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Resurgence of the Quechan Native American Tribal Language by Ron

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Resurgence of the Quechan Native American Tribal Language by Ron The Influence of Language on Culture and Identity: Resurgence of the Quechan Native American Tribal Language By Ron Sheffield B.A. in Business Management, May 2000, Malone College M.A. in Human Resource Development, May 2008, The George Washington University A Dissertation Submitted to The Faculty of The Graduate School of Education and Human Development of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education May 19, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Michael Marquardt Professor of Human and Organizational Learning and International Affairs The Graduate School of Education and Human Development of The George Washington University certifies that Ron Sheffield has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Education as of February 28, 2013. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. The Influence of Language on Culture and Identity: Resurgence of the Quechan Native American Tribal Language Ron Sheffield Dissertation Research Committee Michael Marquardt, Professor of Human and Organizational Learning and International Affairs, Dissertation Director Amy Miller, Independent Consultant and Linguist, Committee Member Pascal Etzol, Professor of Research Finance and Entrepreneurship, Ecole des Dirigeants et Créateurs d'Entreprise, Committee Member ii Dedication To the beautiful women in my life: Becky, Mom, Hannah, and Emily for a lifetime of support, encouragement and love iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank those that have come before me and those that will follow: mom for absorbing more than 160 years of pain in one lifetime so that my brother and I could feel a few moments of real freedom, my daughter Hannah for bravery, my daughter Emily for peace, my brother Danny for a strong heart, and mostly for the person that makes up the mortar of my soul – my wife Becky for enlightenment through the softest of touch. Dr. Margaret Gorman for making me think when I simply didn’t want to, Dr. Marilyn Wesner for believing in me, Dr. Ellen Scully-Russ for questioning the core of my thoughts with a smile, Dr. Amy Miller for bravery as she inches closer to my people, Dr. David Schwandt for shining a bright light on the particles of life, Dr. Clyde Croswell for knowing and meaning, Dr. Liz Davis for cultural intelligence, Dr. Laraine Warner for a helping hand, Dr. Nancy Berger for support, Dr. Pascal Etzol for perspective, Dr. Maria Cseh for illustrating the art of a question, and Dr. Michael Marquardt for practical leadership. Aunt Diane for strength greater than any person I’ll ever know, my tribe for trusting me to share their hearts – the Quechan way, my favorite cousin Georgie for fighting when no one else would, Deborah Schroeder for authenticity like none other, Edie Williams for blazing a walk-able trail, Ron Piontek for illuminating a bigger world, David Rude for sharing his reality, Michael Huntsman for real friendship, Todd Aadland for clarity in a sea of ambiguity, Rayna Madero for drive, unnamed Macon College professor for discouraging me from attending college, and for every human that actually believes we are all given a fair shot in life from the start – keep reading. iv The Quechan live well through my mom’s final thoughts when I asked her about interviewing our tribe she declared, “Be careful what you ask and be prepared to hear nothing.” v Abstract The Influence of Language on Culture and Identity: Resurgence of the Quechan Native American Tribal Language This study examined the common essence of language restriction and then resurgence among Quechan Native American elders. The data suggests that Quechan elders’ sense of culture and identity was influenced by speaking the native language. Bourdieu’s work on language and power were supported as socially constructed means of communication. Findings from this study provided empirical support for Hatch’s Cultural Dynamics model. Erikson’s work on identity was also supported with additional suggestions made to expand his final stage of psychosocial development for the Quechan Native American. This research primarily focused on the individual level of analysis and provided practical application for the constructs of language, culture, and identity. In addition, this research also provided theoretical contributions for identity while embracing the existing body of knowledge. The research question, “How does speaking the native language affect one's sense of culture and identity?”was addressed through ten interviews with elders of the Quechan Native American Tribe. Three distinct findings emerged from data gathered in this research. The first major finding indicated that language is a means of survival for the Quechan elders who forms much of their current reality on historical knowledge. The second finding suggests that the identity of Quechan elders is under reconstruction through the resurgence of the Quechan language and subsequent legitimization of that linguistic symbol. Lastly, the Quechan elders may be realigning their individual view of culture vi based on a combination of long-standing tribal knowledge and documentation presented by the dominant culture. This study suggests a need to draw stronger theoretical connections between the constructs of identity and culture. On the individual level of analysis, culture and identity form and reform constantly to emerge as new entities. However, as this research has suggested, the individual may greatly influence the group’s fundamental ideas of culture and identity. vii Table of Contents Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................. iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 1 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................... 3 Purpose and Research Question ............................................................................. 4 Statement of Potential Significance ....................................................................... 5 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................... 7 Summary of Methodology ................................................................................... 10 Limitations ........................................................................................................... 12 Definition of Key Terms ...................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: Literature Review .......................................................................................... 15 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 15 Description and Critique of Scholarly Literature ................................................ 15 Language ................................................................................................. 15 Culture ................................................................................................ .... 29 Identity ..................................................................................................... 40 Inferences for Study ............................................................................................. 54 Chapter 3: Methodology .................................................................................................. 57 Overview ............................................................................................................. 57 viii Theoretical Perspective ........................................................................................ 57 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 58 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 59 Research Design ....................................................................................... 60 Data Collection and Population ............................................................... 61 Interviews ................................................................................................. 62 Verification Procedures ....................................................................................... 63 Subjectivity Statement ............................................................................. 64 Data Analysis and Interpretation ......................................................................... 65 Human Participants and Ethics Precautions ........................................................ 67 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................ 69 Context of Study .................................................................................................
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