Appendix Classifications Used in Case Studies
Rationale Outline
The authors contributing to this volume were F our main systems for describing or characteriz• asked to use specific classifications of carbonate ing carbonates and their pore systems are used in rocks and associated pore systems. Classifica• this book: tions have at least two vital functions. One is to 1. A textural classification by Dunham (1962), provide investigators with the intellectual benefits supplemented for coarse biogenic limestones of organizing data and interpretations into clear, by Embry and Klovan (1971). concise language (Ham and Pray, 1962). The 2. A petrographic-genetic classification of poros• other is to supply a means of communicating that ity by Choquette and Pray (1970). information in a "normalized" form so that it can 3. A classification relating "matrix" texture to be compared readily with similar kinds of infor• pore size and pore frequency, proposed by mation about other occurrences. Both of these Archie (1952) and modified by Roehl (un• benefits apply, of course, to any classification of published). natural systems. For carbonate rocks and their 4. A detailed system of symbols and descriptive pore systems, the rationale and historical perspec• procedures developed in the Shell companies tives for classifications have been ably sum• for the description and logging of sedimentary marized by others and need no elaboration here. rocks and their constituents, and published Among the more useful treatments of the subject recently by Swanson (1981). are the papers on classification of carbonate rocks in Memoir 1 of the American Association of Pet• Some authors in this book chose to employ the roleum Geologists including the lead article by limestone classification of Folk (1959, 1962), in Ham and Pray (1962); a discussion of porosity lieu of or in addition to that of Dunham. All of the types and their origins by Choquette and Pray systems just cited are in relatively widespread use (1970); and a concise summary and comparison by sedimentary geologists in the petroleum indus• of many pore-system and carbonate-rock classifi• try and elsewhere. The brief summaries that cations by R. Cussey and his associates in Elf follow are intended for readers not closely conver• Aquitaine, translated by Reeckman and Fried• sant in carbonate sedimentology; more extended man (1982). information can be found in the original publi- 572 Appendix cations (see References), and key terms are tional texture is no longer recognizable, the term defined in the GLOSSARY. crystalline carbonate is used.
Carbonate Sediment and The Embry-Klovan Classification Rock Classifications Embry and Klovan (1971) proposed important modifications to the Dunham system, specifically Both of the classifications currently in widespread to accommodate the fact that biogenic ally bound use, by Dunham (1962) and Folk (1959, 1962), carbonates, such as many biogenic reefs and reef• recognize that limestones consist in general of mounds (see James, 1983, for definitions) com• three kinds of components: "grains", "matrix" or monly contain components much coarser than lime mud (the "micrite" of Folk when indurated), sand size (>2 mm) and may be bound together in and cement. Both classifications also make a different ways. As shown in Figure A-3, this basic distinction between limestones made up classification retains the basic grain-support! dominantly of components bound together bio• mud-support terms of Dunham, adding categories genically during deposition, and limestones with as follows: For carbonates not biogenic ally bound mostly unbound components. Neither classifica• ("organically" in the usage of Embry and tion provides for clear distinctions between dif• Klovan), but containing significant amounts of ferent dominant grain-size characteristics, a fea• coarse components, the terms floatstone and ture partly responsible for the system proposed by rudstone were proposed, depending on whether Embry and Klovan (1971). the matrix or coarser fraction is load-bearing. For biogenic ally bound carbonates, the terms baJ]les• The Dunham Classification tone, jramestone, and bindstone were proposed. Examples of the kinds of reefal organisms that This system, elegant in its terminological sim• can occur in these carbonates also are illustrated plicity, can be used equally well, despite the suffix by James (1983). They might include platy or "-stone" in all of its terms, to name and charac• "potato-chip" calcareous algae that collect and terize lime sediments as well as limestones. It is shelter sediment, in a baJ]lestone; robust frame• illustrated in Figures A-I and A-2. Dunham sug• work builders such as corals or rudistids in life gested two basic textural features, in addition to positions, in a framestone; or encrusting coralline the presence or absence of organic binding of algae, serving to bind corals together in a bind• sedimentary particles, as a basis for classifying stone. The relationships between these terms of carbonates: (1) the presence or absence of car• Embry and Klovan and those of Dunham are bonate mud, which differentiates muddy car• shown in Figure A-3. bonates from essentially mud-free grainstones; and (2) the relative abundance of grains and lime The Folk Classification mud, which determines whether the load-bearing components are grains or mud (grain support" vs. The main elements of this classification are "mud support"). "Grains" mean any sedimen• shown in Figures A-4 and A-5 from Folk's two tary particles larger than 0.02 mm for Dunham articles on the subject (1959, 1962). The basis for (or 0.03 mm for Embry and Klovan), i. e., par• this system is threefold: (1) relative proportions ticles of coarse silt size and larger. Muddy car• of carbonate grains or allochems versus carbonate bonates are called packstone, wackestone, or mud or micrite; (2) sorting of allochems, and mudstone depending on their lime-mud content; (3) rounding of allochems. Allochems include packstone is grain-supported, whereas wacke• ooids (oolites in Figs. A-4 and A-5A), pellets, in• stone and mudstone are mud-supported. Mud traclasts, and bioclasts. These four types supply content is one indication of whether and how ef• the prefixes for rock-textural categories that are fectively winnowing was operative in the depo• dependent mainly on the proportiions of allo• sitional environment, and can be a critical in• chems and micrite, and on whether the allochems fluence in the course of later diagenesis and are cemented by sparry calcite (-sparite) or lime pore-space evolution. Biogenically bound sedi• mud (-micrite). ments are called boundstones. Where deposi- As an example, using the chart in Figure A-4, a Appendix 573
DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE RECOGNIZABLE DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE NOT RECOGNIZABLE Original Components Not Bound Together During Deposition Original components were bound together during deposition ... CRYST AlUNE CARBONATE Contains mud as shown by intergrown Lacks mud (particles of clay and fine silt size) skeletal matter, lamination and is contrary to gravity, or grain- (Subdivide according to Mud-supported Grain- sediment-floored cavities classifications designed to supported that are roofed over by supported bear on physical texture organic or questionably or diagenesis.) Less than More than organ ic matter and are too 10 percent grains 10 percent grains large to be interstices.
MUDSTONE WACKESTONE PACKSTONE GRAINSTONE BOUNDSTONE
Fig. A-I. The textural classification of carbonates by Dunham (1962). Published by permission, American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
LIME MUDSTONE LIME WACKESTONE
LIME PACKSTONE LIME GRAINSTONE
Fig. A-2. Diagrams illustrating terms proposed by Dunham (1962) for those carbonates in , CARBONATE GRAIN which components are not organically bound D CALCITE MUD together. Published by permission, American Association of Petroleum Geologists. ~ SECONDARY SPARRY CALCITE
limestone with an allochem content of more than regardless of which allochems were dominant. In 25 percent ooids (oolites) would be either an 00- Folk's more recent (1962) version of his system, sparite, an oomicrite, or an oolite-bearing micrite particular recognition was accorded to textural depending on whether allochems made up more maturity in terms of sorting and abrasion of than 10 percent and were calcite-cemented or had allochems as well as winnowing or bypassing of a micrite matrix, or only 1 to 10 percent, with a micrite, as illustrated in Figure A-5B. Several of predominance of micrite. Limestones with less those terms are more fully defined in the than 1 percent allochems would be called micrite Glossary. 574 Appendix
ALLOCHTHONOUS LIMESTONES AUTOCHTHONOUS LIMESTONES ORIGINAL COMPONENTS NOT ORGANICALLY ORIGINAL COMPONENTS ORGANICALLY BOUND DURING DEPOSITION BOUND DURING DEPOSITION
GREATER THAN BY LESS THAN 10% > 2mm COMPONENTS 10%>2mm BY BY COMPONENTS ORGANISMS ORGANISMS ORGANISMS NO CONTAINS LIME MUD« .03mm) LIME MUD WHICH WHICH WHICH
MATRIX ACT ENCRUST BUILD MUD SUPPORTED COMPONENT GRAIN SUPPORTED SUPPORTED AS AND A RIGID SUPPORTED LESS THAN GREATER 10%GRAINS THAN 10% BAFFLES BIND FRAME- (>.03mm<2mm) GRAIN WORK
MUD- WACKE- PACK- GRAIN- FLOAT- RUD- BAFFLE- BIND- FRAME- STONE STONE STONE STONE STONE STONE STONE STONE STONE
Fig. A-3. The textural classification of carbonates proposed by Embry and Klovan (1971) using elements of the Dunham classification (left side). This expanded scheme allows the differentiation between types of coarse• grained (>2 mm) carbonates as well as between different types of organic binding. Published by permission, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists.
LIMESTONES AND PARTLY DOLOMITIZED LIMESTONES DOLOMITES
> 10% ALLOCHEMS < 10% ALLOCHEMS UNDIS TURBED ALLOCHEM NOALLOCHEM MATRIX OF CEMENTED BY 1-10% <1% BIOHERM GHOSTS GHOSTS MICROCRYSTAL - SPARRY CALCITE ALLOCHEMS ALLOCHEMS ROCKS LINE OOZE
INTRACLAST- ~<{~ INTRACLASTIC ~a:U) INTRASPARITE INTRAMICRITE BEARING Nf-« DOLOMITE " -uZ-.J MICRITE
(fJ "'w OOLlTE- OOLITIC ~t: BEARING N-.J OOSPARITE OOMICRITE DOLOMITE "0 MICRITE z 0 0 f= en :;; 0 W 0.. (fJ OJ- BIOSPARITE BIOMICRITE I :;; :;; f- U FOSSILI- w 0 w " 0 I BIOGENIC -.J FEROUS U -.J -.J U DOLOMITE (fJ w -.J MICRITE 0 :;; f- 0.. « -.J w (fJ f- -.J I « 0 « -.J f- z DOLOMITE u U « f- 0 (fJ 0 Z -.J <: (fJ -.J '" Z W -.J a: w - 0 « en BIOPELSPARITE BIOPELMICRITE ~ f- f- (fJ til :; s;> ::; 0 « w ~ u. OJ a: t' 0 f- f- 0 u. (fJ W '"N t' 0 0 :;; v 0 :;; ~ '"N -.J V f= 0 « > a: PELLET 1- PELLET w FEROUS DOLOMITE :;; MICRITE ~ -.J PELSPARITE PELMICRITE 0 '" > v
Fig. A-4. The textural classification of carbonates by Folk (1959, 1962). Published by permission, of American Associates of Petroleum Geologists. Appendix 575
ALLOCHEMICAL ORTHOCHEMICAL ROCKS ROCKS
SPARRY CALCI E ICROCRYSTALLI E C ALCITE CEME NT LACKI G ALLOCHEMS
INTRACLASTS ~
z DM ICRITE o IN TRA SPARITf I• • en , ,,",, ' o OOLITES , ~ ~ o •OOSPARITE DISM ICRITE o ~ W FOSSILS oI AUTOCHTHONOUS o REEF ROCKS -' -' BIOMICRITE <1: "" "." PELLETS ...... -. ~D..," : ...... ,": ...... PELSPARITE PfLM ICRlTf BIOLI THI TE
I222.J Span ~ Calclle o M ic rocrystalline QU'lle A
OV E R 2 / 3 LI M E MUD
Per cenl 0-1 % 1-1 0 % 10 - 5 0 % A l l och e m~
Represento l1ve MICRITE a FOSS Il/- SPARSE FEROUS R o ck MI CRI TE Te rm s
19 59 Termonology Mic"'e ~==~-=~-+-----.------~--,-----~----r---~ TeTrogeno"s• C l oyslone S on d y Or Anolo9ues L-______~ ______lC ~la~y~5~I~on~e~~~~~~S~o~n~d~s~'o~n~eJL~~~~~~~~~~~~~ B
LIME MUD MATRIX ~ SPARRY CALCITE CEMENT
Fig. A-S. Diagrams illustrating aspects of the Folk ing eight stages from low-energy sediments at left to classification. Published by permission, American higher-energy sediments toward the right. Bioclast• Association of Petroleum Geologists. A. Main textural dominated allochem composition is used in this exam• types based on aIIochem composition and presence/ ple, but parallel stages and terms could be constructed abundance of cement VS. micrite. From Folk (1962). using other aIIochem types. From Folk (1962). B. A textural maturity spectrum for carbonates show- 576 Appendix
Porosity and Pore/Matrix-Type matrix textures and provided simple criteria for their recognition, as well as providing a simple Classifications classification of visible pore sizes and pore frequencies. In this form, the classification can be Although many classifications have been pro• used by individuals with little or no training in posedl , the authors contributing to this volume sedimentology, and thus provides a basis for were asked to employ either one or both of two organizing and interpreting petrophysical data by published by Choquette and Pray (1970), and by either geologists or petroleum engineers. Archie (1952; modified by Roehl, unpublished). Roehl (unpublished reports, 1959, 1961 ), recognizing that many carbonates have matrix textures that represent combinations and varia• The Choquette-Pray Classification tions of the types defined by Archie, proposed a This classification relates porosity types to their more elaborate classification, which he specific• origins. Some 15 basic pore types, shown in ally related to parameters that can be determined Figure A-6A, are distinguished depending on from mercury-injection capillary pressure curves. whether primary or diagenetic constituents and The Roehl classification is outlined in Table A-2. textures determine their distribution ("fabric• In that table, the parameter r is the average largest selective") or such a relationship is not demonstr• pore radius in microns based on minimum entry able ("not fabric-selective"). The general time pressure, Pd is the displacement pressure in psia, and realm or zone in which a given pore type is the G-factor is a dimensionless hyperbolic mea• believed to have been created or modified can be sure of capillary-pressure curve shape defined by specified, as can various processes and effects of Thomeer (1960), and cpri is relative ineffective pore modifications, general pore-size characteris• porosity not occupied by mercury at high capil• tics, and volumetric abundance (Fig. A-6B). lary pressure. Figure A-9 shows diagramatically Porosity terms, or code designations of them, can the relationships observed between grain size or be constructed using a succinct format (Fig. A- crystal size of carbonates, and the matrix-texture 7 A). Common stages in the evolution of a type of types defined originally by Archie (1952) and pore, a mold in this case, are illustrated in Fig. A- subsequently by Roehl (unpublished). 7B. The classification also distinguishes three main post-depositional time-space zones in which pore systems may be created or modified in car• bonates, illustrated in Figure A-8. These three Shell System for Logging zones-eogenetic, mesogenetic, and telogenetic• are defined in the GLOSSARY. Descriptive Rock Attributes The contributors to this book were asked to por• tray lithologic columns using a detailed system of The Archie Classification symbology developed in the Shell companies, and This widely used classification is based on the available now to the general profession as relationships observed between pore size and recently published by Swanson (1981). Figures rock-matrix texture, as summarized in Table A-I. A-IOA-E portray those parts of the system from It was designed for use in well-site or laboratory which most authors in this volume drew symbols studies of well cores, cuttings, and core-analysis utilized in the case studies. Provision is made for samples, whether "raw" and in untreated or on portrayal of the Dunham textural types (Fig. A• sawed surfaces, with the unaided eye or at low lOA) and Archie matrix-texture types ("chalky" magnifications generally around 10 to 15 X. etc., Fig. A-lOA); certain types of cements and Archie distinguished three basic types of rock- other subordinate components (Fig. A-lOB); most of the skeletal and other components gener• ally found in carbonate rocks (Figs. A-lOC,D); ISee Reeckman and Friedman (1982, p. 82-94) for a good and the more common sedimentary structures sampling. (Fig. A-lOE). Appendix 577
BASIC POROSITY TYPES
FABRIC-DEPENDENT ISELECTIVE NOT FABRIC-SELECTIVE
INTERPARTICLE (BP) VUG(VUG} ~ CAVERN (CA) ~ I" very large pores I INTRAPARTICLE (WP) CHANNEL (CH)
SHELTER (SH) FRACTURE (FR)
GROWTH FRAMEWORK (GF) FABRIC-SELECTIVE OR NOT
FENESTRAL (FE) BURROW / BORING (BU/ BO)
MOLDIC (MO) SHRINKAGE (SK)
INTERCRYSTAL (BC) BRECCIA (BR)
Modlfoed aller Choquette & Pray. 1970 A
MODIFYING TERMS
GENETIC MODIFIERS SIZE* MODIFIERS
I PROCESS I I DIRECTION OR STAGE I CLASSES mmt 256- large Img SOLUTION s ENLARGED x MEGAPORE mg 32- small smg CEMENTATION c REDUCED r 4- large Ims INTERNAL SEDIMENT i FILLED f MESOPORE ms 1/ 2- small sms 1/ 16 I TIME OF FORMATION I MICROPORE mc
PRIMARY P Use si ze prefixes with baSIC porosity types pre-depositional Pp mesovug msVUG small mesomold smsMO depositional Pd mlc rointerpartrcle mcBP SECONDARY S * For regular-shaped pores smaller th an cavern size eogenetic Se t Measures refer to average pore diameter of a singl e pore or the rang e in size of a pore assemblage mesogenetic Sm For tubular pores use average cross-section. For telogenetic St platy pores use width and note shape
Genetic modifiers are combined as follows: ABUNDANCE MODIFIERS percent porosity (15%) I PROCESS! + IOIRECTION! + ITIME! or EXAMPLES: solution-enlarged sx ratio of porosity types (1 :2) cement-reduced primary crP or sediment-filled eogenetic ifSe ratio and percent (1 :2) (15%) B
Fig. A-6. The porosity classification proposed by types from Gagliardi et al. (1980). Published by per• Choquette and Pray (1970). Published by permission, mission, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Richerche, Rome, American Association of Petroleum Geologists. A. Italy. B. Genetic, size, and abundance modifiers. Basic porosity types. Diagrams representing porosity 578 Appendix
CONSTRUCTION OF POROSITY DESIGNATION
ANY MODIFYING TERMS ARE COMBINED WITH THE BASIC POROSITY TYPE IN SEQUENCE GIVEN BELOW:
+ + +
EXAMPLES: intraparticle porosity. 10 percent WP(10%) primary mesointraparticle porosity P-ms WP solution-enlarged primary intraparticle porosity sxP-WP micromoldic porosity. 10 percent mc MO (10%) telogenetic cavern porosity St-CV A
------PROGRESSIVE SOLVnOH------+ ~ ~[i] INITIAL MOLD SOLUTION - EN LARGEO VUG STATE (MO) MOLD (sx-MO) (VUGl
1 PARTIAL !>lATRIX ~[i] 1., 1 REDUCED REDUCED REDUCED PORE MOLD SOLUTION - ENLARGED VUG (, - MO) MOLD (,.. -MO) I,-VUG) ~ COMPLETE ~ IHFILL Fig. A-7. The porosity classification of Choquette and Pray (1970). Published by permission, Ameri• can Association of Petroleum Geologists. A. For• mat for construction of porosity name and code ~[i] . designations. Common stages in evolution of one FILLED FILLED FILLED B. MOLD SOLUTION - ENLARGED VUG basic type of pore, a mold, showing application of B (I- MOl MOLD (I.. -MO) (I- VVGl genetic modifiers and classification code. Appendix 579
TIME - POROSITY TERMS STAGE PRE -DEPOSITION DEPOSITION POST-DEPOSITION
PRIMARY POROSITY SECONDARY POROSITY
POROSITY POST - DEPOSITIONAL POROSITY TE RM PR E -DEPOSITION AL DEPOSITIO NA L POROSITY POROS ITY EOGENETIC IIIESOGENET Ie TELOGEI£TIC POROS ITY 1 POROS ITY POROSITY " TYPICAL" ~ ~ RELATIVE ~ . - / TI M E SPAN ;':':"; ~ ~ . Iaf'::,-f:':: ;':: .:-::::: ..":. ,"., ... -; .:~~
I+--NE T DEPOSITIONAL REAlM ------.l~~I.... -- - NET EROSIONAL REA l lII -'1 I I I : subtida l to supratida l :
Fig. A-8. Time-porosity terms and zones of creation and modification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates, from Choquette and Pray (1970). Published by permission, American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Upper: In• terrelation of major time-porosity zones. Lower: Diagrammatic representation of major surface and burial zones where porosity is created or modified. 580 Appendix
Table A-l. Classification of Carbonate Reservoir Rock Types According to Matrix Texture, Visible Pore Size, and Pore Frequency (from Archie, 1952)
Texture of Matrix Macroscopic Appearance Microscopic Appearance lOX to 15X
TYPE I Crystalline, hard, dense, sharp edges Matrix made up of tightly interlocking Compact and smooth faces on breaking crystals, no visible pore space between Crystalline Resinous crystals, commonly produced "feather edge" and thin flakes on breaking TYPE II Dull, earthy, siliceous or argillaceous. Crystals joined at different angles. Chalky Crystalline appearance absent because Extremely fine texture may still appear small crystals are less tightly interlocked, "chalky" under this power, but others may thus reflecting light in different begin to appear crystalline. Grain size directions, or made up of extremely fine <0.05 mm generally. Coarser textures particles (skeletal or other) classed as Type III TYPE III Sandy or sugary appearance (sucrose) Crystals interlock at different angles, but Granular or Size of crystals or particles classes as: considerable porosity between crystals. Saccharoidal Very fine = 0.05 mm Oolitic and other granular textures fall in Fine = 0.1 mm this class Medium = 0.2 mm Coarse = 0.4 mm
Classification of Visible Pores
Class A: No visible porosity under lOX microscope or where pore size is <0.01 mm Class B: Visible porosity, 0.01 but <0.1 mm Class C: Visible porosity, 0.1 mm but size of cuttings Class D: Visible porosity as shown by secondary crystal growth on faces of cuttings or "weathered-appearing" faces showing evidence of fracturing or solution channels; where pore size> size of cutting
Classification of Visible-Pore Frequency
Frequency-Percentage of Surface Description Covered by Pores
Excellent 20 Good 15 Fair 10 Poor 5 Appendix 581
Table A-2. Gross Petrographic-Petrophysical Relationships of Modified Archie Rock Types (from Company Reports by Roehl, 1959, 1961)
Visual and Petrographic Character Petrophysical Properties Matrix Particle Size Rock General Range Type (~) r Matrix3 Pd(psia) G Factor ct>ri (%)4 I Dense or compact; vitreous 1-100 >20 >0.4 or dull variable II Chalky, earthy or dull 5-20 -1.1 >100 <0.4 24 II-III Microsucrosic or extra-fine, 20-50 -5.5 20-100 <0.5 18 uniform particulate matrix III Sucrosic or very fine to 50-500 >5.5 <20 <0.7 <18 medium heterogeneous particulate matrix
Hetero-particulate or Variable >5.5 <20 ~0.7 15.5 crystalline with complex fabrics, variable mineralogy Hetero-particulate or Variable >3.5 <30 >0.7 48 crystalline with complex fabrics, variable mineralogy
I Highly variable mixtures of Archie Types I and III with low G factor. 2Highly variable mixtures of Archie Types I and III with high G factor. 3r-average largest pore radius based on minimum entry pressure, in microns. 4Based on relative ineffective porosity at high Pc and extrapolated bulk volume occupied (Thomeer, 1960) of 10%.
