DOCSLIB.ORG

Copyright © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Copyright © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC Copyright © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC H ◀ G HAI Rui Hǎi Ruì ​海 瑞 1514–1587 Ming dynasty official Hai Rui 海瑞 (1514–1587) was a scholar and bu- and shaming prominent figures who sought special treat- reaucrat who served in the late Ming Dynasty ment in his jurisdiction. (1368– 1644). He was known for his stern ethi- Hai was soon promoted to a minor post in the Min- cal positions and his unswerving rectitude, re- istry of Revenue at the capital. In 1565, Hai got into trou- ble for writing a scathing admonition to the emperor, maining an icon of political incorruptibility attacking his personal morals, accusing him of misrule, for the rest of Chinese history. and urging him to reform his ways. For Hai’s lese- majeste​­ (crime committed against a sovereign power) he was imprisoned and only narrowly escaped execution. After ai Rui was a civil official of the late Ming dynasty his release Hai Rui continued to be appointed to promi- (1368– 1644), famous for his uncompromising nent positions in the bureaucracy, although he was given moral stance and his Spartan lifestyle. In an mostly sinecure positions that limited the reach of his era when civil servants commonly enriched themselves stern moralism. through their official positions, Hai was hailed as a para- In 1569, after begging the emperor to give him a gon of the idealistic Confucian values of incorruptible more substantial position, Hai was assigned to the post service to the people and the state. According to his offi- of governor of the Southern Metropolitan District, the cial biography, he was so frugal that his purchase of some prosperous region around Suzhou and Nanjing. Again pork for his mother’s birthday was treated as sensational he quickly lived up to his reputation, imposing a stern news. A minor figure in Ming history, Hai Rui remained regimen of austerity and moral rectitude on his new a model of public-​­minded virtue for the rest of Chinese jurisdiction. Official business was conducted with great history. frugality, and the manufacture of luxury goods was for- Hai Rui never passed the highest level of the civil ser- bidden. In his zealous efforts to fight the exploitation vice examinations, and it was rare for a scholar to rise in of commoners, Hai launched campaigns against ex- the bureaucracy without doing so. His promotions were ploitive practices by wealthy landlords, many of whom based largely on his moral reputation. After serving as a had ties to the most prominent political families in the schoolteacher, he was appointed to a magistrate’s position empire. in Shun’an County in Zhejiang Province, an important The memory of Hai Rui resurfaced in the late 1950s crossroads for commercial activity. As such, the region when Wu Han (1909– 1969), a prominent historian and was prone to exploitation of the local populace by local deputy mayor of Beijing, wrote the play The Dismissal of officials and by high-ranking​­ travelers who expected luxu- Hai Rui, which was performed in 1961 in Beijing. Hai Rui rious treatment. Hai earned a reputation for challenging was portrayed as a moral official willing to speak truth to 973 H Copyright © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 974 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 中 國 Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor In his 1959 essay “Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor” the his- The dynasty’s officials know that the people torian Wu Han quoted the 1566 petition that Hai Rui have been dissatisfied with you for some time. By wrote to the Jiajing emperor which harshly criticized the engaging in occultism and searching for immortal- emperor’s governance and proposed drastic reform: ity, you have confused yourself. Your shortcomings are numerous: rudeness, short-​­temperedness, self- ow would you compare yourself with Emperor righteousness, and deafness to honest criticism. But HWen Di of the Han dynasty? You did a fairly good worst of all is your search for immortality ... You job in your early years, but what has happened to you should realize the impossibility of achieving immor- now? For nearly twenty years you have not appeared in tality and repent past mistakes. You should attend the imperial court, and you have appointed many fools the imperial court regularly and discuss national af- to the government. By refusing to see your own sons, fairs with your court officials. This is the only way to you are mean to you own blood; by suspecting court redeem yourself. By doing so you may still be able officials, you are mean to your subordinates; and by liv- to make yourself useful to the country during your ing in the Western Park refusing to come home, you are remaining years. mean to your wife. Now the country is filled with cor- The most urgent problems today are the absurdity rupt officials and weak generals; peasants begin to re- of imperial policies and the lack of clarity of official volt everywhere. Although such things happened when responsibilities. If you do not tackle these problems you were enthroned, they were not as serious as they are now, nothing will be accomplished. today. Now Yan Gao has resigned [as Grand Minister], Source: ​de Bary, W. T., & Lufrano, R. (2000). Sources of Chi- but there is still no sign of social reform. In my judg- nese tradition, vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press, ment you are much inferior to Emperor Wen Di ... 