DOCSLIB.ORG

Takfīr and Terrorism: Historical Roots, Contemporary Challenges and Dynamic Solutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Takfīr and Terrorism: Historical Roots, Contemporary Challenges and Dynamic Solutions Takfīr and Terrorism: Historical Roots, Contemporary Challenges and Dynamic Solutions. With special reference to al-Qacida and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Presented by: Mansour Salim H Alshammari Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Department of Arabic & Middle Eastern Studies. April 2013 1 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. “The right of Mansour Alshammari, identified as the author of this work has been asserted by his in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.” © 2013 The University of Leeds and Mansour Alshammari 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my great thanks and gratitude to King Khalid Military Academy for its unforgettable spiritual and financial support . I would like to thank Dr. Mustapha Sheikh for his support throughout the four years in helping me, not only in establishing such an interest in this particular topic, but for his consistent support in the demanding academic process that has culminated in the production of this thesis of which I am very proud. I would also like to thank my parents and my wife and my friends for their support over the past years. Without which it would have been a difficult and arduous task. As it was, the production of this thesis proved to be a happy and enjoyable process. 3 Contents Contents..................................................................................................................................... Chapter 1: Introduction......................................................................................................... 1.1 Research Problem:....................................................................................................... 1.2 Research Questions:.................................................................................................... Chapter 2: The Literature...................................................................................................... 2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 2.2 Research Significance:................................................................................................ 2.3 Research methodology:.............................................................................................. Chapter Three: The Concept of Takfīr:............................................................................... 3.1 Definitions of Takfîr...................................................................................................... 3.2: Types of kufr:............................................................................................................... 3.3: The intellectual basis of the takfīr............................................................................ 3.4: Kharijite and the emergence of takfīr thought:...................................................... 3.5: The reasons for the emergence of the Kharijites:.................................................. 3.6: The Muctazilites and their takfīri ideas:.................................................................. The Emergence of Muctazilites: ................................................................................... 3.7: Shicite thought:........................................................................................................... Aspects of Takfīr by the Shicite .................................................................................... 3.8: Emergence and development of Takfîr: ................................................................. Emergence of Takfīr among Muslims today................................................................ 3.9: Key Doctrines and Methodologies of Takfiri Groups:........................................... 3.10: Conclusion................................................................................................................. Chapter Four: Causes of Takfîr............................................................................................. 4 4.1: Sociology of takfīr: ..................................................................................................... 4.2: Weber and Social Closure or Exclusion:................................................................ 4.3: Takfīr as Social Closure and Exclusion.................................................................... 4.4: Takfīr and Terrorism................................................................................................... 4.5: The Intellectual Causes:............................................................................................ First: Ignorance of religious teachings......................................................................... Second: The literal reading of the texts without depth............................................. Third: Erroneous interpretation of religion's texts..................................................... Fourth: following deviant pseudo-Scholars: .............................................................. Fifth: Concentration on the self.................................................................................... Sixth: Beliefs and claims to the possession of absolute truth:................................. Seventh: Intellectual isolation:...................................................................................... 