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4.3 Presidential Government 11 MM VENKATESHWARA COMPARATIVE POLITICAL OPEN UNIVERSITY SYSTEMS www.vou.ac.in COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEMS POLITICAL COMPARATIVE COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEMS MA [POLITICAL SCIENCE] [MAPS-105] VENKATESHWARA OPEN UNIVERSITYwww.vou.ac.in COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEMS MA [Political Science] MAPS 105 BOARD OF STUDIES Prof Lalit Kumar Sagar Vice Chancellor Dr. S. Raman Iyer Director Directorate of Distance Education SUBJECT EXPERT Ms. Puppy Gyadi Assistant Professor CO-ORDINATOR Mr. Tauha Khan Registrar Authors Dr Biswaranjan Mohanty: Units (3.3, 6.2, 7.2-7.3) © Dr Biswaranjan Mohanty, 2019 Vikas Publishing House: Units (1, 2, 3.0-3.2, 3.4-3.10, 4, 5, 6.0-6.1, 6.3-6.9, 7.0-7.1, 7.4-7.9, 8, 9, 10) © Reserved, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: A-27, 2nd Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 1100 44 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Comparative Political Systems Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit 1 Understanding Comparative Political Systems Unit 1: Understanding Comparative – Methods of Comparison: Historical, Legal, Comparative Political System and Behavioural. (Pages 3-12) – Importance of Studying Contemporary Political System. Unit 2 Constitution and Constitutionalism Unit 2: Constitution and – History of Constitutionalism, Problems and Process of Constitutionalism Making of constitution (Pages 13-26) Unit 3 Major Political Systems Unit 3: Major Political Systems – Democratic, Totalitarian and Authoritarian Systems (Pages 27-49) Unit 4 Government and Political Structures Unit 4: Government and – Parliamentary, Presidential, Unitary and Federal Political Structures (Pages 51-86) Unit 5 Rule Making Unit 5: Rule Making – Structure, Function and Process of Law Making (Pages 87-117) – (UK, USA, Switzerland and China) Unit 6 Rule Application Unit 6: Rule Application – UK, USA and Japan (Pages 119-148) Unit 7 Role of Judiciary Unit 7: Role of Judiciary – UK (Rule of Law) (Pages 149-173) – USA (Judicial Review) – China (Committed Judiciary) Unit 8 Party System Unit 8: Party System – (USA, Japan, Switzerland, China) (Pages 175-203) Unit 9 Federalism Unit 9: Federalism – (USA, Switzerland and Canada) (Pages 205-223) Unit 10 Election and Representation Unit 10: Election and Representation – Electoral Process in UK, USA and Switzerland (Pages 225-242) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1-2 UNIT 1 UNDERSTANDING COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEM 3-12 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Methods of Comparison 1.2.1 Historical Method 1.2.2 Legal Method 1.2.3 Comparative Approach 1.2.4 Behaviourial Method 1.3 Importance of Studying Comparative Politics 1.4 Summary 1.5 Key Terms 1.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.7 Questions and Exercises 1.8 Further Reading UNIT 2 CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTIONALISM 13-26 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 History of Constitutionalism 2.2.1 Importance of Implementing Constitutions 2.2.2 Constitutions as Symbols and Manifestos, and Legal Rules 2.3 Constitutionalism: C. J. Friedrich 2.4 The Making of a Constitution: Process and Problems 2.4.1 Choices for Makers of Constitution 2.4.2 Responsibilities and Duties 2.4.3 Process of Constitution-Making 2.4.4 Making of the Constitution of India 2.5 Summary 2.6 Key Terms 2.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.8 Questions and Exercises 2.9 Further Reading UNIT 3 MAJOR POLITICAL SYSTEMS 27-49 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Concept of Political System 3.3 Democratic Political System 3.3.1 Direct Democracy 3.3.2 Indirect Democracy 3.3.3 Characteristics of Democracy 3.3.4 Political, Social and Economic Democracy 3.3.5 Safeguards of Democracy 3.3.6 Classical Theory of Democracy 3.4 Totalitarian Political System 3.4.1 Features of a Totalitarian Government 3.5 Authoritarian System 3.5.1 Forms of Authoritarian Government 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.9 Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Reading UNIT 4 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL STRUCTURES 51-86 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Parliamentary Government 4.3 Presidential Government 4.3.1 Powers and Functions of the US President 4.3.2 Comparison between the US President and the British King and Prime Minister 4.3.3 Comparison of the Presidential Powers in America and Britain 4.3.4 Election of the US Vice-President 4.3.5 Cabinet in USA 4.3.6 Composition and Powers of the American House of Representatives 4.3.7 Powers and Functions of the US Senate 4.3.8 Procedure in the American Congress 4.4 Unitary Form of Government 4.4.1 Salient Features of Unitary Government 4.5 Federal Government 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Terms 4.