RISK REDUCTIONRRI INDEX BURKINA FASO CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITIONS AND CAPACITIES FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

RRI RISK REDUCTION INDEX BURKINA FASO CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITIONS AND CAPACITIES FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION LIST OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACRONYMS

INTRODUCTION 10 METHODOLOGY 14 COUNTRY CONTEXT 22 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR DRR 32

RTUs SELECTED AND SUPPORTING RATIONALE 38

FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES BY RISK DRIVER 44

LOCAL PERCEPTIONS ON RISK DRIVER 1 46 LOCAL PERCEPTIONS ON RISK DRIVER 2 52 LOCAL PERCEPTIONS ON RISK DRIVER 3 60 LOCAL PERCEPTIONS ON RISK DRIVER 4 64 RECOMMENDATIONS 70 KEY CHALLENGES 76 ANNEXES 82 ANNEX 1: DATA COLLECTION TOOL 84 ANNEX 2: RESPONDENTS PROFILE 92 ANNEX 3: REFERENCES 94 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

DARA would like to especially thank to Reseau Marp Burkina, the national research organisation with whom we worked in Burkina Faso. Their intensive efforts in data collection and in organizing and leading the workshops were crucial to the realisation of the project.

We would especially like to thank Mr. OUEDRAOGO Mathieu, President or Reseau Marp Burkina, along with Dr. TAONDA Sibiri Jean-Baptist, who led the field research process, and Mr. GNANOU Adama, who served as DARA’s focal point throughout the study.

We also wish to thank those who have collaborated in various field activities for this project, especially the respondents to the questionnaire and the workshop participants, including the Governments, Non Governmental Organizations, Civil Society Organisations, and representatives of international aid agencies and donors in Burkina Faso. A special mention is owed to Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), for their participation and feedback to the research throughout the study. OUR PARTNERS EDITORIAL RESEARCH The RRI builds on partnerships with regional TEAM AT DARA and international entities, including local Coordination: Daniel Barnes and national governments. In the Burkina Faso study, the RRI has counted on the support Lead research team: Daniel Barnes, of the Government of Australia, and was Covadonga Canteli, Ana Rodríguez Seco, carried out in a strategic partnership with the Daniela Ruegenberg Humanitarian Futures Programme and the Research support: Colleen McMillon, African Leadership Centre of Kings College London, under the auspices of the FOREWARN Initiative. FOREWARN is implemented in close collaboration with ECOWAS and regional networks. In addition, the project also benefitted from DARA’s long-standing partnership and knowledge sharing with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), where collaboration focused on Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA) monitoring and the Local Government Self-Assessment Tool. LIST OF ACRONYMS

● Simplified drinking water supply (AEPS) ● Least Developed Country (LDC) ● Anti-retroviral (ARV) ● Ministry of Water Resources, Hydraulic ● Supreme Audit Authority of the State (ASCE) and Sanitation Facilities (MEAHA) ● Water and Soil Conservation (CES) ● Ministry of Youth, Professional Training ● Conservation of Water and Soil (CES) and Employment (MJFPE) ● Departamental Council for Emergency Relief ● National Adaptation Programmes of Action and Rehabilitation (CODESUR) (NAPAs) ● National Commission for Refugees ● Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) (CONAREF) ● Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) ● National Council for Emergency Relief ● National Water and Sanitation Company and Rehabilitation (CONASUR) (ONEA) ● Provincial Council for Emergency Relief ● Post disaster needs assessment (PDNA) and Rehabilitation (COPROSUR) ● National Volunteers Programme (PNV) ● Regional Council for Emergency Relief ● Agrarian and Land Reform (RAF) and Rehabilitation (CORESUR) ● National Network to Fight against Corruption ● Council for Emergency Relief (RENLAC) and Rehabilitation at Village level (COVISUR) ● Assisted natural regeneration (RNA) ● National Council for Food Security (CSA) ● Risk Reduction Index (RRI) ● Superior Council of Burkinabes Abroad (CSBE) ● Representative Territorial Unit (RTU) ● Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (CSLP) ● Strategy for Accelerated Growth and ● Health and Social Center (CSPS) Sustainable Development 2011-2015 (SCADD) ● The National Agency for the Promotion ● National Hydrocarbon Company of the Rural Economy (DGPER) of Burkina Faso (SONABHY) ● Disaster Risk Management (DRM) ● National Food Security Reserve ● Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Management Corporation (SONAGESS) ● Soil Protection and Restoration (DRS) ● Permanent Secretariat of the National ● Economic Comunity of West African States Council for the Environment (ECOWAS) and Sustainable Development (SP/CONEDD) ● Global Environment Facility (GEF) ● UN Development Assistance Framework ● Global Facility for Disaster Reduction (UNDAF) and Recovery (GFDRR) ● United Nations Development Programme ● Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) (UNDP) ● High Intensity of Workforce (HIMO) ● United Nations Framework Convention ● Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (IETI) ● UN Volunteers Programme (UNVP) ● Income Generating Activities (IGA) ● West African Network for Peacebuilding ● International Non Governmental Organisation (WANEP) (INGOs) DARA INTRODUCTION

12 INTRODUCTION

provides in-depth analysis, carried out within geographically well-defined risk prone areas, The Risk of the existing conditions and capacities that either hinder or enable local and national actors Reduction to carry out effective risk management. It identifies aspects of development processes and institutional structures that need to be Index (RRI) addressed and engaged in risk management. The RRI aims to influence development processes and promote better integration of DRR into development and poverty reduction strategies and policies. The RRI has three main objectives: To inform and guide practitioners and policy- 1 makers about underlying risk drivers and how they influence or contribute to the generation of risks within determined geographical areas.

To offer recommendations that will improve risk management at local, 2 national and regional levels.

To generate baseline data for measuring progress (or setbacks) of how 3 underlying risk drivers are addressed over time. 13

From 2011-2013, DARA carried out analyses in six West African countries: Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Niger, Senegal1.

The aim during this period was to generate knowledge in the West Africa region that would Burkina Faso, a Sahelian country, faces raise awareness among local communities, numerous environmental and socio-economic national governments, and ECOWAS on the challenges that threaten development need to address the underlying risk drivers. efforts. In a country where climatic changes By making risk management more effective, are expected to place further challenges on the resilience of the most vulnerable resilience-building efforts, it is crucial that populations is increased. local, national and regional actors understand The Burkina Faso case study shares the the links between underlying risk factors, same goals and objectives as the previous vulnerability, and increased exposure to six studies2: natural hazards, and take appropriate actions Identify the perceptions of risk and how that integrate this level of understanding. underlying risk factors lead to increased vulnerability among the population. In the chapters that follow, the results Additionally, the approach will also take into of the RRI research carried out in consideration how these issues can increase Burkina Faso in 2014 are presented. the probability of conflict.

Working at the local level in three different representative regions —the RRI findings demonstrate the perceptions of people regarding the primary issues they face that increase their level of risk to natural hazards and conflict, as well as their own recommendations on what is working and where greater efforts need to be made.

1 A first phase of the RRI was carried out in Central America from 2009-2010, where research was conducted in seven countries. http://daraint.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/RRI.pdf 2 See full report: http://daraint.org/risk-reduction-index/ west-africa/ METHODOLOGY 15

The methodology of the Risk Reduction Index (RRI) is based on the Hyogo Framework for 01 RISK DRIVER Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA). RESOURCES To improve disaster risk reduction, the HFA promotes five Priorities for Action: (1) Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and 02 local priority with a strong institutional basis RISK DRIVER SOCIOECONOMIC for implementation; (2) Identify, assess and CONTEXT monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning; (3) Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety 03 and resilience at all levels; (4) Reduce the RISK DRIVER LAND USE underlying risk factors; and (5) Strengthen AND BUILT disaster preparedness for effective response ENVIRONMENT at all levels. The RRI focuses on risk drivers, that is, the underlying factors that contribute to 04 RISK DRIVER the generation of risk, in line with HFA GOVERNANCE Priority for Action Four. In order to ensure a comprehensive analysis of the underlying risk factors, or risk drivers, the RRI uses a two-pronged approach. Firstly, the analytical The methodology adopted to analyse the risk point of departure is to map the dichotomy drivers is fundamentally qualitative, although between capacities and conditions. Capacities it also uses quantitative methods. A mixed- are understood as human resources method approach with strong qualitative focus is available to manage risks, while conditions employed to capture and measure perceptions are the frameworks (including norms, laws, of risk-related conditions and capacities at a legislations, codes and agreements) within local level. The analysis of local perceptions which actors perform. These frameworks can was conducted through field based research in be both enabling and disabling. Effective DRR Burkina Faso. is determined by the relationship between Traditionally, DARA has examined vulnerability capacities and conditions. to natural disasters through the lense of the four Secondly, capacities and conditions are Risk Drivers previously mentioned. All four of analysed through four risk drivers. These them are also relevant in identifying potential drivers represent sectors where underlying risks of conflict. For example, environmental risks are mainly represented. Inspired by degradation, marginalised populations, the Global Assessment Report on Disaster unregulated land tenure and corruption can Risk Reduction (GAR 2009), and following all increase the probability of conflict. While expert consultations during Phase I in Central the disaster-conflict relationship is complex, America, the RRI identified four risk drivers, there is broad recognition that when both each with a respective system of indicators: natural hazards and conflict converge the effects of each are compounded. By integrating the dimension of conflict into a traditionally disaster-focused approach, DARA aims to better understand which factors can lead to an increase in peoples’ vulnerability to natural disasters and can also increase the probability of conflict. 16 METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO LOCAL PERCEPTIONS ON RISK DRIVERS

REPRESENTATIVE TERRITORIAL UNITS (RTUs)

RURAL URBAN URBAN EXPANSION

RISK DRIVERS

ENVIRONMENT LAND USE AND NATURAL AND BUILT 01 RESOURCES 03 ENVIRONMENT DRIVER DRIVER

SOCIOECONOMIC 02 CONTEXT 04 GOVERNANCE DRIVER DRIVER

MULTI-SECTOR APPROACH

LOCAL CIVIL NATIONAL NATIONAL SOCIETY GOVERNMENT CIVIL SOCIETY

LOCAL/ SUBNATIONAL PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR ORGANISATIONS

PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

RTUs NATIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE WORKSHOPS WORKSHOPS 17

The RRI research measures and analyses local perceptions on risk drivers as a means to obtain a detailed picture of the capacities and conditions affecting DRR. The methodology is based on the concepts of Representative Territorial Units (RTUs), Key Informants, Risk Drivers and Country Focal Points. Key informants’ perceptions are the › URBAN AREAS core element of the RRI analysis, together with (i.e marginalised areas an in-depth review of the main literature on DRR. within large urban centres, metropolitan areas)

› RURAL AREAS (i.e. with subsistence agriculture and/

RTU TypologyRTU or livestock)

› URBAN EXPANSION AREAS (i.e. service centres, centres Representative for trade, production and Territorial Units (RTU) tourism) Representative Territorial Unit (RTU) is a new concept that refers to a › EXPOSURE TO HIGH geographically defined area within a INTENSITY, low recurrence country that is subject to certain hazards threats with potential and patterns of vulnerability that are for intensive losses representative of other areas in the same (i.e. earthquakes, volcanic country with similar characteristics. A RTU eruptions or hurricanes can exceed the limits of a municipality that could produce severe

or other political or administrative division TypologyRisk losses in small areas) within a country, but its boundaries must be clearly defined in terms of risk type. › EXPOSURE TO LOW-TO- MEDIUM INTENSITY, high Three RTUs were selected in Burkina Faso to recurrence hazards with examine the conditions and capacities for DRR. potential for extensive The criteria used to delimit the RTUs and the losses (i.e. floods or kind of risks they represent are outlined here: landslides that regularly produce limited losses in large areas))

› EXPOSURE TO LOW INTENSITY, low recurrence hazards with potential for extensive losses (i.e. droughts that occasionally produce widespread losses) 18 METHODOLOGY

Country focal point Key informants

Country focal point is a research Key informants are the main source organisation selected to lead and coordinate of information of this research. Their the field research work. This partner is views and perceptions on conditions and selected on the basis of their experience capacities affecting risk at local level (RTU) and expertise in the fields of DRR, disaster are collected through a questionnaire. management and CCA, and guarantees Key informants are identified prior to the that a solid understanding of the country data collection phase. They are selected is incorporated into the research. from a cross-section of the community and The country focal point’s experience in the represent a range of social strata. country ensures that the data collection is ORGANISATION/ adequately adapted and counter-balances SECTOR CHARACTERISTICS any potential bias in the survey. NATIONAL National government GOVERNMENT departments with a direct presence in the RTU The country focal points are trained by DARA LOCAL/ Municipalities, town on the methodology of the RRI as well as the SUBNATIONAL councils, public schools, GOVERNMENT public hospitals. Balanced data collection tools. This training is also an representation among opportunity to incorporate minor adaptations departments to the country context in relation to the field INTERNATIONAL UN agencies, IFRC, research process, as suggested by the country ORGANISATIONS international NGOs and regional organisations with focal points. a direct presence in the RTU The country focal points play a key role in NATIONAL CIVIL National NGOs with a the identification and selection of the RTUs, SOCIETY presence in the RTU, identification of key informants at local level universities and other (RTU) and in conducting the survey. They also research institutions act as facilitators in the different workshops LOCAL CIVIL Local NGOs, community SOCIETY leaders and grassroots at local and national levels. The country focal organisations such as points guide the desk review phase, in order women’s groups to provide an overall understanding of the PRIVATE/ Multi-national, national and institutional set up and achievements in terms PRODUCTIVE local enterprises and other of DRR and CCA at country level. SECTOR associations for productive activities with a direct presence in the RTU

In each RTU, at least 48 key informants (eight from each sector) participate in the process. The key informants also participate actively in the workshops that are conducted at RTU level, where survey findings are presented and validated. 19

Data collection Workshops at RTU and analysis and national levels A questionnaire is the main tool used to collect The objective of the RTU-level workshops is information on local level perceptions on the to interpret and validate the questionnaire conditions and capacities for DRR and CCA. results, promote debate around them and The structure of the questionnaire is as follows: identify the most relevant areas of intervention • A short section on key informants’ personal to promote DRR, as well as the actors and information. institutions that should be involved. • A section containing preliminary questions A final workshop takes place at national on natural hazards and climatic conditions. level with the two-fold objective of scaling- • The main section divided into four risk drivers: up local perceptions of the conditions and capacities affecting DRR and engaging policy- Risk Driver 1: makers and representatives from national, Environment and natural resources regional and international institutions in the Risk Driver 2: discussions. The objective will be to scale- Socioeconomic context up local knowledge of the conditions and Risk Driver 3: capacities affecting DRR in the selected RTUs Land use and the built environment and to raise awareness around the need for Risk Driver 4: more integrated DRR approaches. Governance

Each risk driver section contains questions on the severity of conditions and the effectiveness of capacities according to the perceptions of respondents. The questionnaire contains open-ended questions, polar questions (i.e. yes/no) and closed questions requiring a response based on a Likert scale* of one to five, where five is the maximum, one is the minimum, and three represents the midpoint. Key informants can also select the "Not applicable (NA)” and “Do not know (DK)" options. The questionnaire is available in Annex 1. A preliminary data analysis of the responses follows the data collection (survey) in order to measure perceptions on the severity of conditions and the effectiveness of capacities. These measurements are based on key informants’ score responses, and presented and discussed in-depth in workshops at RTU level.

* Likert-type or frequency scales use fixed choice response formats and are designed to measure attitudes or opinions. These ordinal scales measure levels of agreement/ disagreement, generally on a scale of 1 to 5. 20 METHODOLOGY

ISSUES SELECTION CRITERIA

How serious are these issues in your region? In this question respondents were asked to rate the severity of a series of issues on a likert scale of 1-5, where five was the maximum, one was the minimum, and three represented the midpoint. The average score per condition is calculated. Conditions scoring 3 or above in average are considered to be “serious” and included in further steps of the analysis. The standard deviation and response histograms are also checked to see levels of consensus. Measures other than the average, such as percentage of respondents giving a score of 4 or 5 can also be used to determine the level of severity of conditions in case of little consensus or due to pre-identified cultural response patterns.

Once the field research is finalised (including the workshops at RTU and national levels), a more detailed analysis is conducted, focused on the answers to the open-ended questions on people’s vulnerabilities and household and institutional capacities: 21

HOUSEHOLD CAPACITIES VULNERABILITIES

In what way have these What actions do households issues increased people’s and communities take to deal vulnerability to hazards? with these issues? Through this question DARA examines To analyse this question a coding people’s understanding of how scheme was defined to group the the underlying factors affect their different types of activities that exposure to risk and their vulnerability. were undertaken by the households/ The answers are analysed by issue, communities to overcome a hazardous identifying the different answer situation once it had occurred or to patterns to comprehend the general prevent it. This coding allows DARA to perception and understanding of the identify which are the more common/ population regarding the relationships relevant activities undertaken by the amongst the different issues and drivers. communities to cope with risk.

VULNERABILITY TO CONFLICT INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES

Have these issues increased Which type of intervention probability of conflict? If yes, has been done to address in what way? the issue? Which agencies In order to explore people’s provided support? understanding of how the underlying How effective were they? factors affect their exposure to conflict Why were they so effective risk and their vulnerability, under or ineffective? each Risk Driver in the questionnaire, In a first step, the set of interventions key respondents are asked whether is grouped by type of executing the issue adds to the probability of a institution (international, national, conflict in their region, and how. Then, regional, and local and community to capture the perception on the organisations) and, secondly, different capacities in place to address these types of interventions are identified. issues, they are then asked to describe Finally the average score for their those institutions or initiatives in place, effectiveness is calculated based on and to what extent they are effective the scores given by key informants who in treating the issue. assessed it. Open ended responses, on the reasons explaining effectiveness or the lack of it, are coded and patterns of responses are searched for. COUNTRY CONTEXT

BURKINA FASO

THE COUNTRY IS EPIDEMICS AT HIGH RISK FROM HAVE CAUSED THE GREATEST LOSS OF LIFE, DROUGHTS, FLOODS, WITH BACTERIAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES AS THE MOST RECURRENT AS WELL AS LETHAL, AND EPIDEMICS FOLLOWED BY VIRAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES WITH THE MOST DROUGHT AFFECTED PEOPLE PER EVENT 1 HAS AFFECTED THE HIGHEST 2 NUMBER OF PEOPLE AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM IS AVAILABLE FOR FOOD SECURITY, INSECT INFESTATION WITH DROUGHTS ALSO POSES A AND LOCUST INVASIONS 4 THREAT TO THE COUNTRY 3 AS ITS PRIMARY FOCUS.

UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS LOSS OF PLANT RESOURCES IN HIGH-RISK AREAS; IMPROPER DRAINAGE; DUE TO OVEREXPLOITATION HAS INCREASED THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS FROM WINDS, AND POORLY DESIGNED INFRASTRUCTURE TEMPERATURE RISES POSE AN INCREASING RISK AND CHANGES IN RAINFALL CYCLES 5 OVER THE POPULATION INCREASING FOOD INSECURITY AND VULNERABILITY OF THE POPULATION.6 TEMPERATURE RISES HAVE INCREASED CROP WATER NEEDS AND CONTRIBUTED TO LOW CROP YIELDS.7

RTU Dori

RTU Ouagadougou

RTU Léo 25

of the population, overgrazing, soil degradation accelerating desertification and deforestation. Burkina Faso’s economy is heavily dependent ENVIRONMENT on natural resources, such as gold mining, AND NATURAL livestock rearing and agriculture.11 Throughout the North and Plateau Central regions, RESOURCES deforestation remains a major environmental challenge, causing soil depletion and rainfall deficit, and impacting over three quarters of the country’s population that relies on agricultural and livestock production as their Burkina Faso is a landlocked country located main economic means. Its consequences along the Niger River in sub-Saharan Africa, range from food insecurity in the short term, to covering an area of 274,000 sq km. The social conflicts in the long-term.12 Human and country is located in the Niger River loop and animal pressures exacerbate the phenomenon bordered by six countries — Mali, Niger, Benin, of desertification by overexploiting plant Togo, Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. resources. Bushfires, over cutting firewood, Due to its geographical location, Burkina land clearance for agriculture and extensive Faso is characterised by a dry tropical climate grazing which decreases plant resources,13 that alternates between a short rainy season are the main causes that lead to the reduction and a long dry season. Its climate is prone to of arable land and inhibit land development. strong seasonal and annual variations due to The exposure of many rural people to climate its location within the boundaries of the Sahara risks and land degradation is growing. In 2011, desert. The country has three climatic zones, 12.1 percent of the population was affected by with aridity increasing as one moves north: the climate-related disasters, and in 2012 Burkina South-sudanian zone in the south, the North- Faso faced its third drought in five years.14 sudanian zone in the center and the Sahelian Droughts regularly threaten the harvests of zone in the north 8. The main natural hazards the major food and cash crops, significantly that Burkina Faso is subject to are recurrent affecting the majority of people who rely on drought, flash floods, windstorms, disease rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. In outbreaks, locust invasions (from neighbouring addition, many areas of Burkina Faso are prone countries) 9, and problems of water shortage, to localized flooding during the rainy season especially in the north. (July to October). Government figures indicate As in most countries of the Sahel, rainfall and that in some areas, as many as 151,000 people temperature are the two climate parameters were affected by floods in 2009.15 Destruction that have the greatest impact on resources and of crops and loss of livestock were also key economic sectors, given their variability. reported.16 These frequent and severe weather Specifically, these two variables have resulted shocks weakened the livelihoods and assets result in a shortening of the rainy season, of households and, as a result, their ability to increased intensity of droughts and floods, withstand the 2012 food crisis and future shocks. climate variability (temporal and spatial) as well as increases in temperature and frequency of winds.10 This has had a significant impact on agricultural activity, the distribution 26 COUNTRY CONTEXT

the highest. In addition, gold production and exports have not benefitted the majority of the poor. Much of the rural population remains SOCIOECONOMIC dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods, CONTEXT which is characterized by low productivity and mostly supports subsistence levels. Studies claim that poverty has a female face, with women primarily involved in subsistence farming and without many land use and Burkina Faso’s population was estimated at ownership rights. In addition, rural poverty is 16.93 million people in 2013. The country negatively impacted by fluctuations in climatic has a very high fertility rate at 5.7 children conditions, variability of produce prices, lack per woman and a large youth population, of access to basic social services and farmland, with children under the age of 15 making up and lack of access to employment, productive 46 percent of the population (2013)17 and capital and financial services.23 the population between 15 and 24 years Burkina Faso is characterized by high levels old forecasted to double by 2030.18 Burkina of vulnerable employment (89.6 percent) Faso has very low human development and and employed people living in poverty. 81.1 high levels of gender inequality, ranked percent of employed people live on less than 181 out of 187 countries in both the 2013 2 USD per day. Much of the employment in Human Development Index and on the the country consists of precarious and low- Gender Equality Index.19 The 2014 Strategic wage jobs in the agricultural and informal Response Plan for Burkina Faso informed sectors.24 Youth unemployment is particularly that 1.33 million people were vulnerable to a challenge, especially in urban areas, food insecurity, mainly due to the 2013 floods accounting for 80 percent of the unemployed and the influx of Malian refugees since late in the country.25 Lack of basic skills and non- 2012. Most vulnerable population groups are alignment between labor market needs and composed by both refugees and surrounding training and education have affected the local communities.20 unemployment rate.26 Although Burkina Faso has had high Burkina Faso suffers from limited access economic growth rates (6.5 percent in 2013 to health services. The health expenditure and 9.5 percent in 2012),21 fuelled by cotton per capita in Burkina Faso is low at 90 USD 27 and gold production and exports, the country with the health expenditure as a percentage suffers from high levels of poverty (46.7 of GDP at 6.51 percent.28 In 2010, there were percent in 2009), particularly in rural areas. 0.4 hospital beds per 1,000 people. Burkina In 2009, 52.8 percent of the rural population Faso suffers from high infant and maternal was living below the national poverty line, mortality rates, 66 (per 1,000 live births) and compared to 25.2 percent of the urban 340 (per 100,000 live births) respectively. 29 population.22 Although urban areas benefit In 2010, only 66 percent of births were from lower overall poverty rates, inequality is attended by skilled health staff. 30 Burkina Faso higher in urban areas and the urban poverty has a literacy rate of 28.7 percent, one of the rates have remained almost the same since lowest in the world, but with improvements 2000. Poverty levels also vary depending such a net primary school enrollment rate of on the region, with the Centre region having 66.4 percent in 2012, which almost doubled some of the lowest poverty levels and the that of 36,7 percent over of 2002.31 Eastern and Northern regions having some of 27

plan from 2009 to 2018. While the national policy aims to adopt a land tenure framework to improve management of urban land, LAND USE upgrade squatter areas, and rehabilitate older AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT settlements, high levels of urban poverty and inequality remain, with urban poverty levels increasing. According to the 2013 UNDP Human Development Report, 82.8 percent of the population lives in multidimensional Despite the fact that Burkina Faso is one of poverty, which is based on deprivation levels the least urbanized countries in the world, the in health, education and standard of living.34 urbanization rate has been increasing steadily, In addition, many of the municipalities in Burkina from 12 percent in 1985 to 28 percent in Faso suffer from inadequate capacity and 2013.32 Cities are also growing rapidly at funding to implement strategic urban plans.35 / 36 5.3 percent.33 As urbanization increases, Much of the housing in Burkina Faso consists largely due to insufficient economic growth of precarious dwellings made of temporary in rural areas, the strain on urban areas has materials. According to a 2009 report,37 become greater. This has manifested itself the most common material for housing is in an increased need for housing, natural banco (earth brick), with 65.6 percent of resources and access to basic services. the population utilising this material. Other To contribute to urban development and the materials include straw (2.5 percent), cement/ economic growth of its cities, Burkina Faso concrete (17 percent), improved banco (12.4 adopted the National Policy on Housing and percent) and stone (1.2 percent).38 Urban Development (PNHDU), a ten-year In both urban and rural areas, Burkina Faso is characterized by a lack of adequate drainage and wastewater disposal systems. The country suffers from poor sewage disposal practices, with only 2.3 percent of households utilising the sewers and drains. About 90 percent of 82.8% households dump wastewater on the street, with the Eastern, Center-West, and Center-East OF THE POPULATION LIVES regions having the highest percentages of IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL people practicing this activity, at around 98 POVERTY, WHICH IS BASED percent.39 Only 19 percent of households in ON DEPRIVATION LEVELS 2012 in Burkina Faso had access to improved IN HEALTH, EDUCATION sanitation facilities.40 The accumulation of AND STANDARD OF LIVING pollution and unsanitary conditions in urban areas due to the lack of domestic sewage and human waste treatment and storm water drainage systems, together with levels of municipal solid waste and industrial pollution, has further contributed to environmental problems and higher levels of vulnerability among the population.41 In Ouagadougou the storm water drainage system is inadequate and suffers from a lack of maintenance, 28 COUNTRY CONTEXT

and the waste collection and disposal improved drinking water sources rate is only 57 percent. Uncollected compared to 76 percent of rural waste negatively impacts the rainwater households,44 with most of the rural drainage system, clogging channels population getting their water from and increasing the likelihood of floods boreholes and wells. The growth of in the wet season.42 peri-urban settlements has placed Water resources in Burkina Faso are some strain on existing water supply becoming increasingly scarce, with systems due to inadequate investment pollution exacerbating the situation. and capacity. 45 In terms of water access, there is a Although urbanization is growing significant discrepancy between urban Burkina Faso is still mainly rural with a and rural areas. In 2009, 81.2 percent cropland surface of 13 percent, arable of households nationally 43 had access land of 40 percent, protected areas to drinking water located within 30 covering 16 percent and rangelands minutes of the household; however, available in the rainy season of a 61 urban areas benefit from a significantly percent. However, the allocation of higher level of access than rural areas, space is not static and the rate of due to the presence of the national progression of the agricultural frontier utility ONEA (Office National de l’Eau is estimated at 3.6 percent yearly at the et de l’Assainissement) network. expense of rangelands (rangelands are Almost all (98 percent) urban in practice consist fallow, marginal land households in 2012 had access to and land not yet cultivated).46

DARA 29

of relative stability, allowing it to play a key role in peace keeping and crisis resolution in the region. However, in 2011, frustrations around GOVERNANCE high prices on basic services (referred to as la vie chère), perceived impunity of government officials, corruption, and high levels of unemployment resulted in strikes and protests Burkina Faso is comprised of 13 administrative throughout the country and even military regions which are sub-dived into 45 provinces mutiny in certain regions. The civic uprising and 302 communes. In terms of governance, led to a national discourse on the importance the country has been attempting to strengthen of governance, and what measures need to democracy and the rule of law since the be taken to reduce the cost of living and to early 1990s, and the promotion of good strengthen legislative and judicial oversight. governance is one of four key pillars of the Burkina Faso has undergone an extensive government’s Strategic Framework for process of democratisation and decentralisation the Fight against Poverty. since the 1990s. In order to introduce Burkina Faso has a mixed single-chamber measures to promote democracy and parliamentary and presidential system at the development at the local level, government national level and municipal and rural councils efforts have included the establishment of at the local level. The president is elected by self-governing communes, the organisation popular vote for a five-year term. Current of municipal elections, and the implementation President and Head of State, Blaise Compaoré, of a national decentralisation strategy, has been in power since 1987, since he took amongst others. However, with 80 percent over by way of a coup d’etat. Mr. Compaoré of the population living in rural areas, and won the previous presidential elections in drastic wealth and development inequalities 2010 with a landslide victory, capturing between rural and urban populations, serious 80.2% of the vote. While such a victory challenges remain. Despite the advances the would often point to fraud, some analysts country has made, development partners believe the results to be more reflective of the have highlighted impediments to progress, disproportionate financial backing received by including widespread illiteracy in rural areas his Democracy and Progress party, along with (including among officials), weak technical the disunity within the opposition. There are capacity and support mechanisms, and no limits on private financing of or spending on weak accountability towards citizens.48 political campaigns in Burkina Faso, and public financing can be provided to campaigns.47 Under the current constitution, the President will not be allowed to contest the presidency in 2015; however, his critics believe that he is manoeuvring to implement a constitutional amendment that would allow him to extend his rule past 2015. This has led to popular protests and increased concern by Burkinabés and the international community. Land locked in a region that has experienced high levels of political turmoil in recent years, Burkina Faso has benefited from two decades 30 COUNTRY CONTEXT

WITH 80%

PERCENT OF THE POPULATION LIVING IN RURAL AREAS, AND DRASTIC WEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITIES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN POPULATIONS, SERIOUS CHALLENGES REMAIN

The government has made efforts over the last decade to reduce corruption in the country; however, the issue remains a key grievance among large sectors of the population. In a recent 2013 report, the Reseau National de Lutte Anti-Corruption, (National Network of Anti-Corruption) a Burkinabe anti-corruption organisation, surveyed 2000 citizens throughout the country, of which 95% stated that corruption is either “frequent” or “very frequent”.49 The main government agency to address corruption is the l’Autorité Supérieur de Contrôle de l’Etat (Supreme Audit Authority of the State ASCE), established in 2008, with powers to investigate government accounting. Another, more recent, example of government engagement on the matter is the acceptance in 2013 into the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (IETI), an international initiative which allows citizens to track the monetary value of the country’s natural resources from production all the way into government accounts. However, with perceptions of corruption increasing in recent years, the government will have to make continued efforts to address the problem.50 31

Disputes over land ownership, use, succession, investment and boundaries are common in rural Burkina Faso. Through a series of reforms CONFLICT in the 1980’s, the Burkinabe government DIMENSION attempted to centralise land granting powers over traditional leaders in order to boost economic development in the agricultural sector. Poor agricultural output was blamed on the absence of markets and a lack of While insurgencies, conflict and civil wars have professionalism in the agriculture sector. afflicted several countries in West Africa at Since the 1990’s, the introduction of different times Burkina Faso has been spared agribusiness has created tensions between from similar large-scale levels of violence and state-backed enterprises and rural communities. armed conflict. Historically, the heterogeneous At the same time, water is often monopolised society, made up of some 60 ethnic groups and food security has decreased as people are with different religious practices, has lived dependent on employment for food purchase, harmoniously. Meanwhile, while the presence as opposed to cultivating their own land.53 of radical religious groups has increased in Since the early 2000’s, Burkina has the region as a whole in recent years, they experienced a gold rush, adding another have yet to impact the country. Nevertheless, dimension to land competition. Revenues Burkina Faso has suffered from smaller, more from gold are unequally distributed and mining localised disputes and unrest in past decades has disrupted rural activities, polluted land that have had the potential to transform into and water, and stirred up rivalries within larger conflicts if not properly addressed. A many villages. Gold mines have proven to be 2013 study found that 95% of people surveyed a source of social tension and have triggered believed that conflicts exist in today’s several strikes and protests since 2011.54 Burkinabe society, highlighting three main While Burkina Faso’s economy has shown factors that lead to tensions between different positive signs of growth in recent years, groups: natural resources; access to power; large segments of the society continue to and socio-economic issues.51 feel marginalised as wealth inequality rises Natural resources - particularly land - tend and the country continues to be one of the to be at the heart of most visible conflicts in poorest in the world. High levels of youth Burkina Faso. Violent encounters between unemployment, perceptions of widespread farmers and pastoralists have been on the rise corruption, and high prices on goods led to in recent years, drawing increased attention wide-spread protests and strikes in cities from the national government and international throughout the country in 2011, and continue partners. As in much of the Sahel, conflict to be a threat social stability. Furthermore, the arises when farmers have encroached on country finds itself in a tense political context transhumance paths, leading herders to move in which opposition groups accuse the current onto agricultural land to enable their animals government of taking steps to establish legal to feed. A growing population combined with mechanisms to allow the current president to climactic stresses, such as droughts, have stay in office past the current legal term limit increased competition over scarce agricultural set to end in 2015.55 land. According to the Ministry of Animal Resources, 55 people were killed in 4,000 recorded clashes from 2008 to 2012.52 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR DRR 33

DRR Institutional Setup AND LEADERSHIP disaster response management, it faces In 2004, the Government of Burkina Faso several challenges, such as its limited technical began to integrate measures to combat capacities both in terms of skilled human household vulnerability within the Poverty resources and technical and operational Reduction Strategy Paper (CSLP) and its resources. 1 These capacity constraints, strategic sectors. This focus on vulnerability combined with the diversity of emergency was two-dimensional. On one hand, it aimed situations the country faces, have resulted in to reduce agricultural vulnerability, while also a weak central coordination mechanism that establishing measures for the prevention and lack coherence and in which the different management of climate-related disasters. sections tend to work independently when Three years later, in July 2007, the government managing crises. adopted the National Policy for Social Action In addition to CONASUR, several other (Politique Nationale d’Action Sociale). This government agencies also address risk new legislation sought to address the issue reduction in their respective sectors. These of risk and disaster reduction and define the actors include the National Agency for modalities to support and aid affected persons. Meteorology, the National Society of Stocks This policy continues to serve as the reference and Food Security (SONAGESS), The National for all interventions aimed at preventing and Agency for the Promotion of the Rural Economy managing disasters throughout the country. (DGPER), the Specialised Structures of the In 2009, The National Council for Emergency National Council for Food Security (CSA), Relief and Rehabilitation (CONASUR) was the Superior Council of Burkinabes Abroad established by presidential decree to serve (CSBE), and the National Commission for as the central coordinating body for disaster Refugees (CONAREF). To address climate prevention and management. CONASUR, change impacts, the government established which is part of the Ministry of Social Action the National Council on Environment and and National Solidarity, is responsible for Sustainable Development (SP/CON EDD), advocacy, mobilising aid during disasters in charge of promoting environmental and recovery, coordinating humanitarian protection and sustainable development action, adopting plans and strategies for policies and regulation. intervention, ensuring the incorporation of In order to reinforce and improve actions DRR into development plans, and approving behind the prevention and management activity programmes, budgets and executive of disasters, the national government drafted annual reports. Through its subsidiaries at the the Portant loi d’orientation en matière regional (CORESUR), provincial (COPROSUR), de gestion et de prévention des risques departmental (CODESUR) and village levels de catastrophe, accepted by the National (COVISUR), the Council has operational staff Assembly in April 2014. This law will be in place throughout the country. While a reference at the national level and will CONASUR plays a key role in coordinating establish the rules, procedures, modalities 34 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR DRR

and institutions for disaster risk management Risk Factors, which aims at integrating DRR and prevention and humanitarian crises for measures into national policies, planning each phase of a crisis: prevention/preparedness; and programmes, are worth noting. Three of emergency/humanitarian assistance; and the six indicators were assessed at a “Level recovery. The law will also permit the allocation of Progress” Four, meaning that substantial of a budget specifically assigned to matters achievement was attained but with recognised related to disaster risk reduction, whereas limitations in key areas, such as financial previously budgets were divided between resources and/or operational capacities. Two different ministerial departments. indicators - Planning and management of Several of the policies and institutions above human settlements incorporate disaster risk were self assessed by CONASUR in the Burkina reduction elements, including enforcement Faso: HFA National Progress Report (2011 – of building codes; and, Procedures are in place 2013), an assessment of national strategic to assess the disaster risk impacts of major priorities with regard to the implementation development projects, especially infrastructure of disaster risk reduction actions. The report - received a Level 3, indicating that there is addresses progress on all five of the HFA’s an institutional commitment attained, but “Priority for Actions.” In particular, indicators achievements are neither comprehensive nor under Priority Four: Reduce the Underlying substantial. One indicator * was not scored. 2

