DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Middle English romance, attitudes to kingship and political crisis, c.l272-c.l350 Lucas, Karen How to cite: Lucas, Karen (1997) Middle English romance, attitudes to kingship and political crisis, c.l272-c.l350, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4637/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Middle English romance, attitudes to kingship and political crisis, C.1272-C.1350 by Karen Lucas M. A. (Durham) The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author and information derived from it should be acknowledged. This thesis is presented in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Durham 1997 1 I AUG watt Abstract. Middle English romance, attitudes to kingship and political crisis, C.1272-C.1350 Karen Lucas Ph.D. thesis 1997 This study used mostly printed sources to investigate wider attitudes to kingship than those of the political philosophers and to consider their implications for the understanding of the political crises of 1297, 1326 and 1340-41. Middle English romances are suitable for determining more 'popular' attitudes to kingship because of their subject matter, the length of texts, their dissemination and their receptivity to contemporary opinion. These 'popular' attitudes were those belonging to the audience of the romances, being the large and increasingly politically influential group comprising knights and gentry. The romances contain substantial images and concepts of kingship, revealing strong expectations of the king in the areas of justice, good government and defence. They reveal an understanding of questions such as the nature of royal power and the king's position with regard to will and law. The perception of kingship which animated the relationship between king and people was shown to be that of familiar social bonds. The images of kingship found in the romances are supported by those in a second type of popular literature, the legendary histories of Britain. The romance images provide legitimate evidence for the attitudes to kingship of knights and gentry. They are both representative of the opinions of this social group and capable of influencing the opinions of the people who had contact with the romances. Edward I was familiar with the attitudes of his people towards kingship and he appealed to these extensively to gain support for his requests for military service, money and supplies in 1297. The deposition of Edward II in 1326 showed royal opposition to be equally at ease in appealing to 'popular' attitudes to generate public support for the rebellion. The attitudes also created a receptive background for the removal of the king. In 1340-41 Edward III and his opponent Archbishop Stratford appealed to royal subjects' attitudes on kingship in order to try to achieve their practical and political aims. 'Popular' attitudes towards kingship became strengthened by association with particular kings and events. Copyright © 1997 by Karen Lucas. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author No quotation from it should be published without her prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. No part of this thesis has been previously submitted for a degree in this or any other university. The work described is my own except where duly acknowledged. To my parents, my sister Joanne and to Niall. And it is wisdom for to wytten, be state of be land, & haf it wryten, what manere of folk first it wan, & of what kynde it first began; And gude it is for many thynges for to here be dedis of kynges, whilk were foles, & whilk were wyse, & whilk of bam couthe most quantyse, and whilk did wrong, & whilk ryght, & whilk maynten[e]d pes & fyght. Of bare dedes sail be my sawe; & what tyme, & of what lawe - Robert Mannyng, The Story of England. iii Contents Acknowledgements page iv List of Tables V Abbreviations vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 - The Use of Middle English Romance 4 Chapter 2 - Middle English Romance and Kingship 41 Chapter 3 - The Legendary Histories 96 Chapter 4 - Political Crisis 1297 131 Chapter 5 - Political Crisis 1326 152 Chapter 6 - Political Crisis 1340-41 164 Conclusion 188 Appendix A - Arms and Armour Details in the Romances 192 Bibliography 197 iv Acknowledgements. I am very grateful to Professor Michael Prestwich for all his help throughout my study and for his comments on the earlier drafts of this thesis. I would also like to thank Alan and Jenny Suggate for all their good advice and my mum, dad and sister Joanne for being so encouraging. I would especially like to thank Niall for always being so positive and for doing such a wonderful job in proof• reading a thesis almost as big as his own. V List of Tables Table 1 - A comparison between key elements of Arthour and Merlin and the chronicles page 116 Table 2 - A comparison between key elements of the Morte Arthure and the chronicles. page 120 vi Abbreviations AA Amis andAmiloun, ed. M. Leach, EETS, OS 233 (1937). Alex. A Pe Gestes of pe Worpi King andEmperour, Alisaunder of Macedoine, The Romance of William of Palerne, ed. W. W. Skeat, EETS, ES 1,3,4(1867). Alex. B Alexander andDindimus, ed. W. W. Skeat, EETS, ES 31 (1878) AM Of Arthour and of Merlin, ed. O. D. Macrae-Gibson, EETS, OS 268, 279(1973, 1979). ANTS Anglo-Norman Text