4.6: International organizations and their role in takfīr ............................................... 4.7: Educational reasons leading to the adoption of takfīr.......................................... 4.8: Takfīr by non-qualified scholars: ............................................................................ 4.9: The media’s role in the dissemination of takfīri thought...................................... 4.10: The causes and reasons of the emergence of takfīri thought can be summarized as:................................................................................................................... 4.11: The influences of takfīri thought broadcast in the media can be identified on three levels:.................................................................................................................... First: Perception and knowledge:................................................................................ Second: Attitudes and values:..................................................................................... Third: Behaviors:............................................................................................................. 4.12: Conclusion................................................................................................................. Chapter Five: The Official View on Takfīr............................................................................ 5.1: Introduction................................................................................................................. 5.2: The conditions for takfīr: .......................................................................................... 5.3: Conditions of pronouncing takfīr ............................................................................ 5 5.4: Conditions of the person who produces the judgment of takfīr: ........................ 1. To be deeply knowledgeable of the conditions and preventives of the takfīr: ........................................................................................................................................... 2. To be of those who are authorised to declare a Sharicah judgment: ................ 3. The Muslim judged to be an apostate should be proven as such:..................... 5.5 The conditions related to the person judged of disbelieving: ............................. 1. Sanity and maturity:................................................................................................... 2. There should be no barrier/preventive, such as ignorance and coercion and the like:............................................................................................................................. 3. Establishment of proof:.............................................................................................. 4. Substantiation of apostasy and admission of the same:....................................... 5. The point of disbelief stemming from a misinterpretation of Islamic texts:....... 5.6: Types of takfīr.............................................................................................................. Section one: Absolute takfīr: ........................................................................................ Section two: Takfīr of a specific person:...................................................................... Divisions of kufr:.................................................................................................................. Kufr is divided into major kufr and minor kufr according to the orthodox scholars. Below are details about both the major kufr and minor kufr:.......................................... Division one: The major kufr:........................................................................................ Division two: Minor
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Culmination of Tradition-Based Tafsīr the Qurʼān Exegesis Al-Durr Al-Manthūr of Al-Suyūṭī (D. 911/1505)
    The Culmination of Tradition-based Tafsīr The Qurʼān Exegesis al-Durr al-manthūr of al-Suyūṭī (d. 911/1505) by Shabir Ally A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Copyright by Shabir Ally 2012 The Culmination of Tradition-based Tafsīr The Qurʼān Exegesis al-Durr al-manthūr of al-Suyūṭī (d. 911/1505) Shabir Ally Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto 2012 Abstract This is a study of Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī’s al-Durr al-manthūr fi-l-tafsīr bi-l- ma’thur (The scattered pearls of tradition-based exegesis), hereinafter al-Durr. In the present study, the distinctiveness of al-Durr becomes evident in comparison with the tafsīrs of al- a arī (d. 310/923) and I n Kathīr (d. 774/1373). Al-Suyūṭī surpassed these exegetes by relying entirely on ḥadīth (tradition). Al-Suyūṭī rarely offers a comment of his own. Thus, in terms of its formal features, al-Durr is the culmination of tradition- based exegesis (tafsīr bi-l-ma’thūr). This study also shows that al-Suyūṭī intended in al-Durr to subtly challenge the tradition- ased hermeneutics of I n Taymīyah (d. 728/1328). According to Ibn Taymīyah, the true, unified, interpretation of the Qurʼān must be sought in the Qurʼān ii itself, in the traditions of Muḥammad, and in the exegeses of the earliest Muslims. Moreover, I n Taymīyah strongly denounced opinion-based exegesis (tafsīr bi-l-ra’y).
