DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sexual Economy of War: Regulation of Sexuality and the U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Sexual Economy of War: Regulation of Sexuality and the U.S The Sexual Economy of War: Regulation of Sexuality and the U.S. Army, 1898-1940 by John Andrew Byers Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Alex Roland, Supervisor ___________________________ William Chafe ___________________________ Nancy MacLean ___________________________ Peter Sigal ___________________________ Dirk Bönker Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 ABSTRACT The Sexual Economy of War: Regulation of Sexuality and the U.S. Army, 1898-1940 by John Andrew Byers Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Alex Roland, Supervisor ___________________________ William Chafe ___________________________ Nancy MacLean ___________________________ Peter Sigal ___________________________ Dirk Bönker An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by John Andrew Byers 2012 Abstract The United States began to look beyond its continental boundaries and acquire a new, far-flung empire in the late nineteenth century. Two decades later, a national draft and mobilization program brought millions of men into the army when the United States intervened in the First World War. The U.S. Army also experienced several major changes in the first four decades of the twentieth century, including massive growth in the size of the army’s forces, changes in the demographics of soldiers and a related effort “Americanize” the army, and increased professionalization and internal reform as the army attempted to improve its performance and increase its standing in the nation. Along with these changes came the efforts of influential Progressive social and moral reformers who sought to reform the U.S. Army and inculcate newly enlisted soldiers with middle-class values and behavior. Over time, army leaders and War Department officials found that they needed to address the perennial set of problems that soldiers’ sexual relationships created for the army and its new long-term missions in Asia and Europe. While the U.S Army was initially interested in the sex lives of soldiers primarily for utilitarian reasons, it eventually assumed an institutional interest in cultivating particular kinds of masculine identities for soldiers. This dissertation explores how the U.S. Army of the early twentieth century conceived of a host of issues related to sexuality: marriage and family life, prostitution iv and venereal disease, rape and sexual violence, same-sex sexuality, and conceptions of masculinity, among others. It examines how the army sought to regulate and shape the sexual behaviors of soldiers and the civilians with whom they came into sexual contact. The sexual cultures, practices, and behaviors of soldiers and their partners, along with the U.S. Army’s efforts to regulate their sexuality, constitute what it describes as the “sexual economy of war.” This dissertation argues that the U.S. Army first attempted to gain control of almost all aspects of soldiers’ sexuality and then tried to carefully manage and regulate that sexual economy to best fulfill the army’s missions. The army suppressed soldiers’ sexual behaviors and expressions that it perceived as running counter to the good of the service or creating inefficiencies. It encouraged those aspects of sexual identity that the army believed benefited the service – for instance, hypermasculine demeanor and actions – eventually purging soldiers who engaged in same-sex sexual activities because these practices became linked with effeminacy and mental disorders and producing a set of militant masculinities among soldiers. These issues are explored through five case studies of specific time periods and geographic areas: Fort Riley in Kansas from 1898-1940; the Philippines from 1898-1918; Camp Beauregard in Louisiana, 1917-1919; the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in France and the American Forces in Germany (AFG), 1917-1923; and Hawaii, 1909-1940. The army’s new position in American society, especially after World War I, and its overseas operations opened up a host of new and different kinds of sexual politics, v possibilities, and relationships for all those touched by the U.S. Army’s regulation of sexuality. vi Dedication To Elizabeth, the love of my life vii Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................xiv Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 The United States Army and Sexuality ............................................................................. 10 The United States in the Progressive Era .......................................................................... 26 The U.S. Army and the Sexual Economy of War ............................................................. 41 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................ 48 Dissertation Overview and Organization ......................................................................... 53 Chapter One: “Conduct of a Nature to Bring Discredit upon the Military Service”: The Regulation of Sexuality at Fort Riley, Kansas, 1898-1940 ...................................................... 58 Introduction: Fort Riley from the Spanish-American War through the Interwar Years ................................................................................................................................................. 58 Military Justice at Fort Riley ............................................................................................... 64 Lesser Criminal Offenses ..................................................................................................... 68 Marriage and Family Life at Fort Riley ............................................................................. 76 The Family Life of Officers .................................................................................................. 