Society. BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. BL British Library. CCR Calendar of Close Rolls. Cal. Pap. Reg. Calendar of Papal Registers. CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls. DNB Dictionary of National Biography. Documents 1297-98 Documents Illustrating the Crisis of 1297-98 in England, ed. M. Prestwich, Camden Society, Fourth Series 24 (1980), EETS, OS Early English Text Society, Original Series. EETS, ES Early English Text Society, Extra Series. EHR English Historical Review. FB Floris and Blancheflour, Middle English Metrical Romances, eds. W. H. French and C. B. Hale (New York, 1930). Foedera Foedera, conventiones, litterae et cuiuscunque generis acta publica, ed T. Rymer, Record Commission (1816). HC Horn Childe and Maiden Rimnild, ed. M. Mills, MET, 20 (Heidelberg, 1988). KA Kyng Alisaunder, ed. G. V. Smithers, EETS, OS 227, 237 (1952, 1957). KH King Horn: A Middle English Romance, ed. J. Hall (Oxford, 1901). KT The King of Tars, ed. J. Perryman, MET, 12 (Heidelberg, 1980). vn LLF Lay le Freine, Middle English Verse Romances, ed. D. B. Sands (Reprinted Exeter, 1993). LPB Le Petit Bruit, by Rauf de Boun, ed. D. B. Tyson, ANTS, Plain Text Series 4 (1987). Manual A Manual of the Writings in Middle English 1050-1500, eds. J. B Severs and A. E. Hartung (New Haven, Connecticut, 1968, 1975-). MED Middle English Dictionary. MET Middle English Texts. OR Otuel and Roland, Firumbras and Otuel and Roland, ed. M. I. O'Sullivan, EETS, OS 198 (1935). Pari. Writs Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons, ed. F. Palgrave(1830). PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. PRO Public Record Office. Rot. Pari, Rotuli Parliamentorum, Record Commission (1783). RV Roland and Vernagu, The English Charlemagne Romances Part IV, ed. S. J. H. Heritage, EETS, ES 37 (1881). SMC An Anonymous Short English Metrical Chronicle, ed. E. Zettl, EETS, OS 196(1935). TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. YG Ywain and Gawain, eds. A. B. Friedman and N. T. Harrington, EETS, OS 254(1964). 1 Introduction. The 'long thirteenth century' has usually been seen in terms of a changing relationship between king, crown and people. Discussion has often focused on the issues thrown up by the many political crises during this time and on the origins and meanings of any constitutional developments arising from them. To help in the understanding of these developments, such discussion has focused on contemporary thoughts on kingship, in areas such as the basis of the relationship between king and people, the king's position in regard to his crown, the functional role of the king and the question of his fallibility, as well as concepts of tyranny and uselessness and the nature of royal power. Fortunately many contemporary writings touching kingship have survived to aid this task. Gratian's Concordia discordanthim canonum, Justinian's Corpus juris civilis, Code and Digest and the commentaries of Laurentius Hispanus, Huguccio of Pisa, Accursius, Baldus of Perugia and Bartolus of Sasso Ferrato provide but a few of the viewpoints to kingship from Roman and canon law. The De legibus et consuetudinibus angliae by 'Bracton', Fleta and the Mirror of Justices supply additional legal and pseudo-legal points of view on kings. The Policraticus of John of Salisbury, the letters of Robert Grosseteste, Thomas Aquinas's Summa theologiae and De regimine principum, Le Secre de Secrez by Pierre d'Aubernun of Fetcham and Walter of Milemete's De nobilitatibus, sapientiis, et prudentiis de regum are some of the philosophical treatises that still survive.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Just As the Priests Have Their Wives”: Priests and Concubines in England, 1375-1549
    “JUST AS THE PRIESTS HAVE THEIR WIVES”: PRIESTS AND CONCUBINES IN ENGLAND, 1375-1549 Janelle Werner A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by: Advisor: Professor Judith M. Bennett Reader: Professor Stanley Chojnacki Reader: Professor Barbara J. Harris Reader: Cynthia B. Herrup Reader: Brett Whalen © 2009 Janelle Werner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT JANELLE WERNER: “Just As the Priests Have Their Wives”: Priests and Concubines in England, 1375-1549 (Under the direction of Judith M. Bennett) This project – the first in-depth analysis of clerical concubinage in medieval England – examines cultural perceptions of clerical sexual misbehavior as well as the lived experiences of priests, concubines, and their children. Although much has been written on the imposition of priestly celibacy during the Gregorian Reform and on its rejection during the Reformation, the history of clerical concubinage between these two watersheds has remained largely unstudied. My analysis is based primarily on archival records from Hereford, a diocese in the West Midlands that incorporated both English- and Welsh-speaking parishes and combines the quantitative analysis of documentary evidence with a close reading of pastoral and popular literature. Drawing on an episcopal visitation from 1397, the act books of the consistory court, and bishops’ registers, I argue that clerical concubinage occurred as frequently in England as elsewhere in late medieval Europe and that priests and their concubines were, to some extent, socially and culturally accepted in late medieval England.