472– 473. a power hierarchy that was out of touch with the common Further Reading people, a clear and harsh allegorical indictment of the up- Huang, Ray. (1981). 1587, a year of no significance: The per echelons of the Communist Party. Official criticism Ming dynasty in decline. New Haven, CT: Yale Uni- of Wu and his play began in 1965, and his scholarly circle versity Press. was purged and imprisoned the next year in the opening Fang Chaoying. (1976). Hai Jui. In L. Carrington Goo- salvo of the Cultural Revolution (1966– 1976). drich & Fang Chaoying (Eds.). Dictionary of Ming biography, vol. 1 (pp. 474– 479). New York: Columbia Peter B. DITMANSON University Press. Haier ▶ Copyright © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC ◀ Han Han Dynasty Hàn cháo ​汉 朝 206 bce– 220 ce One of the most dynamic periods of Chinese and landowning dynasty class widened, and the wealthy history, the Han dynasty was a time of politi- became more independent and relied less on the central cal consolidation, military and economic ex- government. Overexpansion coupled with domestic in- pansion, invention, and empire building. The trigues and foreign pressures led to a political fragmenta- tion and the rise of the Three Kingdoms after 220 ce. dynasty began with the fall of the short-​­lived The dynastic history is divided into two periods: the Qin dynasty (221–206 bce) after a widespread Former Han dynasty (Qianhan 前汉) or Western Han insurgency by peasants, soldiers, and nobles dynasty (Xi Han 西汉), conventionally 206 b c e – 24 ce, led by military commander Xiang Yu. seated at Chang’an; and the Later (or Latter) Han dynasty (Hou Han 后汉) or Eastern Han dynasty (Dong Han he Han dynasty 汉朝 ruled by the prominent Liu 劉 clan was established in 206 bce and created an empire based on militarism and economic power Great Wall that endured to 220 ce. The Han was preceded by the Qin Silk Road 0 600 mi dynasty (221– 206 bce) and was succeeded by the Three 0 600 km Kingdoms period (220– 265 ce). The Han dynasty arose following a brief civil war in which the Han defeated a Mongolia Manchuria Qin army in the Wei Valley and established a capital at INNER ASIA Chang’an (western Shaanxi Province). It retained much of the Qin administrative structure but also established R. vassal principalities or kingdoms in some regions. Con- g Korea an fucian ideals of governance, in disfavor during the Qin Hw Yellow Tibet Sea regime, were ultimately reinstated, and Confucian schol- Han R ars attained prominent status in the civil service. Dur- Wei R. East e R. tz China g ing the more than four hundred years of Han hegemony, Yan Sea China prospered in agriculture, science and technology, India Si R. commerce, military expansion, and empire building. Following a brief disruption in the dynastic succession, N the capital was relocated east to Luoyang (Henan Prov- South HAN DYNASTY ince). By the first centuryce , the Han population grew to China Sea 202 BCE–220 CE about 55 million. The gap between a peasant proletariat 985 T Copyright © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 986 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 中 國 东汉), 25– 220 ce, was seated at Luoyang. Scholars em- retained great political power; Hui Di reigned from 194– ploy the Western and Eastern Han designations to avoid 188 bce and was replaced by infant rulers under her con- confusion with the Later Han dynasty of the period of trol (Shao Di Gong, 188– 184 bce, and Shao Di Hong, the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms (907– 960 ce). 184– 180 bce). When she died in 180 bce, administrators The Former or Western Han period had fifteen rulers who restored the Liu clan and named Wen Di as monarch. He succeeded in an orderly manner. The era between the pe- brought an era of economic prosperity in government riods, the Xin dynasty of Wang Mang (9– 23 ce), was tu- and social reform, but was opposed by princes of the multuous until succession resumed under the Eastern or imperial family. Barbarians from the north (Xiongnu) Later Han, a period marked by fourteen sovereigns as the conducted cavalry raids into Han territory but were re- dynasty moved toward collapse.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ps TOILETRY CASE SETS ACROSS LIFE and DEATH in EARLY CHINA (5 C. BCE-3 C. CE) by Sheri A. Lullo BA, University of Chicago