VERY FINE FINE MEDIUM LARGE » :II (') :I: TYPE III m 1------(') r- TYPE 11 » en 1 !!! ." TYPE I n ---1-- 1-----· » ::j 0.001 mm 0.01 0.1 1.0 mm 0z TYPE 11 s: 0 TYPE 11·111 2 ::!! m z TYPE 11 c ~ = (') c:: TYPE I r- (!) » 0 ------en I- !!! 0.. >- VERY -- - ::!! c:: MICROGRAIN EXTREME FINE EXTRA FINE FINE MEDIUM COARSE (') u FINE » -t MICROGRAINED MESOGRAINED MACROGRAINED 0 Z LUTITE SILTITE ARENITE
Fig. A-9. Relationships between grain size and crystal size and the matrix-textures types of Archie (1952) and Roehl. From unpublished company reports by Roehl (1959, 1961). 582 Appendix
CARBONATE ROCK TYPES
E2I9 ~ LlmeSione DOlomitiC Calcareous (undlfferent,ated, L,!"estone Dolomite (undlfferentlatedl
The texture and particle overlay shown below can be used with any of these basIc patterns
TEXTURES
PRIMARY DE?OS"IONAL M ISCE LLAN EOUS ~ Mudstone E1LJ:El Chalky
~ WacKeslone DIAGENETICALLY ALTERED
~ Packstone ~ Crystalline
nill Grainstone SUcrOSIC
~ Boundstone Crystalline w/recognlzable par1lcles'
PARTICLES
EtL=m Fossils tundlfferentlated)' ~ L,thoclasts rr--n Pelletolds ~ Oolites C!J...... ill
SILICICLASTIC ROCK TYPES
Clay ISee symDOIS for COlor deSignations) -- Shale (See symbols for color i I ~ deSignations) ~ Silt ~ Siltstone ..... Quartz sandstone C3 Quartz sand ~. . .. T LithiC sandstone [JJJJi,' ~',-: lithic sand IT2UIT . . , Feldspathlc sand Feldspathlc sandstone [5Z].... . [gJT·· • ~·.·.·.6 ArkosIc sand ~T:,',a ArkoSIC sandstone Conglomerate lund,fferent,atedl' ~ Gravel [unddferentlated)- IT3JT 0
MISCELLANEOUS ROCK TYPES
;'nnydflte or Gypsum Coal [ZJ" " ~ BenlOnlte -_L Lignite 1···1...... Chert (darKI ~ Halite I~Q~!..,.., Cnert llight) mil PotaSSium salt
Fig. A-lOA Appendix 583
SUBORDINATE COMPONENTS
COMMON SUBORDINATE COMPONENTS
Anhydrrtlc Argillaceous Calcareous [[J VT 7421/2 OJ] (use appropnale color) DIJ 'JT 740
Cherty Dolomitic Sandy [I[J VT 737 [l[J VT 740 1/2 []I] VT 7351/2
SI)iceous Silty ITIIIIIJ Tullaceous (use as Overlay on rock type) [IJ VT 736 [][]" LESS COMMON SUBORDINATE COMPONENTS (2)
Anhydrrte nodules ~ (put In center 01 oval Anhydrrte - replacement Senlonrte for gypsum nodules) ~ VT 742 112 I a .zrl VT 744 & 751 VT 7421/2 Chert fragments Carbonaceous partongs ~ Calcareous nodules (detntal) VT 740 or traces ~ [2J VT 737
~ Chert nodules DOlomite rhomos GlauconIte VT 737 ~ VT 740 112 ~ VT 751
[g Interbeds (Use approprrate Mica Phosonate nodules lithology color) E3 CJ VT7451/2
~ Salt hoppers Shale streaks and partlngs(Use penCil approximating color of Shale) VT 738 1/2 E::3
CEMENTS
UNDIFFERENTIATED CEMENT FABRICS Anhydrrte CalCite r-l=rI Chert DO VT 7421/2 VT 740 LB-J VT737
r-a---l S,derrte - !fon carbonate L.ELJ VT 745 112
rnJ Blocky [tIJ Fibrous rnJ Isopachous [EJ SyntaXial or Overgrowth
Fig. A-lOB
Fig. A-lO. Parts of the Shell system for logging and major particle types. B, Subordinate components, geologic attributes of carbonate rocks in cores, cuttings, and cements. C. Fossil components. D. Nonskeletal and outcrop samples. From Swanson (1981). Pub• and other carbonate particles, lithoclasts, mineraliza• lished by permission, American Association of Pet• tion occurrences, and chert varieties. E. Common roleum Geologists. A. Major sedimentary rock types, sedimentary (syngenetic) and burial-diagenetic to tec• Dunham (1962) and other textural carbonate types, tonic (epigenetic) structures found in carbonates. 584 Appendix
FOSSILS
General Symbols Fish remains K::) Macrofossil fragments, undifferentiated Fish scales ® Jf. {MaCrOfossil fragments, rounded Foraminifera. undifferentiated ~ Macrofossils, whole Foraminifera. pelagic &, Foramlnliera. small benthoniC Microfossils, undifferentiated ~ Miliolids 0M Jf. Jf. FOSSils, encrusting Tubular forams tDT Foraminifera. large benthonic () Specific Symbols Orbltollna t)o, Algae, undifferentiated Dlctvoconus ()o Algae, Red COSklnollna and Cosklnollnoldes ()c Algae. Green FUSUlinidS + Algal plates GraPtolites p Algal balls, oncolltes, rhodollths Hydrozoa Algal stromatolites (~ Molluscs. undifferentiated Brachiopods, undifferentiated e Brachiopods, phosphatic Cephalopoas ~ Brachiopods, productid -.17- Belemnites "Y Bryozoa, tube-like forms Y/ Gastropods ~ Bryozoa. fenestellid forms til Pelecypods (clams) 8, Calcispheres @ Chondrodonta BCh Chara ® Gryphaea flG Conodonts arid scolecodonts 'VVVV Inoceramus Corals, colonial 00 Oysters Br fly Corals, Chaetetes ~CH Rudists. undifferentiated ~ Corals, SVrlngopora ~Sy CaPflnlds Corals, solitary cp ~ Caprotlnlds Crinoids V' Monopleurlds Diatoms ~ f0JJ * Requlenllds @ Echinoderms ~ Radlolltlds 1) TentaCulites < Ostracods @ Plant remains ¢ Slilcilled wood Jf. Use appropriate fossil symbol = within circle or square if Spicules fossil Identifiable Spines Spines, brachiopod Jf. Jf. Use as underline under Spines, eChinOid appropriate fossil symbol. Sponges Ex: A = encrusting Spores and/or pollen foraminifera Stromatoporoids. undifferentiated Stromatoporoids. lamillar Stromatoporoids. spherical Stromatoporoids, hemispherical Stromatoporoids, branching Stromatoporoids. Amphipora. undifferentiated Stromatoporoids. Amphipora, lamillar Radiolarians Trilobites Worm tubes Vertebrates
Fig. A-tOe Appendix 585
NON-SKELETAL PARTICLES MINERALIZATION Pellets (focal) + Vug filling 0 Peloids • Vein or fracture filling ~~ Mlcropellets (silt size) oj. CHERT Coated grains ~ Banded VI! Ooids 0 Chalk textured (tnpolitlc) viC Superficial oOids .0- Fossiliferous v~ Pisolites 0 Granular ~, Vadose plsolites @ Milky vM Grapestone or composite grains 8 Mottled \J vo LITHO CLAST - fragments of previously Oolitic lithified carbonate rock Opaque ... Angular, undifferentiated LJ Pelletal 'Vo Intraclasts ill Porcelaneous VI Rounded, undifferentiated D Sandy 'V Talus (slope or forereet) • Spicular VI:- Breccia, solution-breccia <9 Spotted v,i Breccia, tectonic 1> Subporcelaneous v· Translucent '7 SKELETAL OR NON-SKELETAL Transparent \7 Oncolds. rhodoliths, or algal balls Undifferentiated \7 QUESTIONABLE PARTICLES Composite symbol 'i7. ~/o/ Indeterminate origin ® (e.g. fossiliferous. oolitic. sandy) Obscure - fuzzy or clotted :';.
Fig. A-toO 586 Appendix
SYNGENETIC STRUCTURES C. Organism - prOduced markings 1. Burrowed A. Stratification slightly burrowed --Jl1u 1. Parallel type mOderately burrowed -o/D well burrowed ~ Thickness of Bedding Metric System 2. Churned ~ millimeter bed mm-l0mm mm 3. Bored + centimeter bed cm - 10 cm em 4. Bored surface T decimeter bed 1 dm -10 dm ~ meter bed 1m -10 m m 5. Organism tracks and trails ;:::;:: When greater precIsion IS desired. 6. Plant root tubes )c the modal thickness can be Indicated. 7. Vertebrate tracks .t e.g .. oeds with modal thickness 3 meters. 3m D. Penecontemporaneous deformation structures British System 1. Mud cracks -v-v thin lamina < 1/10 inch tnlam 2. lamina 1/10 - 1/2 Inches lam Rain or hall prints -v-
very thin bed 1i2 - 2 inches lin) 3. Pull-apart ~c thin bed 2 - 6 inches ~ 4. medium bed 1/2-1 1/2 feet mea Slump structures and contorted bedding 1J thick bed 1 1/2 - 5 feet Ik 5. Convolute bedding ...fL very thick bed > 5 feet -Ik- 6. Load cast ?J 2. Cross-bedding 7. In general -L Tepee structure 'I:, With angle Indicated ~ 8. Birdseye. fenestral fabriC <>- chevron +- climbing £: EPIGENETIC STRUCTURES festoon 4- planar -4 A. Solution structures 3. Irregular bedding - 1. Breccia. solution. collapse %> 4. Graded bedding .... 2. Dissolution - compaction (horse tall) ;)- 5. No apparent bedding ~ 3. Stylolite -1-- 6. Nodular bedding 4. Vadose Plsollte (Q) - 5. Vadose slit @ B Current - produced markings 6 BoxWOrk 0 1. Ripple marks 7 Salt hoppers or casts asymmetrical ~d -.J Interierence ~, B. Tectonic structures symmetrical =.? 2. Pull-over flame structure ---L- 1. Fractures Scour and fill 3 ~ 2. Slickensides *If 4 Flute cast ,.".. 3. Breccia. tectonic i> 5. Groove cast -{- C. Miscellaneous 6. Striation - 1. Geopetal fabric ~ 7. Parting lineation 2. - Cone-in-cone ~ 3. Stromatactis 0 4. Boudinage. ball and flow structure
Fig. A-tOE Appendix 587
References bonate Rocks-a symposium: Amer. Assoc. Pet• roleum Geologists Mem. 1, p. 62-84. GAGLIARDI, R, O. KALIN, E. MORREALE, E. PATACCA, P. SCANDONE, and R ARCHIE, G.E., 1952, Classification of carbonate SPRUGNOLI, 1980, Una Banca dai Geologici del reservoir rocks and petrophysical considerations: Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica: Consiglio Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 36, no. Nazionale Delle Richerche, Rome, Italy. 2, p. 278-298. HAM W.E., and L.c. PRAY, 1962, Modern concepts CHOQUETTE, P.W., and L.c. PRAY, 1970, Geo• and classifications of carbonate rocks: in Ham, logic nomenclature and classification of porosity in W.E., ed., Classification of Carbonate Rocks-a sedimentary carbonates: Amer. Assoc. Petroleum symposium: Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Geologists Bull., v. 54, p. 207-250. Mem. 1, p. 2-19. DUNHAM, RJ., 1962, Classification of carbonate JAMES, N.P., 1983, Reefs: in Scholle, P.A, D.G. rocks according to depositional texture: in Ham, Bebout, and C.H. Moore, Carbonate Depositional W.E., ed., Classification of Carbonate Rocks-a Environments: Amer. Asoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium: Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Mem. 33, p. 345-440. Mem. 1, p. 108-121. REECKMAN, A, and G.M. FRIEDMAN, 1982, EMBRY, AF., and J.E. KLOVAN, 1971, A Late Exploration for Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs: Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 213 p. N.W.T.: Bull. Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 19, SWANSON, RG., 1981, Sample Examination p.730-781. Manual; Methods in Exploration Series: Amer. FOLK, RL., 1959, Practical petrographic classifica• Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK. tion of limestones: Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geo• THOMEER, J.H.M., 1960, Introduction of a pore logists Bull., v. 43, p. 1-38. geometrical factor defined by the capillary pressure FOLK, RL., 1962, Spectral subdivision of limestone curve: Jour. Petroleum Technology, Tech. Note types: in Ham, W.E., ed., Classification of Car- 2057. Glossary of Tenns*
Algae Photosynthetic, almost exclusively aqua• Aquathermal A term pertaining to abnormally tic plants of a large and diverse division of the high pore pressures produced by heating of con• thallophytes. fined connate water in sediments being com• Allochem Allochemical constituent (F olk, pacted during burial. 1959); chemically and biochemically precipitated Aragonite The orthorhombic mineral consisting carbonate aggregates occurring in mechanically of calcium carbonate, CaC03 • deposited limestones. Arenaceous A textural term for clastic sedi• Allochthonous Said of material formed in an ments or sedimentary rocks of average grain size environment other than that in which it is found, ranging from 1/ 16 to 2 mm (n: arenite). and transported therefrom. Argillaceous Pertaining to a clastic sediment or Alluvial fan A fan-shaped deposit of stream sedimentary rock containing clay-size particles; alluvium laid down where a change in stream clayey or shaly. gradient occurs. Arthropod Anyone of a group of invertebrates Anhedral A descriptor for a mineral that has no belonging to the phylum Arthropoda charac• planar crystal faces. terized chiefly by jointed appendages and seg• Anhydrite A mineral consisting of anhydrous mented bodies; includes trilobites and crusta• calcium sulfate, CaS04. ceans. Aquiclude A body of relatively impermeable Atoll reef A coral reef complex encircling a rock that acts wholly or in part to confine an lagoon, devoid of pre-existing land of non-coral aquifer. origin and surrounded by deep open sea. Aulacogen A fault-bounded intracratonic or in• terplate trough or graben. *Except as noted, tenns are from, or modified from: Amer. Authigenic Said of a mineral that has grown in Geological Inst. Glossary of Geology, R. L. Bates and J. A. Jackson, eds., 2nd edition (1980); The Encyclopedia of place subsequent to the formation of the sediment Sedimentology, Earth Sciences, Vol. VI, R. W. Fairbridge or rock in which it occurs. and J. Bourgeois, eds. (1978), Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Autochthonous Formed or occurring in the Inc.; Glossary of Terms and Expressions Used in Well Log• place where found. ging, Soc. Prof. Well Log Analysts (1975); A Dictionary of Bamestone A textural type of biohermal lime• Petroleum Terms, 2nd edition, Petroleum Extension Service, Univ. Texas (1979); Principles of Sedimentology, G. M. stone having a framework of calcareous organ• Friedman and J. E. Sanders (1978), John Wiley and Sons, isms that have acted to "baffie" and entrap Publ. sediment. 590 Glossary of Terms
Baroque dolomite Coarse dolomite crystals, nonskeletal allochems of more than 3 to 1, and a generally a millimeter or larger in size, milky in carbonate mud matrix more abundant than the color, and having curved saddle-like crystal faces sparry calcite cement (Folk, 1959). due to rotating c-axes, and consequently display• Biostratigraphic Pertaining to a unit or stratum ing sweeping extinction in cross-polarized light that is defined and identified by one or more dis• (syn: saddle dolomite). tinctive fossil species, without regard to other Bathyal Pertaining to the ocean environment or physical features; adjective denoting the basis for depth zone between 100 and 500 fathoms (200- an interpretation of geologic age. 1000 m); also pertaining to the organisms of Biostrome A layer of skeletal, sedentary or• that environment. ganic fragments comprising a rock of uniform Bathymetric Pertaining to the morphology or thickness, distinctly bedded and of broad areal bottom configuration of a water body. extent. Beachrock A friable to well-cemented sedimen• Bioturbation The stirring and churning (in situ tary rock, formed in intertidal zones, and consist• reworking) of a sediment by organisms. ing of calcareous debris cemented with calcium Bitumen In general, the spectrum of natural carbonate; best known in tropical or subtropical flammable hydrocarbons (petroleum, asphalts, regions. mineral waxes etc.), including semisolid and solid Bellerophon(tid) A group (superfamily) of gas• admixtures with mineral matter. tropods roughly of thumb size that have plani• Boudinage A structure common in deformed spiral shells; found mostly in Ordovician through sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, resulting Devonian carbonates, but known range is Cam• from the stretching, thinning and breaking of a brian-Triassic. competent bed within less competent strata re• Benthic see Benthonic sembling boudins (sausage) in cross-section. Benthonic Pertaining to the benthos, the ocean Boundstone A carbonate rock texture defined bottom environment, and associated bottom• by Dunham (1962) and formed by the binding ac• dwelling marine life. tion of skeletal organic components substantially Bentonite A soft, plastic claystone composed preserved in position of growth. principally of clays of the montmorillonite (smec• Brachiopod A solitary marine invertebrate char• tite) group, which result principally from chemical acterized by two bilaterally symmetrical valves alterations of volcanic rocks. (shells) and a lophophore (circular or horseshoe• Bioclastic Aspect of a material (sediment, rock, shaped feeding organ). particle) alluding to its composition of broken Brachyanticine An anticline that is wider than it remains of organisms. is long. Biofacies A lateral subdivision of a strati• Bryozoan A calcareous or chitinous skeletal, graphic unit, distinguished from other adjacent colonial invertebrate marine organism belonging subdivisions on the basis of its biologic con• to the phylum Bryozoa. stituents, without respect to the non-biological Calcarenite A limestone consisting of pre• features of its lithology. dominantly (>50%) calcite grains of sand size. Biogenesis Formation by the action of organ• Calcisphere Calcified spherical grains on the isms (ad). biogenic, biogenetic). order of 100 microns in diameter, believed to be Bioherm A circumscribed mass of rock, usually reproductive cysts or gametangia of green algae. limestone, of local extent, and composed of the Calcite The principal mineral, CaC03 , of the remains of sedentary CaCOrsecreting organ• hexagonal carbonate mineral group. A primary isms; enclosed by rock of different compositional biogenic precipitate, authigenic cement, or secon• makeup, not necessarily noncarbonate. dary mineral after aragonite. Biolithite A rigid framework of skeletal organic Calcium carbonate compensation depth That remains that grew and remained in place to form a level within the ocean below which the rate of dis• limestone (Folk, 1959). solution of calcium carbonate exceeds the rate of Biomicrite A limestone containing less than deposition (abbrev: CCD). 25% intraclasts and less than 25% ooids, with a Calcspar Coarse crystalline calcite cement (syn: volume ratio of fossils and fossil fragments to sparry calcite). Glossary of Terms 591
