Tristan the Polyglot: "Languages"in Gottfried Title von StraBburg's Tristan, Old Icelandic Tristrams saga ok Isondar and Middle English Sir Tristrem
Author(s) 中村,幸一
Citation 明治大学教養論集, 305: 23-56
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10291/5105
Rights
Issue Date 1998-01-31
Text version publisher
Type Departmental Bulletin Paper
DOI https://m-repo.lib.meiji.ac.jp/
Meiji University 明 治大 学 教養 論 集 通 巻305号 (1998・1)pp.23-56
TristanthePolyglot:``Languages" inGottfriedvonStra8burg'sTristan, タ 01dIcelandicTristramssagaoleIsondar andMiddleEnglishSirTristrem
KoichiNakamura
Introduction
ReferencestovariouslanguagesintheearlierpartofGottfried's
Tristanmayseematfirstsighttobetrivialandhavebeenscarcelymen- tioned,asWemer(1985:166)observes,"EsistdieseinMotiv,dasinder bisherigenweitenTristan-Diskussion,soweitichsehe,nochwenig
BeachtunggefundenhatidasaberbeigenaueremZusehenzuinteressanten
AspektenundStrukturfadenfiihrtundzurAufhellungdesGesamtge且echts beitragenkann."True,itdoesnotconcemthemaintheme,butitiscertainly oneofthetriggersofeventsinthetale,ifweconsiderthegoodandbad effectsitmoreorlessindirectlyproduces:theabductionandhissuccessful diplomacywithwhichtogainKingMark'sfavourandhealingbyQueen
IsoldeofIreland.Tristan's(orGottfried's)interestinlanguagessporadical- lymanifestsitselfinthemainscenesaswell.Haug(1997:222)says,``[1]tis hisartistic,musicalandpoeticgiftswhichgainhimadmissiontotheIrish courtandthepostoftutortotheyoungIsolt.Heusesaplayonwords- reversillgthesyllablesofhisnametogiveTantrisinsteadofTristan-tocon- cealhisidentityinIreland."SinceWerner(1985)almostcompletelyinvesti一 24明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
gatedtherelevantpartsconceming(foreign)languagesinGottfried's
抗 血 η,thispaperwiladdthecorrespondingpartsfromotherversions
baseduponThomas'swork,i.e.TristramssagaokisondarandMiddle
EnglishRomanceSirT短istrem,whichsupposedlyhavesome(butmuchfew-
er)remarksaboutthelanguages.Wewilllookatallthedescriptionsabout thisskillofTristanandofothercharactersandinvestigatehowtheycontrib- utetothewholestory.TheEnglishtranslationofGottfriedisthatofHatto
(1967).ForOldIcelandicandMiddleEnglishversions,thetranslationis minebutowesmuchtotheGermantranslationofK61bing(1878;1882)and theFrenchtranslationofBoyer(1995)andCr6pin(1995).
1.LanguageSkillsofTristan
1.11tisindeedtheTristan'sabilityofspeakillgmanylangllagesthat causedbothhis五rstmisfortuneandthewayoutfromit.However ,B6dier doesnotinchldeanythinginhis夕 η〃vanaboutthelanguagesT亘stanstudied , thoughitisundoubtedlyoneoftheimportanttriggersofadventllrousevents andhappeningsinthistale:
Gorvenalluienseignaenpeud'ann6esles「artsquiconvienllent
auxbarons.Illuiappritamanierlalance,1'6p6e,1'6cuet1'arc,a
lancerlesdisquesdepierre,afranchird'unbondlespluslarges
foss6s;illuiappritadεtestertoutmensongeettoutef610nie ,a
secourirlesfaibles,atenirlafoidonn6e;illuiapPritdiverses
manieresdechant,1ejeudelaharpeet1'artduveneur;et ,quand
1'enfantchevauchaitparmilesjeunes6cuyers,onetitditqueson
cheval,sesamesetluineformaientqu'unseulcorpsetn'eussent TristanthePolyglot 25
jamais6t6s6par6s.(P.411.4-16)
ComparethiswithGottfried'soriginal;RualliFoitenant,hisfosterfather
nam
undbevalchin.eillemwisenman:
mitdemsant'eriniesadan
durchfremedespracheinfremediulant;
unddazeraberalzehant
derbuochelereanvienge
unddenouchmitegienge
vorallerslahtelεre.
(tookhimandplacedhiminthecareofamanofexperienceand
promptlysenthimabroadwithhimtoleamforeignlanguages andbeginatoncetostudybooks,andplythemmorethanany otherbranchofstudy.)(2058-65)
Therefore
[u]nderdisenzweinlernungen derbuocheundederzungen
soverteteersinerstundevil
aniegelichemseitespi1:
dakεrteerspateundefruo
sinemzekeits6sεrezuo,
biZereswunderkunde. 26 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
(duringthetimethathewasengagedonthesetwostudiesof
booksandlanguages,healsospentmanyhoursplayingstringed
instrumentsofankinds,perseveringfrommorningtonighttillhe
becamemarvellouslyadeptatthem.)(2091-97)
ThusGottfriedalwayslinksTristan'slanguageskillswithhismusicalones.