    TOILETRY CASE SETS ACROSS LIFE AND DEATH IN EARLY CHINA (5th c. BCE-3rd c. CE) by Sheri A. Lullo BA, University of Chicago, 1999 MA, University of Pittsburgh, 2003 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts & Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2009 Ps UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Sheri A. Lullo It was defended on October 9, 2009 and approved by Anthony Barbieri-Low, Associate Professor, History Dept., UC Santa Barbara Karen M. Gerhart, Professor, History of Art and Architecture Bryan K. Hanks, Associate Professor, Anthropology Anne Weis, Associate Professor, History of Art and Architecture Dissertation Advisor: Katheryn M. Linduff, Professor, History of Art and Architecture ii Copyright © by Sheri A. Lullo 2009 iii TOILETRY CASE SETS ACROSS LIFE AND DEATH IN EARLY CHINA (5th c. BCE-3rd c. CE) Sheri A. Lullo, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2009 This dissertation is an exploration of the cultural biography of toiletry case sets in early China. It traces the multiple significances that toiletry items accrued as they moved from contexts of everyday life to those of ritualized death, and focuses on the Late Warring States Period (5th c. BCE) through the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), when they first appeared in burials. Toiletry case sets are painted or inlaid lacquered boxes that were filled with a variety of tools for beautification, including combs, mirrors, cosmetic substances, tweezers, hairpins and a selection of personal items. Often overlooked as ordinary, non-ritual items placed in burials to comfort the deceased, these sets have received little scholarly attention beyond what they reveal about innovations in lacquer technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Main | Other Chinese Web Sites Chinese Cultural Studies: Concise
    Main | Other Chinese Web Sites Chinese Cultural Studies: Concise Political History of China Compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online (August 1995) 1. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTINUITY A significant aspect of China is its long cultural and national history. The Chinese people have shared a common culture longer than any other group on Earth. The Chinese writing system, for example, dates back almost 4,000 years. The imperial dynastic system of government, which continued for centuries, was established as early as 221 BC. Although specific dynasties were overturned, the dynastic system survived. China was even ruled at times by foreign invaders, such as the Mongols during the Yuan Dynasty, from AD 1279 to 1368, and the Manchus during the Ch'ing Dynasty, from AD 1644 to 1911, but the foreigners were largely absorbed into the culture they governed. It is as if the Roman Empire had lasted from the time of the Caesars to the 20th century, and during that time had evolved a cultural system and written language shared by all the peoples of Europe. The dynastic system was overturned in 1911, and a weak republican form of government existed until 1949. In that year, after a long civil war, the People's Republic of China, with a Communist government, was proclaimed. This government and the ruling Communist party have controlled China ever since. Although the dynastic system has disappeared, the People's Republic occupies essentially the same territory and governs the same people. If anything, the culture and power of China seem stronger in the late 20th century than at almost any other period in history.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Authority in the Han Dynasty: Focus on the Sanlao
    Local Authority in the Han Dynasty: Focus on the Sanlao Jiandong CHEN 㱩ڎ暒 School of International Studies Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Technology Sydney Australia A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Technology Sydney Sydney, Australia 2018 Certificate of Original Authorship I certify that the work in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research work and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. This thesis is the result of a research candidature conducted with another University as part of a collaborative Doctoral degree. Production Note: Signature of Student: Signature removed prior to publication. Date: 30/10/2018 ii Acknowledgements The completion of the thesis would not have been possible without the help and support of many people. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Jingqing Yang for his continuous support during my PhD study. Many thanks for providing me with the opportunity to study at the University of Technology Sydney. His patience, motivation and immense knowledge guided me throughout the time of my research. I cannot imagine having a better supervisor and mentor for my PhD study. Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Associate Professor Chongyi Feng and Associate Professor Shirley Chan, for their insightful comments and encouragement; and also for their challenging questions which incited me to widen my research and view things from various perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • I. the Excellencies and Above Chancellor of State 相國 and Assisting Chancellor 丞相