Caliche A broad term variously applied to arrays; also characterized by a segmented stem of calcareous (CaC03 ) layers, crusts, and porous, calcite ossicles. friable horizons, or to thick impermeable, in• Cristobalite A silica (Si~) polymorph of durated layers, but also applied to similar features quartz that is stable only above 1470°C. composed of silica, gypsum, etc. Formed by a Cyclothem An informal sedimentary unit equi• variety of processes, chiefly capillary action and valent to formation which contains a sequence of evaporation (syn: calcrete). beds deposited during a cycle of non-marine Capillarity The action by which a fluid such as (regressive) and overlying marine (transgressive) water is drawn up into small interstices such as sedimentation. tubes and pores as a result of surface tension. Dasyclad(acae) A type of green alga belonging Cathodoluminescence The emission of colored to the family Dasycladaceae, composed of fila• light by minerals containing certain activator ele• ments whorled about a central axis that are often ments upon bombardment at high voltage by a preserved by a layer or rind of precipitated cathode ray (electron) beam. calcium carbonate. Chalcedony A cryptocrystalline or variety of Dedolomitization The replacement of dolo• silica, commonly microscopically fibrous, with mite by calcite during diagenesis or chemical lower indices of refraction and mineral density weathering. than quartz. Detritus Loose, fragmented rock and mineral Chert A hard, dense, dull to semi-vitreous, cryp• debris mechanically transported from its place tocrystalline sedimentary rock, composed of vari• of origin. able amounts of silica in the form of fibrous Depletion drive Production of oil as a result of chalcedony and microcrystalline quartz; may con• the expansion of gas following its release from tain minor carbonate, iron oxide, or other im• solution below the saturation pressure. purities. Depocenter An area of maximum deposition, Chronostratigraphic Characterization of geo• which thus comprises the thickest part of any logic history ( or a portion thereof) based on the age stratigraphic unit in a depositional basin. and time sequence of strata. Diagenesis Term encompassing any post-depo• Clastic Pertaining to a rock or sediment com• sitional changes resulting from physical, chemi• posed principally of broken fragments derived cal, or biological processes short of metamor• from pre-existing rocks or minerals that have been phism. transported from their place of origin. Diapir A dome or anticlinal fold whose enclos• Coelenterate Any multicelled invertebrate be• ing strata are usually ruptured by the plastic verti• longing to the phylum Coelenterata, characterized cal displacement of core material, usually salt or by a body wall composed of two layers of cells con• clay shale. nected by a structureless mesogloea, a single body Diastem A relatively short interruption in sedi• cavity, and radial or biradial symmetry. mentation with little or no erosion before sedi• Coeval Coexisting during a specified period of mentation resumes. geologic time. Diatom A microscopic, single-celled, aquatic Coccolith Contraction of coccolithophore, a plant that secretes walls (frustules) of silica. golden-brown unicellular alga and calcareous pro• Dilatancy An increase in bulk volume during tistid of the division Chrysophyta; microscopic deformation, accompanied in crystalline rocks of remains of coccoliths are the principal sedimen• low porosity by an increase in pore volume as a tary constituents of chalk deposits. result of microfracturing. Connate water Interstitial water, originating at Disconformity An unconformity above and the same time as the enclosing sediments. below which the bedding planes are essentially Craton A part of a continent that has had a pro• parallel. longed geologic history of tectonic stability. Dolomitization A process whereby limestone Crinoid( ea) A large class of echinoderms or its precursor sediment is wholly or partly con• characterized by five-fold body symmetry and a verted to dolomite by replacement of the original globular body enclosed by calcareous plates, from CaC03 by magnesium carbonate, through the ac• which branching appendages entered in radial tion of Mg-bearing water. 592 Glossary of Terms
Dolospar A sparry dolomite crystal, generally Euhedral A descriptive term for mineral crys• of rather coarse size on the order of 100 microns tals bounded wholly by crystal faces. or more. Eustatic Pertaining to world-wide changes of Dolosparite A sedimentary rock composed of sea level (n. eustacy). dolospar. Evaporative pumping The third of three stages Dolostone A term employed for sedimentary of a single hydrological cycle (others: 1. flood rock composed of the mineral dolomite. recharge and 2. capillary evaporation); the up• Druse A crust or coating of crystals lining a ward flow of groundwater in the zone of satura• cavity (druse) in a rock (specif. sparry calcite lin• tion to replace water lost by evaporation in the ing the pores of a limestone). capillary zone above the groundwater table. Echinoderm A solitary marine invertebrate, Facies An are ally restricted part of a designated the phylum for which (Echinodermata) is charac• stratigraphic, paleontologic, or diagenetic unit ex• terized by radial symmetry and an endoskeleton hibiting characteristics significantly different from formed by calcite plates or ossicles and a water those of other parts of the unit. vascular system (e.g., crinoids, sea urchins). Fan delta A gently sloping, fan-shaped alluvial Echinoid An echinoderm belonging to the class deposit produced where a mountain stream flows Echinoidea and characterized by subspherical out onto a lowland. shape, interlocking calcareous plates, and mov• Favositid Tabulate corals (family Favositidae) able appendages; e.g., sea urchin and sand characterized by massive colonies of slender dollar. corallites. Ecologic Of, or pertaining to, the environment Fenestral Alluding to a sediment or rock tex• in regard to included organisms and their in• ture wherein numerous cavities occur that exceed terrelationships therein. the size of matrix grains or the associated in• Enterolithic A sedimentary structure resem• tergranular interstices, thus apparently without bling in two-dimensional view intestinal folds and framework support (syn: birdseye). formed through physicochemical changes that in• Ferroan Containing ferrous iron, usually in volve increases and decreases in unit volumes of concentrations sufficient to react with potassium the rock; said of local crumpling in some thin• ferricyanide stain (> 1% Fe++) or to produce a bedded anhydrite. rusty brown color when weathered. Eogenetic A term proposed by Choquette and Flagellate An organism, most commonly a pro• Pray (1970) for that stage and realm of diagenesis tozoan, which bears a flagella. represented by the time interval between final Foram(inifera) Any protozoan belonging to the deposition and burial below the depth range order Foraminiferida characterized by the pre• of significant influence by processes that rely sence of a test composed of agglutinated particles on proximity to the surface depositional inter• or of secreted calcite (rarely of silica or aragon• face. ite) and commonly found in marine to brackish Epeiric (seas) Having to do with seas on the environments; range: Cambrian to the pre• margin of, or within, a continent (syn: epicon• sent. tinental seas). Framboid(s) Microscopic spheroidal clusters Epeirogeny Largely vertical diastrophic earth of pyrite grains said to be associated with or• movement of very large scale that has formed a ganic material. principal structural feature, such as a mountain Free water level That level to which water will range, continent, or ocean basin. (or would) adjust in the subsurface when unim• Epicontinental Pertaining to the continental peded by capillary forces and subjected only to at• shelf. mospheric pressure. Epigenetic Pertaining to sedimentary struc• Frustule The siliceous skeleton of a diatom. tures, minerals, and mineral deposits formed after Fusilinid(ae) A foraminifer (protozoa) belong• deposition, at low temperature and pressure ing to the superfamily Fusilinacea characterized changes or transformations affecting sedimentary by a spindle-shaped, spheroidal or discoid test rocks subsequent to compaction (a definable (skeleton) with complex internal structure. stage of diagenesis). Gastropod Colloquially, a snail; usually with Glossary of Terms 593 calcareous shell closed at apex, sometimes spir• Hydrozoan See Coelenterate. alled, without chambers and asymmetrical. Hypersaline Excessively saline, with a salinity Geopetal A feature of a rock or sediment that substantially greater than that of normal sea reveals the sense of orientation relative to gravi• water. Often regarded specifically as having a tational forces, e.g., sediment-floored cavities. salinity above the lowest concentration at which Gilsonite A naturally occurring solid hydrocar• halite is precipitated. bon belonging to the asphalt group. Ichnofossil A sedimentary structure consisting Graben An elongate, relatively depressed crus• of a fossilized non-growth activity of an animal, tal unit or block that is bounded by faults on its such as marks made by moving, creeping, crawl• long sides. ing, feeding, browsing, running, etc., resulting in Grainstone A mud-free, grain-supported sedi• tracks, trails, burrows, tubes, tunnels, etc. mentary carbonate rock defined by Dunham Illite A general name for a group of three-layer, (1962). mica-like clay minerals widely occurring in argil• Grapestone A cluster of small calcareous pel• laceous marine shales. lets or grains, commonly of sand size and stuck Infratidal That water regime occurring below together by incipient cementation shortly after mean low tide (syn: subtidal). deposition. Intergranular Referring to pore spaces or other Gravity high An area of numerically higher characteristics existing between individual grains gravitational attraction relative to the surrounding or particles of a sedimentary rock (syn: inter• gravity field. particle). Growth fault A fault in a sedimentary rock se• Intertidal The depth interval between mean quence that forms contemporaneously and con• high and mean low tide. tinuously with deposition, so that the throw in• Intraclast A general term referring to sedimen• creases with depth and the strata of the down• tary fragments derived by penecontemporaneous thrown side are thicker than the correlative strata erosion within the initial site of sedimentation and of the upthrown side. redeposition within, or immediately adjacent to, Gypsum The mineral form of hydrous calcium such site. sulfate: CaS04 . 2H20. Intracratonic Contained on or within the cra• Halokinesis A general term for the structure and ton, as with an epeirogenic basin or parageosyn• mechanism of emplacement of salt domes and cline. Wholly within or upon a continent or stable other salt-controlled structures (syn: salt tec• crustal area. tonics). Intragranular Referring to pore spaces or other Hardground A zone at the sea bottom, gener• characteristics existing within individual grains, ally a few cm thick, the sediment of which is particles, or other constituents of a sedimentary lithified to form a hardened surface; often en• (esp. carbonate) rock (syn: intraparticle). crusted, discolored, hardened and bored by or• Intrastratal Occurring within a stratum or ganisms; implies a gap in sedimentation, and may strata. be preserved stratigraphically as a disconformity Isobath In oceanography, a line on a map or (syn: hard ground). chart that connects points of equal water depth. Hemipelagic Deep-sea sediment of pelagic ori• Isopachous Of, or relating to, an isopach: that gin, principally composed of pelagic organisms line drawn on a map that connects points of with varying amounts of inorganic terrestrial equal value. sediment. Kaolinite A high-alumina clay mineral of the Homocline A general term for a rock unit kaolin group: AbS~05(O~) within which the strata have a common uniform Karst A type of topography that is formed on dip, e.g., one limb of a fold, a tilted fault block, a limestone, dolomite, or gypsum as a result of dis• monocline, or an isocline. solution and is characterized by sink holes, caves, Horst An elongate, centrally uplifted crustal and underground drainage. block that is bounded by faults on its long sides. Kerogen An insoluble, fossil organic complex Hydrofrac Well stimulation by artificially in• that can be distilled to yield petroleum products. duced hydraulic fracturing. Laminite A thinly parallel-laminated, bottom- 594 Glossary of Terms set detrital clastic bed occurring seaward of a processes related to the depositional interface genetically related turbidite facies; also an evenly (eogenetic stage) and when long-buried deposits parallel-laminated, lime-mud-rich sediment or are affected by processes related to the erosion in• rock. terface (telogenetic stage). Laterite A highly weathered subsoil, usually Metabentonite Metamorphosed or altered ben• red to brown, that is rich in secondary oxides of tonite characterized by clay minerals that no lon• Fe and/or AI, nearly devoid of bases and primary ger can absorb, or adsorb large quantities of, silicates, and sometimes containing large amounts water. of quartz and kaolinite. Meteoric Related to or associated with at• Lenticular Any three-dimensional body habit mospheric manifestations; most notably wind, resembling a lens shape. rain, and the resulting percolating ground waters Limpid dolomite A variety of dolomite crystal derived therefrom. that is optically clear (essentially free of in• Micrite A term proposed by Folk (1959) for the clusions), generally < 100 I.t in size, and thought microcrystalline calcite portion of a limestone; to have precipitated from relatively dilute pore originally defined as <4 microns in crystal waters. diameter, now less strictly defined and commonly Lithoclast A mechanically formed and depo• understood to be < 10 microns. sited fragment of a carbonate rock, normally Micritization Conversion of sedimentary par• >2mm in diameter, derived from an older lime• ticles partly or completely to micrite-size CaC03, stone, dolomite, or other sedimentary rock stra• possibly due to microscopic boring algae. tum. Microfacies Geologically, a more restricted Lithofacies A lateral, mappable subdivision of chronological or areal representation of charac• a stratigraphic unit distinguished on the basis of teristics generally attributable to the term facies; lithologic variations. also, a facies defined by constituents identifiable Lithographic A sedimentary textur~ of some only with a microcope (low to moderate magni• calcareous rocks, generally limestones, composed fications ). of particles of less than clay size and charac• Microspar Calcite crystal mosaic of post-depo• terized by its extremely smooth appearance like sitional origin in limestone up to ~ 50 microns in that of stone used in lithography. crystal diameter. Littoral Pertaining to the benthic ocean en• Microsucrosic Microcrystalline texture of vironment or depth zone between high and low largely euhedral to subhedral calcite or dolomite tide levels; also, pertaining to the organisms of crystal (mosaics) in the approximate size range 5 that environment. to 50 microns. LOferite Carbonate rock containing a great Miliolid A foraminifer belonging to the family of abundance of shrinkage-type pores ("birdseye" or Miliolidae, characterized by a test that usually has fenestral limestone or dolomite). a porcelaneous and imperforate wall and has two Lysocline A depth or depth interval within the chambers to a whorl variably arranged about a lon• ocean where evidence of considerable dissolution gitudinal axis. of CaCOJ is first encountered. Miogeosyncline A geosyncline in which vol• Marl Soft, loose, earthy sediment or rock con• canism is not associated with sedimentation. sisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay and Moldic Said of porosity formed by the solution calcium carbonate in varying proportions between removal of more soluble granular constituents of 35 and 65% of each; formed under marine or a rock. freshwater conditions. Mudstone Mud-supported carbonate sedimen• Meniscus cement A type of calcareous cement tary rock containing less than 10 percent grains so called because it is precipitated at grain-to• with diameters greater than 20 microns. grain contacts in pores containing both air and Nannoagorite A carbonate rock described by water, in meniscus style; characteristically formed S. Honjo, 1969, for an assemblage of pre• therefore in vadose groundwater zones. dominately nannofossil (coccolith) grains. Mesogenetic A term proposed by Choquette Nannofossils Collective term for certain small and Pray (1970) for a period and realm between marine fossils, such as coccoliths, near the limit of when newly buried deposits are affected mainly by resolution of conventional light microscopes. Glossary of Terms 595