RuallatertalksaboutthissortofeducationofTristanatKingMark'scourt, mentioning``skillsofbothtongueandhand":
wieerinsanteinfremediulant,
undswazerfuogekunde
mithandenundmitmunde,
wieerindazlεrenhiez._
(h・wh・bim・elfh・dse・tth・b・y・b・ ・adandh・dhimt・ught・ll theskillswhichhehadmastered,bothoftongueandhand_.) (4252-55)
Tristramss噸 αoゐfsonda夕(Saga),thoughbaseduponthesamesourceas
Gottfried's,i.e.Thomas,describeshiseducationoflanguagesinadifferent way:
Sf6an16thannkennahanumb6kfrce6iokvarhannhinnneemasti,
okfroeddisthannfbessunami,VIIhQfu6v61um,oksnildasthann
allskonartungum;pvineestnamhannVIIstrengleika,svaatengi
fannstha皿mfraegrin6betrkunnandi_. TristanthePolyglot27
(Thenhehadhimgaintheknowledgeofbooksandhewasvery
quickatlearningandhemasteredduringthislessonsevenp血 －
cipalarts.Hebecameversedinallkindsoflanguages.Thenhe
learnedsevenstringinstrumentssowellthatnoonecouldbe
foundwhowasmorefamousorskilledthanhewas.)(16.29-
17.3)
FriarRobertdoesnotsaythatTristanwassenttoforeigncountriestolearn languagesasGottfrieddoes;hesimplysaysTristanbecameversedinall kindsoflanguages,sotheideaofsendinghimabroadmighthavebeen Gottfried'sinvention.Thatisconfirmedwhenwelookatthecorresponding partofSirTristrem,whichdoesnotrefertoanylanguage,muchless Tristremstudyingabroad;afterallthisMiddleEnglishromanceisvery muchabridged,asCr6pin(1995:1541)intryingtosummarisethiswork, says,``Ler6sumer,c'estr6sllmercequiestd6jafortabr696":
pechildhesettolore,
AndlerndhimalsosWipe;
Inbok,whilehewaspore,
Hestodiepeuer,batstipe.
poレatbihimwore,
Ofhimwerenfulbliレe;
Patbold,
Hiscraftesganhekipe
O3aineshem,whenhewold.
(Heeducatedthechildandheleamedveryfast.Wllilehewas 28 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
there,healwaysstudiedbooks,thesteadfastboy.Thosearound
himwereverygladofhim,thatexcellentchild.Hedemonstrated
hisskillstothem,whenhewished.)(278-86)
ThereforeGottfried'sexpression``sant'eriniesadan/durchfremede spracheinfremediulant"seemstobehisowncreとtion.Itappears'allthe moreso,becauseitcontainsatthesametimehisprevalenttendencyofrhe- toricalrepetition,``fremede_fremediu",anexampleofpolyptotoninthis case(1).Stevens(1990:73)callsthistraductiousingCicero'stermsandsays,
"Gottfrieddoesnotrelyonplainlanguage ,butdramatiseshiscasebyem- ployingastrikingrangeofrhetoricalfigures.AssoofteninTristan,figures ofdiction,especianythoseeitherdirectlyinvolvingorotherwisegenerated bywordrepetition,featureabundance."
ThisgiftofTristanbecameoneofthereasonsforhisfirstmisfort皿e
(excludingPerhapstheveryfirstonethathisparentsdiedyoung):theabduc- tion.Norwegians'firstreactiolltoTristanspeakingtheirownlanguageis pu「esu「p「lse:
《ei》,spracher《edelenkoufman.
s6helfeiugot!undkunnetir
schachzabelspil?dazsagetmir!》
undsprachdazinirzungen.
nusahensfdenjungen
abernoch且izeclicheran,
d6erirspracheredenbegan,
dieltttzeliemenkundeda.
susbegundens'andemjungensa TristanthePolyglot29
merkenelliusiniudinc.
(`Oh,'hesaid,`noblemerchants,inHeaven'sname,don'ttellme
youplaychess?'andsaiditintheirlanguage.Hearinghimuse
theirspeech,whichnexttononeinthosepartsknew,theylooked
attheboywithmountinginterestandtookstockofhimmi皿te-
ly.)(2228-37)
Quiteinterestingly,itistheSagathistimethatismorespecificaboutthe languageinthisscene:
enkaupmennvarunorroenirokskilduhvarkibrezkun6vOlskun6
a6rartungur,atf(erasamankaupsfn.Tristramvarレafrceddr
nOkkunlmtungum,okger6ihannkaupvi6レ えumVIIfugla....
(butthemerchantswereNorwegiansandunderstoodneither
BretonnorFrenchnorotherlanguageswithwhichtomakea
bargain.ButTristan㎞ewseverallanguagesandhestrokea
bargainofsevenbirdswiththeln.)(17.29-18.1)
InGottfriedthebirdswereapparentlyboughtbyhisfosterfatheroritmight havebeenhisretainers,butatanyratenotTristanhimself.Histalentforlan- guagesismoreexplicitinSagathaninGottfried,forintheformeritmustin- volvebargaininginaforeignlanguagealldnotjustasimpleexchangeof words.ThelanguagethatTristanusedhereis,asWerner(1985:172)says, "Altwestnordisch" ,sotheauthorofSagaprobablywentalittlebitfurther intootherwiseunusualdetailsbecause,afterall,itmusthavebeenalmostthe 30明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
' sameashisnativetongueandthefactthatTristanwasabletocommunicate
insuchacomplicatedsituationinNorwegianmusthavebeentooimportant
forhimtoignore.
Sir抗s『 夕@〃2,asusual,tellsusnothingaboutthelanguageusedatthis
scene.Moreover,bytheomissionoftheboy'sgoodqualitieswehaveto
thinkthatthereasonofhisabductionisnotthathehadhistalentsbutthathe
wonallthechessgames.Hencearatherdebasedresum60fThomas:
percomaschipofNorway TosirRohandeshold WiphaUkeswhiteandgray Andpanesfairyfold. Tristremherditsay; Onhisplayinghewold Tventischillingtolay. SirRohandhimtold Andtau3t; Forhaukesiluerhe301d,
pefairest,menhimrau3t.
