DOCUMENT RESUME ,ED 111 617 SE 017 454 AUTHOR Balmer, S. B. TITLE International Space Programs. Aerospace Education III. -INSTITUTION Air Univ.; Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office Training Corps. PUB DATE- 73 NOTE 195p.; Colored drawings may not reproduce clearly; Small print insAppendix A and B. For the accompanying Instructor Handbook, see SE 017 455 EDRS PRICE NF -50.76 HC-$9.51 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology`; *Instructional Materials; *International Programs; Program Descriptions; Research; Secondary Educatin; Textbooks IDENTIFIERS Air Force Junior ROTC; International Space Programs; *USSR N ABSTRACT I, This book, one inthe series DM Aerospace Education III, is i-collection of the diverse information availableregarding the international space programs. The five. goals listed forthe book are: to examine the Soviet space program, to understand the future of ,Soviet space activity, to examine other national and international space programs, to compare the advantages and disadVantages of,joint and independent space efforts, and to reviewsome of the international agreements and laws g verning space exploration. The book is designed'to be used in the rr Force ROTCprogram. (PS) )' *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makesevery effort * * to obtain the best copy available: neverthe140, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document.. Reproductions* * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** U S DEPARTMENT Of NEAL EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT NAS SEEN REPRO CED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM NE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN TING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS TATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE NT OFFICIAL RATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DUCATION POSITION OR POLICY ...... 2 r"----- \ --, 1 3 5 4 6 8 1 9 10 ON THE COVER Flags of the ten nations who have placed satellites in orbit since the beginning of the space program. They are, in order of that achievement, 1) USSR; 2) U.S.; 3) Canada; 4) Italy; 5) Australia, 6) Britain; 7) France; 8) West Germany; 9) 4 Japan; 10) People's Republic of China. , 3 r Aerospace. Education III International SpacePrograms S. B. BULMER 3825th Academic Services Group 4 AIR FORCE JUNIORRb'TC AIR UNIVERSITY MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE. ALABAMA 1973 This publication hebeen reviewed and approved bycompetent personnel of thepreparing command in accordance with current directives on doctrine,policy,essentiality,propriety, and quality. This book will not be offered for sole.ttis for use onlyinthe Air Force ROTC program. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of 2nd It BillD. Brink, AE Course Director, AF1ROTC, to the development of thistext. , a, 5 Preface The space age began in 1957, with an 83-kilogram Russian satellite beeping greetings to a startled world. John E Na tqle NASA 3 IT IS IMPORTANT to remember that the United States was not first in space. Even today, with giant steps and golf shots on our side, itis important to remember that in the face of our shrinking program the Soviet program is expanding. At the same time approximately 8057(of the nations of the world have joined the search. Indeed, it is quite possible that, in the future, the majority of significant breakthroughs will come from outside our national program. The mastery of space is truly a world-wide project. Any student of space or space exploration will find it a necessity to understand these space -programs. Unfortunately, few students have accomplished the ;task of understanding other national and internati space programs. One important reaspn why ha been the degree of secrecy concerning the Soviet space pro- gram. Another is the diversification of information on programs outside the United States. The news media emphasize the development and history of our space shots and, in contrast, make only an occasional an- nouncement of a launch by other nations. The result- ing erratic disposition of information and material makes it impossible for the average reader to ac- curately follow worldwide space programs. iil 0o i It is the purpose of this text to collect the diverse information currently available and present it in a readable form. This purpose is to allow the student to accomplish five goals; these are: to examine the Soviet space program; to understand the future of Soviet space activity; to examine other national and international space programs; to compare the advantages and disadvantages of joint and independent space efforts; and, finally, to review some of the resulting inter- national relations, agreements and laws that have grown from space exploration. (-- iv Contents PREFACE. Chapter 1THE SOVIET UNION IN SPACE 1 Tsiolkovsky's Dream 1 Soviet Launch Sites 3 Soviet Launch Vehicles 9 Conclusion 16 Chapter 2SOVIET SPACE PROGRA DEVELOPMENT 19 The Unmanned Space Program 20 The Manned Space Program 36 Soviet Military Space Activities 51 Conclusion 57 Chapter 3SOVIET POLICY AND PLANS 61 Political Goals and Purposes of the USSR in Space 61 Organization of the Soviet Space Pro am 62 Resource Allocation and the Soviet Space Program 65 Soviet International Involvement . 