Nannoplankton Plankton in the size range of 5 bined plates, and generally marked by a system of to 60 microns. normal faults now mantled by younger sedimen- Natural potential see Self potential tary sequences. Neomorphism Transformation of a sedimen• Pedological Pertaining to (the science of) soils. tary or diagenetic mineral that retains the gross Pelagic Of, or pertaining to, the open ocean as an (chemical) composition. environment. Occlusion The reduction or replacement of Pelecypod(a) A large class of benthic aquatic porosity by mineral growth or internal sedimen• Mollusca characterized by a bilaterally symmetri• tological infilling. cal bivalve shell, a hatchet-shaped foot, and sheet• Oligomictic Said of a clastic sedimentary rock like gills. composed of a single rock type. Peloid A non-generic name for a grain com• Oncolite(ic) A concentrically laminated cal• posed of cryptocrystal line or microcrystalline careous sedimentary structure, formed by the suc• material. cessive accretion of layered sheaths of blue• Peridotite A coarse-grained plutonic rock, com• green algae. posed chiefly of olivine with or without other mafic Onlap A regular progression of sedimentary minerals and containing little or no feldspars. units through time, as in a conformable sequence Peritidal Pertaining to subaerial and sub• that transgresses shoreward, so that each succeed• aqueous zones under tidal influence. ing younger unit terminates farther from the initial Petrophysics Term applied to both physical reference point toward shoaler water. and chemical properties in reference to pore fre• Oolite A sedimentary rock composed of ooids quency, pore-size distribution, and fluid proper• (ooliths), which are single, rounded accretionary, ties of reservoir-related rock bodies. sand-sized grains of calcium carbonate formed by Photic Of or relating to penetration by light, precipitation around distinct nuclei. specifically with regard to the zone of photo• Oomold(ic) A spheroidal opening in a sedimen• synthesis of aquatic organisms. tary rock resulting from the dissolution of an Phreatic With respect to the zone of saturation ooid (oolith). below the permanent free water level (table). Orthomicrite Primary calcareous micrite. Phylloid algae Fossil calcareous algae charac• Ossicles Calcareous skeletal components of terized by leaf-like or curved platy forms and echinoderms (e.g., plates). found principally in late Paleozoic carbonate Ostracod(e) An aquatic crustacean generally of rocks; mayor may not be identifiable more pre• microscopic size, and characterized by a bivalve cisely, but are known to include both red and and generally calcified carapace with a hinge along green algae (Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta). the dorsal margin. Pinnacle reef A conical, or steep-sided, upward Packstone A grain-supported sedimentary car• tapering, bioconstructed mound or reef. bonate rock with variable amounts of intergranular Pisolite Usually a sedimentary limestone com• calcareous mud (Dunham, 1962). posed of cemented pisoliths which are pin-size Palisade(-style) A type of pore-lining calcium (:::::2-10 mm) grains of accretionary calcium car• carbonate cement composed of markedly elongate bonate of probable biochemical origin. crystals arranged picket-fence style on or around a Plankton Open-marine (pelagic) organisms grain or other substrate. that float. Paragenesis A sequential order of mineral for• Poikilitic Rock texture in which small crystals mation or transformation. of one mineral are irregularly scattered without Paramorphism The transformation of internal common orientation in a larger crystal of structure of a mineral without change of external another mineral. form or of chemical composition. Poikilotopic Pertaining to the fabric of a car• Parastratigraphy Stratigraphy based on opera• bonate rock in which larger crystals enclose tional units rather than the classical criteria (fossil• smaller crystals or grains of another mineral. defined biostratigraphic zones) of orthostrati• Polyhedral Multicrystal surfaces; multifaceted graphy. crystal form. Passive margin A continental margin formed by Porcellaneous Having the appearance of the rifting apart and separation of formerly com- glazed porcelain. 596 Glossary of Terms
Pore geometrical factor A numerical notation the sea from land areas and the sedimentary representing pore-size distribution and intercon• evidence of such withdrawal. nection of porous carbonate rocks; referenced as Regressive (strat.) Pertaining to the sedimen• "G"; see Classifications. tary record of a regression, wherein the boundary Porphyroblast A crystal precipitated within, between non-marine and marine facies or shal• and substantially coarser than, its host sediment low- and deeper-water facies shifts seaward or or sedimentary rock, and formed in part by toward a basin center with decreasing geologic replacement of host constituents. age, in offiap arrangement. Progradation The process of seaward construc• Resistivity The resistance of a unit cross-sec• tion of a shoreline by deposition of new beach tional area per reciprocal unit length, expressed in (coastal) material. ohm-meters2/meter. Pseudomorph A mineral whose outward crys• Rhodolite (sed.) A nodule of CaC03 com• tal form is that of another mineral. posed largely of encrusting coralline algae ar• Pyroclastic Pertaining to clastic rock material ranged in more or less concentric layers about a formed by volcanic explosion and rock textures core; generally cream to pink, spheroidal but with resulting therefrom. knobby surface, and up to several cm in diameter; Quaquaversal Said of strata and structures that forms in warm, clear, shallow sea water (syn: dip in all directions away from a central point, as rhodolith). on the flanks of domes. Rift In tectonics, a relatively long and narrow Radiaxial Radially axial e.g., arrays of calcite fault-bounded trough or graben system. crystals lining sedimentary rock cavities and elon• Rudist(idae) A marine bivalve mollusc family, gate normal to the cavity walls; crystals have cur• characterized by an inequivalve shell, usually at• ved cleavage concave outward and their optic tached to substrate; solitary or gregarious in reef• axes converge outward toward the center of the like masses. cavity (var: radiaxial fibrous). Rudite A consolidated sedimentary rock com• Radiolaria A marine pelogia, single-celled ani• posed of rounded or angular fragments coarser mal (protozoan of the class Achinopoda), charac• than sand (>2mm). terized by a siliceous skeleton spheroidal shape, Rudstone A textural type of coarse-grained and codiatria protoplasmic extensions. limestone grain supported by fragmented con• Radiolitid( ae) A member of the aberrant pele• stituents mostly >2mm in diameter. cypod family, Rudistid( ae). Sabkha A "salt" flat, infrequently inundated; Recrystallization The formation of new crys• essentially equivalent to arid supratidal; found in talline material in a rock, essentially in the solid some inland and coastal arid settings. state, without essential change in chemical Sapropel Unconsolidated, jelly-like organic composition. ooze or sludge composed of plant remains most Reef A community of frame-building organisms often algae, putrefying in an aqueous anaerobic on the sea floor that comprises a natural biofacies environment, and said to be a precursor of and whose bathymetric size and configuration petroleum. alter or significantly contribute to variations in Secondary porosity The porosity developed in adjacent marine environments. a rock formation subsequent to its deposi~,on or Reflux dolomitization A theoretical process emplacement. whereby dense evaporative brines, enriched in Seismic Pertaining to an earthquake or e:'11:h Mg++, sink by seepage through carbonate sedi• vibration, including those that are artificially ment and initiate the diagenetic alteration of produced. calcium carbonate to dolomite. Self potential The combination of electrochemi• Regolith A general term for the layer of frag• cal and electrokinetic potentials of fluid-saturated mental or unconsolidated rock material of what• rock masses as measured between a movable ever origin that nearly everywhere forms the sur• electrode and a fixed electrode in well logging; ab• face of the land and overlies more coherent brev. SP (syn: Natural potential). bedrock. Shelter porosity A type of primary interparticle Regression (strat.) A retreat or contraction of porosity defined by Choquette and Pray (1970) Glossary of Terms 597 as the porosity created by the sheltering effect of group of extinct sessile benthic marine organisms relatively large sedimentary particles that prevent characterized by a calcareous skeleton and the infilling of pore space beneath them by finer colonial, massive, sheetlike, or dendroid growth; sediment. they have been identified as varieties of hyd• Siliciclastic Pertaining to clastic noncarbonate rozoans and corals, but their systematics are in rocks, or to sedimentary fragments of previous doubt. rocks, comprised dominantly of silicon-rich mine• Stylolite A thin seam, coalescence of seams, or rals such as quartz or feldspars. surface of dissolution occurring within a sedimen• Skeletal Pertaining to CaC03 , or less com• tary or metamorphic rock, commonly charac• monly Si~ or calcium phosphate, derived from terized by concentrations of insoluble residues, the hard parts secreted by or associated with most notably clay, bitumen, oxides, etc. and organic tissue; may be syn. with bioclastic. crudely parallel to bedding in the configuration of Smectite Group name for clay minerals with "tooth and socket" interpenetrations. layer charge between 0.2 and 0.6 per formula Subaerial Said of location, of processes, or unit. Principal species: Montmorillonite, beidel• conditions operating in open air or immediately lite, saponite, etc. beneath land surfaces. Solution breccia A collapse breccia formed Subaerial diagenetic terrane Term proposed where soluble material has been partly or wholly by Roehl, 1967, for a surface of subaerial or removed by solution, thereby allowing the overly• shallow meteoric diagenesis that is related to ing rock to settle and become fragmented. coeval sedimentary facies, most commonly of Sparite A descriptive term for clear, trans• peritidal origin. parent or translucent, relatively coarse crystalline Subhedral Descriptor for a mineral crystal that carbonate cement (usually calcite) ofpost-deposi• is only partly bounded by planar crystal faces. tional origin. May be syn. with calcspar or sparry Sucrosic A synonym of saccharoidal; com• limestone (adj. sparry). monly applied to dolomite composed of euhedral Sparry see Sparite. or subhedral dolomite crystals, with intercrys• SpiCUles Minute calcareous or siliceous skele• talline pore space. tal elements, commonly elongate or rod- or Supratidal Pertaining to the proximal shore needle-shaped, which occur often in interlocking area above high tide. arrays and serve to stiffen and support tissues and Sylvinite A mixture of halite (sodium chlorite) organs of invertebrates such as sponges. and, chiefly, sylvite (potassium chloride). Stenohaline Referring to a narrow tolerance Syndepositional Contemporaneous with depo• range of salinity by one or a group of organ• sition. isms. Syngenetic Said of a mineral or other sedimen• Stillstand A condition of stability with refer• tary feature formed contemporaneously with the ence to sea level; applicable to an undisturbed sea deposition of the sediment or during very early level relative to an area of land. near-surface diagenesis. Stoichiometry That measure of the ideal or Syntaxial The manner of crystal overgrowth theoretical chemical proportions established for a that maintains and extends optical continuity of a mineral compound or phase. precursor crystal or grain (syn: epitaxial). Strandline The ephemeral line or level at which Talus (reef) Downslope accumulation of poorly a body of standing water such as the sea, meets sorted reef debris. the land; the shoreline. Telogenetic A term proposed by Choquette and Stromatolite An organo-sedimentary structure Pray (1970) for the period and realm in which produced by sediment trapping, binding and/or long-buried carbonate rocks are affected signifi• precipitation as a result of the growth and cantly by processes related to dewatering and metabolic activity of micro-organisms, principally subaerial and subaqueous erosion. cyanophytes (blue-green algae); vary in form Terra rossa A reddish-brown, residual soil from nearly horizontal to columnar, domal, or found as a mantle over limestone bedrock. spherical. Terrigenous A term commonly used for marine Stromatoporoid General name for any of a sediment derived by erosion of the land surface. 598 Glossary of Terms
Test External shell of variable mineral com• three-lobed, ovoid to subelliptical exoskeleton position and architecture secreted by inverte• and divisable longitudinally into axial and side brates, especially protozoans of the order For• regions and transversely into anterior, middle, aminiferida. and posterior regions. Tetrahedral Having the symmetry or forms of a Turbidite A sediment or rock interpreted to tetrahedron, which is a crystal form in cubic crys• have been deposited from a turbidity current and tals having symmetry 4 3m or 2 3. characterized by graded bedding, moderate sort• Thallus The body of certain simple plants such ing, and distinctive primary sedimentary struc• as algae, seaweeds and liverworts, that is charac• tures that are commonly arranged in orderly verti• terized by relatively little cellular differentiation cal sequence. and no true roots, stems, or leaves. Unconformity A substantial gap in the geologic Thrombolite A cryptalgal structure like a record as demonstrated where one rock unit is stromatolite but lacking lamination and charac• overlain by another that is not next in the terized by macroscopic clotted fabric. stratigraphic succession. Tidalite A sediment or facies deposited by tidal Vug, vuggy An opening or openings (voids, tractive currents, by an alternation of tidal cur• cavities) exceeding in size the normal grain or rents and tidal suspension deposition, or by tidal crystal diameter of a rock matrix. slack-water suspension deposition. Vadose Pertaining to that zone of partial or Transgression A spread or extension of the sea complete groundwater saturation subject to aera• over land area and the evidence of such ad• tion and lying between the land surface and the vance. phreatic zone (above the groundwater table); may Transgressive Pertaining to the sedimentary not extend up to the surface. record of a transgression, wherein the boundary Vitrinite An oxygen-rich maceral group that is between non-marine and marine facies or shallow characteristic of vitrain (brilliant, vitreous con• and deeper water facies shifts landward or away choidal coal) and composed of humic material. from a basin center with decreasing geologic age, Wackestone A term defined by Dunham (1962) in onlap arrangement. for a carbonate rock with mud-supported texture Trilobite A Paleozoic marine arthropod be• containing more than 10 percent of grains larger longing to the class Trilobita, characterized by a than fine silt (20--50 fJ..) size. Author Index
Aberg, R., 84 Badiozamani, K., 5, 13,67,69, Blanchard, K., 21, 36 Acuna, G. A., 457, 468 117,119,362,366 Bolognini, M., 523 Achauer, C. W., 487, 494 Badon, C. L., 366, 372, 382, Bonet, F., 460, 468 Adams, J. E., 5, 13,36 387,405 Brace, W. F., 539, 540, 544 Aguayo, c., 460, 468 Ball, M. M., 5, 13 Bradley, J. S., 14 Ahr, W. M., 371, 382, 387, 391, Bambach, R. K., 225 Brady, L. L., 250 405,431,441 Banks, J. E., 449, 451, 454 Bramlette, M. N., 500, 507 Akin, R. K., 372, 382, 387, 405 Baria, L. R., 387, 389, 390, 392, Brand, J. P., 234, 238 Ala, M. A., 514, 522 402,405 Bricker, D. M., 123, 138 Alderman, A. R., 5, 13 Barker, c., 556, 559 Briggs, D. Z., 138 AI-Hashimi, W. S., 346, 355 Barnhill, W. B., 267, 276 Briggs, L. I., 124, 125, 138 Allan, J. R., 492, 494 Barnes, V. E., 24, 33, 36 Brigham, R. J., 124, 138 Amiel, A. J., 33, 36 Barnetche, A., 2, 13, 457, 460, Brock, F., 381, 382,403,405 Amsden, T. W., 109, 110, 111, 463, 465, 466, 468 Bromley, R. G., 67, 69 119 Barss, D. L., 143, 147, 148, 160 Brown, A. A., 249, 250 Anderson, J. H., 21, 36 Bartok, P., 409, 418, 423 Brown, S. W., 454 Anderson, S. B., 178, 189,202, Barton, c., 225 Bruhn, R. W., 539, 544 205 Bathurst, R. G. c., 5, 13, 137, Budros, R., 124, 138 Andrichuk, J. M., 2, 13 138, 185, 189, 360, 366, 378, Budwill, A. E., 143 Aoyagi, K., 1,563,566,567, 382, 440, 441 Buffler, R. T., 387,405 568,569 Beales, F. W., 50, 57 Burgess, R. J., 123, 138 Applegate, A. V., 454 Beall, A. 0., 5, 13 Burke, K., 119 Applin, E. R., 449, 454 Bebout, D. G., 190,468 Burnside, R. J., 238 Applin, P. L., 445, 448, 449, 454 Becher, J. W., 364, 366, 371, Burruss, R. D., 182, 190 Archie, G. E., 5, 13,93, 105, 378, 382, 390, 404, 405 Burst, J. F., 556, 560 244,250 Benson, A. L., 123, 138 Butler, G. P., 93, 105, 188, 189, Arrhenius, G., 501, 507 Berg, J., 205 362,367 Arthur, M. A., 467, 469 Berger, W. H., 498, 500, 501, Asquith, G. B., 50, 51, 57, 184, 507 189,311,315,316 Berner, R. A., 379, 382 Calikowski, J., 261, 264 Assereto, R., 360, 367, 552, 559 Bethel, F., 84 Canfield, C. R., 532, 544 Ayres, M. G., 322, 339 Bieniawski, Z. T., 539, 544 Carlson, C. G., 178, 189 Bilal, M., 339 Carozzi, A. V., 473, 484 Bishop, W. F., 360, 362, 366, Carr, D. D., 218, 224 Baars, D. L., 164, 172, 173 371,373,382,387,405 Carrillo-Bravo, J., 460, 461, Back, W., 36, 119 Black, M., 5, 13 468 600 Author Index
Carroll, W. K., 46, 50, 51, 54, Drewry, G. E., 220, 224 Garrett, P., 30, 36 57,61,69 Druckman, Y., 6, 371, 372, 379, Garrison, R. E., 531, 544 Castillo-Tejero, c., 460, 467, 382, 404, 405 Gaston, H. H., 229, 238 469 Dubois, M. K., 245, 249, 250 Gebelein, C. D., 335, 339 Caughlin, W. c., 123, 138 Duncan, H., 129, 138 George, R. S., 197,205 Chilingarian, G. V., 566, 567, Dunham, J. B., 15 Gerhard, L. C., 193, 194, 197, 569 Dunham, R. J., 5, 13,201,202, 205 Chimahusky, J. S., 329, 340 205,218,224,234,238,244, Geyer, R. A., 123, 138 Chimene, C. A., 371, 382, 387, 250,287,288,293,307,315, Gibson, C. R., 57 390,405 316,569 Gidman, J., 185, 189 Chin, G. E., 143, 160 Dunnington, H. V., 514, 522 Gill, D., 123, 124, 132, 136, 137, Choquette, P. W., 1,2,5,13, Durney, D. W., 361, 367, 503, 138 14, 133, 138, 173, 185, 189, 507 Gill, W. D., 514, 522 209,210,213,215,217,220, Dyer, W. B., 123, 138 Ginsburg, R. N., 5, 13, 14,36, 221,224,275,276,287,405, 138, 173,367, 393,405 410,423, 463, 468 Glaister, R. P., 2, 15, 190 Chuber, S., 291, 307 Eardley, A. J., 201, 205 Glennie, J. S., 69 Clark, C. R., 165, 169, 173 Ebanks, W. J., Jr., 241, 243, Glogoczowski, J. J., 261, 264 Clark, D. N., 257, 264, 348, 355 246, 247, 250 Goebel, L. A., 371, 382 Clement, J. H., 41, 42, 57, 58, Edie, R. W., 2, 13 Goreau, T. F., 5, 13 69, 73, 75, 84 Einsele, G., 532, 544 Graves, R. W., 372, 382, 387, Cloos, E., 559, 560 Elam, J. G., 316 405 Cloud, P. E., Jr., 36 Elias, G. D., 315, 316 Gretner, P. E., 556, 558, 560 Collins, G. A., 381, 387, 405 Ells, G. D., 123, 136, 138 Griffith, L. S., 145, 160, 460, Coney, P. J., 387, 405 Elmore, R. D., 138 468 Connally, T. c., Jr., 427 Enos, P., 221, 224, 457, 458, Gussow, W. c., 124, 138 Coogan, A. H., 238, 379, 382, 460,461,463,466,468 Guzman, E. J., 458, 460, 468 463,467,468 Epstein, S., 5, 14 Copeland, A. B., 160 Erwin, W. L., 448, 454 Crevello, P. D., 387, 390, 393, Ethington, R. L., 15 Habicht, J. K. A., 178, 189 403,405 Evamy, B. D., 346, 347, 348, Hagemeier, M. E., 178, 190 Crowell, J. c., 245, 250 355 Halbouty, M. T., 1, 10, 13,339, Curray, J. R., 532, 533, 544 423,457,468 Cussey, R., 5, 355, 378, 382 Hall, A. H., Jr., 544 Cys, J. M., 268, 279, 283, 288 Falcon, N. L., 519, 522 Hall, C. A., 528, 531, 544 Falkenhein, F. U. H., 473, 478, Halley, R. B., 220, 224, 234, 484 238, 374, 382, 405, 445, 451, DeGroot, K., 346, 355 Feazel, C. T., 5, 13,359,363, 454 Deike, R. G., 36,119 367,497 Ham, W. E., 109, 119 Dennison, R. H., 119 Feitz, R. P., 448, 449, 454 Hamilton, E. L., 507 Depowski, S., 253, 259, 264 Fertal, T. G., 69 Hanor, J. S., 204, 205 Derby, J. R., 61 Fischer, A. G., 5, 13,202,205 Hanshaw, B. B., 33, 36, 117, Desch, J. B., 182, 189, 190 Fitzgerald, T. A., 1, 13 119, 556, 560 Dewey, J. F., 119 Flores, V. 0., 1,468 Hardie, L. A., 30, 36 Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 532, 544 Floyd, J. C., 137, 138 Hardie, R. B., 379, 382 Dickenson, K. A., 360, 367, Folk, R. L., 5, 13, 36, 52, 58, Harris, P. M., 220, 224, 234, 372, 382, 387, 405 117,119,171,173,275,276, 238, 374, 382, 390, 393, 403, Dikkers, A. J., 409, 422, 423 362, 366, 367, 552, 559 405 Dixon, L. P., 36 Franco, A., 468 Harris, S. H., 188, 189, 197, Dos Reis Fonseca, Jr., 484 Franco, L. A., 188, 189 205 Dott, R. H., Sr., 13,339,423, Franke, M. R., 484 Harris, W. B., 225 468 Friedman, G. M., 2, 5, 14,33, Harrison, R. S., 201, 205 Douglas, R. G., 5, 14 36,41,42,51,58,355,378, Harry, R. Y., 552, 560 Dow, W. G., 41, 58, 69, 75, 84, 382, 492, 494, 559, 560 Hatley, A. G., 549, 550, 551, 189 Fiichtbauer, H., 5, 13,257,264 552,560 Drake, J. F., 311 Fuller, J. G. C. M., 41,58,74, Hatten, C. W., 445, 447, 454 Dravis, J., 335, 339 81, 84, 197, 205 Haynes, S. J., 513, 522 Author Index 601