    [Show full text]
  • THE KINGS and QUEENS of BRITAIN, PART I (From Geoffrey of Monmouth’S Historia Regum Britanniae, Tr
    THE KINGS AND QUEENS OF BRITAIN, PART I (from Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae, tr. Lewis Thorpe) See also Bill Cooper’s extended version (incorporating details given by Nennius’s history and old Welsh texts, and adding hypothesised dates for each monarch, as explained here). See also the various parallel versions of the Arthurian section. Aeneas │ Ascanius │ Silvius = Lavinia’s niece │ Corineus (in Cornwall) Brutus = Ignoge, dtr of Pandrasus │ ┌─────────────┴─┬───────────────┐ Gwendolen = Locrinus Kamber (in Wales) Albanactus (in Scotland) │ └Habren, by Estrildis Maddan ┌──┴──┐ Mempricius Malin │ Ebraucus │ 30 dtrs and 20 sons incl. Brutus Greenshield └Leil └Rud Hud Hudibras └Bladud │ Leir ┌────────────────┴┬──────────────┐ Goneril Regan Cordelia = Maglaurus of Albany = Henwinus of Cornwall = Aganippus of the Franks │ │ Marganus Cunedagius │ Rivallo ┌──┴──┐ Gurgustius (anon) │ │ Sisillius Jago │ Kimarcus │ Gorboduc = Judon ┌──┴──┐ Ferrex Porrex Cloten of Cornwall┐ Dunvallo Molmutius = Tonuuenna ┌──┴──┐ Belinus Brennius = dtr of Elsingius of Norway Gurguit Barbtruc┘ = dtr of Segnius of the Allobroges └Guithelin = Marcia Sisillius┘ ┌┴────┐ Kinarius Danius = Tanguesteaia Morvidus┘ ┌──────┬────┴─┬──────┬──────┐ Gorbonianus Archgallo Elidurus Ingenius Peredurus │ ┌──┴──┐ │ │ │ (anon) Marganus Enniaunus │ Idvallo Runo Gerennus Catellus┘ Millus┘ Porrex┘ Cherin┘ ┌─────┴─┬───────┐ Fulgenius Edadus Andragius Eliud┘ Cledaucus┘ Clotenus┘ Gurgintius┘ Merianus┘ Bledudo┘ Cap┘ Oenus┘ Sisillius┘ ┌──┴──┐ Bledgabred Archmail └Redon └Redechius
    [Show full text]
  • Lambeth Palace Library Research Guide Biographical Sources for Archbishops of Canterbury from 1052 to the Present Day
    Lambeth Palace Library Research Guide Biographical Sources for Archbishops of Canterbury from 1052 to the Present Day 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 2 Abbreviations Used ....................................................................................................... 4 3 Archbishops of Canterbury 1052- .................................................................................. 5 Stigand (1052-70) .............................................................................................................. 5 Lanfranc (1070-89) ............................................................................................................ 5 Anselm (1093-1109) .......................................................................................................... 5 Ralph d’Escures (1114-22) ................................................................................................ 5 William de Corbeil (1123-36) ............................................................................................. 5 Theobold of Bec (1139-61) ................................................................................................ 5 Thomas Becket (1162-70) ................................................................................................. 6 Richard of Dover (1174-84) ............................................................................................... 6 Baldwin (1184-90) ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Reception of the Anglo-Norman Tristan and Ysolt in Medieval England
    Master’s Degree in Language Sciences Final Thesis The Reception of the Anglo-Norman Tristan and Ysolt in Medieval England Supervisor Ch. Prof. Massimiliano Bampi Assistant supervisor Ch. Prof. Marina Buzzoni Graduand Elisa Tubiana Matriculation number 854220 Academic year 2019/20 Table of contents Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………. i List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………...... iii Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1 -The Romance of Tristan and Ysolt. From its Origins to its Reception………………………………………………………………………… 3 1.1 On the Origins of Tristan……………………………………………… 4 1.2 The European reception of Tristan and Iseult………………………… 19 1.3 The Romance and the acquisition of the genre in the insular context… 27 Chapter 2- Tristan and Ysolt by Thomas of Brittany…………………………… 33 2.1 The Manuscript Tradition of Thomas of Brittany’s romance………… 35 2.1.1The Plot…………………………………………………………… 37 2.1.2The Manuscript Descriptions………………………………………. 40 2.2 Author………………………………………………………………… 46 2.3 Date of composition…………………………………………………….. 49 2.4 Language……………………………………………………………… 56 Chapter 3- Sir Tristrem In the context of the Auchinleck Manuscript………… 57 3.1 The Auchinleck Manuscript…………………………………………. 58 3.1.1 Date…………………………………………………………… 61 3.1.2 Provenance…………………………………………………… 62 3.1.3 The Scribes…………………………………………………… 64 3.1.4 Signatures and the first attested owner: Lord Auchinleck……… 66 3.1.5 The content of the Auchinleck manuscript……………………… 68 3.1.6 Sir Tristrem in manuscript context……………………………… 73 3.1.7 The gatherings 42nd, 43rd and 44th…………………………......