66 Projections of Soviet Space Plans 73 Conclusion 80 Chapter 4 WORLDWIDE SPACE INVOLVE ENT . 83 Europe 83 Americas 100 Australia-Asia Space Programs . 106 The United Nations: World Space F ru 115 Conclusion 118 Cliipter 5 SPACE LAW 123 -Jurisdiction and Sovereignty 124. Progress and Promise 130 Conclusion 139 APPENDIXES Appendix A.Soviet Space Missions 141 Appendix B.Summary Record of Major Space "Firsts" 157 Appendix C.Outer Space Treaty, 1967 163 Appendix D.Rescue and Return Agreement, 1968' 175 Appendix E.US/USSR Space Agreement, May 24, 1972 181 185 9 e owe mon in Space CHAitElt:*deais With thilounclationi:ottite-Soviefspace program. More - early, it -deals with SOWS+ snotivei,anci,,flie' vesultint launchsites and launch vehicles !!port coit+ptitien"0114 _'clunsittrOstbik should',be able outline- the motives the Soviet Unkiiijor- b,gininny a space prcigrani; (2) listthsi- Soviet launch facilities,. their, uses,and their.- US counterparts; and (3) list .the SO`viet launch vehicles, their origiris, vses,,,olitral lift coPacirtyand tiVcounterparts. , , TSIOLKO.VSKY'S 'DREAM The Russian people claim Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky (Fig. 1)as the founding father of astronautics' (since travel), justas Ameri- 9ans honor Robert Goddard as the father of rocketry. Tsiolkoysky, perhaps no less than Goddard, performed essential early work in the science of rocketry anclis acknowledged around the worldas an iniportant pioneer in that field. The Solyiet Union's interest in space technologycan be traced to work by Tsiolkovsky in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Rusiian iniagination wa,1 captured by his predic- tion: "Mank.ind will not stay on Earth forever,' but, in the 'pursuit of. light; and space, will at first timidly penetrate beyond the limits of the atmosphere and then conquer all the spice around the sun." Russian interest in making that prediction come true was not lacking. TsiOlkovsky's disciples continued to work in the field that .he had opened to them, and, in *1924, an organization called °the Central Bureau for the Study of the Problems of Wickets (later 'knovin as the:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion) 1 10 INTERNATIONAL SPACE PROGRAMS was formed. This Russian rocket society,with chapters in Moscow and Leningrad, came into being three years before thefirst rocket society was organized in Germany. Figure 1. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, born 1357, died1935; "The father of Astronautics." 2 II THE SOVIET UNION IN SPACE The Soviet Government began a program of rocket research in 1934, the same year that Goddard unsuccessfully triedto interest the US Government in rocketry. Official US interestill rocketry was not aroused until the eve of World War II. As a result, when both nations began activerocket programs,theSoviet Union had already fashioned a lead. The posture of the Soviet Union after World War II had considerable impact on Soviet interest in space exploration. Al- though the Soviets made tremendous technological advances dur- ing World War II, as the way ended, Soviet technologywas still backward in many areas. The United States had a monopoly on A-bombs, and even the defeated Germans led the world in rocket technology. The chance that these two developments might be joined put the Soviets even further behind. For therelatively young Communist government, such developments were critical. The Soviet Union,therefore,launchedthefirstall-outspace program, determined to put the Union of Soviet Socialist Re- publics into space ahead of the rest of the world. Soviet leaders hoped that, in the process, the Soviet Union's place as a world power would be enhanced. Both Soviet and American rocket programs benefited from the capture of German scientists and V-2 rocketsatthe close of World War II, but the Soviets pursued their own program with greater intents AS a result, on 4 October 1957, the first phase of Tsiolkovsky's dream came true. "Mankind. .in pursuit of light and space began to timidly penetrate