(TherecameashipfromNorwaytoSirRohand'scastlewith whiteandgrayhawksandgarmentsbeautifullyfolded.Tristrem heardofit.Hewishedtopaytwentyshillingsforhisplay.Sir Rohalldgavehiminstruction.Hepaidsilverforahawk,the fairestonetheyofferedhim.)(298-308)
Gottfriedshowsinthisscenehowmuchheisconcernedwithlanguage TristanthePolyglot31 itselfbecausehereherefersnotonlytoTristan'spolyglotismbutprobably alsotohispronunciationbysaying
sinamdeswunder,dazeinkint
s6manegesprachekunde:
die且uzzenimezemunde,
dazsi'sεnievernamen,
answelhestatsikamen.
derh6veschehovebeere
liesiniuhovemaere
undfremediuzabelwortelin
underwilenfiiegenin:
diuspracherwol....
([t]heywereamazedthatachildcouldspeaksomanylallguages,
which且owedtohislipsinawaytheyhadneverheardinanyport
theyhadcalledat.Everynowandthenthispolishedyoungcourti-
erinterposedwithfashionablesmall-talkandexotictermsof
chess.Theseheprono皿cedwel1....)(2280-89)
SowecanseethatinGottfrieditisTristan'stalentforlanguagesin particularthatledtheNorwegianmerchantstoabducthim;theywereso amazedathisabilitythattheythoughttheycould``reapgreatprofitand hon皿rfromhim"bygettinghimaway:
alsolhercfirt6sie
dertreibervilunds6vilan, 32 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
bizaberdiewerbendenman
zeratewurdenunderin:
kundensiiniemerbringenhin
mitdeheinerslahtesinnen,
sim6htenslngewinnen
gr6zenfrumenund6re.
(Heperseveredwiththeseandotherpoliteacquirementstosuch apointthatthetradersresolvedthatif,bysomeruse,theycould
gethimawaytheywouldreapgreatprofitandhonourfromhim.) (2294-301)
Wemer(1985:173)wonderswhatsortofpro趾thosemerchantscouldob- tainfromTristan.Hesupposesthatcouldbetheboy'sabilityasaninter- preter:``SeineKenntnisse,dieinersterLiniegenanntenSprachkenntnisse, k6nntendenreisendenKau且eutenabersehrnUtzlichseinfUrangemessene
KontakteundDolmetscherdienstemitihrenHauptkUnden,denLeutenbei
Hof."
InSagaitisTristan's"knowledge",``skill",``beauty",andhistech- niqUeofchessthatmadethemerchantsdecidetoabducthim.Theyknow thathecanspeakatleastNorwegian,sohislanguageskillsareimplicitly involvedhereinthewords``kunnOsta"and"margfroe6i":
Enkaupmellnundru6upennaungamannoklofu6ukunnOstu
hans,listokfegr60katgor6,vizkuokme6fer6,erhannupplεk
paalla,ok伽gu6upeir,atefpeirkoemihinumbruttme6s6r,at
レeimmyndimikitgagnafstandahanskunnOstuokmargfroe6i, TristanthePolyglot33
sviok,efpeirviljaseljahann,レi faレeirmikitf6fyrirhann.
(Butthemerchantsweresurprisedatthisyoungmanandpraised hisknowledge,hisart,hisbeautyandability,hisclevemessand moves[ofchess],whenhebeatthemalLAndtheythoughtthatif theytookhimawaywiththem,greatprofitmightbederivedfor themfromhisknowledgeandvariedleamingandalsoifthey wishedtosellhim,thentheywouldgainalotfromhim.)(18.8- 13)
NotonlyTristan'sgiftforlanguagesblltalsoothertalentsarediscardedin
SirTristrem,sowearelefttoconsiderthatthereasonofhisabductionis,as weobservedabove,thathewonthegame:
Tristremwanレatperwaslayd.
Atresounレerwasmade.
Nolengerpanレemaisterseyd,
Ofgatenasレernobade.
Aspaibestsatandplayd,
Outofhauenレairade;
Oponpesesogray
Framレebrimesbrade
Gun且ete:
Oflodレaiwerewelglade,
AndTristremsorewepe.
(Tristremwoneverythingthatwasstaked.Thentreasonwas 34 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
made.Whenthemastermarinergaveorders,theshipleft
withoutdelay(2).Astheysatandplayedintently,theysailedout
oftheport;upontheverygrayseafromthebroadcoastthey
sailed.Theywereallgladoftheirvoyage,whileTristanwept
bitterly.)(342-52)
ThecomparisonoftwoofthethreeworksbasedonThomasreveals thattheremighthavebeenatleastsomepartsconcerningTristan'sabilityof speakingNorwegianorOtherlanguagesilltheoriginal.Gottfried,veryin- terestedinlangu'ageshimself,enlargedthem,whichtheauthorofSir
Tristremcompletelyignoredassomethingtrivial.
1.2Thankstohisfosterfathe〆scareandattention,weseethat
Tristanwasabletospeaknolessthanninelanguages:fourfromCeltic-
Breton,Welsh,ScottishandIrish,twofromItalic-LatinandFrench,and threefromGermanic-Norwegian,GermanandDanish(3).KingMark,
surprised,askshim:
《Tristan,ichh6rtedichdoche
brit{inischsihgenundgalois,
guotlatineundfranzois:
kanstdttdiesprAche?》
(Tristan,IheardyousinginginBretonjustnow,andinWelsh, good'Latin,andFrench.Doyouknowtheselanguages?)