    [Show full text]
  • Purgatoire Saint Patrice, Short Metrical Chronicle, Fouke Le Fitz Waryn, and King Horn
    ROMANCES COPIED BY THE LUDLOW SCRIBE: PURGATOIRE SAINT PATRICE, SHORT METRICAL CHRONICLE, FOUKE LE FITZ WARYN, AND KING HORN A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Catherine A. Rock May 2008 Dissertation written by Catherine A. Rock B. A., University of Akron, 1981 B. A., University of Akron, 1982 B. M., University of Akron, 1982 M. I. B. S., University of South Carolina, 1988 M. A. Kent State University, 1991 M. A. Kent State University, 1998 Ph. D., Kent State University, 2008 Approved by ___________________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Susanna Fein ___________________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Don-John Dugas ___________________________________ Kristen Figg ___________________________________ David Raybin ___________________________________ Isolde Thyret Accepted by ___________________________________, Chair, Department of English Ronald J. Corthell ___________________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Jerry Feezel ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………viii Chapter I. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Significance of the Topic…………………………………………………..2 Survey of the State of the Field……………………………………………5 Manuscript Studies: 13th-14th C. England………………………...5 Scribal Studies: 13th-14th C. England……………………………13 The Ludlow Scribe of Harley 2253……………………………...19 British Library
    [Show full text]
  • The Celtic Encyclopedia, Volume IV
    7+( &(/7,& (1&<&/23(',$ 92/80( ,9 . T H E C E L T I C E N C Y C L O P E D I A © HARRY MOUNTAIN VOLUME IV UPUBLISH.COM 1998 Parkland, Florida, USA The Celtic Encyclopedia © 1997 Harry Mountain Individuals are encouraged to use the information in this book for discussion and scholarly research. The contents may be stored electronically or in hardcopy. However, the contents of this book may not be republished or redistributed in any form or format without the prior written permission of Harry Mountain. This is version 1.0 (1998) It is advisable to keep proof of purchase for future use. Harry Mountain can be reached via e-mail: [email protected] postal: Harry Mountain Apartado 2021, 3810 Aveiro, PORTUGAL Internet: http://www.CeltSite.com UPUBLISH.COM 1998 UPUBLISH.COM is a division of Dissertation.com ISBN: 1-58112-889-4 (set) ISBN: 1-58112-890-8 (vol. I) ISBN: 1-58112-891-6 (vol. II) ISBN: 1-58112-892-4 (vol. III) ISBN: 1-58112-893-2 (vol. IV) ISBN: 1-58112-894-0 (vol. V) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mountain, Harry, 1947– The Celtic encyclopedia / Harry Mountain. – Version 1.0 p. 1392 cm. Includes bibliographical references ISBN 1-58112-889-4 (set). -– ISBN 1-58112-890-8 (v. 1). -- ISBN 1-58112-891-6 (v. 2). –- ISBN 1-58112-892-4 (v. 3). –- ISBN 1-58112-893-2 (v. 4). –- ISBN 1-58112-894-0 (v. 5). Celts—Encyclopedias. I. Title. D70.M67 1998-06-28 909’.04916—dc21 98-20788 CIP The Celtic Encyclopedia is dedicated to Rosemary who made all things possible .