    [Show full text]
  • Eksistensi Khawarij Menurut Pemikiran Fazlur Rahman
    EKSISTENSI KHAWARIJ MENURUT PEMIKIRAN FAZLUR RAHMAN SKRIPSI Diajukan Untuk Melengkapi Tugas-tugas dan Memenuhi Syarat-syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Agama Islam (S.Ag). Dalam Ilmu Ushuluddin Oleh: IDWIN SAPUTRA NPM: 1531010041 Prodi: Aqidah Filsafat Islam FAKULTAS USHULUDDIN DAN STUDI AGAMA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG 1440 H / 2019 M ABSTRAK EKSISTENSI KHAWARIJ MENURUT PEMIKIRAN FAZLUR RAHMAN Oleh: Idwin Saputra Khawarij adalah sekelompok orang yang keluar dari barisan Ali Ibn Abi Thalib, di karenakan mereka tidak menerima atas tahkim (arbitrse) yang diterima oleh Khalifah Ali Ibn Abi Thalib dengan Mu’awiyah dalam perkara Khilafah (pemimpin). Dan orang-orang Khawarij ini dicirikan dengan watak yang keras, karena asal usul mereka dari masyarakat badawi dan gurun pasir yang tandus. dan menurut mereka orang yang tidak sepaham dengan mereka dianggap Kafir, baik itu pelaku dosa besar maupun kecil. Karena menurut mereka yang paling benar adalah apa yang sudah ditentukan oleh Allah dan apa yang di dalam Al-qur’an sesuai dengan apa yang menjadi semboyan mereka yakni : La HukmaIlaAllah“ tidak ada hukum kecuali hukum Allah,”. Khawarij ini sebenarnya sudah hilang sesuai dengan sejarah, hanya golongan Al- Ibadiyah yang masih ada sampai saat ini terletak di bagian Zanzibar, Afrika Utara, Omman dan Arabiah Selatan. Kemudian Khawarij ini juga ada yang ekstrem dan yang moderat. Menurut Fazlur Rahman nama Khawarij tak berimplikasi bid’ah dari segi doktrin, melainkan sebatas pemberontak atau pelaku revolusi. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: Bagaimana eksistensi khawarij saat ini. Bagaimana Khawarij menurut pemikiran Fazlur Rahman. Adapun tujuan penelitan ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimaman eksistensi Khawarij saat ini dan bagaimana Khawarij Menurut pemikiran Fazlur Rahman.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Lo Ndo N Soas the Umayyad Caliphate 65-86
    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SOAS THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 65-86/684-705 (A POLITICAL STUDY) by f Abd Al-Ameer 1 Abd Dixon Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philoso] August 1969 ProQuest Number: 10731674 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731674 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2. ABSTRACT This thesis is a political study of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of f Abd a I -M a lik ibn Marwan, 6 5 -8 6 /6 8 4 -7 0 5 . The first chapter deals with the po litical, social and religious background of ‘ Abd al-M alik, and relates this to his later policy on becoming caliph. Chapter II is devoted to the ‘ Alid opposition of the period, i.e . the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘ Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and its nature, causes and consequences. The ‘ Asabiyya(tribal feuds), a dominant phenomenon of the Umayyad period, is examined in the third chapter. An attempt is made to throw light on its causes, and on the policies adopted by ‘ Abd al-M alik to contain it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon
    the islamic traditions of cirebon Ibadat and adat among javanese muslims A. G. Muhaimin Department of Anthropology Division of Society and Environment Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies July 1995 Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] Web: http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Muhaimin, Abdul Ghoffir. The Islamic traditions of Cirebon : ibadat and adat among Javanese muslims. Bibliography. ISBN 1 920942 30 0 (pbk.) ISBN 1 920942 31 9 (online) 1. Islam - Indonesia - Cirebon - Rituals. 2. Muslims - Indonesia - Cirebon. 3. Rites and ceremonies - Indonesia - Cirebon. I. Title. 297.5095982 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Teresa Prowse Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition © 2006 ANU E Press the islamic traditions of cirebon Ibadat and adat among javanese muslims Islam in Southeast Asia Series Theses at The Australian National University are assessed by external examiners and students are expected to take into account the advice of their examiners before they submit to the University Library the final versions of their theses. For this series, this final version of the thesis has been used as the basis for publication, taking into account other changes that the author may have decided to undertake. In some cases, a few minor editorial revisions have made to the work. The acknowledgements in each of these publications provide information on the supervisors of the thesis and those who contributed to its development.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct
    Joint Military Intelligence College LAMBERT Y Y The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct TEL IN LIG Y E R N A C T E I L C I O M L L T E N G I E O J 1962 Major Stephen P. Lambert U.S. Air Force TEL IN LIG Y E R N A C ISBN 1-932946-02-0 T E PCN 56747 I L C I O M L L T E N G I E O J 1962 The Joint Military Intelligence College supports and encourages research on intelligence issues that distills lessons and improves Intelligence Community capabilities for policy-level and operational consumers Y: The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct, Major Stephen P. Lambert, U.S. Air Force This product has been reviewed by senior experts from academia and government, and has been approved for unrestricted distribution by the Directorate for Freedom of Information and Security Review, Washington Headquarters Services. It is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service (www.ntis.gov). The author has also arranged for publication of this study through the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. The projected publication date is 2005. The Hoover Institution book includes commentar- ies on Major Lambert’s work by an even greater variety of scholars than included in the present book. [email protected], Editor and Director Center for Strategic Intelligence Research Library of Congress Control Number 2004114330 ISBN 1-932946-02-0 Y The Sources of Islamic Revolutionary Conduct Major Stephen P. Lambert, U.S. Air Force Research Fellow In g ic t e e g ll t ii a g e r n tt c SS c ee rr R R o o e e f f s s e e r r a a e e t r t r n c n Joint Military c e h e h C Intelligence College C WASHINGTON, DC April 2005 With the cooperation and support of the Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) USAF Academy, Colorado Springs The views expressed in this book are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • I Am a Salafi : a Study of the Actual and Imagined Identities of Salafis
    The Hashemite Kingdom Jordan The Deposit Number at The National Library (2014/5/2464) 251.541 Mohammad Abu Rumman I Am A Salafi A Study of The Actual And Imagined Identities of Salafis / by Mohammad Abu Rumman Amman:Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2014 Deposit No.:2014/5/2464 Descriptors://Islamic Groups//Islamic Movement Published in 2014 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq FES Jordan & Iraq P.O. Box 941876 Amman 11194 Jordan Email: [email protected] Website: www.fes-jordan.org Not for sale © FES Jordan & Iraq All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung or the editor. Translation: Dr. Hassan Barari Editing: Amy Henderson Cover: YADONIA Group Printing: Economic Printing Press ISBN: 978-9957-484-41-5 2nd Edition 2017 2 I AM A SALAFI A Study of the Actual and Imagined Identities of Salafis by Mohammad Abu Rumman 3 4 Dedication To my parents Hoping that this modest endeavor will be a reward for your efforts and dedication 5 Table of Contents DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ 5 FOREWORD .......................................................................................................... 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SYRIA the Constitution and Other Laws And
    SYRIA The constitution and other laws and policies protect religious freedom; however, the government imposed restrictions on this right. While there is no official state religion, the constitution requires that the president be Muslim and stipulates that Islamic jurisprudence is a principal source of legislation. The constitution provides for freedom of faith and religious practice so long as religious rites do not disturb the public order; however, the government restricted full freedom of practice on some religious matters, including proselytizing. Although the government generally enforced legal and policy protections of religious freedom for most Syrians, including the Christian minority, it continued to prosecute individuals for membership in the Muslim Brotherhood, Salafist groups, and other faith communities that it deemed to be extreme. The Syrian government outlaws not only Muslim extremist groups, but also Jehovah's Witnesses. In addition the government continued to monitor the activities of all organizations, including religious groups, and to discourage proselytizing, which it deemed a threat to relations among and within different faiths. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom by the government during the reporting period. There were reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice. There were occasional reports of tensions among religious groups, some of which were attributable to economic rivalries but exacerbated by religious differences. Muslim converts to Christianity were sometimes forced to leave their place of residence due to societal pressure. The U.S. government discusses religious freedom with civil society, religious leaders, and adherents of religious groups as part of its overall policy to promote human rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Radicalization of Faith Concept in the School of Islam: Study of Khawarij and Muktazilah