Hereplies: TristanthePolyglot35
《hεrre,ja,/billfchewol.》
(Yes,tolerablywell,Sire.)(3688-92)
ThereisnodoubtthathistalentforlanguageshelpedhimtowinKing Mark'sfavour,though,ofcourse,itisnottheonlyreason,anditis ``connected withhisgiftforstory-tellingandforplayillgavarietyofmusical
instruments.Hisabilitytoexpresshimselfindifferentmodes ,togive differentversionsofthesamematerial_isrelatedtohistendencytopresent
himselfindifferentguisesandroles",asFerrante(1990:178)says . Athisreply,courtiersatKingMark'scourttesthimintheselanguages and``tonguesofneighbouringcountries":
hierunderantwurteerd6
hofslicheirallermaeren:
Norwεegen,Irlandaeren,
Alamanjen,SchottenundeTenen.
(Whilethiswasgoingonhecourteouslyrepliedtowhattheyhad
tosay-toNorwegians,Irishmen,Ge㎜ans,Scots ,andDanes.)
(3698-701)
HereWemer(1985:179)takesnoteoftheorderoflanguagesreferred to,i.e.NorthGermanic-Celtic-WestGermanic-Ceitic-NorthGermanicby saying,"lhreAufzahlungfolgtzwarnichtdemgeographischenRaum ,wohl abereinemumarmendenPrinzip,aparterweisemitdenDeutschenim
Zentrum;dieswUrdeeinegewisseKenntnisGottfriedsvonden
Sprachverwandtschaftellvoraussetzen...ノ'Hejusttalksabout``einemumar一 36明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1) melldenPrinzip"butthisstructuremightbebetterconceivedashighly elaboratelinguisticchiasmusinthateachcomponent(Norweegen, Irlandeeren,/Alamanjen,SchottenundeTenen)doesnothaveanycommon formalcharacteristicsbutistheappellationofcorrectlyclassifiedlanguage
(A-B-A'-B-A).Simplerformsofchiasmiareabundant.Johnson(1984; 1995:215)observes,``[P]arallelandchiastic-chiasmusisprobablyGott- fried'sfavouriteform-arrangementsofsymonymsandantonyms,thebalanc- ingandcombiningofopposites,haveoftenbeencomparedWiththelanguage ofmystics,seekingtoexpressinpaltrywordstheineffableoftheirsoul'sun- iollwithitsmaker." InSagaandSirTristrem,wefindnodescriptionofhislanguageskills andonlyhismusicaltechniquesarementioned.Thefomer,however,at leasttellsusthathecansinglaysinBreton(Butthisisprobablyhisnative language.Wemer(1985:179)says,"Sobleibtnur`Bretonisch'sinnvoller- weiseUbrig,eineSprache,dieTristanjavonPamaenfeundbesondersvon MorgansLehenslandhereigentlichalsHeimatsprachekennenmtiSte._"):
,,ptiharpari!'tsegirhann,,,leikvelpennaslatt!pettahlj6δger6u
BretariBretlandiumunnustuhinsg66aGeirnis."
("Youharpist!"hesaid,``playthismusicwell!Bretonscomposed thissonginBretagneaboutthesweetheartofthegoodGeirnis.")
(23.31-33)
' Anharpourmadealay,
patTristrem,aresollndhe.
peharpour3edeoway: TristanthePolyglot37
》Whobettercan,latse!《
》Botyレemendimay,
WrongPanwiteyレe!《
peharpourgantosay:
》pemaistri3iueype
Fulsket!《
(Aharpistplayedalay,whichTristremcriticised.Theharpist
gaveway,[saying]"Hewhocal1[play]better,1ethim[play]! ``IfIcan'tplaybetterthanyou ,Icriticiseyouunfairly!"The harpistsaid,``Igiveupmymastershiptoyouimmediately!")
(551-59)
MusicsuchasTristanplayedontheharpappealstothesenses,whereasthe surprisewhenoneseessomeonespeakingmanylanguagesappealsratherto themind.GottfriedcombinesthetwotoinduceKingMark'sfavourtoward
Tristan.Since,asinSagaandS〃Tristrem,onlyenchantingmllsicisgood enoughtomaketheKinglovehim,weseehereagainGottfried'speculiarin- terestinlanguagespersθ,athingtodowiththemindratherthanwith
senses.ThismustberelatedtohistendenCytoembellishhisworkwithvari-
ousrhetoricaldevices.Tristan'slinguistictalentmoredirectlyappealstothe
polyglotpriestlaterwhenhearrivとsinIreland.
1.3Tristan'sabilityoflanguagesisreferredto,orrather,takenad-
vantageof,bymaliciousroyalcouncillors,'whourgeKingMarktodispatch
TristanforobtainingIsolde;thisisthecaseinwhichhistalentworkedbadly
forhim: 38 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
《h6rre,gefUegetir'zals6,
dazmlnhεrTristan,derhiestat,
derdazehovekUndehat,
iuwerboteschaftdawerbenwil ,
SδiSteZalleZaneinZil
undaneinsta)tezendebraht.
deristwis'皿dewolbedaht
undsaelicz'allendingen;
dermagezz'elldebringen:
erkanirallersprachewol,
erendet,swazerendensoL》
(lfyouarrangeformylordTristanhere,whoisacquaintedWith thatcourt,toconductyourembassy,itwillallbeconcludedand settled.Heisprudentanddiscerning,andluckyinallhisworks; heWillaccomplishitsuccessfUlly.Hehasanexcellentknowledge oftheirlanguage.Hecompleteseverytaskheisset.)(8528-38)
JustlikeinthecaseofNorwegianmerchantswementionedin1.1,Sagatalks morespecificallyabouttherelevantlanguagehere:
hannkennirkonunginnokmeylla,okhannerVingarδrvelvi6
dr6ttningina.Hannkannokirskuokhanumer㎞nnugtallt
frland;efhannvillalhugaileggja,pagetrhannatvisus6tthana, me6v61,stuldie6rrani,e6rkonungrinns6hanagiptandi.