* The indicator “Disaster risk reduction is an integral objective of environment related policies and plans, including for land use natural resource management and adaptation to climate change” was not scored. 35

Strategic on working the land for agricultural, livestock and other needs. In recent years, unfavorable DOCUMENTS climatic conditions, combined with the poor AND PLANS management of natural resources, have put In response to recurring climactic threats increased pressure on arable land. Land tenure throughout the last decades, the Government management has become a central issue in of Burkina Faso and international development development policy to address both food partners have developed several political security and internal conflict. In 1984, the instruments and action plans to improve government, in an attempt to resolve problems disaster risk management (DRM) and integrate in the agriculture sector, principally conflicts disaster risk reduction (DRR) into national between farmers and pastoralists, traditional development strategies. constraints, and the unregulated occupation As mentioned in the previous section, of land, established the law on Agrarian and in 2004, the Ministry of Economy and Land tenure Reorganisation (Réorganisation Development established the Poverty Agraire et Fonciere (RAF)). The law made Reduction Strategy Paper (CSLP) to put in all untitled land the property of the state place a series of economic structural reforms and aimed to promote private economic to address the country’s low levels of human investment in the agricultural sector through development and long-term struggle with the government’s allocation of land. 4 The RAF poverty. The CSLP served as a central was unable to address the complexities of framework for economic and development land tenure management or competition policy in Burkina Faso from 2000-2010. between national (formal) and local (informal) The document has since been replaced rules regulating access to land, especially by a new Strategy for Accelerated Growth in rural areas. With land disputes on the rise and Sustainable Development 2011-2015 in recent decades, in June 2009 the (SCADD). This new policy aims at accelerating government amended the RAF, establishing economic growth while promoting sustainable a new Rural Land Tenure Law (Loi 034/2009/ development. The document points out that, AN du 16 Juin 2009 Portant sur la RAF au “the situation in Burkina Faso in terms of Burkina Faso), which aims to decentralise land sustainable development is not satisfactory,” granting power from the central government highlighting that food insecurity, rapid by formalising customary practices and rules population growth, degradation of natural in land tenure, and establish fair and equitable resources and land tenure issues are all access to land, enhance productive investment, challenges that undermine prospects for ensure sustainable management of natural sustainable development. The strategy has resources and promote social harmony. also included gender, population, environment In 2009, the Government of Burkina Faso and planning and capacity building issues also unveiled a robust national contingency as cross-cutting priorities in development.3 plan (Plan National Multi Risques de An estimated 80% of Burkina Faso’s Preparation et de Reponse) that aimed population lives in rural areas and depends to provide the country with a central tool 36 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR DRR

of reference in planning for and responding with their causal factors, potential to disasters. With CONASUR as the central consequences and the areas of the country International coordination platform, the plan maps out most likely to be affected. The four main government intervention in crises during risks to Burkina (as defined in the document) the pre-disaster, crisis, and post-disaster are: population movements (refugees, phases. Each region will also develop its repatriated peoples and internal displaced own contingency plans in coherence with peoples), epidemic crises (meningitis, cholera the national plan. In the national plan, and avian flu), drought and food crises, the government maps a risk analysis scenario and natural and technological disasters with four “emergency situations” along (floods and brush fires). 5

An estimated 80% of Burkina Faso’s population lives in rural areas and depends on working the land for agricultural, livestock and other needs. 37

the Integrated Weather Risk Management for InternationalENGAGEMENT Sustained Growth Project, and later a post- AND SUPPORT disaster needs assessment (PDNA) following the 2009 floods in Ouagadougou. CONASUR The constant threat of compounding crises implements the main priorities of the GFDRR and the country’s Least Developed Country Country Program. GFDRR has designated (LDC) 6 status has made Burkina Faso a major Burkina Faso as a “priority country”, due to recipient of international aid and development its high vulnerability to natural hazards and programmes. Several UN agencies, along low economic resilience to cope with disaster with multilateral financial institutions and impacts. Based on in-depth analysis of the international non-governmental organisations, disaster risk management and climate change are currently playing important roles in adaptation strategies in the country, GFDRR supporting the national government in disaster established four priority areas of interventions: risk and poverty reduction initiatives. strengthening CONASUR and improving its Directed by the United Nations Framework relations with other institutions; establishing a Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), functional early warning system; strengthening National Adaptation Programmes of Action the response capacity of CONASUR institutions; (NAPAs) provide a process for LDCs to identify and implementing climate change adaptation priority activities that respond to their urgent actions at village level.9 and immediate needs to adapt to climate change. The Government of Burkina Faso Multiple UN agencies are currently present in approved its NAPA in December 2007, which Burkina Faso to address the various challenges entailed a consultation process with various the country faces. The UN Development stakeholders throughout the country to Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2011-2015, identify and validate priority activities. Four a strategic programme framework that key sectors were identified as being the most describes the collective response of the UN vulnerable to climate change: agriculture, system to national development priorities, water resources, livestock and forests/ highlights the need to continue to support biodiversity. Burkina Faso then selected 12 the national government (most notably priority activities that aim at strengthening through the SCADD) on issues relating to national capacities, enhancing strategic environmental and disaster risk management. planning, and implementing six climate Strategic objectives within the Framework change adaptation pilot projects. 7 NAPA are related to the preparation and response implementation is mainly supported by the to emergencies and natural disasters; the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Japanese impact of climate change; and the protection and Danish cooperation, 8 with UNDP acting as of vulnerable groups. The UN system will assist the lead implementing organisation. the Government in developing mechanisms The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and to improve the integration of environmental Recovery (GFDRR) is a partnership of countries parameters in its policies and national 10 and international organisations committed strategies in order to boost poverty reduction. to helping developing countries reduce their vulnerability to natural hazards and adapt to climate change. GFDRR has been engaged in Burkina Faso since 2008, first implementing RTUs SELECTED AND SUPPORTING RATIONALE 39 RTU SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION

The three Representative Territorial Units (RTU) chosen for Burkina Faso each differ in terms of geographic location, levels of urbanization and economic development. They attempt to cover, at least in part, the different types of geography, climate related challenges, and natural and man-made risks the country faces. All three RTUs are located in different agro-ecological zones in Burkina Faso, and the rural versus urban locations offer a comprehensive picture of the underlying risks that affect populations in each location.

DARA 40 RTUs SELECTED AND SUPPORTING RATIONALE Ouagadougou Ouagadougou is the capital and administrative, Mossi Plateau and rely on rainfed urban and cultural and economic center of Burkina Faso. In peri-urban farming. 6 Slum neighborhoods on 2012 the population was estimated at 1.9 million the outskirts of the capital are characterised by people.1 It is located on the central Mossi Plateau overcrowding, banditry, insecurity, and lack of and is characterised by a north Sudanian climate access to basic services.7 Ouagadougou suffers with a rainy season from May to September, from poor sanitation and shallow water supplies, receiving about 800 mm of rainfall per year, negatively impacting the health of residents and a dry season from October to April.2 and leading to disease outbreaks, particularly Ouagadougou has two main types of winds, malaria. About 5 percent of residents have harmattan* winds 3 in the dry season, and humid access to septic tanks and about 70 percent use monsoon winds in the rainy season.4 pit latrines. 8 The city has a much higher literacy The main economic activities in the city rate than the rest of the country at 63 percent, include industry (construction, manufacturing, compared to the country average of 28.3 and processing and packaging food products), percent (2007).9 agriculture and livestock, trade, banking, crafts Natural hazards in Ouagadougou include and hospitality and tourism.5 Urbanisation torrential rains and flooding, dust/ sandstorms, rates have been rising due to the migration of droughts and disease outbreaks, particularly people from drought-plagued regions to the malaria. The city also faces problems from city, many of which have settled on the central air, water and environmental pollution. Ouagadougou has also been experiencing changes in temperatures and rainfall cycles, OUAGADOUGOU which are predicted to further negatively impact - KADIOGO PROVINCE the overburdened basic urban services.10 The city lies in the drainage basin of the Massili River and is crossed by four backwaters from north to south. During heavy rainfall the areas near the backwaters and dams are at a high risk of flooding.11 One of the main sources of confrontation in Ouagaduogou has derived from the establishment of housing programmes by the government for migrants coming from rural areas that have settled in unfit areas for living. The perceived poor execution of the programmes and at times forceful removal of residents led to violent backlash in 2000, 2005, and 2010, resulting in the eventual suspension of the program. In 2011, Burkina Faso experienced a socio-political crisis as a result of RTU Ouagadougou increased costs on goods, high unemployment POOR DRAINING / WATER DISPOSAL and perceived widespread corruption in the INCREASES VULNERABILITY TO WATERBORNE government. Since then, Ouagadougou has DISEASES AND INCREASES IMPACTS FROM FLOODING. been increased public protests which will likely DESERTIFICATION continue as the country prepares for presidential DECREASES THE SOIL’S WATER RETENTION CAPACITY, 12 INCREASING IMPACTS FROM DROUGHT AND FLOODING. elections in 2015. * Harmattan winds are a ground level stream of dry air. 41

LÉO - SISSILI PROVINCE RTU Léo DEFORESTATION INCREASES SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND FREQUENCY OF DUST STORMS AS WELL AS DECREASING PASTURE AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY.

gross enrolment rate in the Sissili province.17 Nearly two thirds of the population continues to obtain their water supply from traditional wells, dams, rivers and backwaters.18 Natural hazards in Léo include deforestation, wildfires and water pollution. The area has also experienced changes in rainfall cycles and temperatures. Misuse of herbicides has increased the level of water pollution LéoLéo is a rural city located about 13 km from endangering human and animal health and the border with Ghana in the Sissili province the environment.19 in the Central West Region of southern As a region of both agriculture and Burkina Faso.13 In 2011 the population of Sissili transhumance, there have often been conflicts was estimated at 240,830.14 Léo has a South between farmers and pastoralists over land; Sudanian climate characterised by a rainy however, in most cases in the past these were season from May to October and average quickly and amicably resolved. In the last annual rainfall of over 900 mm.15 decade, these types of conflicts have been on Agriculture is the main economic activity the rise as an increasing population, a growing and involves more than 84 percent of the presence of agro-businesses, and continued population. Crops grown include cash crops influx from pastoralists from the north cause (cotton, peanut, sesame, and soy), vegetables for greater competition over a decreasing and other food crops. The region faces some amount of arable land. pressure from migration due to the quantity In recent years, the most common conflicts and quality of the land, attracting farmers in the province have been between farmers and pastoralist migrants from the north and and pastoralists over land. This has been due center of the country. The different ethnic and to increasing population size and a shortage religious communities of the region generally of farmland, and exacerbated by lack of land live in harmony with one another.16 Literacy in rights, use of land by agribusiness, erratic the region is close to the national average of rainfall and land degradation.20 / 21 28.8 percent (2007), as is the primary school 42 RTUs SELECTED AND SUPPORTING RATIONALE

DORI - SENO PROVINCE RTU Dori WATER SCARCITY NEGATIVELY AFFECTS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND FOOD SECURITY AND INCREASES EXPOSURE TO WATERBORNE DISEASES.

The Sahel region has faced severe droughts resulting in food disasters, and Séno province has been affected by crop pests resulting in crop losses, tree destruction and low agricultural yields.28 Other natural hazards in Dori include dust/ sandstorms and floods. Artisanal mining has further added to environmental risks related to landslides, deforestation, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, water contamination and air pollution. 29 Dori Management of natural resources and gold Dori is a rural area with a population of 21,078 mining have been sources of conflict in the (2006 census) located in the Séno province.22 region. Due to desertification, local officials It is the largest city and capital of the Sahel have prohibited the practice of cutting trees Region, which is situated in the northeastern to feed livestock, causing conflicts between part of Burkina Faso and bordered by Niger and local officials and farmers. 30 Gold mining, Mali. Dori is characterised by a Sahelian climate which grew tenfold between 2008 and 2011 with a short rainy season and relatively low and overtook cotton as Burkina Faso’s main average rainfall of less than 600 mm per year.23 / 24 export,31 has exacerbated land and water The main economic activities in Dori are scarcity, creating conflicts between herders focused around farming and agriculture with and farmers, as herders have been forced off most of the population consisting of pastors of transhumance routes and water points have and agro-pastoralists. Mining and artisanal been poisoned.32 In addition to diminished activities are also present in the region.25 The agricultural land, gold mining has caused literacy rate in the Sahel region is lower than growing discontent among communities over that of the country average, and the primary the lack of benefits they receive from it and gross enrolment rate of the Seno province lower school attendance rates due to children is also significantly lower than the national working in the mines.33 average. The rates of stunting and underweight children in the region are some of the highest in the country.26 Housing in the region is mostly made from inadequate materials.27 43

NATURAL HAZARDS AND UNDERLYING RISK FACTORS OF SELECTED RTUS OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO (URBAN) (RURAL) (RURAL)

DUST /SAND STORMS DROUGHT WILDFIRES FLOODS DUST /SAND STORMS NATURAL HAZARDS DROUGHT INSECT INFESTATION EPIDEMICS FLOODS EPIZOOTICS

RISK • Air pollution • Water scarcity • Deforestation DRIVER 1 • Water scarcity • Deforestation • Desertification • Desertification • Desertification • Water scarcity • Deforestation • Soil erosion • Soil erosion 1 • Soil erosion

RISK • Low income • Food insecurity • Unemployment DRIVER 2 • Unemployment • Low level of literacy • Low income • Limited access to land • Low income • Limited access to health • In-migration • Unemployment services • Limited access to health • Prevalence of infectious • Limited access to land 2 services diseases • In-migration • Food insecurity • Prevalence of infectious diseases

RISK • Poorly built housing • Poor drainage/water DRIVER 3 • Poor drainage/water disposal disposal • Housing in dangerous • Limited access to water locations supply • Limited access to water • Poorly built housing 3 supply • Housing in dangerous locations

RISK • Non-compliance with law • Corruption • Limited financial capacity DRIVER 4 • Corruption • Limited financial capacity • Non-compliance with law • Inefficient bureaucracy • Lack of human resources • Lack of human resources 4 • Limited financial capacity • Non-compliance with law • Corruption

Social unrest (unemployment, Natural resource management Land use conflict low income, corruption, Gold mining (farmers/pastoralists) lack of participation ) Land access Water access and disposal CONFLICT Infrastructure / Deforestation DIMENSION housing quality and location Deforestation Desertification Water /land scarcity Water scarcity In-migration Soil erosion Soil erosion FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES BY RISK DRIVER 45 Perceptions ON NATURAL HAZARDS

Floods, drought and dust/ sandstorms are considered relevant natural hazards in Ouagadougou and Dori. Moderately serious scores were given to epidemics in Ouagadougou and insect infestation and animal diseases (epizootic) in Dori. In Léo only wildfires are perceived by respondents as posing a risk.

DARA 46 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 1

ater scarcity was a recurrent issue Environment and in all three RTUs; however, in Dori Natural Resources Wit was perceived as relatively more serious, with respondents in the RTU selecting it as the most OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO problematic. This is likely due to the RTU’s location in an area Air pollution which receives less rainfall than the other RTUs. Deforestation and desertification were selected Deforestation by respondents as key issues in all three RTUs. Likewise the Desertification related issue of soil erosion, which can be caused by Soil erosion deforestation, was also a concern in all three RTUs. Water scarcity Air pollution and water pollution were only identified as very

serious issues in Ouagadougou, Not serious Serious Very serious Extremely serious and can be attributed to the urban characteristics of the RTU, including its high population density, use of motor vehicles and levels of industrial development.