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 14, No. 7; 2018 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Radicalization of Faith Concept in the School of Islam: Study of Khawarij and Muktazilah Ramli Nur1 1 Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia Correspondence: Ramli Nur, Jl. Willem Iskandar Pasar V Medan Estate, North Sumatera, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: April 29, 2018 Accepted: June 2, 2018 Online Published: June 22, 2018 doi:10.5539/ass.v14n7p77 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n7p77 Abstract The Radicalism is an idea or school that pursues revolution or social and political reforms in a tough or drastic way. The school of khawarij and muktazilah (two groups) have marked the history of Islamic thought about the concept of faith. The coloration shown tends to represent extremes in understanding the concept of faith. In general, it makes charitable deeds or branch teachings (furu') as part of the nature of faith. That leads to them getting caught in judging faith based on it being black or white between mukmin and kafir. Therefore the perpetrators of the great sins are punished out of Islam. Not merely categorization, but they also fighting and justifying of Muslims whom they consider to have abandoned the teachings of birth or violated something prohibited on the teaching of birth. Such as of these understandings have mutated in the long history of the Muslims into the various nisbat mentions and often manipulate the religious as legitimacy for destructive radical actions. That is why this idea is quite dangerous not only at the beginning of its appearance but also in the current era to watch out for.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from Adel Hammouda's Work on Militant Islamist Movements
    SEPTEMBER 2008 . VOL 1 . ISSUE 10 Learning from Adel ideologues of modern Islamist militant Road, but books on Islamic economics, theory. Hammouda argued that several Qur’anic commentary and social Hammouda’s Work militants—including those who plotted justice, it is highly probable that had on Militant Islamist Anwar al-Sadat’s assassination in 1981— Qutb lived, he would have most likely Movements were attempting to put into practice written manifestos that transformed Qutb’s theories. Some argue that al- his militant visions and theory into By Commander Youssef Aboul-Enein, U.S. Navy Qa`ida deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri is recommendations for direct action. an outgrowth of Qutb’s use of Islam to th seven years after the September 11, justify the complete rejection of 20 Among the first terrorists and Islamist 2001 attacks, it remains critically century Muslim society as corrupt, militants to operationalize Qutb was the important for Western analysts to study and the need to withdraw from society Palestinian Salah Sirriyya, who led a previous works on Islamist movements before forming a vanguard to lead a failed 1974 attempt to storm the Military by Arab writers. There are a number of militant Islamist revolution. Technical College in Cairo. Sirriyya’s Arabic-language books that can help theories can be reduced to the following provide insight into the thinking of Hammouda used his publication points: today’s Islamist militants. One such to criticize Egypt’s ulama (clerical author is Adel Hammouda, an Egyptian establishment), who thought that issuing - Over the centuries, Muslims have social commentator, investigative written and verbal outrage was enough to consistently failed to act on their beliefs, journalist and researcher.
    [Show full text]
  • Civilisations from East to West