'
(Heknowsthekingandthemaidenandisongoodtermswiththe TristanthePolyglot39
queen.HealsoknowsIrishandthewholebfIrelandisknownto him;ifhewillsetallhisheartonit,hewillsurelyobtainherby
artifice,kidnapping,orabduction,orthekingwillgiveherin marriage.)(42.24-7)
SirT痴s舵 〃1givesnoreasonsTristanshouldbedispatched;thebarons simplyinsistheshouldgo,hopillgtoruinhim.InGottfriedandSごga,
Tristan'stalentforlanguagesresultedinbothgoodandbad廿lings,thus demonstratingdramaticirony,whereasSirTriStrem'snarrativeismoreor lessdominatedbylooseness:
InInglondfulwide
pebarounshembipou3t,
TofelTristremspride,
Houレaifairestmou3t;
pekingpairadtoride,
Aquentohimレaisou3t,
pathenowereitnou3t,
Noking:
paiseyd,batTristremmou3t
YsondeofYrlondbring.
Abridbri3tpaiches
Asblodoponsnoweing:
》Amaidenofswichereles
Tristremmaytoレebring!《
(InalloverEnglandthebaronswerethinkinghowtocrush 40 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
Tristan'spride,howtheycoulddo[that]best.Theyadvisedthe
kingtodecide[thematter]incouncil④,theysoughtaqueenfor
him,sothathecouldnotbeaking.TheysaidthatTristrem
shouldbringYsondefromIreland.Theychoseabridefairas
blooduponfallensnow:"AmaidenofsuchbeautyTristremmay
bringtoyou!")(1343-57)
1.4AsisthecaseofKingMark'scourt,itwashispolyglotism
togetherwithhisskillinstringedinstrumentsthatinducedtheIrishpriest's compassiontowardhimdisguisedasTantristheminstrel(itisveryplausible bythewaythatareligious,intellectualmanshouldtakeparticularpityon
someonewhoshowsnotonlymusicalbutalsolinguisticskills)andmoreim-
portantlyweknowthatthepriesthimselfwaspolyglot(``kundeouch fremedersprachevil"):
inderwneezdδgeschach,
dazeinpfaffedarinkam
皿dsfnefuogevernam
anhanden皿deanmunde;
wanerouchselbekunde
listundekunstgenuoge,
mithandenmanegefuoge
aniegelichemseitespil
皿dkundeouchfremederspracheVi1.
(Ithappenedmeanwhilethatapriestenteredandsawhow accomplishedhewaswithhishandsandvoice,forhewashimself TristanthePolyglot41
askillfulanddexterollsperformeroneveryvarietyofstringed instrument,andmasterofmanylanguages.)(7700-08)
And
[d]6deranTristand'alsevil
schoenerkunstundfuogeersach,
inerbarmetesimungemach
vilinneclichesεre
und、enbeiteouchd6nimεre:
ergiezerkUniginnedan
undseiteir,dazeinspileman
inderstatdaweere,
derweereeinmartereere
undt6tmitlebelldemlibe,._
(seeingsomanyartsalldacqllirementsatTristan'scommand thispriestwasmovedtodeepestpityforhissufferingsand, delayingtherenolonger,wenttotheQueenandtoldherthat therewasaminstrelinthetown,amanrackedwithpainsuffer- ingalivingdeath,....)(7732-44)
TheQueen,impressed,agreedtohealhim,thesecondconsummationofthe
goodfortunehelpedbyhislanguageskills. Sagaisambiguousaboutthelanguageeducationofisondandno
polyglotpriestappears,whichsuggeststhatthischaracterisaninventionof Gottfried,whoishimselfconsidered``a`clerc'or`clerk',thatissomeone 42明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1) whohasenjoyedahighereducationandfunctionseitherinaspiritualor administrativerole,perhapsinthecitychanceryorattheepiscopalcourt"
(Johnson(1984;1995):207-8).Wecanseethat5已ga'snarrativeisquite vagueabouthistalentforlanguageshere;itsimplysays,"miklakunnittu
(greatknowledge)"and"margfr(eδi(variedlearning)t':
N6he丘rhanniframmistrengleikasina,kurteisiokh●versku, し semhannertilfoerr;faran6afhanumsn②ggtti6indiumfri61eik
hansokmiklakunnattu.Semlsondkonungsd6ttir,hillfri6aok
kurteisa,spyrゆessiti6indiafhanum,pagirnisthunmjOkatsja
hannoknQkkutafhansmargfroe6i,okbi6rn6fO6ursinnok
m66ur,atTrantrisskyldipangatfara.Ntihefirj皿gfniisondsv5
miklalist,atbi6jafQ6ursinnokIsodddr6ttningu,m66ursina,at
レauskulikomaserundirkynningarhans,レviathunvillfyrst
nemahOrpuslattokatrftabr6fokdikta.