AIR POLLUTION those interviewed were aware of interventions In Ouagadougou, the majority of the population put in place by international and national interviewed (95 percent) linked air pollution with organisations that aim to reduce air pollution. 1 an increase in people’s vulnerability to certain These included awareness raising campaigns airborne diseases and respiratory diseases and laws requiring environmental impact related to poor air quality. Although air pollution assessments of polluting companies. was not perceived as serious in the other two The state-owned company SONABHY (Société RTUs, which are mostly rural settings, the link Nationale Burkinabè d’Hydrocarbures) is in with vulnerability was however made by a high charge of the import and storage of fossil fuels. percentage of the population (around 75 Respondents, however, criticised the company’s percent in both RTUs). intervention with regards to air pollution for Respondents didn’t identify any relevant being minimally effective, due to insufficient household interventions in place to cope with technical capacity, incomplete implementation the effects of air pollution. Only 19 percent of and the lack of monitoring practices. 47

WATER SCARCITY rural, agricultural makeup of Dori, which has Water scarcity was selected as a serious less institutional support and infrastructure issue in all three RTUs; however, in Dori and than urban Ouagadougou. Family coping 2Ouagadougou the score given by respondents mechanisms in Ouagadougou include stocking virtually reached the threshold of being water whenever possible and drilling wells. considered as a very serious issue. In Dori, families jointly build water supply Although few respondents seemed to view infrastructures such as wells and boreholes, water scarcity as a primary factor increasing and build water storage facilities in order to vulnerability to natural hazards, respondents harvest rainwater for their livestock (boulis). mentioned several ways in which water scarcity Other strategies include reducing water may increase the vulnerability of populations. consumption and practicing transhumance Water scarcity creates a vicious cycle more frequently in order to search for available of reduced agricultural productivity and water sources for livestock. increased food insecurity, which ultimately In Dori, respondents explained that farmers affects the productivity levels of communities are able to interpret natural signs (movements and livelihoods. Communities pointed out that of migratory birds, the flowering of certain water scarcity affects the vegetation cover trees, etc.) to foresee a ‘difficult’ season, and increases the probability of bushfires. The meaning a higher probability of drought lack of available water also forces community occurrence. Historically, the problem has been members to drink from unsafe sources, how to mitigate the effects of disasters such as exposing them to waterborne diseases drought when they occur, instead of designing and making them more vulnerable to the coping strategies. In order to cope with these occurrence of a hazard situation. events, in the case of Dori, respondents In Ouagadougou, 33 percent of respondents suggested using techniques that would allow and 22 percent of respondents in Dori them to retain water for longer periods. perceived a link between water scarcity and Local government interventions were seen as conflict probability, indicating that water somewhat effective and highly valued in Dori. scarcity is a key issue to consider when These were mainly related to the construction addressing conflict prevention. Tensions and of water supply infrastructure such as wells, fighting have arisen around water sources fountains, drillings and small water reservoirs such as standpipes. Water scarcity has also (boulis) for cattle. International organisations increased conflicts among pastoralists as were thought to be very effective in both RTUs they compete for drinking water for both - Dori and Ouagadougou- acknowledging themselves and their livestock. Respondents their role in the construction of water supply also noted that people are often forced to infrastructure as well as contributing to relocate, increasing resource competition and the extension of the water supply network. creating tension with recipient communities. These interventions, although effectively In addition, there have been demonstrations implemented, were deemed insufficient to show discontent with the National Water given the high existing demand for water and Sanitation Board (ONEA, in French). supply infrastructure. Respondents interviewed in Dori Respondents in both RTUs most frequently demonstrated knowledge of substantially acknowledged interventions by the national more interventions carried out at the government, which almost reached a score household level to address water scarcity of somewhat effective. The majority of the than the other RTUs. This is likely due to the responses were related to the construction 48 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 1

of water supply infrastructure, as well as water one of the sources of the conflict over land network expansion. Another intervention between pastoralists and farmers. The two mentioned was the implementation of groups have different land management subsidies for drilling, an initiative of ONEA. approaches, and decreased arable land leads However, insufficient financial resources have to increased competition over those areas that hindered its effectiveness. remain productive. Reducing deforestation continues to be a challenge as certain groups benefit from selling wood as a main source DEFORESTATION of income. Deforestation was identified as a serious In both Léo and Dori, families have taken issue in Ouagadougou and considered as very steps to reduce deforestation. Initiatives 3serious in Léo and Dori, where it was assessed include collaborating with associations, as the first and the second issue in order of NGOs and village groups in awareness raising importance, respectively. activities against excessive forest clearing, Of the total number of people interviewed, as well as in reforestation campaigns and 61 percent in Léo and 65 percent in Dori setting up firewalls. However, there is certain thought that deforestation increases the reluctance amongst those families engaged effects of natural hazards when they occur. in charcoal production to limit their activities, In both RTUs, deforestation was seen as a as their livelihood depends on wood cutting. A major factor behind soil and environmental clear regulatory framework and enforcement degradation, while also increasing wind measures are lacking. intensity and the frequency of dust storms In Dori, community organisations, civil society (pussière) and reducing the soil’s water and local government are the most frequently retention capacity. Deforestation is also acknowledged institutions involved in believed to foster desertification and ultimately reforestation campaigns, soil regeneration and increase the effects of droughts and floods, awareness raising activities. Local government as the buffering effect created by the interventions were considered to be very vegetation cover is impeded. Furthermore, effective; on the contrary those activities deforestation has immediate effects on the implemented by community organisations socioeconomic landscape, as it leads to a were assessed as minimally effective. decrease in pasture and crop productivity, Interventions related to awareness raising were reduces firewood availability, and augments highly valued, as they are viewed as being a the impoverishment of communities, often long term investment necessary for engaging times leading to migration. all stakeholders. Reforestation activities were Around half of the people interviewed considered less effective because there is not (57 percent in Léo and 48 percent in Dori) sufficient maintenance or monitoring of the believed that deforestation could increase the seedlings that are planted. probability of a conflict occurring. Respondents The majority of those interviewed in Léo mainly saw the reduced vegetation cover as a cited the local government as the main source of competition for natural resources, actor in intervening against deforestation; such as firewood and Non-Timber Forest however, interventions are only considered Products (NTFP). Deforestation was seen as minimally effective. The local government is 49

mainly involved in reforestation campaigns Ouagadougou and Léo, given that local and and awareness raising activities aimed at migrating populations compete for the reduced informing community members about the amount of fertile land available. relevance and importance of conserving In both the RTUs of Ouagadougou and Léo, forested areas. Similar to Dori, reforestation families collaborate to develop soil recovery efforts are considered to be only partially practices. These practices included using implemented. In general, respondents think organic manure, improved seeds, water that it is extremely important to involve retaining techniques (‘demi lunes’,‘cordon technical services and to undertake a complete pierreux’ and ‘zaïs’ ) and compost pits, in intervention that includes preparatory steps, order to reduce soil erosion in the long-term. such as sub soiling, ploughing and monitoring, In order to conserve water longer and avoid to ensure that the planted seedlings progress runoff, farmers are digging ditches for water properly. Communities should also be involved channelling in Léo. In Dori, families have throughout the process. created associations to request support from elected representatives for the construction of infrastructures to prevent erosion. In Ouagadougou, international organisations SOIL EROSION and the local government were seen as the Soil erosion was considered a serious issue in main actors implementing soil recovery all three RTUs, receiving very similar average and conservation activities. International 4 scores in each of them. In Ouagadougou, 76 organisations’ activities were assessed as percent of the population considered soil effective as they tended to be implemented erosion to increase the population’s vulnerability to completion, while the activities of local to natural hazards: however, in Léo and Dori, governments were seen as minimally effective only around 40 percent saw a link between given the limited resources allocated towards soil erosion and vulnerability. Due to the loss of projects and their insufficient technical water retention capacity when soil is eroded, soil capacity. Respondents demanded stronger erosion is related to an increase in uncontrolled and more functional coordination mechanisms run-off in the event of rain in the three RTUs. between actors involved in soil restoration. This increases the impact of floods on the In Léo, respondents assessed the restoration exposed population. Respondents expressed activities of the local government, which is seen concern over the relationship between soil as the main implementing actor, as effective erosion and a decrease in fertile arable land and due to sufficient technical capacity. In Dori, its productivity, with this being strongly linked to respondents highlighted the role of community livelihoods and food security of populations that organisations in reducing erosion. However, rely mainly on farming. Only in Ouagadougou they recognised that the national government did respondents mention the increase in the has stronger implementing capacity in this area. amount of dust concentration in the air (“la Although awareness-raising was conducted over poussière”) as an issue of concern. They also saw the relevance of soil conservation among actors a causal relationship between deforestation and involved in these interventions, for interventions soil erosion, which can lead to desertification in involving seedling planting, respondents the long term. In Dori, respondents associated requested more monitoring efforts in order to soil erosion with a reduction in grazing areas increase their long-term sustainability. for livestock. The reduction in grazing areas was also a potential source of conflict in 50 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 1

DESERTIFICATION desertification. International organisations are Desertification was considered a very serious believed to have a more diversified portfolio issue in Ouagadougou and Dori and a serious of activities that includes conservation, 5issue in Léo. adaptation, soil restoration, and RNA. The Desertification in Ouagadougou and Léo was national government seems to be more seen as one of the main factors in increasing focused on reforestation activities and dust concentration in the air, which contributes awareness-raising programmes. International to respiratory diseases and can increase organisations were considered to be better the transmission of certain infections. In the positioned than the national government for three RTUs, respondents were aware that these types of interventions, mainly noting their desertification reduces the soil’s capacity contributions to awareness-raising amongst to retain water, which in turn increases the the population. Critics of the government impacts of both drought and flooding. In focused on the lack of monitoring efforts once Léo and Dori, respondents expressed their the intervention (mainly reforestation and concern over desert encroachment and a afforestation) is completed. related reduction of available arable and fertile In Léo, the local government was recognised land, leading to conflicts between farmers as the most relevant actor according to those and pastoralists. Also in Ouagadougou and interviewed. Its efforts focused on reforestation Léo, desertification was identified as a cause and awareness raising campaigns, both of which of migration flows, as people leave to search were considered to be effective. Interventions for available land, causing conflicts between in land planning and farmer training were also migrating and recipient communities. highly valued for their inclusion of vulnerable Families in Ouagadougou are taking part in populations and sufficient technical capacity reforestation efforts and are shifting from they entail. In the case of Dori, activities fuel wood to gas for cooking. However, this designed to fight desertification are equally strategy is not always possible for families distributed amongst the national and local in rural settings, who may not have access government and community organisations. to alternatives to wood for cooking. In Léo, The three bodies were deemed effective, given families are contributing to deforestation that their activities in reforestation, awareness- programmes through associations they have raising and soil recovery techniques are helping organized and are raising awareness on the to reduce sand encroachment and enable importance of tree conservation. In Dori, apart long-term vegetation recovery. from interventions on reforestation under Assisted Natural Regeneration techniques (RNA), families are undertaking structural measures to control soil degradation via the construction of water retaining structure (‘digettes’ and ‘demi lunes’). In Ouagadougou, international organisations and the national government were the institutions most recognised among respondents for their efforts to combat ore than 60 vulnerability to hazards. In the percent of the case of whether environmental Vulnerability respondents in all factors increase the probability three RTUs felt that of conflict, around 50 to 60 and Conflict Mthe relationship between percent of respondents from probability environmental challenges such the more rural RTUs (Léo and as air pollution, deforestation Dori) felt that deforestation and desertification increased increased the probability of the population’s vulnerability to conflict. Surprisingly, only in natural hazards. In Ouagadougou Ouagadougou did respondents almost 80 percent of the (around 30 percent) see water respondents identified soil scarcity as a factor affecting erosion as a factor in increasing the probability of conflict.

% of respondents considering that these issues have increased (Probability of conflict /Effects of natural hazards)

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Air pollution Air pollution

Deforestation Deforestation

Desertification Desertification Probability of conflict of Probability

Soil erosion Soil erosion Effects hazards natural of

Water scarcity Water scarcity

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO 52 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 2

ow income and unemployment were Socioeconomic recurrent issues in all three RTUs. Context LIn Ouagadougou these two factors were not only perceived OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO to be very serious but were also considered by respondents to Food insecurity be the most serious of all 12 issues examined in Risk Driver Limited access 2. Food insecurity was the most to land serious issue in Dori, to a lesser degree in Ouagadougou but In-migration not considered serious at all in Léo. Limited access to land was Low income perceived as being serious in both Léo and Ouagadougou, Limited access to health services but was not recognized as such in Dori. Other issues thought Prevalence of infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, to be serious across the three cholera, malaria, etc.) RTUs were ‘limited access Unemployment to health services’ and ‘in-migration’. Low level of

literacy was only identified as Not serious Serious Very serious Extremely serious a very serious issue in Dori. According to respondents, this is likely due in part to the low attendance rates in the area, given that children abandon school working in gold mines, another gender inequality to be a serious at certain times of the year, as serious problem in the region. issue, although not as serious as well as to the increase in children Dori respondents also considered several other issues in the RTU.

UNEMPLOYMENT as very serious in Dori, the link with people’s In Ouagadougou and Léo, 68 percent and 75 vulnerability was identified by 80 percent of percent respectively of respondents linked the respondents, a higher percentage than 1 unemployment with an increase in people’s in the other two RTUs, where unemployment vulnerability to natural hazards. Unemployment was ranked as the first (Léo) and second was cited as a cause of health insecurity, (Ouagadougou) most serious issues. organised crime, and migration, reduced family On the other hand, 74 percent of the people incomes, and therefore, impoverished living interviewed in Ouagadougou considered conditions. While this issue was not perceived unemployment to increase the probability 53

of conflict in the region. Unemployment centres, and micro credit for women and increases the population’s levels of frustration youth, were considered to be somewhat and indignation, promoting social and youth effective. The local and national government unrest that can result in aggressive behaviour. have put in place the HIMO approach (Haute In Léo, while only 20 percent of respondents Intensité de Main d’Œuvre) by building considered unemployment to increase the productive infrastructure, with close to very probability of a conflict, it poses a major effective results. The national government problem in the region. The agricultural sector also implemented a karité butter production accounts for 88.5 percent of the working unit considered somewhat effective by population 1 and large amounts of people are the interviewees. forced out of work during the year due to climactic conditions. Regarding household capacities to face LOW INCOME unemployment, respondents in Ouagadougou Low income was considered to be a serious and Léo suggested the development of problem in all three RTUs. Even though income generation activities (IGA) within 2it was only rated as being very serious in associations and with NGOs’ assistance, Ouagadougou, it was virtually rated as very implemented through cooperatives or self- serious in Dori as well. The issue, in some employment. Some of the suggested IGA are aspects, is highly linked to unemployment. poultry rearing, opening small businesses, or Three quarters of respondents from manual labour activities. In Léo, respondents Ouagadougou and Léo believed this issue also suggested outmigration as a strategy to increases people’s vulnerability to natural fight unemployment. hazards, while 60percent believed so in Dori. In the case of institutional capacities to As living conditions become precarious, address the issue, 80 percent of those people cannot cover their most basic interviewed in Léo and 58 percent in needs and their ability to cope with risks Ouagadougou were aware of interventions diminishes drastically. Low income also has put in place by international and national major effects on access to health systems. organisations aimed at reducing This is particularly the case in Dori, where unemployment. Respondents in Ouagadougou respondents stated that low income prevents mentioned the promotion of self-employment them from accessing healthcare and education or entrepreneurship, which is mostly and from investing in coping methods. supported by the national government. When considering the link between low These initiatives include entrepreneurship income and conflict, only respondents in training and promoting laws that facilitate self- Ouagadougou (58 percent) affirmed that the employment. These efforts were considered to issue increases the probability of conflict be minimally effective. Other interventions in by creating frustration and indignation place include the creation of public and private amongst the population, therefore increasing recruitment organisations, job creation and the likelihood of riots and demonstrations. microfinance programmes. These were also These types of reactions are more common considered to be minimally effective. in urban areas, particularly in the capital of In Léo, survey respondents were aware of the country where the government is based. interventions put in place by other types of Ouagadougou also represents 10.5 percent of actors, such as community organisations. the country’s population and 46.4 percent of Interventions such as IGA, sewing training Burkina’s urban population with a large youth 54 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 2

population.2 The high population density finance programmes were mostly mentioned, and prevalence of social and personal while the national government was recognised services as the most important economic for its policies related to job creation, and activity in this RTU makes this issue very specifically the creation of the HIMO approach relevant, especially since these economic was mentioned. In general, these interventions activities are characterized as relatively low were viewed as only minimally effective, income generators. despite the fact that several rights had been Respondents interviewed in Ouagadougou guaranteed, including the inter-professional cited very few household interventions to minimum wage and unemployment reduction. address the issue aside from people’s individual Many of the interventions mentioned are used initiatives, such as the establishment of trade to address both low income and unemployment, services. Respondents in Léo highlighted the as these issues are interrelated. When importance of the supporting role of NGOs in respondents addressed unemployment, they order for these initiatives to succeed. In Dori, focused primarily on youth unemployment respondents noted that support within and and its effects on society and the conflict this between families is paramount when there is no can potentially create. When respondents actual income generation. They also mentioned cited interventions addressing low income, the support families received from the National they focused more on the whole family and its Council for Emergency and Rehabilitation consequences in terms of quality of life. (CONASUR), which is in charge of management and response after natural disasters occur. Over three quarters of respondents were FOOD INSECURITY aware of institutional interventions to address Food insecurity was perceived as a very serious low income, most of them developed by issue in Dori. In fact, it was selected as the local and national governments. These primary socioeconomic problem, largely due to were perceived to be minimally effective 3the area’s rural makeup and high dependency in Ouagadougou and close to somewhat on agriculture. In Ouagadougou, the issue effective in Dori. Actions were mainly related was ranked sixth of twelve factors and was to the implementation of Income Generation perceived to be a serious issue. Activities such as micro-finance programmes Four out of every five respondents in both Dori and other credit related interventions, which and Ouagadougou thought that food insecurity were considered as minimally effective in had increased people’s vulnerability to natural Ouagadougou. The low level of effectiveness is hazards. In Dori, food insecurity was linked to primarily perceived to be a result of insufficient low agricultural productivity, displacement funding. In Léo, apart from insufficient funding, and abandonment of land, as well as higher incomplete implementation is seen as a dependence on livestock. In Ouagadougou, significant factor in the somewhat effective food insecurity was related to access to land status of these interventions. and droughts. The problems generated by Dori respondents provided a longer list of food insecurity are mainly related to poor interventions, with the national government health, chronic child malnutrition rates, and and community organisations cited as the most lack of strength which may eventually turn into relevant implementers. For the latter, micro- weakened labour capacity. 55