80 The Family Life of Enlisted Men ........................................................................................ 84 Sexual Propriety and Harassment ..................................................................................... 87 Venereal Disease at Fort Riley ............................................................................................ 91 viii Sodomy and Homosexuality .............................................................................................. 94 Sexual Violence toward Women ...................................................................................... 109 The Sexual Economy of War at Fort Riley ...................................................................... 117 Chapter Two: “Benevolent Assimilation” and the Dangers of the Tropics: The Sexual Economy of War during the American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898-1918 ......... 124 Introduction: Benevolent Assimilation and Tropical Dangers for American Manhood ............................................................................................................................................... 124 U.S. Military Occupation and Prostitution in the Philippines ..................................... 134 Domestic Responses to Army-Regulated Prostitution .................................................. 141 Attempts to Contain and Eliminate Prostitution ........................................................... 154 The Problem of Venereal Disease in the Army .............................................................. 159 Military Justice and Venereal Disease in the Philippines ............................................. 167 Same-Sex Sexual Activity in the Philippines .................................................................. 171 Romantic Relationships, Marriage, and Family Life in the Philippines ..................... 176 African-American Soldiers in the Philippines ................................................................ 183 The Philippines and the Sexual Economy of War .......................................................... 187 Chapter Three: “Come Back Clean”: Camp Beauregard and the Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA) in Louisiana, 1917-1919 ................................................................ 191 Introduction: Progressivism, the Social Purity Movement, and the American War Effort in World War I ......................................................................................................... 191 The Creation of the Commission on Training Camp Activities .................................. 197 CTCA Policies and Practices ............................................................................................. 203 Camp Beauregard
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2014 Festival Catalog
    welcome For many years, we have worked together to build places for exploring the erotic, for meeting Eros, within ourselves and others. And we have seen the transformation that happens when people are allowed (encouraged) to encounter and Reveal true, authentic selves. We have built places that not only tolerate who we really are, but go further and accept who we are. And go further even, and celebrate our true essence. How can we know, really know, who we are if we keep so much hidden? How can we move freely, heartily through life while carrying the burdens of “unspeakable” secrets? We cannot fully love and profoundly affect our world, until we have met our real selves. And so, we offer Reveal as a promise and an invitation. Let us show you who we are, and perhaps you will reveal yourselves to us, too. We would be honored. Through art, let us reveal to you some possibilities. Let our artists lay a welcome mat; come explore–the light & dark, the soft & hard, the profane & profound. Stare, gawk, study, giggle. Stay as long as you dare, dare yourself to stay longer–past comfort, and back again. We bring you Seattle Erotic Art Festival to use as your bridge to authentic selves. Reveal. Because Eros’s love is in you, and we want you to know it. Through art, let us meet each other, and ourselves. With love and honor, Sophia Iannicelli and Leila Anasazi Seattle Erotic Art Festival 2014 ii juried exhibition juried exhibition The Festival is known worldwide for its comprehensive collection of international fine art celebrating the diversity of human sexual expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Chaucer and Bawdy
    Chaucer and Bawdy G. R. Simes RANCE. Had you committed the act you wouldn't now be facing the charge. PRENTICE. I couldn't commit the act. I'm a heterosexual. RANCE. I wish you wouldn't use these Chaucerian words. It's most confusing. Joe Onon, What the Butler Saw (1969), p. 55. The reputation of a medieval poet is such that a successful dramatist of the 1960s could rely on the mere mention of his name to convey to the audience of the play the ideas of naughtiness and bawdy. Presumably the expansion of senior-secondary and tertiary education after World War II, the gradual relaxation of sexual mores, and the ready availability of a lively translation of the Canterbury Tales had all been factors_ that contributed to a popular dissemination of Chaucer's reputation for bawdiness. If that is so, it occurred in the absence of scholarly activity and interest in the topic. It is true that Chaucer shares with Shakespeare the singular honour of having a book devoted to his bawdy; yet that book was published as recently as 1972 and, modelling itself on Partridge's pioneering work on Shakespeare, takes the form of discursive glosses, apart from a brief, conceptually uncritical introduction. I In general, before the later 1960s, while many medievalists privately took pleasure in Chaucer's treatment of sexual and excretory matters, they did not write upon this aspect of his work with the same unembarrassed candour that the poet himself had shown. Among general readers this aspect of Chaucer, and to an extent Chaucer's very name, was very often an occasion for sniggering.