(Nowheperforrnshisstringinstruments,[demonstrates]cour-
tesyandcourtlymannersofwhichheiscapable.Nowthenews
goesaroundrapidlyabouthisbeautyandgreatknowledge.When
beautiful,courteous正sondhearsofthisnewsabouthim,she
wantstoseehimverymuchand[tolearn]somethhlgfromhisvar-
iedlearning,andnowasksherfatherandmothertob血gTran-
tristoher.NowthemaidenIsondcarriesoutgreatartsinorderto
persuadeherfatherandQueenisodd,hermother,thatshewould
maketheacquaintanceofhim,sinceshewantsassoonaspossible
tolearnhowtostriketheharpandtowritelettersandcompose
[poems].)(38.6-13) TristanthePolyglot43
SirTn'stremreferstohismusicbutinterestinglyalsomentionslater(1226-
32)that"Histables,hischeshebare",whichneitherGottfriednorSaga
シdoesatthisscene .ItwasalsoinSirTtistrem,asweobservedin1.1thatthe
reasonofhisabductioncanonlybethathewonthegame.Wecanseethis
workisparticularlyconcemedwithchess,whereasGottfriedwithlan-
guages:
Inhisschipwasレatday
Almanerofgle
Andalmaneroflay,
Inlondpatmi3tbe.
Toレequenposeydpay,
Morauntessoster,レefre,
Ywoundedswicheamanlay,
patSOrWeitWaStOSe
Andcare:
》Amirimanwerehe,
3ifheoliueware!《
(Inhisshiponthatdaytherewereallsortsofmusicalldlaysthat couldbefoundintheworld.ThenpeoplesaidtotheQueen,noble sisterofMoraunt,thatsuchamanlaywoundedthatitmadethem fullofsorrowandpitytoseehim:``Hewouldbeamerryman,if hewerealive!)(1189-99)
Anheyemanhewaslike,
peihewerwoundedsare; 44 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
Hisgleswerensosellike,
patwonderpou3themレare.
Hisharp,hiscroudewasrike;
Histables,hischeshebare.
paisworebeseynPatrike,
Swichesei3eレaineuerare,
ErPan:
》3ifheinheleware,
Hewereamiriman!《
(Hewaslikeanobleman,thoughhewasteniblywounded.His musicwassomarvellousthatitseemedamazingtothem.His harpandcrowd(5)werecostly;hecarriedhisbackgammonand chessmen.TheysworebySaintPatrickthattheyhadneverseen suchamanbefore:``lfhewereingoodhealth,hewouldbeamer- ryman1s')(1226-32)
1.5Tristan,afterarrivinginWexford,Ireland,ordershisanxious company(twentybarons,twenty㎞ightsandsixtymercenaries)nottointer- ferebysaying:
bewart,daziuwerkeinerge
hinViirdenliutenz'ougen;
wesetallehinnetougen!
wanknehteundmarnacre,
dievorschendermeere
6fderbruckevorderschiftUr, TristanthePolyglot 45
undiuwerkeinerkomederViir!
swigetundetuotiuchin!
ichwilselbedAvorsin,
wanichdielantsprachekan.
(Takecarethatnoneofyoushowshimselftothesepeople.You
alllielowinside.Crewandservantsonlyaretoaskfornewson
thegangplankfromtheloading-port.Noneofy皿istoappear. Keepquiet,andgoalonginWithyou!Knowingthelanguage,I shallstandoutsidemyself.)(8696-705)
HereitisTristanhimselfthatdeclareshehastheknowledgeofIrish.
Thatdoesnothappenfrequentlyandwhenitdoes,itiscoveredWithmodes- ty.Inthepassagewecitedin1.2(3688-92),whenhefirstmetKingMark andwasaskedwhetherheknew"theselanguages(Welsh,Breton,French andLatin)",heanswered,"Yes,tolerablywel1,Sire(herre,ja,/billlchewol)" withwhatWemer(1985:178)considers"(rhetorical?)moderation
(Einschrankung)".ThereisnocorrespondingpalteitherinSbgaorinSir
T治 沈 沈whereTristanexplicitlyadmitsofhisabilityofspeakingIrish, thoughhedoessaythat``lrelandisknowntomeandalsoIrishmen'scustoms
(kun皿gterm6rIrlandokirskramannasi6ir(42.36-7))".Soinoriginal
Thomasitisprobablethatnothingwasmentionedconceming"lrish"1an- guageitselfbutonly``Ireland"wasincluded.Thisagainillustrates
Gottfried'slanguage-orienteddescription. 46 明 治 大学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
II.LanguageSkillsofOtherCharacters
2.1Wehavealreadyseenthepolyglotpriestwhoonlyappearsin GottfriedandadvisestheQueentoseeandhealTristan,whowemightpre- sumehassomethingsincommonwiththepoethimself.
Isolde,whowasunderthetuitionofTristan,ofcourseknewfewerlan- guagesthanherteacherdid;Gottfriedsays,
sikundeeschoenefuoge
undh6vescheitgenuoge
mithandenundmitin皿de:
diuschoenesikunde
irsprachedavonDevelln,
sikundefranzoisundlatin,
videlenwolzeprise
inwalhischerWise.
(Shehadpreviouslyacquiredanumberofrefinementsandpolite accomplishmentsthatcalledforhandsorvoice-thelovelygirl spokethelanguageofDublin,andFrenchandLatin,andshe
playedthefiddleexcellentlyintheWelshstyle.)(7985-92)
ItwaswiththehelpofTristanhimselfthatIsoldemasteredhowtowriteher
mothertongueandtocomposepoemsandimprovedtheknowledgeofLatin.