DARA

Around one third of respondents (36 percent in charge of natural disaster management, in Dori and 37 percent in Ouagadougou) and the National Society for the Management considered food insecurity to be a factor in of Food Security Stocks (SONAGESS), in charge increasing the probability of conflict occurring of the management, stock and preservation of in the region. It was seen as negatively affecting food aid. Other somewhat effective measures health and increasing food prices which can include grain banks and food stores with cause grievances within the population and subsidised prices. major social movements that increase the likelihood of a conflict. As one respondent stated, “A hungry stomach has no ears”. LIMITED ACCESS In both Dori and Ouagadougou, families TO HEALTH SERVICES have come up with measures to improve Respondents in all three RTUs selected limited agricultural practices as a means to decrease 4access to health services as a serious issue. food insecurity. These actions include building More than 60 percent of the key informants filtering dykes, improving wildlife management in Ouagadougou and Dori, and half of those and community planning, diversifying sources interviewed in Léo, thought that this issue had of food by raising livestock, and implementing increased the population’s vulnerability to other IGA. natural hazards. Precarious health conditions, In Dori and Ouagadougou, the national lack of electricity, the absence of qualified government, communities and international personnel, and an insufficient number of organisations have implemented direct health care centers were all highlighted. food distribution, which is considered only These deficiencies result in a lack of general somewhat effective due to limited resources. prevention measures, the fast spread of The national government also has developed multiple diseases and high levels of maternal social structures, such as the CONASUR, and child mortality rates. Furthermore, far 56 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 2

distances to travel between centers and expensive respondents in Ouagadougou and Dori and 35 health care services were mentioned as a cause of percent in Lego considered that these issues are discontent among the population, and competition potential factors in increasing the probability for health services between nationals and non- of conflict between migrants and recipient nationals was linked to the probability of conflict. communities, as resources become insufficient In all three RTUs, families try to cope with the lack and living conditions precarious. Conflict can also of health assistance by using alternative/ traditional be triggered when traditions and behaviour from medicine, technical services for medical tests newcomers and residents crash with each other. and travelling drug sellers. In Léo, respondents Very few concrete steps were mentioned highlighted a special communal fund created by regarding how families cope with in-migration the villagers from their contributions, which is problems, such as some families allowing used to alleviate health problems when needed. immigrants to use part of their land. No examples Most of the interviewees were aware of were given by Ouagadougou respondents, though. institutional interventions that address access As was the case for household interventions, to health issues (68 percent in Ouagadougou, 85 most of the survey respondents were not aware percent in Léo and 80 percent in Dori). Some of the of any institutional interventions in place to address common interventions mentioned in all three RTUs this issue. Only 11 percent of the interviewees in are the construction of Health and Social Centres Ouagadougou, 5 percent in Léo and 24 percent (CSPS - Centre de Santé et de Promotion Sociale) in Dori knew about a particular intervention. by the national and local governments. These programmes were mostly considered as minimally effective, as infrastructure is limited and funding is LIMITED ACCESS TO LAND insufficient. Vaccination and awareness campaigns Limited access to land was considered a serious (especially those developed by community issue in Ouagadougou and in Léo, where 74 organisations) were also mentioned and seen to 6percent of survey respondents in the capital and be just shy of somewhat effective, but noted for 65 percent of those from Léo identified it as a their inclusion of the most vulnerable and for source of vulnerability. In Ouagadougou and Léo, the fact that they complement the work limited access to land is the result of droughts, done at the governmental level. higher prices of farming plots, and migration. Close to half of the respondents in Léo and more than half in Ouagadougou considered limited access IN-MIGRATION to land as increasing the probability of conflict. On In-migration was considered to be a serious issue one hand, conflict could be the result of the poor in all three RTUs, although to a lesser degree by living conditions of people who live in areas exposed 5respondents in Léo. Two thirds of interviewees to risk and, on the other hand, tensions are created in Ouagadougou and one third in Léo and Dori when populations are forced to relocate from high- recognised the link between in-migration and risk areas by the government. However, conflict an increase in people’s vulnerability to natural was most commonly seen as the result of arable hazards. In-migration can cause population land disputes between residents and immigrants. increase, overcrowding and illegal occupation Survey responses in both RTUs indicated of spaces exposed to risk. It can also increase that families are limited in their capacities to unemployment levels. Around 20 percent of confront the issue. However, work is being 57

done to create awareness for resident and their capacity to cope with disasters. and non-resident/immigrant families Respondents did not see a causal linkage on how to respect land boundaries. between the prevalence of infectious diseases In Ouagadougou, half of the respondents and an increase in people’s vulnerability to were aware of specific interventions to conflict in either Ouagadougou or Dori. address issues around limited land access. Only in Ouagadougou did respondents Local governments and the national mention household measures to cope government were viewed as the primary with the prevalence of infectious diseases. facilitators behind initiatives. One example As was the case for limited access to is the land tenure law developed by the health services, families have decided to national government. The law, like other revert to alternative traditional medicine interventions on the issue, was considered in order to treat these diseases. only minimally effective, due to the fact that Both in Dori and Ouagadougou institutional it had not been completely implemented. interventions identified included awareness In Léo, 75 percent of survey interviewees campaigns and prevention programmes. These were unaware of any intervention implemented are mainly implemented by international and in their RTU. Only four interventions were community organisations and the national reported, two of which were implemented government, which in both cases is a major by the local government in order to create actor. In Ouagadougou, most respondents awareness, considered to be in between thought that international organisations’ minimally and somewhat effective. The interventions were somewhat effective. These other two programmes on regulation and included support for free anti-retrovirals awareness-raising programmes being (ARVs), as well as awareness raising campaigns. carried out by the national government Vaccination campaigns developed by the were considered to be less than minimally government were acknowledged to be almost effective because of the poor technical somewhat effective, as the level of funding capacity and incomplete implementation. proved to be sufficient for the population to have adequate access to this intervention. Respondents in Dori highly valued PREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS interventions developed by the national DISEASES (HIV/AIDS, government. Some of the most highly CHOLERA, MALARIA, ETC.) scored were programmes for voluntary and 7 Prevalence of infectious diseases is a free HIV screening, considered to be close serious issue in both Ouagadougou and to very effective given that anyone could Dori. Respondents explained the issue as access tests, and they help prevent the the result of precarious health and sanitary disease from spreading. General medical conditions, prostitution, and unhygienic support, mosquito nets and health care practices such as living with animals. kits distribution were seen as somewhat Climate change is also believed to be one effective. Dori respondents also viewed the of the causes of an increase in infectious work of community organisations in creating diseases. In Dori, 72 percent of respondents awareness to be close to somewhat effective. believed that prevalence of infectious diseases increases vulnerability to natural hazards by diminishing levels of productivity and therefore affecting families’ income round 75 percent as a factor for increasing of the respondents vulnerability to hazards, Vulnerability in all 3 RTUs thought as was the case for more than that socioeconomic 60 percent of interviewees in and Conflict Achallenges such as unemployment, Ouagadougou when assessing probability low income, food insecurity and in-migration. In the case of to some extent limited access socioeconomic factors to land, and limited access to increasing the probability of believed that low income had health services, increased the conflict, close to 75 percent the same impact towards conflict population’s vulnerability to of respondents from the urban probability. Also for around 50 natural hazards. In Dori more Ouagadougou felt that percent of respondents in than 70 percent of the unemployment had increased Ouagadougou and Léo, limited respondents identified the probability of conflict, as well access to land affects the prevalence of infectious diseases as 58 percent of interviewees probability of conflict.

% of respondents considering that these issues have increased (Probability of conflict /Vulnerability to natural hazards)

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Food insecurity Food insecurity

Limited access Limited access to land to land

In-migration In-migration

Low income Low income

Limited access Limited access

Probability of conflict of Probability to health services to health services

Prevalence Prevalence of infectious of infectious hazards natural to Vulnerability diseases (HIV/ diseases (HIV/ AIDS, cholera, AIDS, cholera, malaria, etc) malaria, etc)

Unemployment Unemployment

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO Unemployment

DARA 60 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 3

n Ouagadougou respondents perceived issues related to land Land Use and Built use and the built environment as more serious than in the Environment Iother RTUs. This is perhaps not surprising considering the urban OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO environment of the capital. In Léo and Ouagadougou issues related to Housing in dangerous water supply and disposal, as well locations (steep slopes, as those associated with housing river beds, etc) quality and location, were cited Poorly built housing most frequently by respondents. Additionally, in Ouagadougou Limited access to water supply respondents perceived as 2 serious those issues related to Poor drainage/ water disposal the quality and location of public infrastructure and facilities. On average Dori’s respondents did Not serious Serious Very serious Extremely serious not select any of the issues within risk driver 3 as serious, with only issues related to water supply and disposal receiving scores close to the threshold of being considered serious.

HOUSING IN to riots. More than half of those interviewed DANGEROUS LOCATIONS in Ouagadougou (63 percent) saw a clear link Respondents in Ouagadougou recognised between housing in dangerous locations and 1 that living in houses located in dangerous sites an increase in the probability of conflict. considerably increases people’s vulnerability Responses regarding institutional in the face of catastrophic events. These interventions were equally distributed areas are characterised by a general lack of amongst those implemented by local and protection measures. In Léo, respondents national government agencies. Both agencies mentioned that people living in low lying areas were rated midway between minimally which flood in the rainy season are the most effective and somewhat effective. Relocation exposed to risk. programmes and awareness-raising were the In Ouagadougou, relocation interventions most frequently cited initiatives. Government were seen as a source of conflict between interventions were criticised for their the government and the population. These incomplete implementation. There was some interventions are believed to directly affect disagreement over the adequacy of funding. existing social networks and potentially lead Those that perceived the funding as being 61

sufficient also pointed out that it was poorly LIMITED ACCESS managed, and there were not enough efforts TO WATER SUPPLY to target vulnerable populations. In Léo, only two respondents mentioned government 3Limited access to water supply was considered interventions, which were in the same areas as a serious issue in Ouagadougou and Léo and those undertaken in Ouagadougou (relocation was considered as a source of vulnerability and awareness-raising). to natural hazards for at least 70 percent of respondents in both RTUs. 25 percent of respondents in Ouagadougou and 36 percent of respondents in Léo believe limited access POORLY BUILT HOUSING to water supplies increases the probability In both Ouagadougou and Léo, a high of conflict. percentage of respondents, 63 percent and In Ouagadougou and Léo, limited access 253 percent, respectively, linked poorly built to water supplies increases the exposure of housing with an increase in the population’s the population and animals to water borne vulnerability. In Ouagadougou, this issue was diseases. People and their herds are forced considered to be very serious as houses have to use non-safe water sources because low resistance to any environmental hazard, of the lack of appropriate water supply leading to population insecurity. In Léo, poorly infrastructure, which in turn negatively built housing was considered as a serious impacts their living conditions and makes issue and a consequence of the use of low them more vulnerable to the occurrence of quality building materials. The lack of strong natural disasters. In Dori, migration strategies foundations in housing increases the likelihood are often a consequence of limited access to of damage occurring, even in the case of water supply. regular rain. People have grown increasingly discontent In Ouagadougou, respondents mainly with the water access situation in Ouagadougou. recognised interventions implemented This has led to protests that could ultimately by the local and national governments. lead to a larger, internal conflict. In Léo, The most common interventions include respondents mentioned that the limited planning measures, social housing and raising access to water could trigger conflict due to awareness, which complement activities the high demand caused by overpopulation. undertaken by community organisations. In Dori, the probability of conflict is linked to Both institutions’ interventions were scored the competition between pastoralists and the as minimally effective, and there was some rest of the population. disagreement as to whether projects were As part of people’s coping strategies to completely or incompletely implemented. deal with limited access to water, families in In Léo, although few responses on Léo and Ouagadougou have started to build interventions were gathered overall, traditional wells. However, they recognise respondents did indicate that all institutions that the method is technically challenging, concentrated their efforts on building and especially when groundwater level is very deep. rehabilitating houses, which were considered Furthermore, while these wells do provide to be somewhat effective due to their water for families, the water can often be unfit complete implementation. for consumption and can pose health problems. In Ouagadougou, the national government and international organisations are seen as 62 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 3

the most relevant actors in addressing limited POOR DRAINAGE / access to water. The activities in this area WATER DISPOSAL are mainly related to funding for and building In Ouagadougou, poor drainage was scored of water supply infrastructure such as 4 as a very serious issue, with respondents borehole and well drilling, drinking fountains pointing out the irregular use of water and water dams. Additionally, the national channels that are often used as waste dumps, government has proven its commitment to clogging the drainage systems and triggering improving water supply conditions for the floods upstream. The irregular use and non- population through the creation of specific functionality of the drainage system contributes institutions in charge of water management, to the degradation of health conditions of the most notably The National Water and population, a collateral effect that was also Sanitation Office (ONEA, in French) and mentioned in Léo. In addition to the incorrect Ministry of Water Resources, Hydraulic and usage of existing infrastructure, respondents Sanitation Facilities (MEAHA, in French). These highlighted that waste water infrastructure is interventions were assessed as effective lacking in general. In Léo, families are getting given their complete implementation and the rid of waste water in the family compounds, sufficient funding allocated, as well as the a practice that is creating tensions between technical capacity in place to undertake them. neighbours. Flooding created by clogged In Léo, the local and national governments gutters has led to community isolation in the were the most recognised by respondents case of Léo, ultimately causing economic losses. regarding water supply interventions. Only in Léo were actions undertaken by Well drilling, water network extension and families mentioned. Examples included the awareness-raising on water usage are construction of open pits for waste disposal, their primary activities. Both institutions which prevents community members from were viewed positively for completing their disposing garbage in the drainage system. interventions with sufficient funding allocated. Behavioural changes such as disposing waste They were also lauded for including vulnerable water away from households have started to be groups. In Dori, national government implemented in Léo by some families in order to interventions are the most recognised, avoid tensions. followed by interventions undertaken by In both Léo and Ouagadougou interventions community organisations and the local identified were targeted towards gutter and government. These institutions have mainly drainage cleaning, as well as awareness raising put their efforts into building water supply activities. In Ouagadougou, most respondents infrastructure (drillings, boulis, ponds, acknowledged the local government as the wells, dams), which respondents assessed main implementing agency; however, in Léo, as effective for providing water to many the interventions carried out by the national households, and drastically reducing the time government were more commonly recognized. needed by local populations to fetch water. In both RTUs, respondents criticised both institutions and scored the interventions as minimally effective, citing inadequate implementation, insufficient funding and poor maintenance of the infrastructures. significant number of urbanisation experienced of respondents in Léo by inhabitants of Ouagadougou, Vulnerability and Ouagadougou saw it is not surprising that more than a clear link between 60 percent of the respondents and Conflict Ahousing issues, water supply and felt that housing in dangerous disposal issues and an increase locations can cause an increase probability in the population’s vulnerability in the probability of conflict. to natural hazards. Respondents Poor drainage was also seen as in rural areas to basic services. in Ouagadougou felt particularly a factor affecting the probability Additionally an average of 26 strongly that there was a of conflict by more than 20 percent of respondents across relationship between poor percent and 40 percent of the all three RTUs linked limited drainage and an increase in their respondents in Léo and Dori, access to water supply with vulnerability to natural hazards. respectively, which could be conflict probability. Taking into account the high rates related to the lower access

% of respondents considering that these issues have increased (Probability of conflict /Vulnerability to natural hazards)

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Housing in Housing in dangerous dangerous locations locations (steep slopes, (steep slopes, river beds, etc) river beds, etc)

Poorly Poorly built housing built housing

Limited access Limited access to water supply to water supply Probability of conflict of Probability Vulnerability to natural hazards natural to Vulnerability

Poor drainage/ Poor drainage/ water disposal water disposal

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO 64 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 4

nder Risk Driver 4 Governance – Governance - there are five issues that respondents found most Userious: corruption, inefficient bureaucracy, lack of human OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO resources, limited financial capacity and non-compliance with the law. Corruption In Ouagadougou, corruption and non-compliance with the law were Inefficient both seen as very serious issues bureaucracy affecting the region, with inefficient Lack of human bureaucracy and limited financial resources

capacity perceived as serious. Limited financial In Dori, corruption and limited capacity

financial capacity were viewed as Non-compliance very serious, with lack of human with law resources, media censorship and non-compliance with the law as Not serious Serious Very serious Extremely serious serious. Respondents in Léo did not perceive any of the issues mentioned above as very serious. However, they did score corruption, lack of human resources, limited For Risk Driver Four, it proved confront governance-related issues. financial capacity and non- especially difficult for respondents Given the lack of responses, the compliance with the law as serious to identify any household “household interventions” sections issues affecting their region. interventions being undertaken to will not be analysed for this Driver.

