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Recognition and Significance of Upper Devonian Fluvial, Estuarine, and Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Nearshore Marine Facies in the GEOSPHERE, V

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Recognition and Significance of Upper Devonian Fluvial, Estuarine, and Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Nearshore Marine Facies in the GEOSPHERE, V Research Paper THEMED ISSUE: The Growth and Evolution of North America: Insights from the EarthScope Project GEOSPHERE Recognition and significance of Upper Devonian fluvial, estuarine, and mixed siliciclastic-carbonate nearshore marine facies in the GEOSPHERE, v. 15, no. 5 San Juan Mountains (southwestern Colorado, USA): Multiple incised https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02085.1 16 figures; 3 tables; 1 set of supplemental files valleys backfilled by lowstand and transgressive systems tracts James E. Evans1, Joshua T. Maurer1,2, and Christopher S. Holm-Denoma3 CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] 1Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA 2Carmeuse Lime and Stone Company, 6104 Grand Avenue, Suite B, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15225, USA CITATION: Evans, J.E., Maurer, J.T., and Holm- 3Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA Denoma, C.S., 2019, Recognition and significance of Upper Devonian fluvial, estuarine, and mixed siliciclastic- carbonate nearshore marine facies in the ■ ABSTRACT Allen and Posamentier, 1993; Catuneanu, 2006) and transgressive estuarine San Juan Mountains (southwestern Colorado, USA): Multiple incised valleys backfilled by lowstand and depositional systems (Cotter and Driese, 1998; Fischbein et al., 2009; Ainsworth transgressive systems tracts: Geosphere, v. 15, no. 5, The Upper Devonian Ignacio Formation (as stratigraphically revised) com- et al., 2011) in evaluating relative sea-level changes and the influence of allo- p. 1479–1507, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02085.1. prises a transgressive, tide-dominated estuarine depositional system in the genic controlling variables (eustasy, tectonics, and sediment supply). In outcrop San Juan Mountains (Colorado, USA). The unit backfills at least three bedrock studies, the recognition of paleovalleys is complicated by available exposure Science Editor: David E. Fastovsky paleovalleys (10–30 km wide and 42 m deep) with a consistent stratigraphy versus the scale of the features. Similarly, estuarine facies may be difficult to Guest Associate Editor: Steven Whitmeyer ≥ of tidally influenced fluvial, bayhead-delta, central estuarine-basin, mixed tid- recognize because of lateral variability and extent, compared again to available Received 15 November 2018 al-flat, and estuarine-mouth tidal sandbar deposits. Paleovalleys were oriented exposure. This study presents a new, integrated interpretation of the Upper Revision received 23 May 2019 northwest while longshore transport was to the north. The deposits represent Devonian sedimentary record for the southern Rocky Mountains based upon Accepted 17 July 2019 Upper Devonian lowstand and transgressive systems tracts. The overlying a depositional systems analysis of the Ignacio Formation. Upper Devonian Elbert Formation (upper member) consists of geographically There have been significant disagreements about the age, stratigraphy, and Published online 9 August 2019 extensive tidal-flat deposits and is interpreted as mixed siliciclastic-carbonate depositional environments of the Ignacio Formation in the San Juan Moun- bay-fill facies that represents an early highstand systems tract. Stratigraphic tains of southwestern Colorado, USA (Fig. 1). The unit has been variously revision of the Ignacio Formation includes reassigning the basal conglomerate considered Cambrian or Devonian (Fig. 2), and depositional interpretations to the East Lime Creek Conglomerate, recognizing an unconformity sepa- have ranged from shallow marine (Barnes, 1954; Baars, 1965; Baars and See, rating these two units, and incorporating strata previously mapped as the 1968) to colluvial fans, braided streams, lagoon-tidal flat, and marine shelf McCracken Sandstone Member (Elbert Formation) into the Ignacio Formation. deposits (Wiggin, 1987) to estuarine and tidal-flat deposits (Maurer and Evans, The Ignacio Formation was previously interpreted as Cambrian, but evidence 2011, 2013; McBride, 2016a). Key to understanding the geologic history of the that it is Devonian includes reexamined fossil data and detrital zircon U-Pb study area are four significant modifications of existing stratigraphic relation- geochronology. The Ignacio Formation has a stratigraphic trend of detrital ships introduced in a companion paper (Evans and Holm-Denoma, 2018) and zircon ages shifting from a single ca. 1.7 Ga age peak to bimodal ca. 1.4 Ga discussed further in this report. and ca. 1.7 Ga age peaks, which represents local