    [Show full text]
  • The Armored Infantry Rifle Company
    POWER AT THE PENTAGON-byPENTAGON4y Jack Raymond NIGHT DROP-The American Airborne Invasion $6.50 of Normandy-by S. 1.L. A. Marshall The engrossing story of one of 'thethe greatest power Preface by Carl Sandburg $6.50 centers thethe world has ever seen-how it came into Hours before dawn on June 6, 1944, thethe American being, and thethe people who make it work. With the 82dB2d and 1101Olst st Airborne Divisions dropped inin Normandy awesome expansion of military power in,in the interests behind Utah Beach. Their mission-to establish a firm of national security during the cold war have come foothold for the invading armies. drastic changes inin the American way of life. Mr. What followed isis one of the great and veritable Raymond says, "in the process we altered some of stories of men at war. Although thethe German defenders our traditionstraditions inin thethe military, in diplomacy, in industry, were spread thin, thethe hedgerow terrain favored them;them; science, education, politics and other aspects of our and the American successes when they eventually did society." We have developed military-civilian action come were bloody,bloody.- sporadic, often accidential. Seldom programs inin he farfar corners of the globe. Basic Western before have Americans at war been so starkly and military strategy depends upon decisions made in candidly described, in both theirtheir cowardice and theirtheir America. Uncle Sam, General Maxwell Taylor has courage. said, has become a world-renowned soldier in spite In these pages thethe reader will meet thethe officers whowho of himself. later went on to become our highest miliary com-com­ DIPLOMAT AMONG WARRIOR5-byWARRI0R-y Robert manders in Korea and after: J.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Jeffrey Wayne Parker 2013
    Copyright by Jeffrey Wayne Parker 2013 The Dissertation Committee for Jeffrey Wayne Parker Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Empire’s Angst: The Politics of Race, Migration, and Sex Work in Panama, 1903-1945 Committee: Frank A. Guridy, Supervisor Philippa Levine Minkah Makalani John Mckiernan-González Ann Twinam Empire’s Angst: The Politics of Race, Migration, and Sex Work in Panama, 1903-1945 by Jeffrey Wayne Parker, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2013 Dedication To Naoko, my love. Acknowledgements I have benefitted greatly from a wide ensemble of people who have made this dissertation possible. First, I am deeply grateful to my adviser, Frank Guridy, who over many years of graduate school consistently provided unwavering support, needed guidance, and inspiration. In addition to serving as a model historian and mentor, he also read countless drafts, provided thoughtful insights, and pushed me on key questions and concepts. I also owe a major debt of gratitude to another incredibly gifted mentor, Ann Twinam, for her stalwart support, careful editing, and advice throughout almost every stage of this project. Her diligent commitment to young scholars immeasurably improved my own writing abilities and professional development as a scholar. John Mckiernan-González was also an enthusiastic advocate of this project who always provided new insights into how to make it better. Philippa Levine and Minkah Makalani also carefully read the dissertation, provided constructive insights, edited chapters, and encouraged me to develop key aspects of the project.
    [Show full text]
  • The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900
    07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 1 11/19/08 12:53:03 PM 07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 2 11/19/08 12:53:04 PM The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900 prepared by LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory This essay reflects the views of the author alone and does not necessarily imply concurrence by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) or any other organization or agency, public or private. About the Author LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D., is on the Principal Professional Staff of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and a member of the Strategic Assessments Office of the National Security Analysis Department. He retired from a 24-year career in the Army after serving as an infantry officer and war planner and is a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. Dr. Leonhard is the author of The Art of Maneuver: Maneuver-Warfare Theory and AirLand Battle (1991), Fighting by Minutes: Time and the Art of War (1994), The Principles of War for the Informa- tion Age (1998), and The Evolution of Strategy in the Global War on Terrorism (2005), as well as numerous articles and essays on national security issues. Foreign Concessions and Spheres of Influence China, 1900 Introduction The summer of 1900 saw the formation of a perfect storm of conflict over the northern provinces of China. Atop an anachronistic and arrogant national government sat an aged and devious woman—the Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Feminist Views of the Fallen Woman: From Hrotsvit of Gandersheim to Rebecca Prichard Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vz696r6 Author McCue, Lauren Gray Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Feminist Views of the Fallen Woman: From Hrotsvit of Gandersheim to Rebecca Prichard DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Drama by Lauren Gray McCue Dissertation Committee: Professor Bryan Reynolds, Chair Professor Ketu H. Katrak Professor Emily Roxworthy Professor Mark Le Vine Professor Anthony Kubiak 2015 DEDICATION For my parents who taught me the value of education and encouraged my insatiable curiosity and Adam whose brilliance and steadfast belief in my work gave me the strength to bring my project to fruition ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii CURRICULUM VITAE viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION x INTRODUCTION: Representations of gender based violence and prostitution 1 (forced and consensual) in western theatre I. Where are the women playwrights?: western plays about prostitution pre-1970s 2 II. Where are the women playwrights?: western plays about prostitution and sex work 4 post-1970s III. Marriage and pornography as prostitution 10 IV. Approaching the millennium: gender based violence in American and British plays 15 of the 1990s V. 2000 and beyond: gender based violence in performance 18 VI. Chapter Outline 19 Notes 29 Figures 33 CHAPTER 1: Containment strategies and outrageous myths: the prostitution problem and the emergence of the theatrical figure of the white slave I.
