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Estudios Sobre China Desde Latinoamérica : Geopolítica, Religión E Inmigración / Editores Susan Chen Mok, Jorge Bartels Villanueva, Ricardo Martínez Esquivel

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Estudios Sobre China Desde Latinoamérica : Geopolítica, Religión E Inmigración / Editores Susan Chen Mok, Jorge Bartels Villanueva, Ricardo Martínez Esquivel 从 拉 美 视 角 探 究 中 国 Geopolítica, Religión e Inmigración Editores Susan Chen Mok Jorge Bartels Villanueva Ricardo Martínez Esquivel 951 E82e Estudios sobre China desde Latinoamérica : Geopolítica, religión e inmigración / editores Susan Chen Mok, Jorge Bartels Villanueva, Ricardo Martínez Esquivel. – 1. ed. – [San José], C.R. : Sección de Impresión del SIEDIN, 2013. xxiv, 288 p. : il (algunas col.) , mapas ISBN: 978-9977-15-251-6 1. CHINA – HISTORIA. 2. GEOPOLÍTICA. 3. RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES. 4. REFORMA EDUCATIVA. 5. COSTA RICA – EMIGRACIÓN E INMIGRACIÓN. 6. COSTA RICA – POBLACIÓN EXTRANJERA. 7. COMERCIANTES CHINOS – PUNTARENAS (COSTA RICA). I. Chen Mok, Susan, ed. II. Bartels Villanueva, Jorge ed. III. Martínez Esquivel, Ricardo, ed. CC/SIBDI.UCR CIP/2518 Consejo Científi co. Simposio Corrección de estilo Internacional sobre Estudios de China María Bonilla Sequeira David Kenley Corrección de pruebas Roberto Marín Guzmán Ricardo Martínez Esquivel Rina Cáceres Gómez Diseño de portada y contenido Mayra Achío Tacsan Priscila Coto Susan Chen Mok Ricardo Martínez Esquivel Impresión: Sección de Impresión del SIEDIN © Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede del Pacífi co, Costa Rica Cód. Postal: 60101 • Tel.: 2511-7400 • Fax 2661-2501 • Página web: www.srp.ucr.ac.cr Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial. Todos los derechos reservados. Hecho el depósito de ley. Dedicatoria A todos los inmigrantes chinos y sus des- cendientes que de una manera u otra y a pesar del control, la marginalidad y de ser considerados como extraños, termi- naron colaborando en la construcción de las sociedades latinoamericanas de casi los dos últimos siglos. Contenido xiii Prefacio xvii Introducción 1 Los estudios sobre China desde y en relación con Costa Rica Ricardo Martínez Esquivel China en el panorama mundial 28 China y la Historia Mundial Eduardo Madrigal Muñoz 44 La expansión árabe-musulmana hacia Ma Wara’ Al-Nahr y los primeros contactos chinos con el Islam: una visión histórica del encuentro de culturas Roberto Marín Guzmán 77 China y su primera experiencia en la modernidad política (1911-1927) Esteban Sánchez Solano ix 106 China: el gigante que sigue despertando Ernesché Rodríguez Asien Relaciones internacionales y geopolítica 122 El concepto de ‘Poder Inteligente’ de Joseph Nye y Zbigniew Brzezinski y la geo-estrategia de Estados Unidos y sus aliados contra China Patricia Rodríguez Hölkemeyer 138 Tierras Raras, la importancia de llamarse Lantanio Maurizia Sacchetti Políticas administrativas en la China contemporánea 158 Acercamiento a las reformas educativas en China desde una perspectiva política (1977-1985) David Ignacio Ibarra Arana Inmigrantes chinos y su inserción en Latinoamerica: los casos de Cuba y Costa Rica 178 Los chinos de Cuba, el Caribe y América Latina: un proyecto de investigación sobre el chino latino Yrmina Gloria Eng Menéndez x Estudios sobre China desde Latinoamérica 193 Construyendo una comunidad imaginada en América Latina: Fraternidad/Lianhe de La Habana, 1938-1944 David Kenley 218 Migración, sociabilidad y estado: la comunidad china y su inserción a Costa Rica (1870-1930) Pablo Augusto Rodríguez Solano 235 Los inmigrantes Chinos en la Ciudad de Puntarenas (1850-1927). Un acercamiento comparativo desde las regiones de Costa Rica Jorge Bartels Villanueva 253 Una caracterización del comerciante chino en la Ciudad de Puntarenas en la actualidad. Los resultados de un trabajo campo Susan Chen Mok Reseña 278 Muestra Filatélica Celebrando la Cultura China César Alonso Sancho Solís 285 Índice de imágenes 286 Índice mapas 286 Índice de cuadros 287 Índice de gráfi cos Contenido xi Prefacio Este libro se centra en una de las culturas más antiguas, prolífi cas y vitales que la humanidad ha creado a lo largo de su compleja historia. Una historia que, tanto en sí misma, como en sus relaciones con otras culturas y regiones del pla- neta, plantea miríadas de temas y problemas tan complejos como apasionantes. En esta presentación me limitaré a hacer una muy breve refl exión sobre uno de tantos temas planteados por las relaciones entre China y nuestra región: la distorsión que en ellas puede introducir el eurocentrismo. Ni siquiera en aquellos países cuya única costa se sitúa sobre el Pacífi co, le ha dado históricamente América Latina a sus vínculos transpacífi cos, la impor- tancia que merecen. Contra lo que recomiendan diversas realidades históricas, demográfi cas y culturales, la vocación eurocéntrica de la cultura ofi cial lati- noamericana siempre privilegió nuestras conexiones con el mundo atlántico occidental, minimizando los demás vínculos. Solo ello permite, por poner un ejemplo evidente, que muchos piensen que nuestras relaciones con China son recientes. Cualquier interesado en el tema