scouts, 147-48, 149, 153, 173 Labor, see Labor Zionism British, 148, 159-66, 168, 173 literature (and language) of, 170 fundraisingby, 159, 165, 173, 174 and loyalty to state, 54 (see also and "Fusion," 155, 161 nationalism) German, see Germany male domination of, 45,177,182,183, girls in, 147, 153, 181 185, 189-90, 191 and Judaism, 156-67 "New," 97 leftist labor, 154, 186 official colors of, 156 nationalism of, 148-49, 153, 157, 162, "platonic," 2 167 "political" (Herzl), questioned, 34 (see politics of, 173 also politics) rejected by Yishuv, 154 portrayal of leaders in West, 26-55 and "romance," 165 potential of, 199-200 songs and songbooks of, 150-51, 159, Revisionist, 9, 21, 65,159,171-72, 164,165,166 223n72 Summer Schools, 160, 165-66 Russian Revolution and, 23 United States, 41, 148, 153, 164, Sephardic, 86 165-74 social aspect of, 165 (see also songs and in World War I, 18 songbooks) YMCA, 148, 149 and tourism, 125-46

Index 305

in United States, see Zionism, American Zionist Emergency Fund (1914), 86 at universities, 160-71 see also fundraising "Western," 195-96 Zionist Executive, Palestine, 192, Western Jewish perception of, 2, 57, 90, 223n72 91-93,123-24,196-200 criticized, 67, 68, 220n20 women and, see women, Zionist and fundraising, 89, 135 World War I and, see World War I Szold as member, 46, 135, 188, 189 youth wing of, see youth organizations and tourism, 131, 135 and students Ussischkin as director, 63, 186 Zionism, American, 27, 200 Zionist Information Bureau for Tourists, and Balfour, 29, 31 139 character of, 3, 200 Zionist Organization, World, 233n3 conflict within, 28, 35, 44-45, 58-76 criticized, 58 crisis and, 79 Executive of, see Zionist Executive, decline of, 45, 56-57, 58, 175, 189 Palestine versus European, 20, 201-02n4 and Hadassah, 175-76 fundraising by, 57, 60--61, 73, 80--82, image projected by, 91-92 169, 188 Palestine office, 131 criticized, 58-59, 74-75 and tourism, 126, 129-32, 143, 145 and dispensation of funds, 190 Weizmann as head of, see Weizmann, specific appeals to, 87-88 Chaim for war relief, 18,84-85,87 Western acceptance of, 199-200 and "nationalization" of Palestine, 23 women as members, 165 paradox of, 164 Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) politics of, 188-89 and Avukah, 169 propaganda of, 170 Balfour statue as gift of, 31 "Provisional Committee," 25, 60--61, 84 criticized,58,61,63,66,69,70-76 sincerity of, 195 Education Department of, 172-73 stereotypes, 81, 165, 174 and fundraising, 57, 190 and tourism, 125, 129, 131 Upsky heads, 60, 64-71, 74, 76 and "Western Zionism," 195-96 Reorganization Commission women of, 171-72, 174, 175, 178, 187, investigates, 61-63 193 (see also Hadassah) weomen's, see Hadassah in World War I, 10, 17-19,24,44,45-46 Zionist Pioneer Women (formed 1910), youth groups and students, 41,148, 182 153, 164, 165-74 Zionist press, see press, Zionist see also press, the; press, Zionist; Zionist Zionist Women's Organization Organization of America (ZOA) (Germany), 180 Zionism in Poland (Ezra Mendelsohn), 4 Zionist Women's Organization of Vienna, Zionist conferences and Congresses, see 178 conferences and conventions; Zofim (Scouts), 154 Congresses