    [Show full text]
  • (2) Sexuality, Obscenity, and Genre in the Merchant's Tale
    The Merchant’s Tale (2) Sexuality, Obscenity, and Genre in the Merchant’s Tale: The Case of Fabliau Marie Turner An essay chapter from the Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales (September 2018) The Merchant’s Tale is often considered to be one of the masterpieces of the Canterbury Tales. A lowbrow story told in a high rhetorical style, the tale’s richly allusive fabric interweaves sources and analogues both classical and biblical, Latin, French, and Italian, as well as self-reflexively referencing other parts of the Canterbury Tales; in the Merchant’s Tale, perhaps, we can see the man behind the curtain, the poet Chaucer at work. But in addition to all this high style and erudition, the Merchant’s Tale also has something of a reputation for crude and obscene content: the elderly bachelor Januarie seeks out a much younger bride, May, and, after a series of perhaps less-than-erotic romps, introduces her to a purpose-built sex garden where he hopes they will engage in those acts which are “nat doon abedde” (MerT 2051). Throwing a wrench in the works is May, who naturally has fallen in love with Damyan, a young squire in her household, with whom she hatches a plan to cuckold her husband, now blind. May copies the key to the garden and lets Damyan inside, where he lies in wait in a convenient pear tree. When May declares herself to have a craving for pears, Januarie delightedly assumes that his wife is pregnant and rushes to assist her in climbing the tree in search of the fruit which will satisfy her desire.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Prostitution in Hawaii Presented by Carter Churchfield and Tracy Ryan for the January 9, 2018 Conference “Deconstructing Sex Work and Sex Trafficking”
    A History of Prostitution in Hawaii Presented by Carter Churchfield and Tracy Ryan for the January 9, 2018 conference “Deconstructing Sex Work and Sex Trafficking” The effects of 1778 contact between Westerners and Hawaii • A lot has been written about sex in the pre-contact Hawaiian culture and the clash between mores of the native community and the outsiders who began arriving in the wake of Captain Cook. Westerns saw Hawaiians as morally lax; tolerating promiscuity and homosexuality. • Hawaiians blamed Westerners for bringing syphilis, gonorrhea, and prostitution to their islands; all of which first appeared shortly after contact. These and other diseases initiated by contact devastated the Hawaiian people. The Public Health Response to Prostitution Prostitution had arisen in Hawaii as sailors visited the islands. During the first decades of the 19th century laws were passed, but the situation continued. • The Hawaiian government turned to legalized, regulated prostitution as a way of containing venereal diseases in 1860. The 1860 law allowed women to work as prostitutes within a regulated system. “Oriental Vice” • Later in the 19th century a new racial group, the Japanese, (and to a lesser extant Asians in general) had become the source of evil in the eyes of moralists. • The sharp decline in the population of native Hawaiians coupled with the increased demand for labor lead Hawaii’s leaders to encourage a large immigration from Asia. This was a gender unbalanced migration. Single Japanese women were outnumbered by single men by as much as 100 to 1. Iwilei • A system of brothels run by Japanese, staffed by Japanese women, and serving Japanese men grew up in Iwilei.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Education Practices of Mothers and Fathers with Preschool Children
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Science Shelley Lynne Knudsen-Jindauer for the degree of Master of in Family Life presented on "August 21, 1979 Title: Sex Education Practices of Mothersand Fathers With Preschool Childien Abstract approved: Redacted for privacy 0 Sally A. Koblinsky 0 This study examinee the sex education practices of middle class par- ents with presChool children. Subjects were 128 parents of three- to five. year -old children, including 37 mothers of daughters, 37 mothersof sons, 27 fathers of daughters, and 27 fathers of sons. These parents were ad- ministered a sex education questionnaire examining children's curiosity about genital differences, curiosity'about birth and reproduction, use of obscene words, masturbation, and sex play. In each area, parents provided information about the frequency with which they observed the behavior, the manner in which they responded to the behavior, and the level of comfort they experienced in responding. Results indicated that the majority of parents had encountered questions about genital differences, questions about reproduction, and masturbation. Moreover, half of the sample had encountered obscene language and one quarter had observed sex play. Chi square analyses revealed that mothers andfathers were equally likely to have observed all rive sexual behaviors, However, parents of sons were significantly more likely than parents ofdaughters to have observed masturbation. An examination of parents' responses to the various sexual behaviors revealed that parents provided more accurate information about genital sex differences to daughters than sons. Another notable finding was that the majority of parents failed to provide their children with an accurate description of reproduction and birth.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Books, Autographs, Maps & Photographs