    [Show full text]
  • History and Antiquities of Stratford-Upon-Avon
    IL LINO I S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2009. UNIVERSrryOF ILLINOIS-URBANA ' 3 0112 079790793 C) c)J U0 CI 0F 622-5 CV157 111STORY & ANTIQUITIES STR4TF RkDi U]PO~A I1 ONA"r III c iI1Pir . i r M t a r HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF 5TJRATFORDJPONAVON: fO MPRISI N C A DESCRIPTION OF THlE COLLEGIATE CHURCH,7 THE LIFE OF SJL4KSPEAJRJ, AN Copies of several Documents relating to him anti his Pamniy never before printed; WITH A 13IOGt4PII1C4L SKETCH OF OTHER -V MJNENT CILIRACT2PS , Natives of, or who have resided in STRITFORD, To which, is added, a particular Account of THE- JUBILEE, Celebrated at Stratford, in Honour of our immortal Bard, BYT R. B. WIIELER. 0 gratum Musis, 0 nornen. amabile Plwcbo, Qtam sociarn adsciscant, Minicius atque Meles. Ac tibi, cara hospes, si mens divinior, et te Ignea SiKSPEARI muss ciere queat; Siste gradum; crebroquc oculos circum undique liectas, Pierii lae inontes, hec tOb Pindus erit. &ttatfouYon5ivbon: PRTNTED AND~ SOLD BY J. WARD; SOLD ALSO BYVLONGISAN AND CO.PATERNOSTERa ROW, LONDON'S WILKS AND CO. BIRIMINGHAM, AN!) BY MOST OTHER BOOKSELLERS IN TOWN AND COUNTIRY W2,2. Z3 cws;-7 PREFACE., FIE want of a work in some degree sifilar to the. res sent undertaking eatcouraged the publication of the follow4 ilig sheets, the'offspring oft afew leisure hours; and it is hoped that the world will, on an impartial perusal, make aflowanees for the imperfections, by reflecting as well upon the inexperieace of the Jiuvenile author, as that they were originally collected for"his own private information.
    [Show full text]
  • Nailor Life Safety and Air Control Products
    IINSTALLATION, OOPERATION & MMAINTENANCE MM Fire, Smoke, Ceiling AA and Control Dampers An Installation, Operation and NN Maintenance Manual for Nailor Life Safety and Air Control Products. • Curtain Type Fire Dampers UU • Multi-Blade & True Round Fire Dampers • Smoke Dampers • Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers AA • Ceiling Dampers/Fire Rated Diffusers • Accessories • Control and LL Backdraft Dampers IOM Manual Fire, Smoke, Ceiling and Control Dampers Contents Doc. Issue Date Page No. Curtain Type Fire Dampers Model Series: (D)0100, 0200, 0300, (D)0500 Factory Furnished Sleeve Details (Non-Integral Sleeve) FDSTDSL 5/02 1.010-1.011 Integral Sleeve Fire Dampers Details Model Series 01X4-XX Static FDINTSL 2/05 1.020-1.021 Model Series D01X4-XX Dynamic FDINTSLD 1/14 1.022-1.023 Fire Damper Sizing Charts: Model Series (D)0100 & (D)0500 Standard 4 1/4" Frame FDSC 5/02 1.030-1.031 Model Series 0200 & 0500 Thinline 2" Frame FDTSC 5/02 1.040-1.041 Standard Installation Instructions: Standard & Wide Frame, Series (D)0100, 0300, (D)0510-0530 FDINST 1/14 1.050-1.053 Thinline Frame, Models 0210-0240, 0570-0590 FDTINST 8/07 1.060-1.061 Hybrid Type D0100HY Series FDHYINST 9/07 1.062-1.063 Fire Damper Installation Instructions: Model Series (D)0100G, 0200G FDGINST 1/08 1.070-1.071 Out Of Wall Fire Damper Installation Instructions: Model Series (D)0110GOW FDGOWINST 5/15 1.072-1.073 Model Series (D)0110DOW FDDOWINST 6/21 1.074-1.075 Inspection & Maintenance Procedures FDIMP 3/16 1.080-1.081 Accessories: Electro-Thermal Link (ETL) FDETL 5/02 1.090-1.091 Pull-Tab Release For Spring Loaded Dampers (PT) FDPTR 5/02 1.100-1.101 6/19 Contents Page 1 of 4 Nailor Industries Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reputation of Edward II, 1305–1697: a Literary Transformation of History
    1 The Reputation of Edward II, 1305–1697: A Literary Transformation of History Kit Heyam 2 Contents The Reputation of Edward II, 1305–1697: A Literary Transformation of History ...... 1 Contents ....................................................................................................................... 2 Cover blurb .................................................................................................................. 4 Keywords ..................................................................................................................... 5 Author details............................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Keywords ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Life of an ‘unfortunate king’ ................................................................................................................. 9 Writing Edward II’s narrative ............................................................................................................. 11 Reading