    THE HUNDRED OFFICES OF WEI AND JIN A Brief Summary of the Bureaucracy of Wei and Jin Times Yang Zhengyuan This grew largely from a collection of personal notes used in trying to achieve some degree of consistency in the translation of office titles in various other translation projects. Hundred Offices (baiguan) 百官 is a term for bureaucracy. Though a thorough study of the government of the Han dynasty already exists in the form of The bureaucracy of Han times by Hans Bielenstein, the book is limited in scope to the early and middle Han dynasty. Bielenstein himself calculates the date of the Treatise on Bureaucracy of the Hou Han shu (HHS), a major source for his book, to between September 141 and September 142, meaning that it provides no information on the evolution of the bureaucracy through the collapse of Han or through the Three States period (220 – 280) to Jin. This work is not meant to be a replacement for Bielenstein’s work, but a supplement. Therefore emphasis is placed on differences and changes from the Han bureaucracy, and some familiarity with Bielenstein’s work and the basic structure of the Han bureaucracy is assumed. As San Guo zhi (SGZ) itself does not contain Treatises or Tables, the main sources are the Treatises on Bureaucracy in the Song shu (SS) of Shen Yue and Jin shu (JS) of Fang Xuanling et al. The translation of bureaucracy titles derives mainly from the continually evolving Dubs-Bielenstein-de Crespigny system, with some additional modifications. The main departure from the Dubs-Bielenstein- de Crespigny system is the effort to group together offices by level to aid the casual reader in guessing relative rank.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Articles from the China Journal of System Engineering Prepared
    Recent Articles from the China Journal of System Engineering Prepared by the University of Washington Quantum System Engineering (QSE) Group.1 Bibliography [1] Mu A-Hua, Zhou Shao-Lei, and Yu Xiao-Li. Research on fast self-adaptive genetic algorithm and its simulation. Journal of System Simulation, 16(1):122 – 5, 2004. [2] Guan Ai-Jie, Yu Da-Tai, Wang Yun-Ji, An Yue-Sheng, and Lan Rong-Qin. Simulation of recon-sat reconing process and evaluation of reconing effect. Journal of System Simulation, 16(10):2261 – 3, 2004. [3] Hao Ai-Min, Pang Guo-Feng, and Ji Yu-Chun. Study and implementation for fidelity of air roaming system above the virtual mount qomolangma. Journal of System Simulation, 12(4):356 – 9, 2000. [4] Sui Ai-Na, Wu Wei, and Zhao Qin-Ping. The analysis of the theory and technology on virtual assembly and virtual prototype. Journal of System Simulation, 12(4):386 – 8, 2000. [5] Xu An, Fan Xiu-Min, Hong Xin, Cheng Jian, and Huang Wei-Dong. Research and development on interactive simulation system for astronauts walking in the outer space. Journal of System Simulation, 16(9):1953 – 6, Sept. 2004. [6] Zhang An and Zhang Yao-Zhong. Study on effectiveness top analysis of group air-to-ground aviation weapon system. Journal of System Simulation, 14(9):1225 – 8, Sept. 2002. [7] Zhang An, He Sheng-Qiang, and Lv Ming-Qiang. Modeling simulation of group air-to-ground attack-defense confrontation system. Journal of System Simulation, 16(6):1245 – 8, 2004. [8] Wu An-Bo, Wang Jian-Hua, Geng Ying-San, and Wang Xiao-Feng.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018,
    [Show full text]
  • The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history.
    [Show full text]
  • LECTURE III: Identifying Bias
    LECTURE III: Identifying Bias Kelley Swanberg October 14, 2009 Peking University Paper Format “That” vs. “which” Citations “etc.” American vs. British English • Commas • Footnotes Tense Dating Systems Concerns? Correct: The Kingdom of Wei was the Three Kingdoms- era region that was managed by Cao Cao. Incorrect: The Kingdom of Wei was the Three Kingdoms-era region, which was managed by Cao Cao. Incorrect: The Kingdom of Wei was the Three Kingdoms-era region. Incorrect: One example of such a region was the Kingdom of Wei that was managed by Cao Cao. Correct: One example of such a region was the Kingdom of Wei, which was managed by Cao Cao. Correct: One example of such a region was the Kingdom of Wei. Require footnotes and bibliography Chicago Manual of Style FULL citations required Can say “Ibid., x-y” for serial citations from same source (in footnotes only) Do NOT necessarily follow citation format of sources! Book Footnote: John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 54. Bibliography: Franklin, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. Article in a scholarly journal Footnote: Richard Jackson, "Running Down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea," Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979): 180. Bibliography: Jackson, Richard. "Running Down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea," Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979): 180. Lecture: Footnote: Stacy D’Erasmo, “The Craft and Career of Writing” (lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000). Bibliography: D’Erasmo, Stacy. “The Craft and Career of Writing.” Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
    THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES
    [Show full text]
  • [Re]Viewing the Chinese Landscape: Imaging the Body [In]Visible in Shanshuihua 山水畫