Heckel, P. H., 243, 245, 249, Kendall, A. c., 42, 58, 61, 62, Malek-Aslani, M., 188, 190, 250 66, 69, 75, 84 267,272,276,287,288,315, Heezen, B. c., 500, 507 Kendall, C. G. St. c., 177, 179, 316,366,367 Hemingway, J. E., 346, 355 189 Manno, R. W., 569 Hemphill, C. R., 2, 13 Kerr, S. D., 305, 307, 379, 382 Mantek, W., 123, 124, 139 Ho, T. T. Y., 114, 120 Keyes, P. L., 367, 405 Marchesini, E., 519, 523 Hodgson, R. A., 519, 522 Khouri, J., 355 Marszalek, D. S., 173, 405 Hoffman, P., 109, 119 Kilpatrick, J. T., 61 Masson, P. N., 305, 307 Hoffmeister, J. E., 136, 139 Kinard, J. c., 197, 205 Matthews, D., 124, 139 Holland, H. D., 33, 36 King, R. E., 13, 339 Matthews, N. J., 87, 105 Holland, R. R., 22, 36 King, R. H., 423, 468 Matthews, R. K., 5, 14, 15,234, Hols, A., 84 Kinoshita, K., 566, 569 238,364,367,404,406,492, Honjo, S., 567, 569 Kinsman, D. J. J., 50, 51, 58, 494 Horowitz, A. S., 312, 313, 316 299, 305, 307, 363, 367 Maxwell, R. W., 109, 120 Hsii, K. J., 5, 13, 93, 105, 307 Kissling, D. L., 129, 138 Mazzullo, S. J., 2, 10, 14,229, Hubbert, M. K., 556, 558, 560 Kleinpell, R. M., 532, 544 234,238,268,279,283,287, Huey, W. F., 527, 529, 544 Klemme, H. D., 13,339,423, 288 Hughes, D. J., 373, 382 468 McCamis, J. D., 145, 160 Huh, J. M., 124, 138 Klovan, J. E., 2, 14 McClintock, P. L., 123, 139 Hugman, R. H. H., III, 559, Knauth, L. P., 381, 382 McDaniel, P. N., 316 560 Kohm, J. A., 46, 58, 66, 69 McDonald, D. A., 160 Hunt, J. B., 202, 205 Krutak, P. R., 460, 469 McIlreath, I. A., 143, 160 McIver, N. L., 138 McKeever, J. H., 189,205 Illing, L. Y., 2, 5, 13, 14,305, Land, C. G., Jr., 189,205 McKenzie, J. A., 5, 14,93,94, 307,457,460,463,465,466, Land, L. S., 5,14,117,119, 95, 105, 299, 307, 532, 533, 468 120, 171, 173,234,238,362, 537,544 Imbrie, J., 225 366,367 McQuillan, H., 513, 517, 522, Ingle, J. c., Jr., 531, 544 Langton, J. R., 143, 160 523 Irwin, M. L., 179, 189,245,250 Larsen, W. K., 189 Means, J. A., 448, 454 Isaacs, C. M., 530, 544 Lees, G. W., 513, 515, 523 Meissner, F. F., 558, 560 Lidz, B., 435, 440 Merritt, C. H., 119 Lindsay, R. F., 177, 179, 180, Mesolella, K. J., 124, 139 Jacka, A. D., 188, 189,234,238 184, 185, 188, 189, 190 Metz, W. D., 468 James, G. A., 514, 522 Lloyd, R. M., 15,367 Meyerhoff, A. A., 13, 339,423, James, N. P., 5, 14, 170, 173, Lobreau, J. P., 350, 355 445,447,454,468 393,405 Logan, B. W., 24, 36, 136, 138 Miller, J. A., 163 Johnson, J. H., 233, 238, 435, Longacre, S. A., 291, 307 Miramontes-E, D. E., 461, 441,489,494 Longman, M. W., 5, 14,69, 468 Johnson, T. c., 501, 507 549, 552, 560 Mitchum, R. M., 387, 405, 406 Johnson, W., 197,205 Loucks, R. G., 21, 36 Momper, J. A., 21, 37 Jonas, E. c., 36 Louden, R. 0.,46,58,66,69 Moore, C. H., 6, 204, 205, 364, Jones, R. W., 339 Lowenstam, H. A., 5, 14 366,371,372,378,379,381, Jones, T. S., 276 Lozo, F. E., 437, 440 382, 390, 403, 404, 405, 463, Jordan, C. F., Jr., 427 Lucia, F. J., 5, 14,30,37, 138, 468 Jordan, J. B., 279, 288 221, 225 Moore, D. G., 532, 533, 544 Juhasz, I., 423 Lumsden, D. J., 329, 340 Moore, G. E., 249, 250 Lundy, C. L., 125, 138 Moore, W. L., 197,205 Morgan, J. Y., Jr., 243, 250 Kahle, C. F., 124, 136, 137, 138, Morgan, W. A., 109 201,205 Macauley, G., 74, 84, 178, 190 Morris, A. E. L., 468 Kaldi, J., 185, 189 MacDonald, G. J. F., 379, 381, Morrow, D. W., 5, 14,66,68, Kauffman, E. G., 431, 441 382 69, 120, 367 Kazama, T., 566, 568, 569 Magara, K., 556, 560 Mossop, G. D., 363, 367 Keany, J., 497 Maggio, c., 468 Mueller, H. W., 30, 37 Kelts, K., 5, 14,532,533,537, Maiklem, W. R., 179, 190 Muller, G., 234, 238 544 Maiya, S., 567, 569 Multer, H. G., 136, 139 602 Author Index
Murray, G. E., 373, 382, 460, Powers, R. W., 324, 340 Salem, M. R. I., 120,367 469 Pray, L. c., 5, 13, 14,51,58, Sanders, J. E., 51, 58 Murray, J., 498, 507 133, 138, 185, 189, 215, 224, Sandidge, J. R., 440 Murray, R. C., 5, 14,50,51,54, 275,276,287,316,410,423, Sannemann, D., 264 58, 183, 190, 221, 225, 299, 463,468,567,569 Sato, K. T., 569 307 Pressler, E. D., 445, 454 Sawatsky, L. H., 221, 224 Myers, D. A., 229, 238 Price, F. T., 363, 367 Schatzinger, R. A., 5, 13 Proctor, R. M., 178, 190 Schaub, F. K., 405 Pruatt, M. A., 109, 120 Schlager, W., 5, 14 Narr, W., 182, 190 Purcell, W. R., 5, 14 Schlanger, S. 0., 5, 14 Nelson, H. F., 440 Purdy, E. G., 5, 14,217,225 Schmidt, Y., 143, 151, 160, 185, Nettle, R. L., 182, 189, 190 Puri, H. S., 449, 454 190,381,382 Newell, N. D., 5, 14,217,225 Purser, B. H., 218, 225, 343, Schmoker, J. W., 114, 120 Nunan, W. E., 225 345,350,355,366,367,378, Schneider, J. F., 93, 105, 307 Nurmi, R. D., 124, 139 382 Schneider, W. T., 294, 307 Pusey, W. C., 291, 307 Schneidermann, N., 405 Scholle, P. A., 5, 14,218,225, O'Brien, C. A. E., 513, 515, 523 467,469,498,503,504,505, Oehler, D. Z., 114, 120 Rainwater, E. H., 449, 454 507 Oglesby, W. R., 447, 448, 454 Ramsay, A. T. S., 224 Scholz, C. H., 544 Ohlen, H. R., 316 Randolph, E., 229, 238 Schroeder, J. H., 393, 406 Ojeda, H. A. 0.,475,476,477, Rascoe, B., Jr., 249, 250 Scotese, C. R., 220, 225 482,484 Redwine, L. E., 538, 544 Secor, D. T., Jr., 539, 545 Oldershaw, A. E., 50, 57, 234, Reeckman, A., 2, 5, 14,58 Shabad, T., 13,339,423,468 238 Reijers, T. J. A., 409, 423 Shearman, D. J., 5, 15,299, Ormiston, A. R., 139 Renard, A. F., 498, 507 307,346,355,363,367 Ottman, R. D., 360, 367, 388, Rezak, R., 36, 138 Shelburne, O. B., 440 405 Rhodes, M. L., 5, 13 Shinn, E. A., 5, 14,52,58,237, Rice, G. W., 468 238, 297, 307, 335, 340, 366, Rich, M., 233, 238 367 Pabian, R. K., 250 Riding, R., 219, 225 Sibley, D. F., 224, 225 Packham, G. H., 504, 507 Rieke, H. H., III, 569 Siegenthaler, C., 5, 13 Palacas, J. G., 448, 449, 454 Rigby, J. K., 14,312,316 Sigsby, R. J., 360, 362, 367 Palko, G. J., 391, 405 Ritchie, W. D., 160 Sipes, L. D., Jr., 291, 307 Palmer, A. R., 36 Robbin, D. M., 58 Skinner, H. C. W., 5, 13 Parker, J. M., 164, 169, 173 Robinson, J. D., 139 Slentz, L. W., 339 Parker, R. L., 57 Robinson, R. B., 374, 382 Smit, D. E., 346, 355 Paulding, B. W., Jr., 544 Roehl, P.O., 1,2,5, 14,30,37, Smith, A. G., 224 Perkins, B. F., 435, 440 41,42,58,74,84,87,93, Smith, H. M., 276 Perkins, R. D., 249, 250 100, 105, 137, 139,234,238, Smith, R., 84 Peryt, T. M., 253, 257, 264 527,530,535,538,540,541, Smith, R. I., 13 Peters, J. W., 371, 383 544, 545 Sohl, N. F., 431, 441 Peterson, J. A., 316 Rooke, J. H., 454 Sotomayor, C. A., 467, 469 Peterson, R. M., 497 Root, J. R., 57 Spencer, L. S., 371, 383 Piatkowski, T. S., 264 Rose, P. R., 435, 440, 445, 454 Stafford, P. T., 229, 238 Pisciotto, K. A., 531, 544 Ross, R. J., Jr., 24, 33, 37, 61, Standing, M. B., 542, 545 Pistolesi, E. A., 523 69 Stanley, K. 0., 528, 531, 545 Pitcher, M. G., 468 Roth, M. S., 179, 184, 188, 189 Stehli, F. G., 316 Pittman, E. D., 381, 382 Rowland, T. L., 110, 119 Steinen, R. P., 5, 15,58,201, Pittman, J. S., 171, 173 Rubey, W. W., 556, 560 205,209,210,213,217,221, Plein, E., 264 Ruddiman, W. F., 500, 507 224,234,238,492,494 Pohly, R. A., 123, 139 Runnells, D. D., 33, 37 Stipp, T. F., 267,276 Ponte, C. F., 475, 476, 477, 482 Ruzyla, K., 41, 42, 58 Stock, L. G., 77, 79, 83, 84 Pontigo, F. A., Jr., 445, 448, Stocklin, J., 515, 523 449,454 Stoudt, D. L., 387, 405 Potter, P. E., 312, 313, 316 Salas, G. P., 457, 463, 469 Stout, J. L., 5, 15 Powers, M. c., 556, 560 Saldivar-Sali, A., 549, 560 Surdam, R. c., 528, 531, 545 Author Index 603
Swann, D. H., 209, 225 Vail, P. R., 387,406 Weyl, P. K., 5, 15,224,225 Swanson, R. G., 392, 402, 406 Van den Bark, E., 497, 499, White, T. M., 180, 190 Swett, K., 346, 355 500, 505, 507 Whiteman, A. J., 14 Szabo, F., 13 Van der Lingen, G. J., 504, Williams, J. A., 41, 58, 75, 84, 507 188, 189, 190 Van Der Voo, R., 225 Willis, D. G., 558, 560 Vernon, R. 0., 33, 37 Wilson, A. 0., 321, 324, 339 Taha, S., 355 Vest, E. L., 229, 238 Wilson, E. c., 233, 238 Takuma, T., 565, 569 Vest, H. A., 427 Wilson, J. L., 4,5,6, 15,61, Tartir, M., 339 Viniegra, O. F., 460, 467, 469 69, 124, 139, 179, 190,233, Taylor, J. C. M., 14,307 von Morlot, A., 346, 355 238,311,313,314,315,316, Taylor, R. P., 188, 190 324,340,431,440 Tek, M. R., 123, 139 Winder, L. G., 133, 139 Thomas, C. M., 229, 238 Wagner, P. D., 404, 406 Winland, H. D., 229, 238 Thomas, G. E., 2, 15 Wagner, R., 264 Winston, G. 0.,445,447,454 Thomas, O. D., 497, 499, 500, Waines, R. H., 238 Wittstrom, M. D., Jr., 178, 190 505, 507 Wakelyn, 360, 367 Wood, P. W. J., 552, 560 Thomeer, J. H. M., 5, 15, 100, Walkden, G. M., 219, 225 Worzel, J. L., 405 102, 105 Walls, R. A., 219, 225 Wright, J. P., 219, 225 Thompson, S., 406 Walter, M. R., 137, 139 Wynd, J. G., 514, 522 Thomson, A., 305, 307, 379, Wardlaw, N. c., 5, 15, 188, 382 190,221,225 Thornton, D. E., 229, 238 Watney, W. L., 241, 243, 245, Yelling, W. F., Jr., 123, 139 Thrailkill, J., 33, 37 246, 247, 249, 250 Young, K., 440 Thunell, R. c., 50 I, 507 Watkins, F. K., 405 Tissot, B. P., 381, 383 Weinbrandt, R. M., 1,5,527, Todd, R. G., 387, 405 540, 541, 545 Zen, E-An, 556, 560 Toomey, D. F., 229, 238 Wells, A. J., 14,307 Zenger, D. H., 5, 15 Traut, J. D., 2, 13 Welte, D. H., 381, 383 Zieglar, M. A., 367,405 Tyler, A. N., 448, 454 Wermund, E. G., 315, 316 Ziegler, A. M., 225 Tynan, E. J., 36 West, I. M., 379, 383 Zimdars, J., 264 Subject Index
The italic page numbers refer to figures.
A-O Carbonate (Silurian), see Cain phylloid, 233, 243, 246,269,285 nodular, 50, 81,146,154,299, Formation Eugonophyllum, 283 325,448,449,450 A-I Anhydrite, 128 stromatolites 24, 28, 33, 50, 90, replacement, 79, 379,380,453 A-I Carbonate, 124, 138 91,100,124-129,134, as seals, 59, 71,121,141,157, see also Cain Formation 136-137,156,167,200, 161,175,179,185,191, A-2 Evaporite, 126, 136-138 201,297,301,324,330 196,197,204,251,319, Agha Jari Formation (Miocene• thrombolite, 65 324,369,372,443,450, Pliocene), 515, 517 Alveolites, 127 511 Agua Nueva Limestone (Turonian), Amarillo-Wichita Mountains, Aquiclude, 93 467 Oklahoma, 109 Arab Formation (Jurassic), 321-339 Alabama Amphipora, 150 Arab-C member, 323,325,329, Chatom Field, 359-366 Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma, 109, 332,334,336 Melvin Field, 388, 401,402,404 110 Arab-D member, 323, 324,325, Albion-Scipio Field, Michigan, 10 setting, 109 326,328,329,334 Algae, 50, 66 source rocks, 114 A reservoir, 323 algal biscuits, 199 Anderson Ranch Field, New B reservoir, 323 algal heads, see stromatolites Mexico, 269 C reservoir, 330-339 bioherms Aneth Field, 316 D reservoir, 324,326 coralgal, 229, 233 Anhydrite, 48 columnar section, 323 phylloid algal, 282,285 banded, 449 cross-section, QatifField, 327 Cayeuxia, 392 bedded, 74,80,123,144-146, diagenetic zones, 324, 335 codiacean, see Algae, phylloid 150-157,159,179,182, isotopic composition, dolomite, Bacinella, 435,438 197,303,330,339 329 Dimorphosiphon, 63, 64, 65 as cement, 52, 64, 80, 99, 136, log, 323 dasycladacean 181,197,204,299,304, porosity-permeability Clypeina, 325,330,334,335, 305,306,361,362,363, characteristics, 338, 339 336,337,337 398399,400 Qatif Field, 321 Mizzia, 311,313,324,330 chickenwire, see bedded see also Depositional models Thamatoporella, 335,336 diagenetic, 329 Arabian Plate, 321 mats, 24, 32, 62-64, 65, 90-92, inversion of gypsum, 379 Arabian Shield, 428 100,372 leached, 51,184,185,186 Arachnophyllum, 127 Parachaetetes, 392 massive, 197 Archie classification, 93, 96-104 606 Subject Index
Arkansas Clypeina, 334, 336, 337 Brine Mt. Vernon Field, 371 coralgal, 229, 230, 233, 280 Ca-depleted, 69 Walker Creek Field, 402, 403 Favreina, 334 sabkha, 188 Asmari Limestone (Oligo• phylloid-algal, 282, 283 Bryozoa, 127-130 Miocene), 431, 513-523 see also Bioherms Fistulipora, 311, 312 fractures, 516 Bioherms Buckner Formation (Jurassic), 359, Aux Vases Sandstone coralgal, 229, 230, 233, 280 372,387 (Mississippian), 210, 213 core (knoll), 127-132 Build-ups, see Bioherms growth stages, Silurian, 124, 125 Burgundy Platform, France, 345, phylloid algal, 282,285 346 Bafflestone, phylloid algal, 277, skeletal, 110,111,112,113,115, Burrows, see Trace fossils 283,284,285,309 123-133,229-231,285 Bursum Formation (Permian), 267- Bahamas, 91 stromatoporoid, 127,128, 130, 276 Andros Island, 24, 30 132,150,152,153 depositional history, 272-273 sand shoals, oolitic, 201,217, Biostromes, 129 fauna, 272 374 Bioturbation, 63, 76, 78, 92-93, 133 paleoenvironment, 269, 272 Williams Island, 92 Bitumen paleogeography, 268 Bakken Shale (Devonian• in fractures, 540 Mississippian), 188, 191 permeability barrier, 494 Baroque dolomite, see Dolomite, pyrobitumen, 31,35 Cabin Creek Field, Montana baroque Black Creek Basin, 144 Interlake Formation, 41, 87- Basins Black Creek Salt, 147, 157 105 cratonic Blalock Lake East Field, New cross-section, 101 Delaware Basin, New Mexico, Mexico, 311-316 discovery well, 87 267 cross-section, 312 log, 89 Illinois Basin, 209 discovery well, 311 pressure curves, 102, 103 Midland Basin, 311 isopach map, 313 production, 87 Tatum Basin, New Mexico, source rocks, 311 reservoir geology, 87 279 Bliss Sandstone (Ordovician), 21, structure map, 88 Williston Basin, 177 24,36 supplemental recovery, 87 intermontane, 163 columnar section, 26 Red River Formation, 41-58 intracratonic, 74,125-139,177, depositional model, 25 cross-sections, 43, 45 209,267,279,311 Boundstone, 59, 121,309 log, 49 Basrah Basin, Dubai, U.A.E., 428, algal, 28,335,336,398 production, 42 429 phylloid algal, 265,273, 274, reservoir geology, 42, 57 Bass Island Formation (Silurian), 312 structure map, 43 126 reservoir rocks, 438-440 tectonic history, 41, 87 Bathonian, Paris Basin rudistid, 434, 485,490,492 Cahoj Field, Kansas, 241 dedolomites, 350-351,352,354 stromatolite-coelenterate, 489, Cain Formation (Silurian), 124, dolomite, 353 490,491,492 137 oolite, 353 Brazil, Campos Basin, 473 A-O carbonate, 124 Beachrock, 218,219,331,332, Breccia, 455 A-I evaporite, 124 479,480 depositional, origin, 90-91 Calcaire de Comblanchien Belle River Mills Field, Michigan, dilation, 538 (Jurassic), 343, 344, 346 123-139 flat-pebble, 45, 49, 50, 90-91, Calcaire d'Etrochey (Callovian), columnar section, 126 136-137 351 discovery, 125 fracture, 30,34,35,36,50 Calcispheres, 431 isopachs, 127, 135 hydraulic fracture, 538, 539 Calcite cement, 324, 361 Silurian facies, 133 non-tectonic, 90-91, 154 bladed spar, 170, 393, 452 Benoist Sandstone (Mississippian), polymict, 462 blocky, 275, 287, 417, 440, 210,213 pseudobreccia, 67 453, 480, 480, 481 Bibi Hakimeh Field, Iran, 513-523 reservoir rocks, 457 in chalk, 503, 503 cross-section, 516 solution collapse, 30, 34, 35, 36, circumgranular bladed crust, discovery well, 521 46,50,51,93,113,117, 374,377 porosity, 521 161,168,171,247,273, equant-spar, 376, 393, 439, structure map, 520 438 440-441 Biofacies criteria for recognition, 172 ferroan, 237 bryozoa, 127-130 filled,211 fringing, 218,452 Subject Index 607
isopachous, 218, 237, 331,335, Campos Formation (Cretaceous), phreatic, 219, 223, 235, 237, 336,397,417,440-441, 476 335, 353, 355, 361, 393, 479,479, 552,554 Canada 438, 480 meniscus, 218, 235,237,331, Alberta, 144 radial-fibrous, 283 421 British Columbia, 144 radiaxial-fibrous, 283 meteoric, 480, 480 Manitoba, 42 silica, 54, 79, 363-364 microstalactitic, 331,416 Ontario, 123 authigenic, 504,505 non-ferroan equant, 555 Saskatchewan, 42, 144 vadose, 204,219, 220, 223, overgrowths on coccoliths, 503, Capillarity, 85, 93, 96-99, 234,235,237,331,421 503 102-104 Cenozoic reservoirs phreatic, 219, 223, 235, 237, Capillary-pressure characteristics Bibi Hakimeh Field, 513-523 335,355,361,393,440- dolomites, Interlake Formation, Ekofisk Field, 497-506 441,480,480 96-99 Fukubezawa Field, 563-569 radial-fibrous, 283 family of computed curves, 102 Gachsaran Field, 513-523 radiaxial-fibrous, 283 in fractured Monterey rocks, Nido B Field, 549-560 spar, 170,218,219,220,247, 542 West Cat Canyon Field, 527- 275,287,313,324,348, limestone (dedolomite), Jurassic, 545 363, 378-379, 393,398, 349 Central Basin Platform, 292 399,439, 453,481 for major Archie rock types, Central European Basin, 253 stalactitic, 218 102-104 Central Graben, Norwegian sector, synsedimentary marine, 218,219 Carbonate cycles, see Cycles, North Sea, 497 syntaxial overgrowths, 398, 417 carbonate Chaetetes, in Strawn coralgal vadose, 204,223,235,237, Carbonate reservoir geology, facies, 232, 233,235 331, 335,421 history, 2 Chailly-en-Brie Field, France, 343, Calcite compensation depth, 498 Case studies 344 Calcrete (caliche), 199, 248, 249, methods, 2 Chalcedony, length-slow, 236 257, 275, 480 organization of, 7 Chalk crusts, 136 Cedar Creek Anticline, 41-43, 73- calcite compensation depth, layers, 124, 128, 133 74,87-89,94--95, 101, 498-501 Mississippian, 199 104-105 depositional model, 501 "nari" crusts, 136 Cement lysocline, 500 pebbles, 124, 135-136 anhydrite, 52, 64, 80, 99, 136, North Sea region, 497-505 Pennsylvanian, 247, 249 181, 197,204,299,304, origin of, 498 pisolites, 133-136, 199, 200 305, 306, 361, 362, 363, reservoir rocks, 4, 36, 495, 497 as seals, 204 398, 399,400, 453 wispy clay seams, 500 Silurian, 124, 128, 133, 135 aragonite, 275 Chalkification, 337, 337 talus, 128, 135, 136 beachrock, 218,219,331,332, Chalk reservoirs, see Reservoirs, see also Subaerial diagenetic 479, 480 chalk terrane blocky, 419, 421 Chatom Field, Alabama, 359-366, Caliche, see Calcrete calcite, see calcite cement 360 California celestite, 361, 362 cro~s-section, 360 Casmalia Field, 527 clay minerals, authigenic, 503, discovery well, 359 Cat Canyon Field, 527 505 log, 360 Jesus Maria Field, 527 dolomite, see Dolomite cement source rocks, 366 Lompoc Field, 527 drusy,419 structure map, 360 Orcutt Field, 527 early, 185,204,219,440- Chert Santa Maria Valley, 527 441 localized by burrows, 498 West Cat Canyon Field, 527- equant spar, 275, 376, 378,438, nodules, 48 545 439 replacement, 91 Callovian, Paris Basin fibrous, 552, 554 Chimney Hill Subgroup barrier sands, 352 grain type, influence, 220 (Ordovician-Silurian), 110, Calcaire d'Etrochey, 351 gravitational, 219, 237 114 dedolomites, 351 hot formation water, 220 fauna, 114--115 Campeche Shelf, Mexico, 468 late, 440 sedimentary facies, 114-115 Campos Basin, Brazil, 473-484 meniscus, 218-219,235,237, Chondrites, 63, 64, 67 paleogeography, 477 331,421 Chondrodonta, 436, 437 stratigraphy, 476 micrite, 170 Chunchula Field (Alabama), structure, 474 palisade, 275 364 608 Subject Index