CORRUPTION probability of conflict in the respective regions, Corruption was viewed as a very serious although far less so in Léo and Dori than in issue in both Ouagadougou and Dori, and Ouagadougou. The issue was viewed most 1 as a serious issue in Léo. It was consistently seriously in Ouagadougou, where 68 percent viewed as a factor that increases people’s of respondents considered corruption to be vulnerability to natural hazards and that a factor in increasing vulnerability to natural can increase the probability of conflict. In hazards, and 58 percent believe it increases both Ouagadougou and Dori, corruption was the probability of conflict. ranked first amongst all factors in Driver 4 in In all three regions corruption was seen as increasing people’s vulnerability to natural hindering the implementation of much-needed hazards. In all three RTUs it was perceived as public works that could reduce the impact the factor that was most likely to increase the of natural hazards, thus hindering development 65

goals and making populations more vulnerable. the State (Comité National de Lutte contre In terms of conflict, corruption was perceived la Corruption and the Autorité supérieur de as contributing to indignation and frustration contrôle de l’état, respectively) were also cited among the population, which can lead to civil as government measures to tackle corruption. unrest and violence. In Léo, respondents noted that corruption has created tensions between land owners and migrants and can often lead INEFFICIENT BUREAUCRACY to confrontations between social classes. Views on the efficiency of government In Ouagadougou, the national government bureaucracy differed across the three RTUs. was seen as the main actor addressing the 2Inefficiency was perceived to be a very serious issue of corruption followed by community issue only in Ouagadougou. In both Dori organizations. Awareness raising, along and Léo, the issue falls just short of being with judiciary procedures and state considered as serious by those interviewed. sanctions were both identified as minimally In the capital, 68 percent of stakeholders effective actions carried out by the believed that it could lead to an increase in a government. The adoption of laws to fight population’s vulnerability to natural hazards; corruption was also an intervention cited; however, only 16 percent think the issue is however, it was seen to be not effective likely to increase vulnerability to conflict. Poor at all. The publication of reports from the management of resources, the inability to NGO National Network to Fight against effectively take decisions or carry out technical Corruption (Réseau National de Lutte Anti operations in disaster management, and the –Corruption) (RENLAC) were also mentioned general inability to respond to people’s needs and identified as minimally effective. Key are all seen as results of inefficient bureaucracy respondents in Ouagadougou explained that can lead to increased vulnerability to that a lack of political will and inadequate natural hazards. follow up were the main factors inhibiting With respect to interventions led by the effectiveness of these interventions. government agencies or INGOs related to In Léo, the national government was also inefficient bureaucracy, few key informants identified as the most active in carrying out were aware of any interventions that address interventions to fight corruption, mainly this issue. In Ouagadougou, two programmes through internal mechanisms put in place to that were mentioned included an expert address the issue. These mechanisms were exchange program initiated by a group of thought to be only minimally effective given INGOs, as well as a government initiative to the insufficient technical capacity and the provide training programmes to government failure to completely implement them. As employees. These initiatives were ranked as in the other two RTUs, in Dori, government somewhat effective and minimally effective, programmes to fight corruption were the respectively. Respondents did not, however, most frequently cited interventions. The state the reasons behind their responses. national government’s awareness raising campaign on corruption issues was viewed as somewhat effective; however, responses were limited on the reasons why respondents believed so. The creation of state agencies, the National Committee to Combat Corruption and the Supreme Authority for Control of 66 FINDINGS AND KEY ISSUES Local Perceptions on Risk Driver 4

LACK OF HUMAN RESOURCES both of these government interventions as The lack of human resources within minimally effective, primarily citing insufficient government agencies was viewed as a serious funding and incomplete implementation. 3problem in both Dori and Léo. In Léo, this issue was seen to be especially detrimental to the government’s ability to respond to LIMITED FINANCIAL CAPACITY disaster situations as first respondents. Limited financial capacity is considered a very Limited capacity of medical staff was also serious problem in Dori and a serious problem mentioned. According to those interviewed, 4 in Ouagadougou and Léo. In all three RTUs, the the government’s inability to prevent and issue was placed within the top three issues (of respond to needs in critical moments those measured in Driver 4) that can increase leaves the population more vulnerable. In people’s vulnerability to natural disasters. This Léo, 60 percent of respondents believed was particularly noted in Ouagadougou, where that these shortcomings can make people 63 percent of those interviewed linked limited more vulnerable to natural hazards, while financial capacity to increased vulnerability, 32 percent shared this view in Dori. In Dori, with 55 percent and 44 percent in Léo and Dori limited resources has led to dissatisfaction selecting the issue, respectively. among government workers, low levels of In all three RTUs there was consensus competence in agencies, and the inability of that the limited financial capacity of these agencies to resolve pressing problems the government has serious effects on throughout the region. One example programming that is aimed at preventing and highlighted was that every year numerous responding to disasters and safeguarding teachers leave the Sahel region because of the public in general. In Dori, the issue is insufficient resources. believed to have a direct impact on the Léo was the only RTU in which sufficient local government’s ability to operate social comments on interventions to address limited programmes, such as medical centers, leaving human resources were received. The national the population more vulnerable when disasters government was seen as the most active occur. In Léo, limited financial capacity stakeholder in addressing the issue. The two also affects the amount of support people most cited interventions by respondents receive through social programmes and can included the establishment of the National lead to slow response times in emergencies. Volunteers Programme (Programme National Respondents in the capital agreed that this de Voluntariat) (PNV) in 2008, along with the issue greatly limits government agencies’ government’s effort to recruit more personnel. ability to implement programmes that would The PNV is an initiative governed by the help offset the negative effects of disasters on Ministry of Youth, Professional Training and the local population. Employment* and is supported by the UNDP When asked whether this issue increases and the UN Volunteers Programme (UNVP). to the probability of conflict, respondents It aims to fight poverty and promote good focused both on the limited financial capacity governance while establishing the necessary of the government and its impact on the tools to promote volunteerism throughout population, as well as how people’s limited the country. Respondents, however, viewed resources can drive conflict. The majority 67

of responses received were from NON-COMPLIANCE WITH LAW Ouagadougou, where the issue is seen to Non-compliance with the law was selected be a cause of social tension. The government’s as a very serious issue (falling just short of slow response to hazards can often lead to 5extremely serious) in Ougadougou, and as a violent protests from citizens that expect serious issue in both Léo and Dori. In the capital, their basic needs to be covered. Furthermore, nearly half of the population interviewed (47 increasing wealth inequality has led to protests percent) linked non-compliance with the law to and social movements in recent years. In Léo, an increase in people’s vulnerability to natural a weak social support system has forced the hazards. The same percentage of respondents population to find alternative means of income believed it to augment the probability of and, according to respondents, can lead to conflict as well. The link to vulnerability to theft and an increase in crime rates. natural hazards was less pronounced in both While responses were relatively limited Léo and Dori. Only 35 percent of respondents concerning the institutional interventions in in Léo, and 20 percent in Dori, believed it to place to address limited financial capacity, increase vulnerability to natural disasters. respondents in Dori and Ouagadougou In Ouagadougou, where this issue was ranked did point to some specific actions. In Dori, as most serious, the national government was several respondents highlighted the role of identified as the main actor in carrying out community organisations in supporting local interventions to confront non-compliance populations through micro credit programmes. with the law. The majority of respondents These programmes were viewed as minimally cited two interventions specifically: judicial effective due to insufficient funding, incomplete processes against those who violate the law implementation and technical limitations. and awareness raising campaigns on the In Ougadougou, international organisations issue. However, these interventions were only and the national government are considered viewed as minimally effective, as respondents to be the most relevant actors on this issue. highlighted the incomplete implementation of External funding from partners is seen as the processes and the lack of political will to playing an important role in supporting sanction those guilty of infractions. development projects. Their effectiveness was In Léo, the local government is thought to perceived to be just shy of somewhat effective. be the key facilitator of these interventions. The majority of responses highlighting the Measures taken include greater penalties for national government’s role in addressing government officials who violate the law and limited financial capacity centered on efforts the strengthening of internal security measures to exploit natural resources and develop the to prevent non-compliance. The previous mining sector in order to generate income. measure was viewed as minimally effective However, these activities were thought to be while the latter fell just below the threshold only minimally effective at addressing the issue of somewhat effective. at large.

* Ministère de la Jeunesse, de la Formation Professionnelle et de l’Emploi (MJFPE) f the issues measured Léo and Dori than Ouagadougou. in Driver Four, Limited financial capacity was Vulnerability corruption was seen also viewed as a main issue and Conflict in all three RTU as leading to people’s vulnerability Oone of the top factors that to natural hazards. In general, probability can increase the population’s respondents in Ouagadougou vulnerability to hazards. It was saw more links between the also believed to be the issue that different issues and their effects is most likely to increase the on vulnerability to natural probability of a conflict in the hazards and conflict. three regions, albeit less so in

% of respondents considering that these issues have increased (Probability of conflict /Vulnerability to natural hazards)

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Corruption Corruption

Inefficient Inefficient bureaucracy bureaucracy

Lack of human Lack of human resources resources

Probability of conflict of Probability Limited Limited financial capacity financial capacity Vulnerability to natural hazards natural to Vulnerability

Non-compliance Non-compliance with law with law

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO DARA RECOMMENDATIONS

72 RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations from the RTUs

OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO INCREASING KNOWLEDGE ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING activities over air pollution ● Draft a clear REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ● Draft a clear REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND AWARENESS and WATER USAGE and enforcement measures to combat and enforcement measures to combat ON ENVIRONMENT DESERTIFICATION DESERTIFICATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES ● Monitor more closely ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 1 ASSESSMENTS of companies ●  Ensure REFORESTATION CAMPAIGNS ● Ensure REFORESTATION CAMPAIGNS are IMPLEMENTED IN FULL, including are IMPLEMENTED IN FULL, including ● Expand the WATER SUPPLY NETWORK and build subsoiling, ploughing, maintenance and subsoiling, ploughing, maintenance and WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE monitoring of seedlings planted monitoring of seedlings planted ● Support and develop SOIL RECOVERY PRACTICES, ●  Expand the WATER SUPPLY NETWORK ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING activities such as using organic manure, improved seeds and build WATER RETENTION AND WATER against excessive FOREST CLEARING and compost pits SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ● Develop SOIL RECOVERY PRACTICES, such ● Organise and regulate GRAZING AREAS ●  Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING activities as using organic manure, improved seeds and and training over WATER USAGE and excessive compost pits FOREST CLEARING ●  Organise and regulate GRAZING AREAS ●  Promote SOIL REGENERATION and set up FIREWALLS

BUILDING ● Promote INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES ● Create and support GRAIN BANKS ● Improve REGULATIONS for WAGES AND SOCIOECONOMIC LABOUR conditions RESILIENCE ● Expand MICROFINANCE programmes ● Support IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, such as improved seeds, ● Provide EDUCATION/TRAINING BETTER ● Promote SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2 agricultural machinery, filtering dykes, improved ALIGNED WITH JOB MARKET needs through training and laws village and wildlife management ● Promote INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES ● Improve REGULATIONS for WAGES AND LABOUR conditions ● Create FOOD stores with SUBSIDISED PRICES ● Expand MICROFINANCE programmes for ● Provide EDUCATION/TRAINING BETTER ALIGNED WITH JOB ● Implement direct FOOD AID RATIONS WOMEN AND YOUTH MARKET needs distribution for the most vulnerable ● Build more INFRASTRUCTURE (e.g. sewing ● Implement and enforce LAND TENURE LAWS ● Expand MICROFINANCE programmes training centres) through the HIMO approach ● Support FREE ANTI-RETROVIRALS (ARVS) and AWARENESS- ● Create LITERACY CENTRES AND CONDUCT ● Expand COMMUNITY HEALTH FUND RAISING campaigns over HIV/AIDS LITERACY CAMPAIGNS ● Construct HEALTH AND SOCIAL CENTRES ● Create FOOD STORES with SUBSIDISED PRICES ● Support JOB CREATION AND JOB ● Conduct VACCINATION and health awareness- ● Conduct more direct FOOD AID RATIONS DISTRIBUTION TRAINING PROGRAMMES raising campaigns ● Create and support GRAIN BANKS ● Construct HEALTH AND SOCIAL CENTRES ● Create AWARENESS on respecting land ● Construct HEALTH AND SOCIAL CENTRES ● Promote voluntary and FREE HIV SCREENING boundaries

● Conduct VACCINATION and health awareness–raising ● Conduct VACCINATION and health awareness- campaigns raising campaigns 73 Recommendations from the RTUs

OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO INCREASING KNOWLEDGE ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING activities over air pollution ● Draft a clear REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ● Draft a clear REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND AWARENESS and WATER USAGE and enforcement measures to combat and enforcement measures to combat ON ENVIRONMENT DESERTIFICATION DESERTIFICATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES ● Monitor more closely ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS of companies ●  Ensure REFORESTATION CAMPAIGNS ● Ensure REFORESTATION CAMPAIGNS are IMPLEMENTED IN FULL, including are IMPLEMENTED IN FULL, including ● Expand the WATER SUPPLY NETWORK and build subsoiling, ploughing, maintenance and subsoiling, ploughing, maintenance and WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE monitoring of seedlings planted monitoring of seedlings planted ● Support and develop SOIL RECOVERY PRACTICES, ●  Expand the WATER SUPPLY NETWORK ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING activities such as using organic manure, improved seeds and build WATER RETENTION AND WATER against excessive FOREST CLEARING and compost pits SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ● Develop SOIL RECOVERY PRACTICES, such ● Organise and regulate GRAZING AREAS ●  Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING activities as using organic manure, improved seeds and and training over WATER USAGE and excessive compost pits FOREST CLEARING ●  Organise and regulate GRAZING AREAS ●  Promote SOIL REGENERATION and set up FIREWALLS

BUILDING ● Promote INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES ● Create and support GRAIN BANKS ● Improve REGULATIONS for WAGES AND SOCIOECONOMIC LABOUR conditions RESILIENCE ● Expand MICROFINANCE programmes ● Support IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, such as improved seeds, ● Provide EDUCATION/TRAINING BETTER ● Promote SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP agricultural machinery, filtering dykes, improved ALIGNED WITH JOB MARKET needs through training and laws village and wildlife management ● Promote INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES ● Improve REGULATIONS for WAGES AND LABOUR conditions ● Create FOOD stores with SUBSIDISED PRICES ● Expand MICROFINANCE programmes for ● Provide EDUCATION/TRAINING BETTER ALIGNED WITH JOB ● Implement direct FOOD AID RATIONS WOMEN AND YOUTH MARKET needs distribution for the most vulnerable ● Build more INFRASTRUCTURE (e.g. sewing ● Implement and enforce LAND TENURE LAWS ● Expand MICROFINANCE programmes training centres) through the HIMO approach ● Support FREE ANTI-RETROVIRALS (ARVS) and AWARENESS- ● Create LITERACY CENTRES AND CONDUCT ● Expand COMMUNITY HEALTH FUND RAISING campaigns over HIV/AIDS LITERACY CAMPAIGNS ● Construct HEALTH AND SOCIAL CENTRES ● Create FOOD STORES with SUBSIDISED PRICES ● Support JOB CREATION AND JOB ● Conduct VACCINATION and health awareness- ● Conduct more direct FOOD AID RATIONS DISTRIBUTION TRAINING PROGRAMMES raising campaigns ● Create and support GRAIN BANKS ● Construct HEALTH AND SOCIAL CENTRES ● Create AWARENESS on respecting land ● Construct HEALTH AND SOCIAL CENTRES ● Promote voluntary and FREE HIV SCREENING boundaries

● Conduct VACCINATION and health awareness–raising ● Conduct VACCINATION and health awareness- campaigns raising campaigns 74 RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations from the RTUs

OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO IMPROVING ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING for VULNERABLE ● Expand WATER SUPPLY NETWORK and build ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING and LAND USE POPULATIONS living in dangerous locations new WATER RETENTION INFRASTRUCTURE RELOCATION programmes for VULNERABLE AND THE BUILT POPULATIONS living in dangerous locations ENVIRONMENT ● Integrate existing social networks into decision making processes ● Conduct GUTTER AND DRAINAGE CLEANING 3 for RELOCATION PROGRAMMES ● BUILD NEW AND REHABILITATE CURRENT ● Organise and regulate GRAZING AREAS INFRASTRUCTURE with high quality building ● Provide AFFORDABLE HOUSING and conduct CAPACITY materials BUILDING on basic BUILDING TECHNIQUES ● Expand WATER SUPPLY NETWORK and build ● Enforce LAND USE PLANNING MEASURES water supply infrastructure ● Expand and improve WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE, ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING activities on guaranteeing access to most vulnerable populations WATER USAGE ● Conduct GUTTER AND DRAINAGE CLEANING and ● Conduct GUTTER AND DRAINAGE CLEANING AWARENESS-raising activities on proper WASTE DISPOSAL ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING ACTIVITIES ● Conduct SENSITISATION activities on the HEALTH RISKS on good practices for WASTE WATER DISPOSAL associated with UNSAFE WATER SOURCES ● Arrange waste disposal sites and regulate WASTE MANAGEMENT

IMPROVING ● Strengthen monitoring for ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS and other ● Continue to conduct AWARENESS-RAISING ● Implement penalties and STRENGTHEN GOVERNANCE anti-corruption measures ACTIVITIES ON CORRUPTION issues INTERNAL MEASURES to prevent non compliance ● Improve MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES, decision-making and ● Strengthen partnerships with ANTI- 4 technical capacity for disaster management CORRUPTION AGENCIES (ASCE, CNLC) ● Build TECHNICAL CAPACITY in the government to fight corruption ● Provide capacity building measures to IMPROVE EFFICIENCY ● Strengthen micro-credit and other INCOME within government agencies GENERATING PROGRAMMES ● Create stop-gap measures to address lack of human resources in the area of disaster ● Strengthen JUDICIAL PROCESSES and enforce measures prevention and management against non compliance ● Work with development partners to ADDRESS GAPS IN SOCIAL PROGRAMMES due to limited financial resources 75 Recommendations from the RTUs

OUAGADOUGOU DORI LÉO IMPROVING ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING for VULNERABLE ● Expand WATER SUPPLY NETWORK and build ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING and LAND USE POPULATIONS living in dangerous locations new WATER RETENTION INFRASTRUCTURE RELOCATION programmes for VULNERABLE AND THE BUILT POPULATIONS living in dangerous locations ENVIRONMENT ● Integrate existing social networks into decision making processes ● Conduct GUTTER AND DRAINAGE CLEANING for RELOCATION PROGRAMMES ● BUILD NEW AND REHABILITATE CURRENT ● Organise and regulate GRAZING AREAS INFRASTRUCTURE with high quality building ● Provide AFFORDABLE HOUSING and conduct CAPACITY materials BUILDING on basic BUILDING TECHNIQUES ● Expand WATER SUPPLY NETWORK and build ● Enforce LAND USE PLANNING MEASURES water supply infrastructure ● Expand and improve WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE, ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING activities on guaranteeing access to most vulnerable populations WATER USAGE ● Conduct GUTTER AND DRAINAGE CLEANING and ● Conduct GUTTER AND DRAINAGE CLEANING AWARENESS-raising activities on proper WASTE DISPOSAL ● Conduct AWARENESS-RAISING ACTIVITIES ● Conduct SENSITISATION activities on the HEALTH RISKS on good practices for WASTE WATER DISPOSAL associated with UNSAFE WATER SOURCES ● Arrange waste disposal sites and regulate WASTE MANAGEMENT

IMPROVING ● Strengthen monitoring for ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS and other ● Continue to conduct AWARENESS-RAISING ● Implement penalties and STRENGTHEN GOVERNANCE anti-corruption measures ACTIVITIES ON CORRUPTION issues INTERNAL MEASURES to prevent non compliance ● Improve MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES, decision-making and ● Strengthen partnerships with ANTI- technical capacity for disaster management CORRUPTION AGENCIES (ASCE, CNLC) ● Build TECHNICAL CAPACITY in the government to fight corruption ● Provide capacity building measures to IMPROVE EFFICIENCY ● Strengthen micro-credit and other INCOME within government agencies GENERATING PROGRAMMES ● Create stop-gap measures to address lack of human resources in the area of disaster ● Strengthen JUDICIAL PROCESSES and enforce measures prevention and management against non compliance ● Work with development partners to ADDRESS GAPS IN SOCIAL PROGRAMMES due to limited financial resources KEY CHALLENGES

78 KEY CHALLENGES Key CHALLENGES

Through the survey process and workshops, participants in the RRI study in Burkina Faso identified key challenges that proved to be recurrent across the three RTUs. While the research is based on evidence gathered at the local level in each RTU, the findings do point to certain general patterns and key themes for the country as a whole, and therefore where local, national and international actors should focus their efforts.