SheremilliscesandtellsTristanaboutitontheshipboundforCornwall
皿derthespellofthepotion.Wecouldperhapssayit'sauniqueamalgama一 TristanthePolyglot 47 tionofloveandlearning:
vonendemantesiherdan,
wieerzeDeveline
ineinemschiffelfne
ge且ozzenw皿t皿deinekam;
wieinirmuoteransichnam
undwiesi'nouchgenerte;
vonallemdemgeverte,
wiesiselbeinsAmerpflege
schribenlerneteallewege,
latineundeseitespil.
(Sheremindedhimofallthathadhappened:howhehadcome
fioatinginaskifftoDublin,woundedandalone;howhermother
hadtakenchargeofhimandhowshehaddulyhealedh㎞;how,
inalldetai1,shehadlearnedthewholeartofwriting,underhistui-
tion,andLatinandstringedinstruments.)(11944-53)
SagaandSirT冗istremarebothsilentaboutthelovers'talkontheshipafter theydrankpotion.Itseemsthatunlesstheauthorisparticularlyinterested inlanguageslikeGottfried,thereisnolongerroomformentioningsuch thingsinthelatterpartofthetale:itistoounromantic.ButGottfried's passionforlanguagesissuchthathecannothelptelling,togetherwithmusic lessons,ofTristal1'slanguageteachingtoIsoldeevenatsoromanticascene asthis.Inhismindlanguagescanactuallymergeintotherealmoflove.
2.2Unlikeotherversions,withtheexceptionofSaga17.29-18.1we 48明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1) mentionedin1.1Gottfriedispreciseaboutthelanguageusedineverysitua- tion.SoweseeCurvenalcanspeakFrench:
NuKurvenalTristanden
denfrouwen皿derhanden
fr61ichenundegesundensach,
infranzoiserwiseersprach:
《a,bξ …ad6zsir,
durchgotesWillen,waztuotir,
dazirs6wunneclfche
indisemhimelriche
suslfizetverborgen
undlatunsindensorgen?
wirwandenallesfnverlorn....》
(SeeingTristansafeandhappyinthecareoftheladies,Curvenal saidinFrench,`Mydearlord,inGod'snamewhatareyoudoing, lyingundercoverinthisdelightfulparadiseandabandoningusto ourfears?Weallthoughtwewerelost_.')(10717-25)
BothBranganeandtheQueen understandFrench,fortheycorrectly reproducewhatCurvenalsaid:
《nein》,sprachdiuguotekUnigin
《erlebetgesunderundefr6.》
(`Theywerewrong,'saidthegoodQueen,`heisaliveandsafe TristanthePolyglot49
andhappy.')(10738-9)
Brangeenesprach:《weristderman?
indunketwaerliche
hierinneeinhimelri"che:
wederisterritteroderkneht?》
(`Whoisthatman?'askedBrangane.`Hereallythoughtitpara- disehere!Isheaknightoraservant?')(10770-3)
Thebarons,whogaveKingMarkaneVilpieceofadvice,aredescribed asmalevolentandcunning.Theycannotspeakthelanguageofthenatives: badmenarepooratlanguages,whilenoblecharactersarepolyglotinGott- fried(thoughthosebaronsmusthavespokenatleastFrench):
dazsiaberallestilleswigen,
demlantgesinderedeverzigen,
dazgeschachdurchdiegeschiht=
sinekundenderlantspracheniht.
(ThebaronsallkeptsilentandrefrainedfromspeakingWiththe natives,butonlybecausetheydidnotknowtheirlanguage.)
(10875-8) 50 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
III. SomeAspectsoftheLanguages
3.1Commentsaboutsomeparticularaspectsoflanguagesarealso f皿ndinGottfried.HereisthedescriptionofTristan'sfosterfatherRual whenhearrivedatTintagel,Cornwal1:
,emwaswederzejuncnochz'alt,
waninderallerbestentugent,
dadazalterunddiujugent
demlebenegebentdiebestenkraft.
erwasanrehterh6rschaft
allerkeisergen6z.
sinstimmealsameinhorndδz,
slnredediuwasvilwolbesniten.
(Hewasneithertooyo皿g,noroldbutinhisprime,wheny皿th
andyearsgivelifeitsbestvitality,Fortruemajestyhewasthe
peerofanyemperor.Hisvoicerangoutlikeaclarion,hisspeech
waswell-trimmed.)(4038-45)
``Besniten(besniden)"literallymeans``cut" ,soitcorrespondsquitewellto thenotiontheadjective``articulate"implies.Pretzel'ssupplementtoLexer
(1885;198637)says``bescheiden,wohlgesetzt(rede)". SagadoesnotsaythatR6aldr'sspeechis``well-trimmed"buttheKing Markisordersthatheshouldbewelltreatedbecause TristanthePolyglot51
hannhefirjafnanrilrrma6rverit,hygginnokhoeverskrokvel manna6r_.
(hehasalwaysbeenapowerfulman,considerate,courteousand welleducated.)(26.3-4)
R6aldrbeginstotalkaboutTristram'sparents``eloquently"and"with orderlyspeech",whichremindsusofGottfried'sexpression``slnredediu wasvilwolbesniten"andmakesplausibletheexistenceofsomeremark aboutRuarsspeechintheoriginalThomas:
pVineestberrR6aldrframme6snjOlluerendiokvelskipu6um
or6umokgleggsynuminnifyrirkonungiOllumaheyrandi,me6
hverjumheettiKanelangres,hansherraokhpf6ingi,haf6iレaδan
alaununguBlensinbil,konungssystur_.
L
(AfterthatR6aldrrepresentswitheloquentmannerandwith well-orderedwordsandclearmemorybeforetheKingwhile everyoneislisteninginwhatsituationKanelangres,hislordand ruler,hassecretlytakenBlensinbil,Killg'ssister,fromthere....)