Clarita Formation (Silurian), III Nahr Umr Shale, 431 Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), depositional model, 113 Punta Gorda Anhydrite, 447 5 porosity, Ill, 113 Rodessa Formation, 488 Site 479, 533 skeletal facies, 110-111, stratigraphy, 461 Site 480, 533 113-114 Sunniland Limestone, 445 Delaware Basin (New Mexico), Clay, 551 Tamabra Limestone, 461 267 as cement, 503, 505 Thamama Group, 431 Northwest Shelf, 267, 312 illite, 91 Tor Formation, 497 Dennis Formation (Pennsylvanian), wispy seams, 500 Venezuela, western, 411 243 Clinton Formation- (Silurian), 128 see also Maastrichtian, Depositional environment Clypeina, 325, 330, 334, 335, Neocomian algal banks, 315-316 336, 337, 337 Cretaceous reservoirs alluvial fan, 24,25, 26, 27 Coactilium, 132 Ekofisk Field, 497-506 anoxic basin, 527, 531 Coccolithospores, in chalk, 498 Fairway Field, 487--494 atoll lagoonal, 150 Cochrane Formation (Silurian), III Fateh Field, 427--441 atoll reef, 487 Coenites, 27 Garoupa Field, 473--484 bank, 107, 407 Cogollo Group (Cretaceous), 409, La Paz Field, 409--423 bank margin, 443 410 Pampo Field, 473--484 bar, 319,330,341,369,407, paleogeography, 416 Poza Rica Field, 457--468 409, 416, 418, 473, 476, sedimentology, 417 Sunniland Field, 445--454 482--483, 487 Colon Formation (Cretaceous), Cycles, 33, 76 barrier island, 181 Socuy Member, structure back-shelf, 301 barrier reef, 269, 346 contours, 412 carbonate, 49, 61-65, 294-299, basinal, 346, 455, 468, 525 Compaction, 154, 223, 338,361, 302, 345,346, 359-360, bathyal, 527, 568 362, 377, 380, 381, 555 371,373,387,392,431 cyclic, 71, 191,341 chemical, 376, 378,452 carbonate-evaporite, 128, 154, see also Cycles mechanical, 376, 378, 396, 452, 179, 324, 359-360, 448 deep marine, 455, 495, 525, 501 shallowing-upward sequences, 527, 561, 568 Connate water, relationship to 30,33, 45, 49, 61-66,63, evaporitic, 150-151 Archie types, 103 74, 76, 84, 89, 109, 114, fan delta, 25, 477 Copeland Field, Alabama, 359 117,119,231,233,272, forereef, 432--433, 434, 554 Coralgal bioherms, see Bioherms, 283, 294-299, 324, 345, infratidal, see subtidal coralgal 346 interior basin, 443 Cotton Valley Group (Jurassic), intertidal, 28, 32, 33, 44, 49, 387 Daile Nacree (Jurassic), 343, 344, 49, 79, 85, 169, 204, 330, Coulommes Field, France, 343, 346 332,332,333,477 344 Danian, Ekofisk Formation, 497 lagoonal, 150,204,207,272, diagenesis, 344 Debris deposit, carbonate 319, 324, 330,330, 333, discovery, 343 periplatform, 10 341,346,350,447,485, isopach map, 344 Strawn Formation, 233 490,491 reservoir zones, 344, 351 Tamabra Limestone, 457,468 models, see Depositional models structure map, 344 Debris reservoirs, see Reservoirs, open marine, 551 Cretaceous debris paralic, 416 Agua Nueva Limestone, Dedolomite, 346, 347 peritidal, 39, 57, 59, 71, 85, 467 capillary-pressure curve, 349 161,251,330 Campos Formation, 476 criteria for recognition, 346- platform Cogollo Group, 409 347 inner, 416, 447 Colon Formation, 412 distribution, 350 outer, 416 Gurpi Formation, 515 fabric, 347 ramp, 115,207,371 James Limestone, 487 lagoonal, 350 reef, 385, 388, 547 Khatiyah Formation, 431 at Massangis, Etrochey, 345 atoll, 485 Laffan Shale, 431 origin, near-surface, 346, 352 backreef, 434, 435, 438 Lagoa Feia Formation, 475 in Paris Basin, 345 barrier reef, 269, 346 Lake Trafford Formation, 448 petrophysical properties, 348- coralgal, 227 La Luna Formation, 409 350, 349 forereef, 425, 434, 438--440, Macae Formation, 473 tidal flat, 350 554 Mishrif Formation, 427 Dedolomitization, see Dedolomite near reef, 433, 434, 435 Subject Index 609
patch reef, 265,269, 274, dedolomitization, 354 416,418,419,422,439, 487 deep marine, 170, 182, 188,482 440--441,463 pinnacle reef, 121, 123-139, diagenetic terrane, 25, 94, 95, alteration of limestone to 141, 143-160,550-552 354 dolomite, 568 rudistid reef, 431, 438 Ellenburger Fonnation, Puckett alteration of siliceous sediments regressive, 330,330, 332,333, Field, 24, 25 to limestone, 568 360,371,387,431 evaporite, 5, 330, 333 burial sabkha, 24,25,27,71, 181, Hunton Group, central deep, 12,234,236,381,393, 191,289,324,329,330, Oklahoma, 113,116 418,419 332,332, 333 infratidal, 94, 95, 482 shallow, 12,69,87,117-119, shallowing upward, see shoaling Interlake Fonnation, Cedar 133-136, 143, 151-159, upward Creek Anticline, 89, 94, 95 417,419 shallow marine, 39, 57, 71, intertidal, 94, 95, 333, 482 early, 50, 234, 451--452, 492- 161,169,181,189,191, Keg River reefs, Rainbow Field, 493, 533, 568 227,229,239,245,249, 154 effects on penneability, 246- 253-254,269, 277, 296- lagoonal, 330, 333 247,305,335,381,403- 297,309,316,357,409, Leadville Formation, NW 404 473,511 Lisbon Field, 170 effects on porosity, 182, 202, nearshore, 289, 357 Mid-Cretaceous, Poza Rica area, 223,224,243,246-247, shallow platform, 443, 473 467 249, 257, 305, 335, 403- shelf, 121, 169, 181,207,229, Miocene, NW Honshu, 568 404 231,253,296-297,322, Mishrif Formation, Fateh Field, historical review, 5 409,431 436 burial, deep, 12 deep shelf, 114-115, 495 Mission Canyon Formation, near surface, 12,69,117-119 shallow shelf, 24,115,191, Little Knife Field, 182 terranes, see Subaerial 277, 309, 357, 511 Niagaran, Belle River Mills diagenetic terrane shelf margin, 227 Field, 128 hot brines, 381, 393 skeletal buildup, 115 oncolite shoals, 482 hydrologic evaporative pumping, shoal, 229, 231, 369, 373, 388 oolite shoals, 116, 170 299 oolitic shoal, 107, 115, 161, periplatform debris deposits, 467 late, 50, 379, 381,400,451, 207,373 peritidal, 33, 87, 89, 94-95 452--453, 568 sand shoal, 217 pinnacle reef, 128, 154 leaching, 50,51, 163 skeletal, 161 regressive, 330, 333 marine, 223, 275 shoaling upward, 21,33,45, rudistid reef, 436, 488, 489 meteoric, 393, 440, 492 49, 61, 63, 74, 76, 84, 89, sabkha, 33, 87, 89, 94-95, 94, micritization, 129, 136,416, 109,114,117,119,231, 95,330,332,333 440,552 233, 265, 272, 283, 294- shallow marine, 170, 182, 188, models, 94, 95, 154,204,418, 299,324,341,346,478 482 419, 420 slope, 495 shelf, 113 evaporative waters, Interlake subtidal, 19,24,28,29, 30,33, supratidal, 170 Fonnation, 95 44,46,49, 169, 179,253, transgressive, 332, 482 recharge waters, Interlake 324,477 Desiccation features, 47, 50, 81, Fonnation, 94 supratidal, 19,33,44,49,49, 82, 91, 350 negative shift in 013C, 533 78, 79, 85,-169, 204, 253, Devonian phreatic, 219, 223,229,234, 297,319 Bakken Shale, 188 235,237,287,314-315, tidal channel, 31 Keg River Formation, 143 393, 440--441 tidal delta, 332, 333 Misener Sandstone, 109-110 recrystallization, 136, 362 tidal flat, 24, 350 Muskeg Formation, 143 subaerial, 4, 21, 30, 32, 33, 36, transgressive, 330, 332,332, Ouray Fonnation, 169 95, 105-106, 124, 128, 371,387,431 Devonian reservoirs 133, 136, 202, 243, 246, Depositional models Rainbow Field, 143-166 247,249,275,283,296, Arab Fonnation, Qatif Field, Tehze Field, 147, 152, 157 329-330, 330, 366, 435, 331-333 Dhruma Formation (Jurassic), 483,492 basinal sediments, Honshu, 568 Fadhili reservoir, lower, sulfate replacement, 453 Bliss Sandstone, Puckett Field, 323 vadose, 197,202,223, 229, 24,25 Diagenesis, 170, 205, 218-220, 234,235,237, 253,257, chalk reservoirs, SOl 274, 329, 348, 360, 410, 287,314-315,416,480 610 Subject Index
Diagenesis (cont.) as seals, 161 Eocene, Pabdeh Formation, 515 zones, 332-335, 337 skeletal, 39 Eogenesis,148, 151,153, 154- see also Compaction; sucrosic, 161,443,447,450, 155, 237 Dissolution; Dolomitization 511 effect on reservoir rocks, 101, Diagenetic facies, 136 texture, 221 105, 143 Diagenetic models, 94, 95, 154, Dolomite cement, 275 Etrochey quarry, France, 351, 352 204,354,418,419,420 baroque (saddle), 362,398, 399, Evaporites, 80-81, 150-151,365 Dilatancy, 539 400,453 dissolution, 50, 51, 99, 187 Dimorphosiphon, 63, 64, 65 ferroan, 219 and dolomitization, 50-52, 171 Disconformity, see Unconformity isopachous, 336, 363 halite, 124 Dissolution, 33, 77,111-112, Dolomite reservoirs, see interbedded, 80, 81, 136-138 117-119,154-156,247, Reservoirs, dolomite leakage, 156 247, 257, 299, 379,380, Dolomitization, 51, 81-82,117, nodular anhydrite, 171 396,452,479,492,503 171,183-184,184-185, potash, 124 of cement, 234, 236, 379, 299,307,377,378,466 as seals, 138, 143, 157, 179, 381 burial-diagenetic, 527, 532-533 185, 196, 197,204,324, of evaporite crystals, 50, 51, deep water, 5 372,450 187 effects on porosity, 182 sylvinite, 124 micro solution seams, 236 exposure-related, 137 see also Anhydrite ooid-selective, 374, 376 ferroan, 352 pressure, 54, 378, 453, 552 ground water, 171 recrystallization, 136 historical review, 5 Fabric composition of rudists, 453 hypersaline brine, 91, 155, 171 dolomite, 329 solution collapse, 34, 36, 46, localized by structural highs, dolomitized carbonate sands, 329 50, 51, 93, 113, 117, 154, 362 Facies, diagenetic, see Diagenetic 168, 171, 172,247,273, mixing zone, 68,117,119,171 facies 438 penecontemporaneous, 65, 257 Facies, sedimentary along solution seams, 498 sabkha, 51-52, 188, 329 algal, phylloid, 274, 275, 283, see also Stylolites seepage reflux, 81, 155 311 Dolomite, 4, 19, 163, 197,275, selective leaching, 171 algal mats, 32, 91 525,534, 535,535 supratidal, 51-52 alluvial fan, 27 baroque (saddle), 27, 34, 36, syngenetic, 52-53, 68 arenite, reef bioclastic, 141 47, 52, 234, 236, 362, 398, Downeys Bluff Limestone bafflestone, phylloid algal, 277, 399,400, 453 (Mississippian), 210, 212 283,309 bioclastic, 167, 168 Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 427 bar, grainstone/packstone, 418 brecciation, 30, 154 Duperow Formation (Devonian), barrier island, 181 burial diagenetic, 11 65 barrier sands, 352 coarse crystalline, 10 beachrock, 332, 332 detrital, 28 bioherms, see Bioherms early diagenetic, 531 Eidson Field, New Mexico, 269 biostromes, 409, 419 ferroan, 350, 352 Ekofisk Field, North Sea, 10, boundstone, 59, 121, 309 fine crystalline, 39 497-506, 498 algal, 28, 335, 336, 398 fractured, 67 cross-section, 499 phylloid algal, 265,273, 274, geometry, 220-221 discovery well, 497 312 isopachous, 336, 363 reservoir rocks, porosity, 497 rudistid, 434, 485, 489,490, late, 440 structure map, 499 492 limestone-to-dolomite Ekofisk Formation (Danian), 497 stromatolite, 121 transition, 221, 222 cross-section, 499 stromatolite-coelenterate, 489, lithoclasts, 32 Elk Point Basin, 144 490,492 microcrystalline, 39, 185, Elk Point Group (Devonian), 144 stromatoporoid-coralgal, 121 207, 211,212, 216, 220- Ellenburger Formation breccia, 221,222 (Ordovician), 21-37 flat-pebble, 91 microsucrosic, 97, 100 columnar section, 26 solution collapse, 161 mottled, 52 depositional facies, 24-31 buildups, skeletal, 110, 113- pelletal, 357 porosity-permeability 114, 123-133, 229, 230, replacement, 378, 447, 450, characteristics, 23 231,285 451 structure contours, 22 coralgal, 230, 280 Subject Index 611
carbonates, skeletal, 387, 390, biomicrite, dolomitic, 44, 45, Ordovician, 28, 29, 30, 33, 391 47 36, 46, 49, 54, 63, 74, 75, chalk,497 bioturbated (burrowed), 32, 76, 93-95 channel lag, 31 76,233 Permian, 253 cyclic, 61-69, 233 dolomitized, 251, 561 Silurian, 89-95, 110, 114 debris oolitic, 251, 289 supratidal basinal, 457, 462 phylloid algal, 309 Jurassic, 332 reef, 387, 390, 431, 437, skeletal, 289 Mississippian, 169, 170 553,554 mudstone-wackestone, Ordovician, 29, 36, 48-49, delta shoal, 112, 115-118 dolomitized, 71, 207 54, 63, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, dedolomite, 341 oncolites, 473, 478 80,81,82,83,84,93-95, dolomite, 19, 163,209,525 oolites, see Oolite 100 algal-pelletal, 98 packstone Permian, 253, 295 burrow-mottled, 66-68 bioclastic, 283 Silurian, 89-95 crystalline, 561 biomicrite, dolomitic, 44, 45, tidalite, see peritidal fine crystalline, 39 47 wackestone microcrystalline, 39,44, crinoid, 107 biomicrite, dolomitic, 44, 45, 45-46, 47, 207 intraclastic, 31 47 pelletal, 357 lime, 473 bioturbated, 233 skeletal, 39,44, 46,47, 48 lithoclastic, 547 burrowed, 59 sucrosic, 161,443,511 oncolitic, 473, 477, 478 crinoid-bryozoan, 121 dolosiltite, 96, 97 pelletal, 71 diatomaceous, 535 evaporitic, 80-81, 95, 124-139, peloidal, 319, 330 dolomitic, 175,289,561 171 rudistid, 434 lime, 516 framestone, 385 skeletal, 107,385,547 pelletal, 71 grainstone, 141,239,309,330, peritidal (tidalites), 10, 61-69, phylloid algal, 227 331, 332, 443 74, 75, 81-93, 92, 137 pisolitic, 191 bioclastic, 283 ramp, III, 115,116 rudistid, 485 coral-stromatoporoid, 385 reef skeletal, 59, 99, 107, 175, crinoid, 107 barrier, 269 289 dolomitized, 251, 319 patch, 269, 274 wackestone-packstone, 161, 175, miliolid-pelletal, 490, 493, rudistid, 431, 434, 487 239,265,407,511 494 see also Depositional Fairway Field, East Texas, 10, ooid-bioclastic, 227 environment, reef 487-494 oolitic, 107,116,118,207, rudistid, 431, 434, 435-437, cross-section, 488 209,233,251,309,319, 436, 489,490 isopach maps, 492, 493 369,390 rudite, reef bioclastic, 141, 153 sonic logs, 488 peloidal, 319 rudstone, 443 structure map, 489 rudistid, 434 bioclastic, 392 Fateh Field, Dubai, V.A.E., 10, skeletal, 152, 265, 369,407, skeletal, 385, 398 427-441 455,485,491,493,547 sabkha, 25, 27, 87, 93-95, 105, discovery well, 427 grainstone-packstone, 191, 277 197 isopach map, 429 infratidal, see subtidal salina, I, 66, 94-95 production, 427 intertidal, 33, 79 shelf structure map, 429 Jurassic, 330 deep, 114-115 Faults, growth, 483 Mississippian, 168,182 shallow, 115 Favosites, 127, 132 Ordovician, 28, 49, 54, 63, skeletal buildup, 115 Favreina, pelletal facies, 330,331, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 82, shoal, 28, 112, 115, 116, 217, 335 93-95 230,282 Fenestral (birdseye) fabric, 31, 91 Permian, 295 siltstone, 91 Fields, gas or gas condensate Silurian, 89-95 skeletal, 152,153,274,275 Belle River Mills Field, lagoonal, 66, 132-133, 136, storm deposits, 31 123-139 150-151 stromatolite, 91, 121, 136,156, Chatom Field, 359-366 marine, see Depositional 167 Hico Knowles Field, 387-404 environment subaerial, 10, 197 Tarchaly Field, 253-264 models, see Depositional models subtidal (infratidal) Fields, oil mudstone, 71, 91 Mississippian, 169 Anderson Ranch Field, 267-276 612 Subject Index
Fields, oil (cont.) porosity origin, 9, 12 porosity, 521 Bibi Hakimeh Field, 513-523 ranking, in-place reserves, 7 structure map, 520 Blalock Lake East Field, recoverable reserves, 7, 8 Gachsaran Formation (Miocene), 311-316 reservoir facies, 9 514,517 Cabin Creek Field, 41-58, sedimentary textural types, 12 evaporites, 519 87-105 tectonic setting, 2 Garoupa Field, Brazil, 10, Chailly-en-Brie Field, 343-355 Florida, Sunniland Field, 445 473-484 Coulommes Field, 343-355 Florida Bay, tidal flats, 202 discovery well, 473 Fairway Field, 487-494 Foraminifera, 431, 477, 551, 564 production, 474 Fateh Field, 427-441 Fore-Sudetic area, Poland, 253 production mechanism, 475 Gachsaran Field, 513-523 Fractured reservoirs, see reservoir characteristics, 473 Garoupa Field, 473-484 Reservoirs, fractured structure map, 475 Glenburn Field, 193-205 Fractures, 34,35,53,498,513, Geopetal fabric, 30, 47, 155, 552, Happy Field, 241-249 516,517,518,519,535, 553 Killdeer Field, 61-67 536, 537,538, 539-540, Geophysics Little Knife Field, 177-189 553, 556-559, 558 gravity, 123 Morton Field, 279-287 breccia, 30,34,36, 117 seismic, 73, 123 Mt. Everette Field, 109-120 compaction, 558-559 Giant fields, I, 10, II Nido B Field, 549-560 crumbly, 66 age, II North Anderson Ranch Field, density, relationship to bed Bibi Hakimeh Field (oil), 511, 267-276 thickness, 518 513-523 North Bridgeport Field, 209-224 effects on permeability, 234, circum-Pacific, I Pampo Field, 473-484 259,423,440-441 diagenetic origin, I Pennel Field, 73-84 effects on production, 171, 182, Ekofisk Field (oi!), 495, Poza Rica Field, 457-468 211,275,423 497-506 Qatif Field, 321-339 enhanced production zones, 520 Fateh Field (oil), 425, 427-441 Reeves Field, 291-307 fractured reservoirs, 543-544 Gachsaran Field (oil), 511, Rybaki Field, 253-264 hydraulic, 556-558 513-523 St. Martin de Bossenay Field, importance, 9 La Paz Field (oi!), 407, 409-423 343-355 non-tectonic, 155 limestone, II Seberger Field, 241-249 fluid expansion, 117 Miocene, I Southwest Reeding Field, 109- shrinkage, 248 Poza Rica Field (oi!), 455, 120 reservoirs, 2, 9, 32 457-468 Sulecin Field, 253-264 syngenetic, 155 productivity, I Sunniland Field, 445-454 tectonic, 259, 422, 559 Puckett Field (oil and gas), 19, West Cat Canyon Field, vertical, 82 21-37 527"":545 Frobisher-Alida interval, 193-205 Qatif Field (oil), 319, 321-339 Fields, oil and gas log response, 195 survey, 1 Ekofisk Field, 497-506 paragenesis, 202 West Cat Canyon Field (oil), Fukubezawa Field, 563-569 structure, 196 525, 527-545 La Paz Field, 409-423 Fukubezawa Field, Japan, 563-569 Girvanella, 115 Mt. Vernon Field, 371-381 columnar section, 564 Glenburn Field, North Dakota, Northwest Lisbon Field, cross-section, 565 193-205, 194 163-173 discovery well, 563 discovery well, 194 Puckett Field, 21-37 logs, 566 isopach map, 198 Rainbow Field, 143-160 reservoir characteristics, 565- log, 195 Seminole Southeast Field, 566 structure map, 196 229-237 Fusulinids, 231-233, 247, 283, Golden Lane "atoll", 460 Fields, oil and gas, perspectives 284,285 Golden Lane trend, Mexico, 458, age, 2, 10, II in coralgal limestone, 232 460 cumulative production, 8 in grainstone, 231, 285 Grainstone, 271,272,409,418, diagenesis, 2 in wackestone, 247, 284 432, 440 distribution, 2 coralgal bioherm, 229 geologic provinces, 2 diagenetic, 348 giant, 10, II Gachsaran Field, Iran, 513-523 dolomitized, 253, 258, 259, localization of, 9 cross-section, 517 329, 359 pore systems, 2, 12 discovery well, 521 lime, 462 Subject Index 613