DARA 79

Environment the reduced access to resources, techniques and Natural Resources under the umbrella of assisted natural regeneration were widespread amongst ● Soil erosion, desertification and rural families. In partnership with local deforestation are the main environmental organisations, communities have carried out concerns among key informants, who awareness-raising campaigns on reducing clearly understood the essential role of deforestation, and although considered vegetative cover in soil water retention a long-term investment, the need for a capacities and soil quality. These three clear regulatory framework with strong issues are affecting soil productivity, enforcement measures is acknowledged. greatly affecting livelihoods of the ● Despite having mentioned numerous coping population, mainly in Léo and Dori, who mechanisms to deal with water scarcity depend primarily on agriculture activities in rural settings, specific infrastructure – farming and livestock rearing - and targeted at water retention was deemed ultimately increasing food insecurity. more effective than any of the communities’ ● The reduced availability of productive coping mechanisms and should be arable land due to desertification is driving prioritised by government institutions. communities to migrate in the search for ● Stronger coordination is requested from available land. Deforestation, meanwhile, implementing actors, especially between increases the impact and intensity of floods those addressing soil erosion. The national and droughts. Additionally, deforestation government is considered to be the affects the probability of conflict, as it most suitable institutional actor with has led to an increase in competition over strong capacities to tackle this issue. resources between farmers and pastoralists. ● In order to increase the long-term ● The amount of waste generated by the sustainability of the interventions use of plastic bags is a real problem for designed to take care of soil erosion and the Burkinabe population, especially desertification, stronger monitoring for the city of Ouagadougou. This came efforts are needed. The local government is out as a factor affecting the clogging identified as a relevant actor in the definition of the drainage system, and ultimately and design of interventions, but further increasing the impacts from floods. technical and financial supported is needed. ● The impact of gold mining on the ● Water scarcity and deforestation were environment was highlighted during the identified as the main factors affecting validation process as a very dangerous the probability of conflict. These result in activity, given the intense use of highly competition for natural resources between toxic chemicals (mercury and cyanide), pastoralists, farmers and the general resulting in water and soil pollution and population, while resource scarcity can threatening human and animal health. force communities to flee from their homes, ● The highlighted coping strategies generating conflicts between recipient undertaken by families to address and migrant communities. Stronger environmental challenges are traditional regulation over farming and pastoralist soil recovery techniques and diversification activities should be enforced in order to of energy sources. To compensate for avoid tensions between different groups. 80 KEY CHALLENGES Key CHALLENGES

Socio-economic Context Land Use and the Built Environment ● Burkina Faso has a very large youth population that is greatly affected by ● Respondents in the urban RTU - Ouagadougou - high levels of unemployment (mostly were more concerned about the issues under in urban areas) and underemployment Driver 3 than participants in rural areas. These (mainly in rural areas). Given that this issues appear to be more relevant in an urban sector of the population is estimated to context, where they present significant double by 2030, the issue of employment challenges related to infrastructure. opportunities is a major challenge ● Population exposure and vulnerability to to be faced in the coming years. The natural hazards increases significantly in government should prioritise making urban areas, where the establishment of sure that training programs and skills informal settlements in low-lying areas development match market needs, as well and the use of poor construction materials as regulating wages and labour conditions. and foundations has led to high exposure to ● Many socioeconomic factors have triggered floods. Given the prohibitive prices of quality migratory movements in the country, construction materials, the government including low income and precarious could advocate for subsidies for this sector. living conditions, while limited access to ● Respondents most highly favoured concrete land and in-migration have made more approaches to addressing these issues, people move to disaster-prone and such as housing rehabilitation, whereas periphery areas. Therefore government approaches such as planning measures and efforts are needed to address the issue relocation programmes were less valued. of housing in dangerous locations. Government interventions to relocation ● Socio-economic context present perhaps people living in flood-prone areas have the most entrenched challenges, with proven to be particularly controversial. the highest number of issues selected Integration of the most vulnerable and long- under this driver. Thus, local, national term approaches are required in order to and international actors should work address these problems, including taking into continuously to address these factors that account coping capacities of communities increase people’s vulnerability to national and the proper integration of new residents. disasters and, in some cases, conflict. ● While water supply infrastructure and the creation of relevant agencies at the country level are acknowledged, there is dissatisfaction with water access in Ouagadougou, which is strongly linked with the city’s growing population. Urban planning measures and water provision policies should be revised and adapted to account for expected population growth in Ouagadougou, while also exploring opportunities for partnerships at the international level. 81

DARA

Governance bureaucratic inefficiency should be a priority for the government, as this ● Corruption was perceived to be the most issue was seen to substantially increase serious governance issue overall. It can population’s vulnerability to natural increase both vulnerability to natural hazards. This is particularly relevant in hazards and the possibility of a conflict Ouagadougou, where poor resource occurring. The national government, allocation and ineffective decision-making in which is the most recognised actor disaster management were key concerns. in treating issues around corruption, ● Limited financial capacity and human should strengthen existing laws and resources continue to be a major agencies in place to fight corruption. challenge for the government. These ● The recent gold extraction boom could shortcomings have a direct impact on potentially lead to increased corruption the government’s ability to prepare for both at the national and local levels. The and respond to natural disasters. The government should continue to engage in national government should continue to international transparency initiatives on engage with international development mining (such as the EITI) and take additional partners in micro credit and other income measures to ensure that local communities generating programmes that have proved benefit from these activities in their region. to be effective, but suffer from insufficient ● Capacity building programmes to address funding and limited technical capacities. ANNEXES

84 ANNEX 1

ANNEX 1: DATA COLLECTION TOOL

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

PERSONAL INFORMATION COUNTRY NAME ORGANISATION RTU AGE POSITION SECTOR SEX YEARS OF EXPERIENCE WORKING IN THE RTU DATE NATIONALITY E-MAIL ADDRESS (dd/mm/yyyy)

PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS ON NATURAL HAZARDS AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS PQ.1 How serious are these natural hazards in your region? (Choose an answer from 1 to 5. Choose NA/DK if you don't know or the item does not apply to your region)

Not serious at Minimallyall seriousSomewhat seriousVery serious Extremely seriousNot applicable/Don't Know 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 1. Sand /Dust storms 2. Drought 3. Epidemic 4. Epizootics 5. Flood 6. Insect infestation 7. Wildfire 8. Tornado 9. Other? Specify:

1

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

PQ.2 How have climatic conditions changed in the last 10 years in your region? (Choose an answer from 1 to 5. Choose NA/DK if you don't know or the item does not apply to your region)

Not at all Minimal change Some change High level of changeExtreme change NA/DK* 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 1. Average temperatures 2. Changes in rainfall cycles 3. Extreme temperatures 4. Intensity of drought 5. Recurrence of drought 6. Changes in sand storms frequency 7. Other? Specify:

*NOTE: In following pages, NA/DK will always refer to "Not Applicable or Don't Know"

2 85

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR a at RTU level - Field questionnaire

RISK DRIVER 1: ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES D1.1.1 How serious are these environmental issues in your region? D1.1.2.a. Have these environmental issues exacerbated the effects of natural (Choose an answer from 1 to 5) hazards in your region? D1.1.2.b Have these environmental issues increased the probability of conflict in the region?

Not serious at Minimallyall seriousSomewhat seriousVery serious Extremely serious D1.1.3 If yes, in what way? 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 1. Air pollution

2. Deforestation

3. Desertification

4. Soil erosion

5. Water contamination

6. Water scarcity

7. Other? Specify:

D1.1.4 What are the main actions that households and communities take to deal with these issues?

3

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa C onditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

D1.2.1 Which environmental challenges D1.2.2 Type of D1.2.3 Which agencies D.1.2.4 Effectiveness of intervention. are being addressed? intervention? provide support? (National govt, local govt, (Yes, No (Insert type of intervention, eg. Mangrove international or reforestation. You can insert up to two orgs, NA/DK) different types of interventions) community orgs Not effective at allMinimally effectiveSomewhat effectiveVery effective Extremely effective or NA/DK) 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 1. Air pollution

2. Deforestation

3. Desertification

4. Soil erosion

5. Water contamination

6. Water scarcity

7. Other? Specify:

D1.2.5 Why are the interventions mentioned above so effective/ineffective? (please specify the intervention) (Open-ended answer. Eg. Sufficient/insufficient funding, sufficient/insufficient technical capacity, fully/not fully implemented, includes/excludes most vulnerable)

4 86 ANNEX 1

ANNEX 1: DATA COLLECTION TOOL

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

RISK DRIVER 2: SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT D2.1.1 How serious are these social and economic issues in your region? D2.1.2.a. Have these social and economic issues increased peoples' vulnerability (Choose an answer from 1 to 5) to natural hazards? D2.1.2.b. Have these social and economic issues increased the probability of conflict in the region?

Not serious at Minimallyall seriousSomewhat seriousSomewhat seriousExtremely serious D2.1.3 If yes, in what way? 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK

1. Food insecurity

2. Limited access to land

3. Limited access to education/schools

4.Low level of literacy

5. In-migration

6. Out-migration

7. Low income

5

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

D2.1.2.a. Cont'd (vulnerability to natural hazards ) D2.1.2.b. Cont'd (conflict probability)

D2.1.1 Cont'd Not serious at Minimallyall seriousSomewhat seriousVery serious Extremely serious D2.1.3 If yes, in what way? 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 8. Limited access to health services

9. Prevalence of infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, cholera, malaria, etc) 10. Socio-economic exclusion of minorities 11. Unemployment

12. Gender inequality

13.Other? Specify:

D2.1.4. What actions do households and communities take to deal with these issues?

6 87

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire D2.2.1 Which social and economic challenges D2.2.2 Type of D2.2.3 Which agencies D2.2.4 Effectiveness of intervention. are being addressed? intervention? provide support? (Insert type of intervention, eg. safety nets for (National(National govt, govt, most vulnerable (internally displaced),displaced), locallocal govt, govt, (Yes, No microfinance in high risk areas, hazard internationalinternational or insurance, etc. You can insert up to two orgs,orgs, NA/DK) different types of interventions) communitycommunity orgs orgs Not effective atMinimally all effectiveSomewhat effectiveVery effective Extremely effective or NA/DK)or NA/DK) 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 1. Food insecurity

2. Limited access to education/schools 3. Low level of literacy

4. In-migration

5. Out-migration

6. Limited access to land

7. Low income

8. Limited access to health services

7

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

D2.2.1 Cont'd D2.2.2 Cont'd D2.2.3 Cont'd D2.2.4 Cont'd

(National(National govt, govt, (Insert(Insert type type of intervention,of intervention, eg. eg. safety safety nets nets for for locallocal govt, govt, (Yes, No mostmost vulnerable vulnerable (internally (internally displaced), displaced), internationalinternational or microfinancemicrofinance in highin high risk risk areas, areas, hazard hazard orgs,orgs, NA/DK) insurance,insurance, etc. etc. You You can can insert insert up upto twoto two communitycommunity Not effective at allMinimally effectiveSomewhat effectiveVery effective Extremely effective differentdifferent types types of interventions)of interventions) orgsorgs or NA/DK)or NA/DK) 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 9. Prevalence of infectious diseases (cholera, malaria, HIV/AIDS) 10.Socio-economic exclusion of minorities 11. Unemployment

12. Gender inequality

13. Other? Specify :

D2.2.5 Why are the interventions mentioned above so effective/ineffective?(please specify the intervention) (Open-ended answer, eg. sufficient/insufficient funding, sufficient/insufficient technical capacity, fully/not fully implemented, includes/excludes most vulnerable)

8 88 ANNEX 1

ANNEX 1: DATA COLLECTION TOOL

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire RISK DRIVER 3: LAND USE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

D3.1.1 How serious are these land use/physical issues? D3.1.2.a. Have these land use/physical issues increased peoples' vulnerability to natural hazards? (Choose an answer from 1 to 5) D3.1.2.b. Have these land use/physical issues increased the probability of conflict in the region?

Not serious at Minimallyall seriousSomewhat seriousVery serious Extremely serious D3.1R.3 If yes, in what way? (Open-ended answer) 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 1. Basic infrastructure (electricity, water, etc.) in dangerous locations

2. Critical public facilities in dangerous locations (steep slopes, river beds, etc.) 3. Housing in dangerous locations (steep slopes, river beds, etc) 4. Limited access to water supply

5. Overcrowded conditions

6. Poorly built basic infrastructure

9

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

D3.1.2.a. Cont'd (vulnerability to natural hazards) D3.1.2.b. Cont'd (increased conflict probability)

D3.1.1 Cont'd Not serious at Minimallyall seriousSomewhat seriousVery serious Extremely serious D3.1.3 If yes, in what way? (Open-ended answer) 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK

7. Poorly built critical public facilities

8. Poorly built housing

9. Poorly built productive infrastructure

10. Poor drainage/water disposal

11. Productive infrastructure in dangerous locations (steep slopes, river beds, etc.) 12. Other? Specify :

D3.1.4 What actions do households and communities take to deal with these issues? (Please, specify the intervention)

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Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

D3.2.1 Which land use/physical challenges D3.2.2 Type of D3.2.3 Which agencies D3.2.4 Effectiveness of intervention. are being addressed? intervention/plan/regulation? provide support? (National(National govt, govt, (Insert(Insert type type of intervention/plan/regulation, of intervention/plan/regulation, locallocal govt, govt, (Yes, No eg. eg.enforcement enforcement of hazard of hazard building building codes, codes, land land international international or managementmanagement policies, policies, building building insurance, insurance, etc. etc. orgs,orgs, community orgs NA/DK) YouYou can can insert insert up toup twoto two different different types types of of community orgs Not effective at allMinimally effectiveSomewhat effectiveVery effective Extremely effective interventions)interventions) or NA/DK)or NA/DK) 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 1. Basic infrastructure (electricity, etc) in dangerous areas 2. Critical public facilities in dangerous areas (steep slopes, etc) 3. Housing in dangerous areas (steep slopes, etc) 4. Limited access to water supply 5. Overcrowded conditions

6. Poorly built basic infrastructure 7. Poorly built critical public facilities 8. Poorly built housing

9. Poorly built productive infrastructure

13

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

D3.2.1 Cont'd D3.2.2 Cont'd D3.2.3 Cont'd D3.2.4 Cont'd (National(National govt, govt, (Insert(Insert type type of intervention/plan/regulation, of intervention/plan/regulation, locallocal govt, govt, (Yes, No eg. eg.enforcement enforcement of hazard of hazard building building codes, codes, land land international international or orgs, managementmanagement policies, policies, building building insurance, insurance, etc. etc. orgs, remely effective NA/DK) YouYou can can insert insert up toup twoto two different different types types of of communitycommunity orgs orgs Not effective at allMinimally effectiveSomewhat effectiveVery effective Ext interventions)interventions) or NA/DK)or NA/DK) 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 10. Poor drainage/water disposal 11. Productive infrastructure in dangerous areas (steep slopes, etc) 12. Other? Specify :

D3.2.5 Why are the interventions mentioned above so effective/ineffective? (please specify the intervention) (Open-ended answer, eg. sufficient/insufficient funding, sufficient/insufficient technical capacity, fully/not fully implemented, includes/excludes most vulnerable)

14 90 ANNEX 1

ANNEX 1: DATA COLLECTION TOOL

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire RISK DRIVER 4: GOVERNANCE D4.1.1 How serious are these governance issues in your region? (Choose an answer from 1 to 5) D4.1.2.a. Have these governance issues increased peoples' vulnerability to natural hazards? D4.1.2.b. Have these governance issues increased the probability of conflict the region?

Not serious at Minimallyall seriousSomewhat seriousVery serious Extremely serious D4.1.3 If yes, in what way? 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK

1. Centralised decision making

2. Corruption

3. Exclusion of particular groups (minorities, ethnic groups, clans, etc.) from decision-making processes

4. Exclusion of women from decision-making processes

5. Inefficient bureaucracy

6. Lack of civil society participation in decision-making

7. Lack of human resources

15

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

D4.1.2.a. Cont'd (vulnerability to natural hazards)

D4.1.2.b. Cont'd (vulnerability to conflict)

D4.1.1 Cont'd Not serious at Minimallyall seriousSomewhat seriousVery serious Extremely serious D4.1.3 If yes, in what way? 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 8. Lack of intergovernmental coordination

9. Lack of accountability

10. Limited financial capacity

11. Media censorship

12. Non-compliance with law

13. Other? Specify :

D4.1.4 What actions do households and communities take to deal with these issues?

