The Thetean The Thetean A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing Volume 46 (2017) Editor in Chief Tyler Balli Editorial Staff Ryan Baldwin Sydney Bjork Addison Blair Henry R. Cashen Shantel Fitzgerald Natalie Kokol Eleanor Lewis Ian McLaughlin Madison Porter Design/Layout Marny K. Parkin Faculty Advisor: Dr. Alisa Kesler-Lund Te Tetean is an annual student journal representing the best of historical writing by current and recent students at Brigham Young University. All papers are writ- ten, selected, and edited entirely by students. Articles are welcome from students of all majors, provided they are sufciently historical in focus. Please email sub- missions as an attached Microsoft Word document to theteansubmissions@gmail. com. Manuscripts must be received by mid-January to be included in that year’s issue. Further details about each year’s submission requirements, desired genres, and deadlines should be clarifed by inquiring of the editors at the same address. Publication of the Tetean is generously sponsored by the Department of History, in association with the Beta Iota Chapter of the Phi Alpha Teta National Honor Society. Material in this issue is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the editors, Phi Alpha Teta, the Department of History, Brigham Young University, or Te Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. All copyrights are retained by the individual authors. Phi Alpha Teta, Beta Iota Chapter Brigham Young University Provo, Utah Contents From the Editor Foreword 1 Articles Mitch Rogers 3 Jazz and Music Diplomacy in the Cold War Susannah Morrison 13 “No Nation More Tenacious of Its Past”: National Historical Memory in Interwar Scotland, 1920–1934 Ashley Anderson Webb 27 “Always Leading Out in that Which Is Great and Good”: Mormon Women’s Perspective of Women’s Rights Fifty Years after Sufrage Ian McLaughlin 53 “Te Voice of the People, and Not the Voice of this House”: Legislative Instructions in the Atlantic World and the Irish Struggle for Free Trade, 1779–1780 Madeline Duffy 63 Rebirth and Renewal in Maya Ritual from the Precolonial Period to the Present Courtney Cook 77 Limitations of the Index in Phillip II’s Spain v vi The Thetean Allen Kendall 87 Te Efect of the Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple on the Jewish Perception of the Sacrifcial Cult: A Look at Pseudepigraphical, Deuterocanonical, and Rabbinic Texts Caleb Darger 101 Non-Chinese in Chinese History: Te Enduring Infuence of “Foreign Barbarians” in Ancient China Susannah Morrison 109 Angles and Angels: Political Unity and Spiritual Identity in Anglo-Saxon England Natalie Larsen 135 Slim Winnings for Tubby Taft: Utah and the Presidential Election of 1912 Student Awards Awards for Outstanding Papers Written in 2016 153 From the Editor Foreword he world we live in is far from perfect. Prejudice, misun- derstanding, and fear of the “other”—whoever that other might be—still T abound. Perhaps some of these characteristics are simply human and will never be eradicated entirely. But I truly believe that one remedy for these feel- ings is the study of history. After all, history takes us to times and places com- pletely foreign to us. It requires us to try to understand people’s thoughts, fears, motivations, and reasoning even though they are completely diferent from our own. Well-researched and well-written history helps us remove labels and discard oversimplifcations and generalizations, helping us see the complexity of people and situations. In the end, hopefully we take away from history more than simply important dates and fgures. Instead, we take away a new sense of empathy or understanding. Tis process helps us, in turn, to seek greater under- standing and empathy for our fellow human beings in the world today. Te essays in this volume of the Tetean are great examples of well-written history, history that helps us understand people from vastly diferent circum- stances. We received sixty-four submissions this year, and it was extremely dif- fcult to narrow down the pool of papers to just ten! So the papers you see published here represent some of the highest quality of historical writing and research from BYU students. Tey examine a wide variety of topics in an exten- sive range of time periods and geographic locations: the efect of the destruc- tion of the Jerusalem temple; the beliefs and rituals of the Maya; the efect of non-Chinese groups in China; an index of prohibited books in Inquisition-era Spain; Progressive Era politics in Utah; Mormon women’s views on sufrage in the 1920s; the role of jazz in the Cold War; the unity and identity of Anglo- Saxon England; the Irish struggle for free trade; and lastly, the memory of the Great War in interwar Scotland. 