miliolid-pellet, 490, 493, 494 Hico Knowles Field, Louisiana, Japan oolitic (ooid), 28, 118, 209, 387-404 Fukubezawa Field, 563 212, 213, 216-220,219, core description, 392, 394, 395. Katanishi Field, 565 253,256, 257, 258, 259, 402 Jay Field, Florida, 364 285,313,314,330,331, cross-section, 389 Jiliapa Field, Mexico, 460 332,371,377,380,420, discovery well, 388 Jubaila Formation (Jurassic), 323. 487 log, 389, 391 326 pelletal,331 porosity-permeability Jurassic phylloid algal, 233 characteristics, 401 Arab Formation, 331 pisolitic, 198, 253 structure map, 389 Buckner Formation, 359, 373, reservoir rock, 197, 229 Hith Anhydrite (Jurassic), 323 387 rudistid, 451, 462 Hormuz Salt (Cambrian), 321, 428 Calcaire de Comblanchien, 343 skeletal, 232, 274,487,490, Hueco Formation (Permian) Calcaire d'Etrochey, 351 491,493 Bough member, 267, 280, 282 Cotton Valley Group, 387 Gravity, oil cross-section, 286 DaIle Nacn~e, 343 between-field variations, "Lower Wolfcamp" member, Hanifa Formation, 323 Cretaceous, Maracaibo 280,282 Jubaila Formation, 323 Basin, 409 Morton Field, 279 Kimmeridge Clay, 505 vs depth, Monterey Formation, Hugoton Embayment, see Kansas Louann Salt, 366, 373 542,543 Shelf Oolithe Blanche, 352 see reservoir summaries for Hunton Group (Silurian), 111, 113 Paris Basin, 343 individual fields columnar section, 110 Qatif Field, 321 Great Salt Lake, Utah, oolites, erosion of, 109 Reynolds Oolite, 372 201 reserves, 114 Smackover Formation, 359, 371 Guelph Formation (Silurian), 124- rock types, productive, 109 Tuwaiq Mountain Formation, 323 139, 127 see also Depositional models Jurassic reservoirs Gulf Coast, U.S., 10 Chailley-en-Brie Field, 343-346 Gulf of Aqaba, 33 Chatom Field, 359-366 Gulf of California, 479, 480, 533 Illinois Basin, 209 Coulommes Field, 343-346 Gurpi Formation (Cretaceous), Indian Basin Field, New Mexico, Hico Knowles Field, 387-404 515,517 10 Mt. Vernon Field, 371-381 Gypsum, 50 Interlake Formation (Silurian), 41- Qatif Field, 321-329 molds, 51 58 nodular, 80 Cabin Creek Field, 87 see also Depositional models Kansas Intermontane basins, see Basins, Happy Field, 241 Halimeda, 64 intermontane Seberger Field, 241 Halite, see Evaporites Internal sediment, 397 Kansas City Group Halokinesis, see Salt tectonics Intertidal, see Facies, depositional, (Pennsylvanian), log, 244 Halysites. 127 intertidal Kansas Shelf, 241 Hanifa Formation (Jurassic), 323 Iran Karst Happy Field, Kansas, 241-249 Bibi Hakimeh Field, 513 Mississippian, 172 discovery well, 241 Gachsaran Field, 513 Ordovician, 30,34 productive zones, 243 Irene Bay Formation, 68 porosity, 136 Hardgrounds, 335, 346. 352, 353 Isotopic composition Silurian, 136 bored, 66, 67, 89, 324 anhydrite, 363 Silurian-Devonian, 89, 95 Heliolites. 127 dolomite (basinal), 537 Katanishi Field, Japan, 565 Hemicycies, Ordovician, 61, 62, dolomite (sabkha), 329 Keel Formation (Ordovician), 111 63,65 Keg River Formation (Devonian), Henryhouse Formation (Silurian), 143-160 110,116 James Limestone (Cretaceous), see also Depositional models depositional model, 116 487 Kemnitz Field, New Mexico, 269, fauna, 115 facies, 488. 489 287,315 porosity, 112 facies, thickness, 492. 493 Kerogen, 66, 75, 160 "ramp" facies, 111, 115 structure contours, 489 Khatiyah Embayment, 492, 431 reservoir, 112 James Reef (Cretaceous), Khatiyah Formation (Cretaceous), unconformity, 114 487-494 431,440-441 614 Subject Index
Killdeer Field, North Dakota, 61- Lockport Formation, 124, 125 Silurian pinnacle reefs, SE 69,62 LOferite, 199 Michigan, 126 core description, 63 Lookout Butte Field, Montana, 74 Silurian reef production and cross-section, 62 Louann Salt (Jurassic) history, 123 discovery well, 61 diapirism, 366, 373 Michigan Basin, 10, 123, 125, 126 production, 65, 66 stratigraphic column, 373, 388 Micrite reservoir comparison, zones B Louisiana, Hico Knowles Field, envelopes, 129 vs. D, 68, 68-69 387 geopetal, 552 Kimmeridge Clay (Jurassic), 505 Lovington Sandstone Member recrystallization, 136 Kirkidium, 110, 115 (Permian), 293 Microdolomite, see Dolomite, Komia, 233 Lower Tentokuji Formation microcrystalline (Pliocene), 536 Microporosity, chalky, 337 Lubuska Barrier, Poland, 254 Midland Basin, Texas, 229-237, Laffan Shale (Cretaceous), 431 291,292, 311,312 Lagoa Feia Formation (Aptian) Migration, time of, 156 evaporites, 475, 476 Maastrichtian, Tor Formation, 497 Miliolids, 435, 438, 490, 493, 494 influence on offshore bar, 482 Macae Formation (Cretaceous), Miocene salt diapirism, 473, 482 473-484 Agha Jari Formation, 515 Lake Maracaibo, see Maracaibo depositional environment, 482 Gachsaran Formation, 514, 515, Basin, Venezuela facies, 478 517 Lake Trafford Formation structure, 475 Mishan Formation, 515,517 (Cretaceous), 448, 448, 449 Main Dolomite, see Zechstein Monterey Formation, 527 La Luna Formation (Cretaceous), Main Dolomite Nishikurosawa Formation, 563 409 Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela, 409, Onnagawa Formation, 565 hydrocarbon generation and 410 see also Depositional models migration, 416 Massangis quarry, France, 352, Miocene reservoirs Lansing Group (Pennsylvanian) 353 Fukubezawa Field, 563 log, 244 Maturation, 75, 114, 155 Nido B Field, 549 structure, 242 Maumee reef, 124, 136 West Cat Canyon Field, 527 La Paz Field, Venezuela, 409 stromatolites, 124-125, 127, MiquetJa Field, Mexico, 460 La Paz structure, 409 137 Misener Sandstone (Devonian), La Rue salt dome, 491 Melvin Field, Alabama, 401,402, 109-110 La Salle Anticline, 209 403,403, 404 Mishan Formation (Miocene), 515, Leaching, effects on porosity, 184, Mesogenesis, 148, 155-156, 517 185 158-159, 275 Mishrif Formation (Cretaceous), Leadville Formation effects on porosity, 234 Fateh Field, 427-441 (Mississippian), 163-173 Mesozoic reservoirs cross-section, 432, 433 depositional history, 169 Chatom Field, 359-366 facies, 429, 431 diagenesis, 170 Coulommes Field, 343-346 isopach map, 429 dolomitization, 171 Ekofisk Field, 497-506 log, 435 Northwest Lisbon Field, Fairway Field, 487-494 stratigraphic section, 435 163-173 Fateh Field, 427-441 structure map, 429 cross-section, 165 Garoupa Field, 473-484 see also Depositional models structure contours, 165 Hico Knowles Field, 387-404 Mission Canyon Formation porosity log, 166 La Paz Field, 409-423 (Mississippian), 177-189, rock types, 169 Mt. Vernon Field, 371-381 193-205 see also Depositional models Pampo Field, 473-484 cross-section, 184, 185, 188 Limestone reservoirs, see Poza Rica Field, 457-468 facies, 179, 181 Reservoirs, limestone Qatif Field, 321-339 Frobisher-Alida interval, Little Knife Anticline, 177, 181 Sunniland Field, 445-454 193-205 Little Knife Field, North Dakota, Meursault quarry, France, 352, isopach maps, 180, 198 177-189 353 structure maps, 179, 196 cross-section, 180 Mexico zones, 177-178 discovery, 177 Poza Rica Field, 457 see also Depositional models isopach map, 180, 181 Tres Hermanos Field, 460 Mississippian production, cumulative, 177 Michigan Aux Vases Sandstone, 210 structure map, 179 Belle River Mills Field, 123 Bakken Shale, 188 Subject Index 615
Benoist Sandstone, 210 lime, 335, 372, 473 dolomite reservoirs, 220-221, Downeys Bluff Limestone, 210 oolitic, 251, 289 224 Leadville Formation, 163-173 phylloid algal, 284,309,312, log, 210 Ste. Genevieve Formation, 209 313 ooid -grainstone reservoirs, Woodford shale, 109 as se~s, 19,71,207,227,265, 216-219,219 Mississippian reservoirs 289,311,316,319,341, porosity-dolomite relationships, Glenburn Field, 193-205 372, 385,443, 455, 473, 221,222,223,224 Little Knife Field, 177-189 485 production, 210 North Bridgeport Field, 209-224 skeletal, 289 reservoir properties, 215, 218 Northwest Lisbon Field, Muskeg Formation (Devonian), structure map, 211 163-173 143, 157 North Dakota Missourian, 241 Glenburn Field, 193 Molas Formation (Pennsylvanian), Killdeer Field, 61 172 Nahr Umr Shale (Cretaceous), Little Knife Field, 177 Molluscs, 332, 335, 409 431 Rattlesnake Point Field, 66 Chondrodonta, 489-490,490 Nannofossils, 498-501 North Sea, 497 Monarch Field, Montana, 74 preservation, related to Central Graben, Norwegian Montana permeability and porosity, sector, 497,501 Cabin Creek Field, 41, 87 501,502 Northwest Lisbon Field, Utah, Pennel Field, 41, 73 "Nari" crusts, see Calcrete 163-173 Monterey Formation (Miocene), Neocomian, 475 cross-section, 165 527-545 New Mexico discovery well, 163 brecciation in, 538, 539-540,540 Morton Field, 279 log, 166 dolomite in, 531,534,535 North Anderson Ranch Field, production mechanism, 164 fields, Santa Maria Valley, 528 267 reservoir characteristics, fracturing, 533-537, 536 paleogeography, southeast, 268 163-164 isotopic composition, dolomite, Niagara Group, 123-139, 126, 128 structure map, 165 537 Clinton Formation, 126 log, 528, 531 Guelph Formation, 124, 126 log cross-section, 530 Lockport Dolomite, 126 Ohio, Silurian, 124 modem analogs, 532-533,533 see also Depositional models Oil gravities, 11 reservoir engineering, 541-542 Nido B Field, Philippines, 549- see also Gravity, oil stratigraphy, 532 560,550 Oil in place, initial, I, 7 stratigraphy and sedimentation, core description, 552 Oklahoma 530-532 depositional environment, 550 Amarillo-Wichita Mountains, Moralillo Field, Mexico, 460 discovery well, 552 109 Morton Field, New Mexico, 269, seismic cross-section, 551 Anadarko Basin, 109-110 279-287, 280 stratigraphy, 551 Mt. Everette Field, 109 average porosity, 280 structure contours, 551 Southwest Reeding Field, 109 cross-section, 286 traps, 551-552 Oligocene, Asmari Limestone, 513 discovery well, 279, 281 Nishikurosawa Formation Oligocene reservoirs isopach maps, 281, 282 (Miocene), 563 Bibi Hakimeh Field, 513-523 log, gamma-ray, 281 North Anderson Ranch Field, New Gachsaran Field, 513-523 structure map, 282 Mexico, 267-276 Oligostegina, 438 Mt. Everette Field, Oklahoma, discovery well, 267 Oncolite, 46, 47, 49, 151,377, 109-120, 111, 113 facies, 270 478, 479, 480, 481 cross-section, 112 isopach map, 268, 269 characteristics, 201 discovery well, 109 log, 270 in packstone, 200 Mt. Vernon Field, Arkansas, paleoenvironment, 269, 272 vadose, 201 371-381 reservoir properties, 274 Onnagawa Formation (Miocene), discovery well, 371 source rocks, 276 563, 566--568 log, 373 structure contour map, 268 petrophysical properties, 566 structure map, 372 North Bridgeport Field, Illinois Oolite, 24, 26, 28, 46, 109-110, Mudstone, 71, 178, 198,303,477 Basin, 207-224 112,114,117-118,297, burrowed, 335 core sequence, 214 299,324,353,373,377 dolomitized, 207, 251, 260, cross-section, 212-213 Bahamas, 201 261, 262, 263, 561 discovery well, 210 beachrock, 332 616 Subject Index
Oolite, (cont.) Silurian, 75-81,89,94-95,124 reservoir characteristics, 82, 83 geometry, 217-218 Wolfcampian, 268 structure map, 74 grainstone, 209 Paleosols, 30 Pennsylvanian Great Salt Lake, 201 Paleozoic reservoirs Dennis Formation, 243 hypersaline, 200 Belle River Mills Field, Kansas City Group, 239 log characteristics, 212-213 123-139 Lansing Group, 239 reservoirs, 209 Blalock Lake East Field, Morrow-Atoka, 109 silicified, 28 311-316 Oklahoma, 109 textures, 218 Cabin Creek Field, 41-58, paleotectonic features, 242 Oolite shoal reservoirs, see 87-105 Plattsburg Formation, 243 Reservoirs, oolite shoal Glenburn Field, 193-205 Strawn Formation, 229 Oolithe Blanche (Jurassic), 352 Happy Field, 241-249 Pennsylvanian reservoirs Ordovician Killdeer Field, 61-69 Happy Field, 241-249 Ellenburger Formation, 21 Little Knife Field, 177-189 Seberger Field, 241-249 Keel Formation, III Morton Field, 279-287 Seminole Southeast Field, Red River Formation, 41, 61 Mt. Everette Field, 109-119 229-237 Winnipeg Formation, 41, 75 North Anderson Ranch Field, Peritidal, see Facies, peritidal Ordovician reservoirs 267-276 Permeability Cabin Creek Field, 41-58 North Bridgeport Field, 209-224 Arab Formation, 326, 338, 339 Killdeer Field, 61-69 Northwest Lisbon Field, 163- bitumen as barrier, 494 Pennel Field, 73-84 173 boundstone, 339 Puckett Field, 21-37 Pennel Field, 73-84 chalk, 501,502 Orogeny, 109, III Puckett Field, 21-37 Cogollo Group, 416, 417, 422 Ostracodes, 331, 335,336 Rainbow Field, 143-166 dolomite, 23, 163,218, 223, Ouray Formation (Devonian), 169 Reeves Field, 291-307 291,542 Oxfordian, Smackover Formation, Rybaki Field, 253-264 Ekofisk Formation, 501 359, 371, 387 Seberger Field, 241-249 Ellenburger Formation, 23, 26 Seminole Southwest Field, grainstone, 332, 335, 339, 474, Pabdeh Formation (Eocene• 229-237 494 Paleocene), 515,517 Southwest Reeding Field, Interlake Formation, 103 Packstone, 141, 167, 168, 178, 109-119 James Formation, 492, 493, 197,304,306,321,324, Sulecin Field, 253-264 493-494 409,418,421,432-435, Tarchaly Field, 253-264 Kansas City Group, 245 438-440, 460 Tehze Field, 147 Lansing Group, 245 crinoid, 107 Pampo Field, Brazil, 473 Leadville Formation, 163 dolomitized, 184-185,260,261 discovery well, 473 limestone, 234,245, 493-494 intraclast, 31 production, 474 Macae Formation, 474, 480,480 lime, 473 production mechanism, 475 matrix dolomite, 68, 82, 83, 103 lithoclastic, 547 reservoir characteristics, 473 Mishrif Formation, 435, 438 oncolitic, 473-484 structure map, 475 Monterey Formation, 542 oolitic, 303 traps, 473 mudstone, lime, 339 pelletal, 71 Paradox Basin, 163,165, 169,316 Onnagawa Formation, 566 peloidal,319 Paragenesis, 93, 202, 202, 204, oolite, 218 phylloid algal, 233, 313 223, 275, 348,365, 376, origin, 2, 163, 188, 246--247 pisolitic, 198 396, 403, 404, 478-480, pore-to-throat ratios, 188 as seals, 39,175,341,385 540, 555 Red River Formation, 54, 68, 83 skeletal, 107, 129, 246, 274, Paris Basin, 343 reef carbonates, 275 385, 547 Peace River Arch, 144 reef debris, 555-556, 556 Palawan Basin, Philippines, 549 Pedernallandmass,268, 272 reefs, rudistid, 432, 435, 438 Paleocene, Pabdeh Formation, 515 Pedotubules in limestone, 248 relation to nannofossil Paleogeography Peloids, dolomitized, 336 preservation, 501 Cretaceous, 416, 477 Pennel Field, Montana, 41, 73-84 Ste. Genevieve Formation, 218, Devonian, 144, 147, 154 cycles, 76 223 Ordovician, 22, 24-30, 46--50, discovery well, 73 San Andres Formation, 291 62-66 history, 73 Seberger Formation, 245 Pennsylvanian, 230 initial production, 73 Smackover Formation, 373-374, Permian, 254 log, 75 374,375,401,401 Subject Index 617
Strawn Formation, 234 Pore fluids intercrystal, 19, 141 Tamabra Formation, 466,466 connate, 504 rhombic, 341 Tor Formation, 501 migrated, 504 skeletal, 239, 385, 455, 485 Zechstein Main Dolomite, 257 Pore geometrical factor, 96-103 solution enlarged, 369 Permian Pore pressures oomoldic, 285, 314, 377 Bursum Formation, 265 excessive, in chalk, 504, 506 rhombohedral, 346, 348 Hueco Formation, 267 Pore types, 12,463 secondary, 440 Lovington Sandstone Member, anhydrite-moldic, 186 shelter, 158, 265,273,285, 293 biomoldic, 107,425 287, 397, 440 San Andres Formation, 291 breccia, 4, 19, 34, 85, 90-93, skeletal, 110, 112, 119,399, Yates Formation, 201 158, 161 451,490,492-493 Zechstein Main Dolomite, 253 burrow, 158 solution, 33, 36, 111-112, see also Wolfcampian chalky, 156 117-119 Permian Basin, 22, 229, 291,292 channel, 227 vug, 19,33,39,54-55,55,56, Permian reservoirs dolomite-rhomb moldic, 59,85,91, 141,158,227, Blalock Lake East Field, 346-350, 349 239,246,247,257,273, 311-316 fenestral, 167, 197, 202, 366 285,287,289,309,312, Morton Field, 279-287 fossil mold, 352 313,313 North Anderson Ranch Field, fracture, 12, 19,34,35,71,82, dissolution, 121 267-276 85,93, 141,158, 161, 163, fenestral, 191 Reeves Field, 291-307 259,410,511,525,536, Porosity Rubaki Field, 253-264 547 Arab Formation, 326, 338, 339 Sulecin Field, 253-264 growth framework, 277, 438 biogenic, 4 Tarchaly Field, 253-264 interboundary sheet, 185, 187 boundstone, 339, 492 Persian Gulf, 51, 299, 428 intercrystal, 4, 19, 33,35, 36, breccia, 463 Petrophysics, 2 39,54,55,55,56,59,71, chalk, 497, 498-505, 502 properties of reservoirs, 11, 12 79,82,85,91,93, 112, Clarita Formation, 113 see Porosity-permeability 117-119,141,161,163, classification, 4, 158 characteristics 168, 175, 185,187,207, Cogollo Group, 416, 417, 422 see also Capillary-pressure 221, 227, 257, 289, 319, connate water, relationship to, characteristics 357,364,410,443,450, 104 Philippine Islands, Nido B Field, 451,511,561 dedolomite, 350-351, 354 549 interparticle, 4, 19, 33, 35, 36, development, 4, 163, 182-185, Phreatic zone, 33 39, 54, 55, 56, 79, 93, 202,221,224,237,246- Phylloid algae, see Algae, phylloid 111,112,117-119,141, 247,249,275,285,316, Pine Field, Montana, 87 158, 191, 197, 198,202, 364, 366, 393, 394, 492 Pisolites, 199, 201 203,211,215,251,265, dolomitic, 4,23, 54,55,56,57, characteristics, 201 273,285,319,335,341, 93, 113, 163-164, 166, in IOferite, 199 390, 397, 398, 410, 440, 211,218,221,223,224, in Meagher Formation, 200 462, 479,480 291,463, 542 in Mississippian, Glenburn solution enlarged, 107, 277, effects of dewatering, 501 Field, 198,199 309,369,407,473,485 Ekofisk Formation, 501 subaerial origin, 202, 203 intraparticle, 4, 141, 407, 410, Ellenburger Formation, 23, 26 vadose, 200 425, 440, 463, 480,481 by geologic age, 4 in Yates Formation, 201 intraskeletal, 285, 410 grainstone, 257, 326, 332, 335, Plattsburg Formation karst, 136 339, 373, 463, 474, 493, (Pennsylvanian), 243 mixed pore, 211 494 Pleistocene, 136 moldic, 4, 33, 35, 36, 39, 50, Interlake Formation, 103 Pliocene 51, 54,55, 56, 79, 85, 98, James Formation, 492, 493, Agha Jari Formation, 515 111,117-119,158, 161, 493-494 Lower Tentokuji Formation, 163, 167, 168, 175, 186, Kansas City Group, 245 536 187, 207, 221, 247, 257, Lansing Group, 245 Poland 273,277,287,289,309, Leadville Formation, 163 Rybaki Field, 253 312,313,319,335,357, limestone, 234,245, 493-494 Sulecin Field, 253 364, 366,391,397, 399, Macae Formation, 474, 480,480 Tarchaly Field, 253 407,440,443,462,473, matrix dolomite, 68, 82, 83, 103 Zechstein Main Dolomite, 253 490, 492, 511, 547 Mishrif Formation, 435, 438 618 Subject Index