sabe que ello no es así, pero incluso la historia como disciplina, a como esta es practicada en Occidente, ha puesto su énfasis en el mundo Atlántico. Prueba de ello es que mientras ya existe el cam- po de la “historia atlántica”, aun se carece de una “historia pacífi ca” equivalente. La impronta del eurocentrismo, o si se prefi ere, del occidentocentrismo, es clara en estos temas. Veamos un ejemplo: de los abundantes estudios sobre las cróni- cas americanas del siglo XVI, ¿cuántos han explorado las relaciones entre estas crónicas con las que, paralelamente, se escribieron sobre Asia? Sospecho que muy pocos, a pesar de la evidente conexión entre ambas producciones. xiii Las relaciones históricas documentadas entre América y el Asia Pacífi ca em- piezan en el siglo XVI, estructuradas a partir de una mediación europea que defi nió no solo su facticidad básica, sino, más importante aún, también las imá- genes acompañantes. Dicha mediación es evidente en el uso, por parte de di- versos autores españoles de los siglos XVI y XVII, de la denominación “indios” para referirse por igual a los muy diversos pueblos americanos y asiáticos con los que entraron en contacto en esa época. Así, el capítulo IV del libro sexto de la Historia natural y moral de las Indias, del jesuita José de Acosta, se titula: “Que ninguna nación de indios se ha descubierto que use de letras”, y su lectura hace evidente que los “indios” del título comprenden, por ejemplo, a chinos y japoneses. En otras palabras, las imágenes asiáticas que los europeos aplicaron en América generaron el nombre de “indios”, y luego las imágenes europeas sobre América generaron en Asia, a su vez, a esos tan sorpendentes como in- verosímiles “indios chinos”. Una cadena de mediaciones que se prolongará en el México del siglo XVIII, al darse el nombre de “chino” a una de las castas ra- ciales, elaboradas en la época a impulso del furor taxonómico de la Ilustración. La misma mediación europea genera, en la segunda mitad del XVI, la apari- ción de tópicos actuantes hasta hoy día, como la reducción del Asia pacífi ca, en especial de China, a simple fuente de mercaderías abundantes y baratas, tan apetecidas en América como temidas por la competencia europea. Los comer- ciantes sevillanos, y sus aliados y representantes en América, se quejaron a me- nudo del peligro que veían en las mercaderías chinas, cuyo menor precio no les quedó más remedio que reconocer, lo cual trataron de contrarrestar acusándolas de mala calidad. Así, en 1581 el virrey de Nueva España, Martín Enríquez, le escribe al rey, hablando de las mercaderías chinas llegadas a Acapulco en el Galeón de Manila, lo siguiente: “Lo que de las yslas [Filipinas] trayn todo son bujerías y cosas inútiles y las sedas todas falseadas […] Mas con todo, la jente se ua al barato y todo quanto traen se uende. Y el barato es comparándola al valor que tienen las de España”. Como se ve, las discusiones sobre el comercio de la región con China distan de ser nuevas. Tampoco es nueva la sesgada utilización de temas como el libre comercio. En la primera mitad del siglo XVI, el teólogo y jurista Francisco de Vitoria conceptualizó y defendió el libre comercio, presentándolo incluso como uno de los pocos “títulos legítimos” de la presencia española en América. Muy poco después, sin embargo, la Corona española puso todo tipo de regulaciones y prohibiciones a los vínculos comerciales entre América y Asia. No solo se prohibieron los vínculos directos entre Manila y Lima, sino incluso el trasiego de mercaderías asiáticas de Acapulco a Lima. Las reiteradas prohibiciones no impidieron, sin embargo, que ambas cosas se realizaran, un hecho que nos xiv Estudios sobre China desde Latinoamérica muestra otro rasgo de los vínculos transpacífi cos de ayer y hoy: la imposibilidad de las viejas y nuevas metrópolis de regularlos en su totalidad. ¿Adónde quiero llegar con todo esto? A que debemos tomar plena conciencia de que las relaciones de la cultura latinoamericana, incluida la costarricense, con la cultura china, han estado, y en buena medida siguen estando, mediadas por el eurocentrismo. Solo conociendo este factor podremos empezar a superarlo. A su vez, el contacto con la cultura china nos ayudará a superar dicho euro- centrismo. Pensemos, por ejemplo, que el estudio de los más de dos mil años de confucianismo en China, bien podría llevarnos a cuestionar la idea de que fue en Occidente donde primero se produjo y diseminó un pensamiento y una política eminentemente laicas. Creo, entonces, que nuestro contacto con la cultura china no solo nos enriquecerá por lo que ella nos enseñe sobre sí misma, sino también por lo que tal proceso puede enseñarnos sobre nosotros mismos. Bernal Herrera Montero Vicerrector de Docencia Universidad de Costa Rica Prefacio xv Introducción Los estudios sobre China se han convertido en un importante campo de aná- lisis a nivel internacional como resultado de las grandes migraciones de chinos que se dispersaron a diferentes rincones del orbe, principalmente desde el siglo XIX con el declive de la dinastía Qing, y esparcieron la historia, la cultura, la economía, las religiones y los ideales chinos alrededor del mundo.
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