source-area unroofing history. First, an enigmatic conglomeratic unit locally overlying Proterozoic base- Specifically, the upper plate of a Proterozoic thrust system (ca. 1.7 Ga Twilight ment rocks and typically considered part of the overlying Ignacio Formation Gneiss) was eroded prior to exposure of the lower plate (ca. 1.4 Ga Uncom- (Baars, 1966; Baars and See, 1968; Wiggin, 1987; Campbell and Gonzales, pahgre Formation). These results are a significant alternative interpretation 1996; Thomas, 2007) has been proposed as a new stratigraphic unit, the East of the geologic history of the southern Rocky Mountains. Lime Creek Conglomerate (Evans and Holm-Denoma, 2018). The East Lime Creek Conglomerate is 0–23 m thick, consists of cobble-boulder conglom- erate and thin interbedded sandstone, and has buttressing relationships to ■ INTRODUCTION the underlying Proterozoic rocks interpreted as paleo–sea cliffs, paleo–wave- cut platforms, and paleo-tombolos. The unit has been interpreted as a rocky This paper is published under the terms of the Over the past several decades there has been increasing recognition of the shoreline depositional system composed of upper shoreface-beachface tabular CC-BY-NC license. significance of incised valley fills (Vail et al., 1977; Van Waggoner et al., 1990; cobble-boulder gravels and offshore subaqueous debris-flow deposits (Evans © 2019 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 15 | Number 5 Evans et al. | Upper Devonian incised valley sequences, southern Rocky Mountains Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/15/5/1479/4831251/1479.pdf 1479 by guest on 28 September 2021 Research Paper 107o45′W 107°30′W Ti PP 550 Tv Silverton K JTR PP Ti MDC Pg 18 17 + Study o Ti + + 37 45′N 15 16 N area JTR 14 + 13+ + + 10+ 12 + + + 9 11 PP 7 8 + + + + + 6 + + + + Neogene + Tv volcanic rocks + + + + + + + + PCu + + + Neogene + + + + + + Ti Ti intrusive rocks MDC + + + + + + + + + + Paleogene + + PP + Pg sedimentary rocks + + + + + MDC + 1 5 2 Cretaceous + + + + K 4 + + sedimentary rocks 3 + Triassic-Jurassic JTR sedimentary rocks 550 PP JTR Pennsylvanian--Permian JTR PP sedimentary rocks JTR K Cambrian--Mississippian K MDC sedimentary rocks + + Proterozoic igneous Pg 160 PCu and metamorphic rocks Durango + + 37o15′N Stratigraphic section 10 km locations in Figures 3 9 and 15 Figure 1. Location map showing the study area in southwestern Colorado (USA) and locations of measured sections (numbers refer to sections in Table 1 and Figs. 3 and 15). Locations without numbers were used for samples, paleocurrents, and additional observations but not measured sections. Regional geology is modified from Steven et al. (1977) and Evans and Reed (2007). GEOSPHERE | Volume 15 | Number 5 Evans et al. | Upper Devonian incised valley sequences, southern Rocky Mountains Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/15/5/1479/4831251/1479.pdf 1480 by guest on 28 September 2021 Research Paper Cooper (1955) Knight and (2018) Holm-Denoma Evans and (1905a) Cross et al. Fisher (1957) Rhodes and Knight (1957) Baars and See (1968) Baars and (1996) Gonzales Campbell & Evans (2007) (2016a) McBride (1954) Barnes Schematic section Ouray Limestone (Dyer Formation) Unit C upper mbr. upper mbr. upper mbr. upper mbr. upper mbr. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Elbert Fm. Unit B Upper Devonian SS Mbr. McCr. SS Mbr. McCr. SS Mbr. McCr. SS Mbr. McCr. SS Mbr. McCr. Lower Devonian(?) Figure 2. Stratigraphic nomenclature chart showing redefinition of the Ignacio Upper Cambrian-- Formation and the recently recognized Lower Ordovician Devonian age of the unit (from Evans and Spud Hill Mbr. Holm-Denoma, 2018). Abbreviations used: Fm.—Formation; Mbr.—Member; Cgl.— Stag Mesa Mbr. Upper Cambrian Conglomerate; W.S. Mbr.—”Weasel Skin Ignacio Quartzite Ignacio Quartzite Ignacio Quartzite Ignacio Quartzite Ignacio Quartzite Ignacio Formation Ignacio Formation Ignacio Quartzite Ignacio Formation Ignacio Formation Member” (never formally proposed); McCr. SS Mbr.—McCracken Sandstone Member. Proterozoic See text for details. igneous and metamorphic Tamarron Mbr. Tamarron rocks conglomerate sandstone siltstone and mudstone Mbr. S. W. unnamed unnamed East Lime cgl. unit formation Creek Cgl. carbonates Proterozoic Uncompahgre Formation, Twilight Gneiss, granite and Holm-Denoma, 2018). Because of poor age constraints, the age of the unit phengite prior to deposition of the overlying units. Finally, erosional reworking was previously considered Neoproterozoic–Cambrian (Wiggin, 1987; Camp- of the top of the unit is indicated by rare sericite-cemented sandstone clasts bell, 1994a, 1994b; Condon, 1995; Gonzales et al., 2004; Evans, 2007; McBride, incorporated into the overlying Devonian units (Evans and Holm- Denoma, 2018). 2016a), although Spoelhof (1976) and Wiggin (1987) proposed that it might Third, although many previous workers have considered the age of the be
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