1 2 The Thetean Tis volume required an enormous amount of efort from many diferent individuals. Both authors and editors worked hard to create wonderful pieces of history. I’d especially like to thank Ian, Madison, Henry, Shantel, Ryan, Eleanor, Addison, Sydney, and Natalie for their wonderful work as editors. Our faculty adviser, Dr. Alisa Kesler-Lund, provided invaluable support, guidance, and expertise throughout the process. Marny Parkin’s help was also invaluable, as she created the design and layout of this issue. I’d also like to thank Angie Tomas, the manager of administrative services in the History Department for her service to the Tetean not only this year but also in past years. Te process of putting together a scholarly journal has defnitely been an enlightening process for us as editors. It allowed us to read a lot of wonderful history and to discuss an assortment of ideas, people, places, and events. We hope the reader will also fnd greater insight, understanding, and empathy as he or she delves into the many topics these essays explore. —Tyler Balli Editor-in-Chief Article Jazz and Music Diplomacy in the Cold War Mitch Rogers n the Soviet Union in the 1950s, everyone jammed. While high Soviet ofcials worked their hardest to jam the incoming Voice of America and I Music U.S.A. radio broadcasts, Soviet musicians and youth jammed under- ground to the hot swing and blue harmonies of American jazz. Jazz, with its rebellious syncopations, rogue tunings, and egalitarian arrangements, connected with the Soviet people. Amicable cultural exchange between the two superpow- ers only began in 1958, and even then it only took place in small, mitigated steps.¹ Knowing the Soviet proclivity for American music, American statesmen saw the opportunity to replace the stodgy, pedantic propaganda of Radio Free Europe with something more powerful and popular—jazz, America’s only origi- nal art form. In the Soviet Union, jazz broadcasts and tours from America’s fnest jazz groups exemplifed what political scientist Joseph S. Nye Jr. dubbed “soft power”: convincing and converting another country’s citizens through the appeal of culture and values instead of military or economic force.² Jazz music proved to be a perfect lever of soft power in the Cold War because it could entice 1. James Reston, “U.S., Soviet Widen Exchange in Arts and Other Fields,” New York Times, 28 January 1958, accessed 16 November 2016, ProQuest Historical Newspapers. 2. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Soft Power: Te Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Pub- licAfairs, 2004), x. 3 4 The Thetean Soviet citizens through popularity and appeal rather than force, leading to the changed mindset which eventually eroded the power of the USSR. Combining the theory of soft power with current scholarship on the role of jazz diplomacy in State Department strategy elucidates the efectiveness of the jazz tours to the Soviet Union in the 1960s. Nye began to develop his theory of soft power in 1990 in his book, Bound to Lead, as he sought to show that American power abroad included more than just military might and eco- nomic infuence; rather, a third power, a soft power, which included music, movies, brands, and styles, also asserted American ideals into the world. While often “misunderstood . misused and trivialized,” the idea has nonetheless entered into the foreign policy vernacular.³ Fredrick Starr initiated scholarship on the development and proliferation of jazz in Russia with his 1983 book, Red and Hot: Te Fate of Jazz in the Soviet Union 1917–1980.4 Other historians have built on his themes and initial research since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Te most signifcant historian to explore the State Department’s jazz tours was Penny Von Eschen. In her 2006 book, Satchmo Blows Up the World, Von Eschen relates the history of the jazz tours, “following the musicians” to the USSR, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia throughout the Cold War. Von Eschen pays particular attention to how the ostensibly admirable ideals of these trips abroad represented the face the State Department wished to show the world; Von Eschen argues, however, that the jazz tours’ international message of democracy and equality actually contradicted the tumultuous issues of race, society, and American identity that Americans faced at home. According to Von Eschen, any success that the jazz tours had in converting foreign opinions came from local enthusiasm for the jazz ambassadors themselves, as “audiences never confused or confated their love of jazz and American popular culture with an acceptance of American foreign policy.”5 Western governments had long used broadcast propaganda to win Eastern hearts and sympathies; however, the penetration, popularity, and efectiveness of clumsy, broadside transmissions like Radio Free Europe, which started in 1949, paled in comparison to purely music-based programs like the infuential Music U.S.A. radio show, which launched 6 January 1955.6 Te US government 3.