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.9 Questions and Exercises 4.10 Further Reading UNIT 5 RULE MAKING 87-117 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Unit Objectives 5.2 Structure, Function and Process of Law-making in the UK 5.2.1 The House of Lords 5.2.2 House of Commons 5.3 Structure, Function and Process of Law-Making in the USA 5.3.1 The Senate 5.3.2 House of Representatives 5.4 Structure, Function and Process of Law-Making in Switzerland 5.4.1 Composition of the National Council 5.4.2 Council of States 5.4.3 Legislative Procedure 5.4.4 Powers of the Federal Assembly 5.5 Structure, Function and Process of Law-Making in China 5.6 Summary 5.7 Key Terms 5.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 5.9 Questions and Exercises 5.10 Further Reading UNIT 6 RULE APPLICATION 119-148 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Unit Objectives 6.2 The Cabinet System of United Kingdom 6.2.1 The Executive 6.2.2 The Cabinet 6.2.3 The Prime Minister 6.3 The US President 6.3.1 Powers and Functions of the President 6.3.2 The Presidential Cabinet 6.4 Executive Body in Japan 6.4.1 Local Government 6.5 Summary 6.6 Key Terms 6.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 6.8 Questions and Exercises 6.9 Further Reading UNIT 7 ROLE OF JUDICIARY 149-173 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Unit Objectives 7.2 Judiciary in the United Kingdom 7.2.1 Rule of Law: A Citadel of Liberty 7.3 Judiciary in the United States of America 7.3.1 Judicial Review 7.4 Judiciary in China 7.4.1 Committed Judiciary 7.4.2 People’s Courts 7.4.3 The Supreme People’s Court 7.4.4 The Higher People’s Courts 7.4.5 The Intermediate People’s Courts 7.4.6 The Basic People’s Courts 7.4.7 The Special Courts 7.5 Summary 7.6 Key Terms 7.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 7.8 Questions and Exercises 7.9 Further Reading UNIT 8 PARTY SYSTEM 175-203 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Unit Objectives 8.2 Concept of Party System 8.2.1 Classification of Party Systems 8.2.2 Origin of the Party System 8.3 Party System in the USA 8.3.1 History of Party System in the USA 8.3.2 American Ideology and Polarizing Issues 8.3.3 Contemporary Party System in the USA 8.4 Party System in Japan 8.5 Party System in Switzerland 8.6 Party System in China 8.6.1 Communist Party of China 8.6.2 People’s Liberation Army 8.7 Summary 8.8 Key Terms 8.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 8.10 Questions and Exercises 8.11 Further Reading UNIT 9 FEDERALISM 205-223 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Unit Objectives 9.2 The US Federalism 9.2.1 The Era of Marshall and Taney, and Dual Federalism 9.2.2 Great Depression and Abrupt Change 9.3 Federalism in Switzerland 9.3.1 Features of Switzerland’s Political System 9.4 The Canadian Federal Structure 9.4.1 Levels of Government in Canadian Federalism 9.4.2 Confederation and the Division of Powers 9.5 Comparative Federalism 9.6 Summary 9.7 Key Terms 9.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 9.9 Questions and Exercises 9.10 Further Reading UNIT 10 ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION 225-242 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Unit Objectives 10.2 Electoral Process in the UK 10.2.1 Electoral Systems 10.3 Electoral Process in the United States 10.3.1 Eligibility 10.3.2 Presidential Election 10.3.3 History 10.3.4 Electoral College 10.3.5 Presidential Nominating Convention 10.4 Electoral Process in Switzerland 10.4.1 Voting Process 10.4.2 Mail-in Ballots 10.4.3 Council of States 10.4.4 Cantonal Elections 10.4.5 Referendums 10.4.6 Municipal Voting 10.5 Summary 10.6 Key Terms 10.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 10.8 Questions and Exercises 10.9 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION Since ancient times, scholars, thinkers and political scientists have been studying various NOTES models of governance and politics.
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