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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St "ALAMKARASASTRA" AND MEDIEVAL RHETORIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Tripp, Susan Jane, 1936- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 10:20:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290438 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. 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It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 77-20,622 TRIPP, Susan Jane, 1936^ ALitylKARASASTRA AND MEDIEVAL BTETORIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1977 Literature, Asian Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 @ 1977 SUSAN JANE TRIPP ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ALAMKARASASTRA AND MEDIEVAL RHETORIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY by Susan Jane Tripp A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1977 Copyright 1977 Susan Jane Tripp THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Susan Jane Tripp entitled AlarnkJaradastva and Medieval Rhetoric: A Comparative « Study be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy V^/77 Dissertation Director Date As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. /chinu-' •— 77 "Y\ Az/??- r (JIf- fli Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Like every author, I owe a great debt to many people -- friends, teachers, colleagues -- whose influence has contributed to my work in ways so numerous and so varied that I cannot thank them individually. But I wish especially to acknowledge those whose contributions have made this study what it is. To my advisor, Professor Anoop Chandola of the Oriental Studies Department at The University of Arizona I owe the suggestion, which led to the thesis that I argue here, that the Sanskrit alarpk&ras are universal forms to be found in any literature Western or Eastern. His criticism of the work at every stage, especially regarding Sanskrit sources and linguistics, was invaluable. From many conversa­ tions about problems of style and translation with his wife, Sudha Chan­ dola, I derived certain general reflections which have been of heuristic value. Professor George B. Fowler, Professor of History, Emeritus, University of Pittsburgh (University Professor of History at The Univer­ sity of Arizona, 1970-1973) encouraged my long-standing interest in the thought of Ananda Coomaraswamy. In addition, he offered guidance to medieval sources and read the manuscript carefully, providing many help­ ful corrections and suggestions. Professor Richard Jensen of the Clas­ sics Department at The University of Arizona checked the classical quotations and offered valuable advice about certain points of organiza­ tion. To my husband, Professor Raymond P. Tripp, Jr., of the English Department at the University of Denver, I owe much of the knowledge of iii iv medieval literature, and of critical theory, which I brought to this study. Without his patience and generosity throughout the process of research and writing I could not have brought this work to completion TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 The Reputation of Sanskrit Poetics 2 Sanskrit Poetics in Relation to Its Cultural Tradition . 6 The Resemblance between Sanskrit Poetics and Western Rhetoric 8 Discussions about the Nature of Figures of Speech .... 14 Poetic Imagination and the Evolution of Consciousness . 23 Traditional Theories of Literature as Stages in the Process of Internalization 33 Summary 38 2. THE ROOTS 42 The Nirukta's Treatment of Upam'CL 44 Panini's Discussion of Figurative Language 55 Parallel Evidence from Early Greek Sources 60 Aristotle 66 The Use of Upama and Rupaka in the Vedanta Sutras .... 74 A Glance at the Later Classical Tradition 79 Summary 83 3. LATER EVOLUTION 84 Contrasting Historical Development 85 Other Analogous Divisions of Subject Matter 90 Relationship of Poetics to Grammar and Logic 91 Treatment of Aesthetic Questions 103 Vakrokti and the Nature of Poetic Diction 108 Summary 110 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 4. FIGURES OF SPEECH 112 Phonemic Repetitions 114 Anuprasa or Alliteration 114 Chekanuprasa or Metathetic Alliteration 115 Yamaka 117 Morphemic Repetitions 131 Of Homonyms: Punaruktabhasa and avrtti 131 Dipaka or Zeugma 135 Latanicprasa 141 Ekavali or Gradatio 147 Sara 150 Yathasaivkhya 152 Mala and Samsvsti 155 Samsvsti or Samkara 157 » • » * * j # Allegory., Samasokti, Aprastutaprasarpsa, and Anyokti . 168 Bhavika 171 Summary 178 5. ATISAYOKTI AND HYPERBOLE 180 Summary 194 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 195 The Concern with Figuration 195 The Origin and Nature of Figures of Speech Poetic Diction and the Evolution of Consciousness .... 201 Homology, Likeness, and Comparison 205 The Limits of Creativity 208 Poetry and Knowledge 211 Truth and Exaggeration 215 The Concensus of Tradition 218 REFERENCES 222 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Alamkaras of Bharata, Bhamaha, Dandin, and Udbhata .... 88 2. Distribution of Discussions of Mala 157 3. Distribution of Discussions of Atisayokti 190 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Rhymed Picture-poem from John of Garland's Parisiana poetvia (Lawler 1974, p. 118) 122 viii ABSTRACT Previous studies of alamkavasastra or Sanskrit poetics are unsatisfactory for two related reasons. First, many evaluate it nega­ tively using contemporary standards of taste and modern theories about the process of literary creation. Secondly, even sympathetic studies interpret alamkarasastva narrowly in relation to Sanskrit grammar and literature. Testing Ananda Coomaraswamy's contention that traditional India presents a national aspect of a once-universal Traditional culture embracing medieval Europe as well, this dissertation recognizes the need to establish a neutral context of comparison permitting a re-evaluation of alamkarasastra by standards less parochial than previous researchers employ. It finds that context in the concept, advanced by a number of seminal thinkers of the twentieth century, of the evolution of human consciousness through the development of cultures over time. Specifi­ cally, it integrates Owen Barfield's, Carl Jung's, and C. S. Lewis' explanations, borrowing Lewis' term internalization and Jung's with­ drawal of projections. Chapter 1 argues that Sanskrit critics consid­ ered figurative language the distinguishing characteristic of poetry because in the earliest, sacred
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