    Civilisations from East to West Kinga Dévényi (ed.) Civilisations from East to West Corvinus University of Budapest Department of International Relations Budapest, 2020 Editor: Kinga Dévényi Tartalomjegyzék Szerkesztette: Authors: LászlóDévényi Csicsmann Kinga (Introduction) Kinga Dévényi (Islam) Szerzők: Csicsmann László (Bevezető) Előszó �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Mária DévényiIldikó Farkas Kinga (Japan) (Iszlám) (Japán) BernadettFarkas Lehoczki Mária (Latin Ildikó America) Lehoczki Bernadett (Latin-Amerika) Tamás Matura (China) Matura Tamás (Kína) 1. Bevezetés a regionális–civilizációs tanulmányokba: Az új világrend és a ZsuzsannaRenner Renner Zsuzsanna (India) (India) paradigmák összecsapása – Csicsmann László������������������������������������������� 15 Sz. Bíró Zoltán (Oroszország) Zoltán Sz. Bíró (Russia) 1.1. Bevezetés .............................................................................................. 15 Szombathy Zoltán (Afrika) 1.2. Az új világrend és a globalizáció jellegzetességei ................................ 16 ZoltánZsinka Szombathy László (Africa) (Nyugat-Európa, Észak-Amerika) 1.3. Az új világrend vetélkedő paradigmái ....................................................... 23 LászlóZsom Zsinka Dóra (Western (Judaizmus) Europe, North America) 1.4. Civilizáció és kultúra fogalma(k) és értelmezése(k) .................................. 27 ....................................................... 31 Dóra Zsom (Judaism) 1.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy 103
    Philosophy 103 PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF AbU MANSUR AL-MATURIDI’S TEACHING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE SPIRITUAL KNOWLEDGE OF KAZAKHS Karatyshkanova K.R., Myrzabekov M.M. Kh.A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] The article outlines the prerequisites for the formation of religious views of the great scientist Abu Mansur al-Maturidi and the role of the environment, the time and space where he lived, and where various religions and cultures coexisted. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the text of Abu Mansur al-Maturidi’s book “Kitab al-Tawhid” and the dogmas of such religions as Zoroastrism, Manichaeism, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Tengrianism. The characteristics of various debates and ideological discussions aimed at forming the principles of the teachings of Abu Mansur al-Maturidi are given. It is claimed that the source of the worldview of Kazakh thinkers is the teaching of Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, who was able to synthesize issues of religion and morality. Keywords: ideological environment, murgia, scholars of Hanafi, Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, morality, spiritual knowledge, madrasah, Kazakh thinkers Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, popularly known great importance to these religions by devot- as “Imam-l-Mutakallimin Alamu-l-Huda”, ing a separate chapter to them, analyzing their “Raisu-s-Sunnah”, “Musakhihu Ahadi-l-Mus- creeds and dogmas. limin”, “Imamu Zahid”, “Raisu Aһli-s-Sunna”, By the way, even supporters of the dualism “Mahdiu-l-Umma” [1, s. 94] is a great theolo- of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism left a deep gian, born in the city of Maturid, near Samar- impression on the territory Maverannahr.
    [Show full text]
  • Pemikiran Qadariyah Dan Jabariyah Yang Bersandar Dibalik Legitimasi Al-Qur’An
    INTEGRASI ALIRAN PEMIKIRAN KEISLAMAN: PEMIKIRAN QADARIYAH DAN JABARIYAH YANG BERSANDAR DIBALIK LEGITIMASI AL-QUR’AN Suhaimi Universitas Madura Pamekasan Email: [email protected] Abstrak: Artikel ini sengaja penulis angkat dalam rangka untuk memperdalam khasanah keilmuan yang berkaitan dengan persoalan aliran- aliran pemikiran yang pernah berkembang pada masa pasca-wafatnya Rasulullah saw., khususnya Qadariyah dan Jabariyah. Disamping itu penulis juga tertarik terhadap pemikiran kedua aliran tersebut yang saling bertentangan secara ekstrim. Aliran Qadariyah berpendapat bahwa manusia mempunyai kebebasan berkehendak dan melakukan perbuatan, tidak ada sangkut- pautnya dengan kehendak Allah. Namun justru Jabariyah berpendapat lain, bahwa manusia tidak mempunyai daya dan kehendak apapun, semuanya karena atas kehendak Allah. Oleh karenanya dua pendapat yang berseberangan ini perlu adanya integrasi pemikiran agar dapat ditemukan titik temu keduanya. Adapun metode yang dipakai dalam artikel ini dilakukan dengan cara mengkaji literatur-literatur yang berkaitan dengan sejarah pemikiran Qadariyah dan Jabariyah yang kemudian dilakukan semacam interpretasi baik secara objektif maupun subjektif. Kata kunci: Qadariyah, Jabariyah dan Integrasi Pemikiran. Abstract: This article is deliberately adopted by the author in order to deepen the scientific treasures related to the problems of thought of schools that have developed in the post-Prophet Muhammad era, especially Qadariyah and Jabariyah. Besides that, the writer is also interested in the thoughts of the two schools that are in extreme conflict. The Qadariyah sect argues that humans have the freedom to desire and do deeds, nothing to do with God's will. But instead Jabariyah argues differently, that humans do not have any power and will, all because of God's will. Therefore, these two opposing opinions need integration of ideas so that they can be found at the meeting point.
    [Show full text]