    RARE BOOKS, AUTOGRAPHS, MAPS & PHOTOGRAPHS Wednesday, April 26, 2017 NEW YORK RARE BOOKS, AUTOGRAPHS, MAPS & PHOTOGRAPHS AUCTION Wednesday, April 26, 2017 at 10am EXHIBITION Saturday, April 22, 10am – 5pm Sunday, April 23, Noon – 5pm Monday, April 24, 10am – 5pm Tuesday, April 25, 10am – 2pm LOCATION Doyle New York 175 East 87th Street New York City 212-427-2730 www.Doyle.com Catalogue: $35 PHOTOGRAPHS CONTENTS Photographs Early Photography 1-14 20th Century Photography 15-122 Contemporary Photography 123-141 Rare Books, Autographs & Maps Printed & Manuscript Americana 142-197 Maps, Atlases & Travel Books 198-236 Property of the Estate of Donald Brenwasser 202-220 INCLUDING PROPERTY Plate Books 237-244 FROM THE ESTATES OF Donald Brenwasser Fine Bindings & Private Press 245-283 Roberta K. Cohn and Richard A. Cohn, Ltd Property of the Estate of Richard D. Friedlander 254-283 Richard D. Friedlander Mary Kettaneh Autographs 284-307 A New York and Connecticut Estate The Jessye Norman The Thurston Collection. ‘White Gates’ Collection 284-294 Manuscripts & Early printing 308-360 The College of New Rochelle INCLUDING PROPERTY FROM Collection of Thomas More 308-321 The Explorers Club Collection The College of New Rochelle Literature 361-414 A Prominent New York Family The College of New Rochelle The Jessye Norman ‘White Gates’ Collection Collection of James Joyce 361-381 A Private Collector, Ardsley, NY Pat Koch Thaler, sister of Edward Koch Applied Art & Livres d’Artistes 415-432 The Collection of Walter Ward, Jr The Watermill Center, Water Mill, New York Helen R. Yellin Conditions of Sale I Terms of Guarantee II Information on Sales & Use Tax III Buying at Doyle IV Selling at Doyle VI Auction Schedule VII Company Directory VIII Absentee Bid Form X Lot 24 5 [CIRCUS] Collection of 19th century cabinet cards and cartes des visites.
    [Show full text]
  • The Venereal Doctrine: Compulsory Examinations, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and the Rape/Prostitution Divide Scott W
    (12) STERN_FINAL.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 6/19/19 4:19 PM The Venereal Doctrine: Compulsory Examinations, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and the Rape/Prostitution Divide Scott W. Stern† ABSTRACT This Article uncovers a blatantly sexist dynamic that has persisted, largely unnoticed, in American common law for more than a century: courts are far more willing to accept invasive examinations for sexually transmitted infections in women than in men. Remarkably, this disparity has been justified by the same assumption throughout the twentieth century: women with STIs are viewed as a threat to the health of the general public, while men with STIs are viewed as a threat only to individuals, not the public at large. By examining cases involving men accused of rape and women accused of prostitution, this Article documents starkly disparate treatment. For decades, judges across the country have consistently relied on the stereotype that prostitutes with STIs represent such an alarming threat to public health that few measures go too far to stop them from promiscuously spreading these infections. On the other hand, rapists with STIs are a threat only to individual victims, not to the broader public, and thus health measures to hinder their transmission of infection must be far more limited. Together, these opinions comprise a cognizable legal doctrine—the “venereal doctrine.” This doctrine emerged in the early 1900s, as scientific advancements made relatively reliable STI testing a reality, and it evolved throughout the twentieth century. Even following the rights revolution of the Warren Court, this doctrine DOI: https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38N29P69K † B.A., M.A., Yale University (2015), J.D., Yale Law School (2020).
    [Show full text]
  • NPRC) VIP List, 2009
    Description of document: National Archives National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) VIP list, 2009 Requested date: December 2007 Released date: March 2008 Posted date: 04-January-2010 Source of document: National Personnel Records Center Military Personnel Records 9700 Page Avenue St. Louis, MO 63132-5100 Note: NPRC staff has compiled a list of prominent persons whose military records files they hold. They call this their VIP Listing. You can ask for a copy of any of these files simply by submitting a Freedom of Information Act request to the address above. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website.
    [Show full text]