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Population Dynamics to 1500
    Medieval Population Dynamics to 1500 Part C: the major population changes and demographic trends from 1250 to ca. 1520 European Population, 1000 - 1300 • (1) From the ‘Birth of Europe’ in the 10th century, Europe’s population more than doubled: from about 40 million to at least 80 million – and perhaps to as much as 100 million, by 1300 • (2) Since Europe was then very much underpopulated, such demographic growth was entirely positive: Law of Eventually Diminishing Returns • (3) Era of the ‘Commercial Revolution’, in which all sectors of the economy, led by commerce, expanded -- with significant urbanization and rising real incomes. Demographic Crises, 1300 – 1500 • From some time in the early 14th century, Europe’s population not only ceased to grow, but may have begun its long two-century downswing • Evidence of early 14th century decline • (i) Tuscany (Italy): best documented – 30% -40% population decline before the Black Death • (ii) Normandy (NW France) • (iii) Provence (SE France) • (iv) Essex, in East Anglia (eastern England) The Estimated Populations of Later Medieval and Early Modern Europe Estimates by J. C. Russell (red) and Jan de Vries (blue) Population of Florence (Tuscany) Date Estimated Urban Population 1300 120,000 1349 36,000? 1352 41, 600 1390 60,000 1427 37,144 1459 37,369 1469 40,332 1488 42,000 1526 (plague year) 70,000 Evidence of pre-Plague population decline in 14th century ESSEX Population Trends on Essex Manors The Great Famine: Malthusian Crisis? • (1) The ‘Great Famine’ of 1315-22 • (if we include the sheep
    [Show full text]
  • The Arthurian Legend in British Women's Writing, 1775–1845
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research @ Cardiff Avalon Recovered: The Arthurian Legend in British Women’s Writing, 1775–1845 Katie Louise Garner B.A. (Cardiff); M.A. (Cardiff) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy School of English, Communication and Philosophy Cardiff University September 2012 Declaration This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date………………………… STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date………………………… Acknowledgements First thanks are due to my supervisors, Jane Moore and Becky Munford, for their unceasing assistance, intellectual generosity, and support throughout my doctoral studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Na De Vloed De Vroegste Geschiedenis Van Europa Na De
    Na de vloed De vroegste geschiedenis van Europa na de Vloed door Bill Cooper http://home.hetnet.nl/~genesis/ INHOUD Hoofdstuk 1 De kennis van God bij de vroege heidense volken. Hoofdstuk 2 Waar te beginnen Hoofdstuk 3 Nennius en de tafel van de Europese Naties Hoofdstuk 4 De kronieken van de vroege Britten. Hoofdstuk 5 De geschiedenis van de vroege Britse Koningen Hoofdstuk 6 De afstamming van de Deense en Noorse Koningen. Hoofdstuk 7 De afstamming van de Angel-Saksische Koningen. Hoofdstuk 8 De Afstamming van de Ierse Koningen. Hoofdstuk 9 Oude kronieken en de ouderdom van de Aarde Hoofdstuk 10 Dinosaurussen in Angelsaksische en andere documenten. Hoofdstuk 11 Beowulf en de dieren in Denemarken. HOOFDSTUK 12 CONCLUSIE Hoofdstuk 1 De kennis van God bij de vroege heidense volken. Om de studie van dit onderwerp in het juiste perspectief te brengen moeten wij ten eerste vaststellen dat veel van onze vooroordelen met betrekking tot de archaïsche (oude) mensheid onjuist zijn. Men veronderstelt in het algemeen, bijvoorbeeld, dat de volkeren op aarde de God van Genesis pas leerden kennen nadat zij ervan hoorden door christelijke missionarissen. Slechts na de vertaling van de Bijbel in hun eigen taal, zo dacht men, hoorden zij van de schepping en van de God van de schepping. Verder wordt verondersteld dat de vroege heidense volken geen weet konden hebben van een godheid hoger dan idolen, omdat men dacht dat het onmogelijk is kennis van de ene ware God te krijgen zonder de directe openbaring van Zijn Woord, enz. Men heeft er zelfs niet aan gedacht dat het mogelijk was dat de heidenen zich bewust waren van God en Zijn machtsmiddelen, en dat dit bewustzijn bestond sedert eeuwen zonder enige kennis van de Bijbel.
    [Show full text]