    [Re]viewing the Chinese Landscape: Imaging the Body [In]visible in Shanshuihua 山水畫 Lim Chye Hong 林彩鳳 A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Chinese Studies School of Languages and Linguistics Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The University of New South Wales Australia abstract This thesis, titled '[Re]viewing the Chinese Landscape: Imaging the Body [In]visible in Shanshuihua 山水畫,' examines shanshuihua as a 'theoretical object' through the intervention of the present. In doing so, the study uses the body as an emblem for going beyond the surface appearance of a shanshuihua. This new strategy for interpreting shanshuihua proposes a 'Chinese' way of situating bodily consciousness. Thus, this study is not about shanshuihua in a general sense. Instead, it focuses on the emergence and codification of shanshuihua in the tenth and eleventh centuries with particular emphasis on the cultural construction of landscape via the agency of the body. On one level the thesis is a comprehensive study of the ideas of the body in shanshuihua, and on another it is a review of shanshuihua through situating bodily consciousness. The approach is not an abstract search for meaning but, rather, is empirically anchored within a heuristic and phenomenological framework. This framework utilises primary and secondary sources on art history and theory, sinology, medical and intellectual history, ii Chinese philosophy, phenomenology, human geography, cultural studies, and selected landscape texts. This study argues that shanshuihua needs to be understood and read not just as an image but also as a creative transformative process that is inevitably bound up with the body.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Title of Document: the ANTI-CONFUCIAN CAMPAIGN
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: THE ANTI-CONFUCIAN CAMPAIGN DURING THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION, AUGUST 1966-JANUARY 1967 Zehao Zhou, Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Directed By: Professor James Gao, Department of History This dissertation examines the attacks on the Three Kong Sites (Confucius Temple, Confucius Mansion, Confucius Cemetery) in Confucius’s birthplace Qufu, Shandong Province at the start of the Cultural Revolution. During the height of the campaign against the Four Olds in August 1966, Qufu’s local Red Guards attempted to raid the Three Kong Sites but failed. In November 1966, Beijing Red Guards came to Qufu and succeeded in attacking the Three Kong Sites and leveling Confucius’s tomb. In January 1967, Qufu peasants thoroughly plundered the Confucius Cemetery for buried treasures. This case study takes into consideration all related participants and circumstances and explores the complicated events that interwove dictatorship with anarchy, physical violence with ideological abuse, party conspiracy with mass mobilization, cultural destruction with revolutionary indo ctrination, ideological vandalism with acquisitive vandalism, and state violence with popular violence. This study argues that the violence against the Three Kong Sites was not a typical episode of the campaign against the Four Olds with outside Red Guards as the principal actors but a complex process involving multiple players, intraparty strife, Red Guard factionalism, bureaucratic plight, peasant opportunism, social ecology, and ever- evolving state-society relations. This study also maintains that Qufu locals’ initial protection of the Three Kong Sites and resistance to the Red Guards were driven more by their bureaucratic obligations and self-interest rather than by their pride in their cultural heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Han Dynasty Definition by Cristian Violatti Published on 27 May 2013
    Han Dynasty Definition by Cristian Violatti published on 27 May 2013 The Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) was one of the longest of China’s major dynasties. In terms of power and prestige, the Han Dynasty in the East rivaled its almost contemporary Roman Empire in the West. With only minor interruptions it lasted a span of over four centuries and was considered a golden age in Chinese history especially in arts, politics and technology. All subsequent Chinese dynasties looked back to the Han period as an inspiring model of a united empire and self-perpetuating government. The Origins of the Han Dynasty In 202 BCE, Emperor Gaozu, whose given name was Liu Bang, became the first Han emperor after defeating the last rebellion against him. He had already been king of Han since 206 BCE (the formal beginning of the Han dynasty). During the previous dynasty, the Qin, Liu Bang had been a minor official. The Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) was very short and cruel; by the time it collapsed, Liu Bang had raised an army and claimed the vacant throne. He was not the only one in the quest for power, and one of his most important opponents was a general named Xiang Yu (also known as Xiang Ji). We are told that Xiang Yu captured Liu Bang’s father and sent a final warning to Liu Bang, assuring that his father would be boiled alive unless Liu Bang surrendered. Liu Bang’s answer suggests that he did not get along very well with his father: “Send me a cup of the soup”, he replied.
    [Show full text]