16 91

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire D4.2.1 Which of these challenges D4.2.2 Type of D4.2.3 Which agencies D4.2.4 Effectiveness of intervention. are being addressed? intervention? provide support? (National govt, (Insert type of intervention, eg. capacity local govt, (Yes, No building program at local government level, international or etc. You can insert up to two different types of orgs,

NA/DK) interventions) community Not effective at allMinimally effectiveSomewhat effective Very effective Extremely effective orgs or NA/DK) 1 2 3 4 5 NA/DK 1. Centralised decision making 2. Organised crime

3. Corruption

4. Exclusion of particular groups from decision-making processes 5. Exclusion of women from decision-making processes 6. Inefficient bureaucracy

7. Lack of civil society participation in decision-making 8. Lack of human capacity 9. Lack of intergovernmental coordination 10. Lack of accountability

17

Risk Reduction Index - West Africa Conditions and Capacities for DRR at RTU level - Field questionnaire

D4.2.1 Cont'd D4.2.2 Cont'd D4.2.3 Cont'd D4.2.4 Cont'd (National govt, (Insert type of intervention, eg. capacity local govt, (Yes, No building program at local government level, international or etc. You can insert up to two different types of orgs,

NA/DK) interventions) community orgs Not effective at allMinimally effectiveSomewhat effectiveVery effective Extremely effectiveNA/DK or NA/DK) 1 2 3 4 5 11. Limited financial capacity 12. Media censorship

13. Non-compliance with law 14. Other? Specify :

D4.2.5 Why are the interventions mentioned above so effective/ineffective? (please spcify the intervention) (Open-ended answer, eg. sufficient/insufficient funding, sufficient/insufficient technical capacity, fully/not fully implemented, includes/excludes most vulnerable)

18 92 ANNEX 2

ANNEX 2: RESPONDENTS' PROFILE

RESPONDENTS’ PROFILE IN BURKINA FASO

TOTAL / RTUs IN BURKINA FASO DORI LÉO OUAGADOUGOU AVERAGE

QUESTIONNAIRES COLLECTED (ABSOLUTE NUMBERS) 48 48 40 136

FEMALE 4 15 18 12 DISTRIBUTION BY SEX MALE 96 83 80 87 (%) MISSING RESPONSES - 2 2 1

< 30 2 - 3 1 DISTRIBUTION BY 30-49 52 60 65 59 AGE GROUP (%) > 49 44 38 30 37 MISSING RESPONSES 2 2 2 2

< 3 21 15 10 15

DISTRIBUTION BY 3-7 25 13 25 21 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE 8-14 23 17 15 18 (%) > 14 31 54 45 43 MISSING RESPONSES - 2 5 2

INTERNATIONAL ORGS 4 4 28 12 LOCAL CIVIL SOCIETY 29 27 8 21 LOCAL GOVT 38 40 8 28 DISTRIBUTION BY NATIONAL CIVIL SECTOR SOCIETY 10 4 28 14 (%) NATIONAL GOVT 15 10 5 10 PRIVATE SECTOR 2 13 5 7 MISSING RESPONSES 2 2 20 8

94 ANNEX 3

ANNEX 3: REFERENCES

Country Context

1 EM-DAT (2014): The OFDA/CRED International Disaster 16 UNOCHA (2012). Burkina Faso Consolidated Appeal 2013. Database, www.emdat.be - Université catholique de Louvain Available from: https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/ - Brussels – Belgium CAP_2013_Burkina_Faso.pdf

2 Ibid 17 World Bank (2014) World Bank Indicators Data. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator 3 Ibid 18 World Bank (2013) Country partnership strategy for Burkina 4 GFDRR (2013). Burkina Faso Country program update, Faso for the period FY13-16, Report No 78793-BF. Available May 2013. from: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/ 5 Ibid WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/09/10/000442464_20 130910102201/Rendered/PDF/787930REVISEDb0IC00IDA 6 Ministere de l’Environnement et du Cadre de Vie (2007). 0R20130022503.pdf Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (PANA du Burkina Faso). 19 UNDP (2014) Human Development Report 2014. Explanatory note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite 7 GFDRR, The World Bank and UNISDR (2011). Disaster Risk indices Burkina Faso. Available from : http://hdr.undp.org/ Management Programs for Priority Countries. sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/BFA.pdf

8 World Bank (2011). Burkina Faso Disaster Risk Management 20 UN OCHA (2014) Burkina Faso 2014-2016 Strategic Response Country Note . Available from: http://www-wds.worldbank. Plan. Available from: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/ org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/ files/resources/SRP_2014-2016_Burkina_Faso_FR_1.pdf 05/18/000386194_20110518061441/Rendered/PDF/ AAA600ESW0WHIT0aso0DRM0Final0Report.pdf 21 World Bank (2014) World Bank Indicators Data. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator 9 GFDRR (2013). Country Program Update – Burkina Faso. May 2013. Available from: http://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr.org/ 22 World Bank (2014) World Bank Indicators Data. Available at: files/Burkina_Faso_Country_Program_Updates_2013.pdf http://data.worldbank.org/indicator

10 Banque Mondiale (2010). Développement local, institutions 23 World Bank (2013) Country partnership strategy for Burkina et changement climatique au Burkina Faso. Analyse de la Faso for the period FY13-16, Report No 78793-BF. Available situation et Recommandations opérationnelles. from: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/ Available from : http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/09/10/000442464_20 EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/ 130910102201/Rendered/PDF/787930REVISEDb0IC00IDA 244362-1232059926563/5747581-1239131985528/ 0R20130022503.pdf 5999762-1242914244952/BurkinaRapportFinal_FR.pdf 24 UNDP (2014) Human Development Report 2014. Explanatory 11 Tankien Dayo (2014). Burkina Faso Contry Note- 2014. note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite African Economic Outlook. AfDB, OECD, UNDP. Available indices Burkina Faso. Available from : http://hdr.undp.org/ from: http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/ sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/BFA.pdf uploads/aeo/2014/PDF/CN_Long_EN/Burkina_Faso_EN.pdf 25 African Economic Outlook (2012) Burkina Faso 2012. 12 World Bank (2014). Burkina Faso Contry Profile. Available Available from : http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/ from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/burkinafaso See fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/Burkina%20Faso%20Full%20 also Action Solidarité Tiers Monde (2011). “ Les agriculteurs PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf doivent avoir conscience qu’ils peuvent changer le monde”. 26 World Bank (2013) Country partnership strategy for Burkina Available from http://astm.lu/entretien-%E2%80%9Eles- Faso for the period FY13-16, Report No 78793-BF. Available agriculteurs-doivent-avoir-conscience-qu%E2%80%99ils- from: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/ peuvent-changer-le-monde%E2%80%9C/ WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/09/10/000442464_20 13 Ministère de l’Environnement Burkina Faso et du Cadre De 130910102201/Rendered/PDF/787930REVISEDb0IC00IDA Vie (2007) .Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation a la 0R20130022503.pdf variabilité et aux changements climatiques (PANA Du Burkina 27 World Bank (2014) World Bank Indicators Data. Available at: Faso) Available from : http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator bfa01f.pdf 28 UNDP (2014) Human Development Report 2014. Human 14 Guha-Sapir D, Vos F, Below R, with Ponserre S. (2012) Annual Development Indicators Burkina Faso. Available from : http:// Disaster Statistical Review 2011: The Numbers and Trends. hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/BFA Brussels: CRED. As cited in UNOCHA (2012). Burkina Faso Consolidated Appeal 2013. Available from: https://docs. 29 UNDP (2014) Human Development Report 2014. Human unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/CAP_2013_Burkina_Faso.pdf Development Indicators Burkina Faso. Available from : http:// hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/BFA 15 EM-DAT (2014). The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Burkina Faso Country Profile. - Université 30 World Bank (2014) World Bank Indicators Data. Available catholique de Louvain - Brussels – Belgium. Available from: from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator www.emdat.be 95

31 World Bank (2014) World Development Indicators. Available 43 Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances (2010). Analyse de from : http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/ quelques resultats des donnees de la phase principale de tableview.aspx l’enquete integrale sur les conditions de vie des menages: EICVM 2009. Available from: http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/ 32 World Bank (2013). World Development Indicators. Available enquetes_recensements/enq_cond_vie_menages/resultats_ from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator [Accessed on 26 provisoires_eicvm.pdf [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. Aug 2014]. 44 World Bank (2013). World Development Indicators. Available 33 UN-HABITAT (2013). Un-Habitat and Burkina Faso sign from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator [Accessed 26 Aug Urban Country Programme Agreement. 8 Nov. Available 2014]. from: http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=12670&ca tid=5&typeid=6&AllContent=1 [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. 45 USAID. Burkina Faso Water and Sanitation Profile. Available from: http://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/publications/ 34 United Nations Development Programme (2013). Human usaid_burkina_faso_water_and_sanitation_profile.pdf Development Reports: Burkina Faso. Available from: http:// [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/BFA [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. 46 Banque Mondiale (2010). Développement local, institutions et changement climatique au Burkina Faso. Analyse 35 UN-HABITAT (2013). Un-Habitat and Burkina Faso sign de la situation et Recommandations opérationnelles. Urban Country Programme Agreement. 8 Nov. Available Available from : http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ from: http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=12670&ca EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/ tid=5&typeid=6&AllContent=1 [Accessed 26 on Aug 2014]. 244362-1232059926563/5747581-1239131985528/5999762- 36 International Monetary Fund (2012). Burkina Faso: Strategy 1242914244952/BurkinaRapportFinal_FR.pdf for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development 47 Kevane, M. (2011) Countries at the Crossroads: Burkina Faso. 2011-2015. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. Freedom House. Available from : http://www.freedomhouse. Available from: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/burkina-faso#. scr/2012/cr12123.pdf [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. VAMM1fmSzHQ,

37 Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances (2010). Analyse de 48 The Hunger Project. Participatory Global Democracy: quelques resultats des donnees de la phase principale de A Global Community of Practice . Available from http:// l’enquete integrale sur les conditions de vie des menages: localdemocracy.net/countries/africa/burkina-faso/ EICVM 2009. Available from: http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/ enquetes_recensements/enq_cond_vie_menages/resultats_ 49 Reseau National de Lutte Anti-Corruption (2013). Etat de la provisoires_eicvm.pdf [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. Corruption au Burkina Faso. Available from ‘,

38 International Monetary Fund (2012). Burkina Faso: Strategy 50 The 2013 survey “L’Etat de la Corruption au Burkina Faso” for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development shows the increase of 9 percentage points in respondents 2011-2015. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. perception of corruption compared to the 2012 survey. Available from: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ scr/2012/cr12123.pdf [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. 51 Bertrand, E, et al. (2013) Search for Common Ground. Identifying Opportunities for Civil Society-Led Conflict 39 Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances (2010). Analyse de Resolution in Burkina Faso :Final Report. Available from: quelques resultats des donnees de la phase principale de https://www.sfcg.org/tag/burkina-faso-evaluations. l’enquete integrale sur les conditions de vie des menages: EICVM 2009. Available from: http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/ 52 IRIN. (2012) BURKINA FASO: Preventing conflict between enquetes_recensements/enq_cond_vie_menages/resultats_ farmers and herders. Available from: http://www.irinnews. provisoires_eicvm.pdf [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. org/report/96663/burkina-faso-preventing-conflict- between-farmers-and-herders 40 World Bank (2013). World Development Indicators. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator [Accessed on 53 Groupe de Recherche et d’Action sur le Foncier (GRAF) 26 Aug 2014]. (2011). Agribusiness in Burkina Faso Effects on land tenure and agricultural modernization. Available from http://www. 41 UN-HABITAT (2008). Document de Programme-Pays 2008- kit.nl/sed/wp-content/uploads/publications/1904_GRAF- 2009: Burkina Faso. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-HABITAT. Available agribusENfinal-correct.pdf from: http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails. aspx?publicationID=2690 [Accessed on 26 Aug 2014]. 54 International Crisis Group (2013). Burkina Faso: With or Without Compaoré, Times of Uncertainty. Available from: 42 African Development Fund (2013). Sub-project 1 - Drainage http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/west-africa/ of Ouagadougou’s Outlying Districts (SPAQPO), Project burkina-faso/205-burkina-faso-avec-ou-sans-compaore-le- Appraisal Reprot. Available from: http://www.afdb.org/ temps-des-incertitudes.aspx fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ Burkina%20Faso%20-%20Sub-Project%201-Drainage%20 55 West African Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) (2014). of%20Ouagadougou%E2%80%99s%20Outlying%20 Burkina Faso’s Test of Resilience and Democratic Stability Districts%20-%20Appraisal%20Report.pdf [Accessed on – The 2015 Political Dynamics and Drifts. https://wca. 26 Aug 2014]. humanitarianresponse.info/fr/system/files/documents/files/ wanep_pb_burkina_faso_mar_2014.pdf 96 ANNEX 3

ANNEX 3: REFERENCES

Institutional Capacity for DRR

1 Renforcement des capacités nationales de gestion 6 A least developed country (LDC) is a country that, according de catastrophes et relèvement de crises au Burkina Faso to the United Nations, exhibits the lowest indicators of (2009). Gouvernement du Burkina Faso ; Programme socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human des Nations Unies pour le Développement – Burkina Development Index ratings of all countries in the world Faso. Available from: http://www.undp.org/content/dam/ undp/documents/projects/BFA/00058338_prodoc%20 7 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change renforcement%20capacites%20nationaled%20de%20%20 (UNFCC). Burkina Faso experiences with the NAPA process gestion%20de%20catastrophes%20signee.pdf http://unfccc.int/adaptation/knowledge_resources/ldc_ portal/bpll/items/6499.php 2 Hyogo Framework for Action (2012). Burkina Faso : Rapport national de suivi sur la mise en œuvre du Cadre 8 World Bank. Burkina Faso Disaster Risk Management d’action de Hyogo (2011-2013) – Rapport. Available COUNTRY NOTE (2011. Available from: https://openknowledge. from : http://www.preventionweb.net/files/28477_bfa_ worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2752/ NationalHFAprogress_2011-13.pdf AAA600ESW0WHIT0aso0DRM0Final0Report.pdf?sequence=1

3 International Monetary Fund (2010). Strategy for 9 Ibid Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development 2011- 10 United Nations Development Group (2010). Systeme des 2015. Available from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ Nations Unies Au Burkina Faso. Plan Cadre Des Nations Unies scr/2012/cr12123.pdf Pour L’aide Au Developpement UNDAF 2011 – 2015. Available from 4 M. Ouédraogo, ‘Land tenure and rural development in Burkina http://www.undg.org/docs/12730/UNDAF_2011_2015.pdf Faso: Issues and Strategies’, Issue paper no. 112, Available from: http://www.hubrural.org/IMG/pdf/iied_dry_ip112eng.pdf

5 Gouvernement du Burkina Faso (2009). Plan National Multi Risques de Préparation et de Réponse Aux Catastrophes - Préparation, interventions de premiers secours, Réhabilitation et reconstruction. Available from: http://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/ v.php?id=21621&cid=27

Rtus Selected and Supporting Rationale

1 Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances, 2011. La région du 6 World Bank, 2011. Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Centre en chiffres. [online] Available at: [Accessed 8 Aug 2014]. GFDRRCountryProfiles/wb_gfdrr_climate_change_country_ profile_for_BFA.pdf> [Acessed on 8 Aug 2014]. 2 African Development Bank, 2013. Burkina Faso – Sanitation in Peripheral Districts of Ouagadougou – ESIA Summary. 7 Réseau MARP (2014). [online] Available at: [Accessed on 8 Aug 2014]. GFDRRCountryProfiles/wb_gfdrr_climate_change_country_ profile_for_BFA.pdf> [Acessed on 8 Aug 2014]. 3 Hastenrath, S., 1988. Climate and circulation of the tropics. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Kluwer, Dordrecht. As cited 9 Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances, 2011. La région du in W. Schwanghart, B. Schütt, 2007, Meteorological causes Centre en chiffres. [online] Available at: [Accessed 8 Aug 2014]. medien/download/bschuett/Schwanghar_Schuett-2008_ 10 World Bank, 2011. Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Geomorphology.pdf?1373748905 Adaptation to Climate Change: Burkina Faso. [online] Available 4 Réseau MARP (2014). at: [Acessed on 8 Aug 2014]. 97

11 African Development Bank, 2013. Burkina Faso – Sanitation 23 Réseau MARP (2014). in Peripheral Districts of Ouagadougou – ESIA Summary. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 8 Aug 2014]. profile_for_BFA.pdf> [Acessed on 8 Aug 2014].

12 Réseau MARP (2014). 25 Réseau MARP (2014).

13 Réseau MARP (2014). 26 Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances, 2011. La région du Sahel en chiffres. [online] Availabe at: [Accessed on 8 Aug 2014]. www.insd.bf/n/index.php/publications/17-les-publications/ statistiques-des-regions> [Accessed 8 Aug 2014]. 27 Réseau MARP (2014).

15 World Bank, 2011. Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and 28 GFDRR. Country Note on Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change: Burkina Faso. [online] Adaptation to Climate Change in Burkina Faso. [online] Available at: country_profile_for_BFA.pdf> [Acessed on 8 Aug 2014]. [Accessed on 8 Aug 2014].

16 Réseau MARP (2014). 29 Réseau MARP (2014).

17 Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances, 2011. La région 30 Réseau MARP (2014). du Centre-ouest en chiffres. [online] Available a: [Accessed 8 Aug 2014]. at: < http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/ 18 Réseau MARP (2014). WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/09/10/000442464_20 130910102201/Rendered/PDF/787930REVISEDb0IC00IDA 19 Ministère de l’Amenagement du territoire et de la 0R20130022503.pdf> [Accessed 9 Sept 2014]. Décentralisation. Plan de développement communal de Léo 32 IRIN, 2010. Burkina Faso: Cross-border land conflict risks. 20 IRIN, 2012. Burkina Faso: Preventing conflict between farmers IRIN. [online] 20 Apr. Available at: irinnews.org/report/96663/burkina-faso-preventing-conflict- [Accessed on 8 Aug 2014]. between-farmers-and-herders> [Accessed on 8 Aug 2014]. 33 Hubbard, G., 2014. In Burkina Faso, getting children out of 21 Réseau MARP (2014). the gold mines. UNICEF. [online] 11 June. Available at: 22 Ministere de l’Economie et des Finances, 2011. La région du [Accessed on 8 Aug 2014]. Sahel en chiffres. [online] Availabe at: [Accessed on 8 Aug 2014].

Findings and Key Issues by Risk Driver

1 Ministère de l’Économie Burkina Faso et des Finances (2009); 2 Ministère de l’Économie Burkina Faso et des Finances (2009); «Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitation “Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitation De 2006 (RGPH-2006) Monographie de la région du De 2006 (RGPH-2006) Monographie de la commune urbaine centre ouest» , Accessed at [http://www.insd.bf/fr/IMG/pdf/ de Ouagadougou”, Available from :http://www.insd.bf/fr/ monographie/monographie_centre_ouest.pdf] IMG/pdf/monographie/monographie_ouaga.pdf on September 2014 [Accessed on September 2014]