(26.15-8)
``well 3.21nGottfriedTristan'sspeechisalsosaidtobe -trimmed" .
KingMarkaskshishuntsman:
DerkUnecdernamdeskindeswar: denjagerdenbesandeerdar: 52 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
《sagean》,spracher《weristdizkint,
desworts6wolbesnitensint?》
(TheKingtookstockoftheboyandsummoninghishuntsman said:`Tellme,whoisthischildwhosespeechissowell- trimmed?')(3271-74)
Theseexamplesdemonstratethatthearticulatenessoflanguagewascon－ざ sideredoneofthesignsofnoblebirth,asisoftenemphasisedevenmuch
laterinLordChesterfield'sletterstohisson:
Youwilltakecaretoopenyourteethwhenyouspeak,toarticu-
lateeveryworddistinctly,andtobegofMr。Harte,Mr.Eliot,or
whomeveryouspeakto,toremindandstopy卯ifeveryoufall
intotherapidandunintelligiblemutter.(June21,0.S.1748)
Nomancanmakeafortuneorafigureinthiscountry,without
speaking,andspeakingwe11,inpublic.Ifyouwillpersuade,you
mustfirstplease;andifyouwillplease,youmusttuneyourvoice
toharmony,youmustaniculateeverysyllabledistinctly,yourem－
phasesandcadencesmustbestronglyandengaging;ifyoudonot
speakinthatmanner,youhadmuchbetternotspeakataU_.
Readaloud,thoughalone,andreadarticUlatelyanddistinctly,as
ifyouwerereadinginpublic,andonthemostimportantocca- sion.(July9,0.S.1750)
ThuswecanseetheEuropeantraditionOftheimportanceofbeingarticu一 TristanthePolyglot53
1ate,especianytowinothers'favour.Tristanmadegoodfirstimpressions
towardKingMarkthankstohis"well-trimmed"speech.(Wecansuppose
bythewaythatthiswell-trimmedness"mighthavebeenproducedbythe
studyoflanguagesinhisyouth,whichrequiresonetoprono皿cemany皿 －
familiarso皿dsthatdonotexistinone'smothertongue,enablingoneto have且exiblespeechorgans.)RualliFoitenant,Tristan'sfosterfatherwas welcomedbyKingMarkforhis"well-trimmed"speechinspiteofhishide-
ousclotheshewaswearing;hisappearancewashelplessanditwassome- thingrelqtedtoearsthathelpedhim-hisgoodvoiceandhisarticulate speech.
Conclusion
(1)Unlikeinotherversionstherearealotofcommentsonthecharacters'
abilityofspeakinglanguagesinGottfried,whichmustre且ectthepoet's
owncharacteristics.
(2)InGottfried,Tristan'spolyglotismgreatlycontributestoevelytumof
eventsintheearlierpartofthepoem,whereasitisnotsoinSirTristrem.
Skzgadoesmention,sometimesevenmoreexplicitlythanGottfried,the
languagesTristanuses,butitdoesnot,inthesamewayasinGottfried,
developintothestory.
(3)SirT)'istremshowsparticularinterestinchessalldsomet㎞esitis
equivalellttothelanguagesinGottfriedastoitsfunctioninthetale.
Notes
(1)Cf.Lausberg(1960;19903:326),inwhichiscitedAquilawhosays, 54 明 治 大 学 教 養 論 集 通 巻305号(1998・1)
``πoλ6π τω τov ,expluribuscasibus:hancfiguramexeonominaverunt,quod,cllm
saepiusinitiumabeademparteorationisfiat,illaipsaparsdeclinationibuscasuum
autgeneribusautnumerisimmutatur;_generibusautemhocmodo:>pulchra
autemhaecfamacontingetcivitati,sioptimemeritumcivemdamnave亘mus;
pulchrumeritexterasnationesexistimareinfestioresnosessebonisquam malis._7)
(2)K61bing(1882)andCr6pin(1995)donotagreeastowhat"pemaister"means:
Nichtmehrsagtedaderhofmeister,dasfortgehendUrftenichtaUfgeschoben werden....
Apeine1'ordredonn6,1ebateaupritlamer....
Ifollowedthelatterbutretainedthesubjectas``themastercaptain".InMEI)we
findthispartasthefirstcitationunderbodn.(1)1"Theactofstayinginaplace;a
delay".Undergate3(a)going,depa血1re,travelling"alsothisisthefirstcitation. (3)"Nine"isthema】dmumandthenumbermightbereduced.Wemer(1985:180)ひひ observes,"DieweitereUberlegung,obdennTristan,nachGottfried,tatsachlich
mitNorwegemundDanenunterschiedlichgesprochenhat,mu且natiirlich
theoretischbleiben;indenLtindernselbstgabesfiirdendamalswenig
differenziertenSprachraumbisgegen1200nurdieEinheitsbezeichnungdδnsk
tuヵgaunddannnorr(2n....GottfriednimmtalsoeherLandemamen,denener
jeweilseineeigeneSprachezuordnet."
(4)K61bing(1882)translates,"Denk6nigriethensiefreizumachen",whileCr6pin
(1995)says,``llsd6ciderentde1'610ignerduroi._"``Ride"isinMEDreden10(a) ``Todecide(sth .)incounci1;resolveincouncil(todosth.)".
(5)ThisisaInusicalinstrument.Seeル 伍D(croudn.(2)1),``Astringedinstrument
oftheCelticpeoples,thecrowd".,
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なかむら こういち (中村 ・幸 一 政 治経 済 学部 専 任 講 師)