Porosity, (cont.) Macae Formation, 474, 480,480 Hanifa reservoir, 322, 323 Monterey Formation, 542 matrix dolomite, 68, 82, 83, 103 Manifa reservoir, 323 mudstone, lime, 339 Mishrif Formation, 435, 438 Onnagawa Formation, 566 Monterey Formation, 542 oolite, 218 Onnagawa Formation, 566 Rainbow Field, Alberta, 143-160, origin, 2, 4, 36, 54, 55, 56, 57, oolite, 218 144, 146 93, 163, 188, 246-247 Red River Formation, 23, 29, "A" pool, 143 original, 4 54,68,83 columnar section, 145, 146 packstone, 184-185,463 reef carbonates, 275 cross-section, 157 pore-to-throat ratios, 188 reef debris, 555, 556 discovery well, 143 primary, 158,504-505,506 reefs, rudistid, 433, 435, 438- "E" pool, 143 Red River Formation, 54, 68,83 440 log, 146 reef carbonates, 275 Ste. Genevieve Formation, 218, production, 143 reef debris, 555-556, 556 223 structure map, 146 reefs, rudistid, 433, 435, 438- San Andres Formation, 291 Ramps, 11 440 Seberger Formation, 245 Henryhouse Formation, Ill, by region, 4 Smackover Formation, 360, 115,117 relation to nannofossil 373-374,374, 375, 392, Smackover Formation, 371, 387 preservation, 501 401, 401, 402 Rattlesnake Point Field, North Ste. Genevieve Formation, 218, Strawn Formation, 234 Dakota, 66 223 Tamabra Formation, 466, 466 Recovery mechanisms San Andres Formation, 291 Zechstein Main Dolomite, 257 fracture-influenced, 261,423, Seberger Formation, 245 Poza Rica Field, Mexico, 457-468 505, 513, 524, 556-559, secondary, 158-159,379,380, columnar section, 461 542-543 381,479 cross-section, 464 gas-cap expansion, 87, 169,457 Smackover Formation, 373-374, discovery well, 457 gas injection, 460 374,375,401,401 lithologic and petrophysical log, gravity drainage, 169, 527 solution, 4, 33, 36, 136, 154, 465 secondary, see Supplemental 379,380, 381 production, 457 recovery criteria for recognition, 379, regional map, 458 solution-gas, 177, 197, 243, 381 structure map, 459 259,279,292,311,457, origin of, 381 Poza Rica trend, Mexico, 458 527 solution enlargement, 272, Prethrocoprolithus, pellets, 330, water drive, 194, 197,230,321, 275, 276, 479, 480 335,337 427,460 Ste. Genevieve Formation, 218, Proto-South Atlantic, 475 Recovery efficiency, 1, 11, 12 223 Puckett Field, West Texas, 10, Recovery factor, see reservoir Strawn Formation, 234 21-36 summaries Tamabra Formation, 466, 466 columnar section, 23, 26, 29 Recrystallization, see Diagenesis Zechstein Main Dolomite, 257 core description, 26,27,29,31, Red River Formation (Ordovician), Porosity-permeability 34 41,61 characteristics cross-section, 22 Cabin Creek Field, 41 Arab Formation, 326, 338, 339 depositional model, 25 columnar section, 63 chalk, 502 discovery well, 21 depositional facies, 44, 50, 61 Cogollo Group, 416, 417, 422 reservoir summary, 19 disconformities, 44, 45 dolomite, 23,218,223,291, structure map, 22 fauna, 63 542 Punta Gorda Anhydrite general geology, 41, 61 Ekofisk Formation, 501 (Cretaceous), 447-448, 448 Killdeer Field, 61 Ellenburger Formation, 23, 26 Pennel Field, 73 grainstone, 257, 326, 335, 339, sedimentary features, 64 373,474 Qatar Arch, 428 source rocks, 41 Interlake Formation, 103 Qatif Field, Saudi Arabia, 321-339 stratigraphy, 74-75 James Formation, 492, 493, Arab-C zone, 323, 330-332, structure contours, 74 493-494 331,332,335,336 zones, A-D, 61 Kansas City Group, 245 Arab-D zone, 323, 324, 326 Reef reservoirs, see Reservoirs, Lansing Group, 245 discovery well, 321 reef Leadville Formation, 163 Fadhili reservoir, 322, 323 Reefs limestone, 245 Hadriya reservoir, 322 atoll, 147, 151,491 Subject Index 619
backreef, 434, 435-438,438 mesogenetic, 4 major aspects, 2 barrier reef, 269, 346 modified Type II-III, 64, 93, oolite sand, 107, 161,227,309, diagenetic, 143, 154-160 100, 101-104 319,341,407,443 fauna, 149 mounds, 4 origins, 4 forereef, 432-433, 434, 554 mudstone, dolomitized, 260, 261 peritidal, 59, 71, 85, 121, 161, near reef, 433, 434 nannoagorite, 567 175,251,297 patch, 267, 269,274, 487,492- oncolite, 480 pinnacle reef, 121, 141,547 493 oolite, 28, 109-110, 209, 216- porosity, 12 phylloid algal, 267 219 reef mound or bank, 107, 227, pinnacle, 10, 550-552 packstone, 167,168, 178, 197, 265,277,285,425 Devonian, 143-160 321, 324, 421, 435-440, sedimentary control of, 2 Guelph, 124-139 460 subaerial diagenetic terrane, 19, Niagaran, 123-139 dolomitized, 184-185,260, 39, 85, 121, 191,407 Silurian, 123-139 261 trends in development, 10 rudistid, 433-440, 451 pelecypod biostrome, 421 unconformity, 19,85, 121, 161, talus, 549 pisolite, 197 191,227,425 Reeves Field, Texas, 291-307 reefs, 4 Reynolds Oolite (Jurassic), 372 cross-section, 295 sands, 4 Rifted continental margin, 475, discovery well, 291 skeletal, 109, 390-391, 457 477 logs, 292, 296-297 Type I, 93 Rodessa Formation (Cretaceous), structure, 293, 294 Type II, 66, 93, 100, 101-104 488 Renault Sandstone (Mississippian), Type III/I, 100, 101-103 Rotliegendes Limestone (Permian), 210,213 wackestone, 324, 421 261,264 Reserves, see individual reservoir dolomitized, 182, 184 Rub Al Khali Basin, 427, 428, 429 summaries phylloid algal, 243 Ruff Formation, 124, 128, Reserves skeletal, 178, 179, 182, 198 137-138 in-place, 1 Reservoirs Rybaki Field, Poland, 253-264 recoverable, 8 Archie types, 85 discovery well, 253 world, 1 atoll reef, 485 porosity-permeability Reservoir facies carbonate sand, other than characteristics, 259 in Arab zones, 324-326, 330- oolitic, 39, 161, 175,239, production mechanism, 259 337 277,309,319,357,369, source rocks, 261 in Mishrif Formation, 435-440 407,413,495,547 Reservoir rocks chalk,495 boundstone, 440 classification, 4, 6 Sabkha, see Depositional breccia, 457 debris, 385, 455, 547 environments; Facies carbonate sand, 4, 209, 216-218 dedolomite (diagenetic St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands chalk, 4, 36, 497 limestone), 344 intrapisolite porosity, 203 change with time, 10 dolomite, 19,39,59,71,85, pisoiites, 203 classification, 4 107, 121, 141, 161, 175, skeletal sands, 202 comparison 207, 251, 289, 319, 357, weathering crusts, 203 resisti vity, 216 443, 455, 495, 525, 561 Ste. Genevieve Formation SP log expression, 216 fractured, non-tectonic, 19, 59, (Mississippian), 209-224 debris, 4, 10, 457, 468 71,85, 141, 161,525,547 core sequence, 214 dolomite, 11,41,61,163,209, fractured, tectonic, 19, 39, 71, cross-sections, 212 445, 450, 530, 535, 567 85, 141, 161, 175,227, dolomite, distribution, 212-213, calcitic, 567 289,425,495,511,525, 217 microcrystalline, 211, 216, 547 mudstone, thickness, 215 220-221 giant, 1,7,8, 10-11,21,321, oolite, thickness, 216 fractured, 4, 30, 35 409, 427, 457, 497, 513, rock types, productive, 209 grainstone, 197,229,321,350, 527 structure contours, 211 373, 440, 460 lagoonal muds, 341 St. Louis Limestone do10mitized, 321, 324, 359, limestone, 71, 104, 141, 191, (Mississippian), 210 460 207, 227, 239, 265, 277, St. Martin de Bossenay Field, oolitic, 257, 321, 371, 445, 289,309,313,341,369, France, 343,344 450,451 385,407,425,455,485, Salina Group (Silurian), 124, 126, limestone, II, 229, 243 495, 547 128 620 Subject Index
Salina Group (Silurian) (cant.) Seals, 231 as source rocks, 19,39,71,85, Bass Island Formation, 125 anhydrite, 59, 71, 121, 141, 107, 161, 175, 191,227, Cain Formation, 124, 125 157, 161, 175, 179, 185, 265,277,311,407,425, Clinton Formation, 125 191, 196, 197,204,251, 455,473,495,511,525, Guelph Formation, 125 319, 324, 369, 372, 443, 561 Lockport Formation, 125 450, 511 Shark Bay, Australia, 24 Maumee algal stroma~olite, 136 bituminous carbonates, 141 Shibikawa Formation, 565 Ruff Formation, 124, 125 black shale, 39 Shiloh Field, 391 Salt dolobiomicrite, 39 Silica cement, see Cement, silica bedded, 123, 128 dolomite, 161 Siliciclastics, 110 diapirs, 10, 165, 359, 430, 473, evaporite, 138, 143 Silicification, 171 482,491,497 grainstone, 239, 289, 309, 341, Silurian salt domes, 428, 430, 489, 491 369 Bass Island Formation, 126 salt pillows, 473 limestone, 59, 121, 161,357 Cain Formation, 124 salt ridge, 359 mudstone, 19,341,372,385, Chimney Hill Subgroup, 111 solution, penecontemporaneous 473 Clarita Formation, 111 deformation, 202 lime mudstone, 71, 207, 227, Clinton Formation, 128 Salt tectonics, 440 265,289,311,316,319, Cochrane Formation, III diapirism, 169,321,360,366, 443, 455, 473, 485 Henryhouse Formation, 110 390,391,428,430,441, mudstone-wackestone, 407 Hunton Group, 110 473, 482, 482, 483, 488 packstone, 175, 341 Interlake Formation, 41 effects on diagenesis, 364, 365, packstone-grainstone, 175 Salina Group, 124 366, 430, 482-483 sandstone, tight, 385 Silurian reservoirs effects on sedimentation, 391, shale, 19, 107, 196,204,227, Belle River Mills Field, 392, 430 243,265,277,283,309, 123-139 erosion due to, 430 311,316,357,359,385, Cabin Creek Field, 87-105 Hormuz Salt (Cambrian), 321, 407,425,441,485,497, Mt. Everette Field, 109-119 428,430 525 Southwest Reeding Field, Louann Salt (Triassic), 366, calcareous, 309, 485, 547 109-119 373, 388 siliceous, 561 Simpson Formation (Ordovician), near-surface diagenesis related wackestone, 107, 207, 227, 239, 23 to, 364,365 283,385 as seal, 37 paleohighs caused by, 364, 365, wackestone-packstone, 39 Sirte Basin, Libya, 10 366 Seberger Field, Kansas, 241-249 Slave Point Formation, 145, 157 salt domes, 428, 430, 489, discovery well, 241 Slump deposits, 30 497 productive zones, 243 Smackover Formation (Jurassic), salt-enhanced structure, 321 Sedimentary structures, 300 359, 371 salt piercement, 488 geopetal, 30, 47, 155, 552, 553 Chatom Field, 359 Zechstein Salt (Permian), 497 ripple laminae, 31, 49 Hico Knowles Field, 387 Samah Field, Libya, 10 spheroidal, 201 lithofacies, 388 San Andres Formation (Permian), see also Trace fossils microfacies, 359 291-307 Seismic record section Melvin Field, 403 San Felipe Formation (Coniacian• La Paz Field area, 414 Mt. Vernon Field, 371 Santonian), 467 Nido B Field, 551 paragenesis, 365 Santa Maria Valley, California, Seminole Southeast Field, 229-237 porosity-permeability 527 discovery well, 229 characteristics, 360, 373- fields, 527,528 log, 231 374,374, 375, 392, 401, Miocene-Pliocene stratigraphy, pay zones, 233 402 532 production, 230 Solution breccia, see Breccia, tectonic setting, 528 recovery, 230 solution Santiago Formation (Oxfordian), structure map, 230 Source rocks 467 Shale Bakken Shale (Devonian• Sasaoka Formation, 565 as seals, 19, 107, 196,204, Mississippian), 175, 188, Saudi Arabia 227, 243, 265, 277, 283, 191 Arab Formation (Jurassic), 331- 3i19, 311, 316, 357, 359, Cain Formation (Silurian), 121 339 38: , 407, 425, 441, 485, Campos Formation (Cretaceous), Qatif Field, 321-339 49~', 525, 547,552, 561 476,482 Subject Index 621
Carboniferous, Poland, 261 Southwest Reeding Field, Tamabra Limestone (Cretaceous), Cisco Formation 109-120, 11 1 457-468 (Pennsylvanian), 276 cross-section, 112 debris deposits in, 462, 463,467 Cretaceous shale, 407, 473 discovery well, 109 relationship to Golden Lane Devonian bituminous interreef Stony Mountain Shale, 66, 89 Trend, 458, 467 carbonates, 141 Stratigraphic traps, see Traps, stratigraphic framework, 461, Gurpi Formation (Eocene), 511, stratigraphic 467 515 Strawn Formation (Pennsylvanian), Tampico Embayment, Mexico, 458 Hanifa Formation (Jurassic), 319 229-237 Tarchaly Field, Poland, 253-264 Keg River Formation paleofacies, 231 discovery well, 253 (Devonian), 159-160 paleogeography, 230 source rocks, 261 Khatiyah Formation structure, 231 Tatum Basin, New Mexico, 279, (Cretaceous), 415, 431, 441 Stromatolites, see Algae 280 Kimmeridge Clay (Jurassic), Stromatoporoids, 127, 129-133, Tectonics, Pennsylvanian, 24 495, 505 143, 146, 149-150, 152- Tehze Pool, Rainbow Field, 157 La Luna Formation 153, 233 Tepusquet-Colson Canyon, (Cretaceous), 409, 418 Structural traps, see Traps, California, 538, 541 Leadville Formation structural Terra rossa, 30, 90, 104 (Mississippian), 172-173 Stylolites, 324, 335, 362, 378, Tertiary reservoirs, see Cenozoic Main Dolomite (Permian), 251 396,400,401,418,453, reservoirs Mississippian shale, 161 462, 463, 498, 500, 553 Texas Monterey Formation (Miocene), effects on reservoir properties, Blalock Lake East Field, 311 525 378 East Texas Basin, 487 Muskeg Formation (Devonian), microstylolites, 361, 361, 376, Fairway Field, 487 160 377,419 Midland Basin, 311 Pabdeh Formation (Eocene), 515 Subaerial diagenetic terrane Puckett Field, 21 Pennsylvanian shales, 227, 265, reservoirs, see Reservoirs, Reeves Field, 291 277 subaerial diagenetic terrane Seminole Southeast Field, 229 Red River Formation Subaerial diagenetic terranes, 4, Thalassinoides, see Trace fossils (Ordovician), 59, 71 21,30,32,33,36,95, Thamama Group (Cretaceous), 431 Ruff Formation (Silurian), 121 105-106, 124, 128, 133, Tidal channels, 30, 31, 33 Salina Group (Silurian), 121 136, 249, 275, 283, 296, levee deposits, 30, 31 San Andres Formation basinal 366,437,483,492 Tidal flats, see Depositional equivalents (Permian), 289 Sulecin Field, Poland, 253-264 environment Santiago Formation (Jurassic), discovery well, 253 Tidalites, see Facies 455 porosity-permeability Tobosa Basin, Texas, 22, 24 Simpson Formation characteristics, 259 Tor Formation (Maastrichtian), (Ordovician), 19 production mechanism, 259 497 Smackover Formation (Jurassic), source rocks, 261 Townsend Field, New Mexico, 357 Sulphur Point Formation, 145, 269, 287,315 Sunniland Limestone 157 Trace fossils (Cretaceous), 443, 448-449 Sunniland Field, Florida, 445- bores, 46, 47 Sylvan Shale (Ordovician), 107, 454 burrows, 46, 48, 49, 62-69, 93, 114 cross-section, 451 128, 133-135, 137 Tuwaiq Mt. Formation discovery well, 445 annelid, 498 (Jurassic), 319 structure, 449, 450 Chondrites, 63, 64, 67 Winnipeg Shale (Ordovician), Sunniland Limestone (Cretaceous), Thalassinoides, 63, 64, 67 39,41,85 445,447, 449 Zoophycos, 498 Woodford Shale (Devonian• Supplemental recovery Traps Mississippian), 107, 114 gas injection, 460 diagenetic, 36, 59, 181, 189, South American Plate secondary, 210, 230 196,207,209,357,369, Campos Basin, 473 solvent flood, 143 371,473 Maracaibo Basin, 409 waterflood, 42, 73, 87, 143, leakage, 156, 160 South Florida Basin, 445, 446 210,230,427,460 stratigraphic, 107, 121, 141, South State Line Field, Alabama, Sylvan Shale (Ordovician), 109, 156, 181, 189, 196, 197, 359 114 209,224,227, 229, 265, South Tyler Field, East Texas, 492 Syringopora, 127 309, 369, 547 622 Subject Index
Traps, (cont.) fusulinid-crinoid, 284 Williston Basin, 10, 41, 42, 73, structural, 2, 19,21,41,73-74, lime, 462 87, 177-179, 193-205 87, 161, 173, 189, 196, phylloid algal, 227, 233, 243 Cabin Creek Field, 41, 87, 88 197, 209, 229, 243, 251, pisolitic, 191 Glenburn Field, 193 280,319,321,343,359, rudistid, 485 Killdeer Field, 61 389-390, 425, 466-467, as seal, 39, 107, 207, 227, 239, Little Knife Field, 177 488,495,511,525,527, 283,385 Mississippian, 73, 87 541,561,565 skeletal, 59, 107, 175, 178, Ordovician, 73, 87 structural-stratigraphic, 39, 59, 179,182, 198,247,274, Pennel Field, 41, 73 71,85, 175, 191,207,239, 289 Silurian, 73, 87 277,289,341,357,385, wackestone-packstone, 161, 175, structure, 42, 178, 195 407, 443, 455, 473, 485 239,265,407,511 Wills Creek Field, Montana, 87, Tres Hermanos Field, Mexico, 460 Walker Creek Field, Arkansas, 101 Tubiphytes, 271,273,274,283, 402,403, 404 Winnipeg Shale (Ordovician), 41, 311-316\ 313,398, 399 Wasson Field, Texas, 294 75 Tuwaiq Mt. Formation (Jurassic), Water Wolfcampian 323 connate saturation, 103-104 cross-section, 270 epeiric, 94-95 Morton Field, 279 "free" water level, 74, 104 North Anderson Ranch Field, Ultimate recovery efficiency, II gravity seepage, 69, 154 267 see also Recovery ground water, 33 paleogeography efficiency meteoric recharge, 94, 136, 364, New Mexico, southeast, 268 Unconformity 440 West Texas, 268 Cenomanian, 441 mixing zone, 33, 67-68, Wolfcamp-A zone, 311 Devonian, 109, 112-114 117-119 Woodford Shale (Devonian• diagenetic dolomite, 119 phreatic, 67-68, 229, 234 Mississippian), 109-110, mid-Silurian, 124, 136 salina, 94-95 112-113, 119 Mississippian-Devonian, 169 vadose, 197, 202, 229, 234 reservoirs associated, 19, 85, Waterflooding, see Recovery 121, 161, 191,227,425 mechanisms Yates Formation (Permian), 201 Silurian-Devonian, 101 Watt Mountain Formation Yeoman Formation (Ordovician), Unconformity reservoirs, see (Devonian), 145, 146, 157 66 Reservoirs, unconformity Werra Anhydrite, 254 Upper Keg River Formation, 145 Wescott Field, Texas, 230 Utah, Northwest Lisbon Field, West Cat Canyon Field, California, Zagros Mountains, Iran 163-173 527-545 anticlines, 515 cross-section, 530 foothills, 513 discovery well, 527 oil fields, 514 Vadose, see Diagenesis, vadose; gravity, 543 stratigraphy, 517 Water log, 528, 531 Zechstein Limestone (Permian), Venezuela petroleum migration, 540 261,264 Cretaceous stratigraphy, 411 production in Monterey Zechstein Main Dolomite La Paz Field, 409 Formation, 527 (Permian), 253-264 Vermiporella, 63 reservoir engineering, 541- cross-section, 263, 264 542 grainstone facies, 253 stratigraphy, 532 oolitic facies, 254 Wackestone, 324, 421 structure map, 529 paleogeography, 254 bioturbated, 233 traps, 527 porosity, average, 259 burrowed, 59 West Felda Field, Florida, 445 source rocks, 261 crinoid-bryozoan, 121 West Florida Escarpment, 445, stratigraphy, 254 dolomitized, 175, 182, 184, 446 structure, 263 262,263,289,306,561 Wiley Field, North Dakota, 193 Zechstein Salt (Permian), 497