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159. City of Cusco, Including Qorikancha (Inka Main Temple), Santa Domingo (Spanish Colonial Convent), and Walls of Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman)
159. City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (INka main temple), Santa Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls of Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. C.1440 C.E.; conent added 1550-1650 C.E. Andesite (3 images) Article at Khan Academy Cusco, a city in the Peruvian Andes, was once capital of the Inca empire, and is now known for its archaeological remains and Spanish colonial architecture. Set at an altitude of 3,400m, it's the gateway to further Inca sites in the Urubamba (Sacred) Valley and the Inca Trail, a multiday trek that ends at the mountain citadel of Machu Picchu. Carbon-14 dating of Saksaywaman, the walled complex outside Cusco, has established that the Killke culture constructed the fortress about 1100 o The Inca later expanded and occupied the complex in the 13th century and after Function: 2008, archaeologists discovered the ruins of an ancient temple, roadway and aqueduct system at Saksaywaman.[11] The temple covers some 2,700 square feet (250 square meters) and contains 11 rooms thought to have held idols and mummies,[11] establishing its religious purpose. Together with the results of excavations in 2007, when another temple was found at the edge of the fortress, indicates there was longtime religious as well as military use of the facility, overturning previous conclusions about the site. Many believe that the city was planned as an effigy in the shape of a puma, a sacred animal. It is unknown how Cusco was specifically built, or how its large stones were quarried and transported to the site. -
Bolivian Salt Flats & Andean Culture
B O L I V I A UYUNI HIGHLANDS EXPLORER Essential Bolivian Salt Flats & Andean Culture DURATION: 10 days / 9 nights SEASON: May through November DEPARTURES: Guaranteed with a minimum of 4 and maximum of 12 participants TRIP RATING: Easy/Moderate Natural history, Cultural & Archaeological Tour, Grade (II) – This expedition style soft adventure is an activity-oriented program. It includes scenic overland travel up to 7 hours on a day, walking tours and day hikes of 2-3 hours. It takes place at high elevations reaching a maximum of 13,420’ at Potosi. To allow for gradual adjustment to the altitude, we begin the program touring Sucre (9,215’) 2021 DATES : On request any week during the season for a minimum of 4 travelers INTRODUCTION: Bolivia, one of South America’s most colorful, natural and insulated nations, captures the imagination of adventure travelers. It comprises the most intact indigenous culture on the continent, with dozens of native languages still spoken alongside Spanish. Bolivia is home to the world’s most high-altitude capital city, La Paz (11,930' feet above sea level!). World-famous Salar de Uyuni – the planet’s biggest salt flat – has become an iconic landscape, with its vast otherworldly whiteness. Visitors who venture into landlocked Bolivia are warmly received in its pleasant Spanish- colonial cities. The history-rich mining town of Potosi and vibrant local markets give a snapshot of traditional Andean life. A visit to the mythical Lake Titicaca, a crown jewel of the region, completes the Bolivian highland experience. Accompanied by an expert local guide, we begin in Sucre, Bolivia (9,215’), where we walk the cobbled streets of the city’s colonial section, visit other historical monuments and tour the colorful native market at Tarabuco. -
Bolivia: Fear for Safety
PUBLIC AI Index: AMR 18/006/2007 28 November 2007 UA 318/07 Fear for safety BOLIVIA Hundreds of protesters in the city of Sucre Killed: Gonzalo Durán Carazani (m) Juan Carlos Serrudo Murrillo (m) José Luis Cardozo (m) Protesters in the southern city of Sucre, Chuquisaca department, are in danger following violence by demonstrators and police on 24 and 25 November, in which three people died. During the second day of violence, the authorities ordered police off the streets in a bid to contain the fighting. The protests came as at least 138 pro-government Constituent Assembly members met in a military training school in Sucre to approve the outlines of a new draft constitution. The meeting was boycotted by Assembly members from opposition parties. On 24 November, protestor Gonzalo Duran Carazani died of a gunshot wound. Juan Carlos Serrudo Murrillo, a 25-year-old student died on 25 November after being hit in the chest by a tear gas canister fired into the crowd by police. Another protester, José Luis Cardozo, died on 26 November of a gunshot wound he received during the disturbances. According to national and international press reports, on 24 November police used tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse thousands of demonstrators, who were armed with rocks and clubs. The following day, some protesters armed with stones, firecrackers, and molotov cocktails attacked the headquarters of the Transport Police (Organismo Operativo de Transito), destroying computer equipment and documents, and setting fire to motorcycles and a dozen police and civilian cars. Following the attack, police officers were ordered off the streets by authorities in a bid to contain the violence. -
The Political Culture of Democracy in Bolivia, 2008
………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … ……………………… The Political Culture of Democracy in Bolivia, 2008 The Impact of Governance By: Daniel E. Moreno Morales, National Coordinator Eduardo Córdova Eguívar Vivian Schwarz Blum Mitchell A. Seligson Gonzalo Vargas Villazón Miguel Villarroel Nikitenko Scientific Editor of the series: Mitchell A. Seligson ………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … ……………………… This study was possible thanks to the sponsorship endowed by the program of Democracy and Governance of the United States Agency for International Development. Points of view expressed in this study correspond to the authors and do not necessarily reflect opinions by the United States Agency for International Development. August 2008 The Political Culture of Democracy in Bolivia, 2008 Contents List of figures .................................................................................................................................... iv List of tables ..................................................................................................................................... vii Presentation ..................................................................................................................................... viii Prologue: Background to the Study ................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................. -
Winter 2010/2011
Winter 2010 / 2011 (Vol. XVI No.1) Yachay Wasi ‘Simin’ The Voice of Yachay Wasi RUNASIMI (Quechua) is the Inka language still spoken by the descendants of this ancient civilization. The Inka empire was called TAWANTINSUYU (the Four Quarters) and extended from modern Colombia thru Tierra del Fuego. The Four Quarters are: NorthEast: Antisuyu, SouthEast: Qollasuyu, SouthWest: Kuntisuyu and NorthWest: Chinchaysuyu. Yachay Wasi means House of Learning in Quechua. From Mr. Achim Steiner, United Nations Under-Secretary-General, and Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme: “The Billion Tree Campaign is delighted to partner with Yachay Wasi. This initiative will assist in conserving the health of vast fresh water lakes which support communities and wildlife alike. The economic and environmental imperative to restore lost and damaged ecosystems from forests and freshwater to mangroves and wetlands can no longer be ignored if we want growth through job generation and poverty alleviation, all of which are so needed to deliver sustainability in the 21st century." (July 2010) RECOVERY OF THE CIRCUIT OF FOUR LAKES A Water and Sanitation Project and Planting Native Trees in Peru Andes A Water and Planting High Altitude Native Trees Sanitation Project during the rainy season First Phase First Stage 2008-2009 Lakes Acopia Second Stage 2009-2010 & Pomacanchi Third Stage 2010-2011 2007 - 2008 BIODIVERSITY COP-10 Forum on CLIMATE CHANGE in Nagoya, Japan in Almaty, Kazakhstan 18 thru 29 October, 2010 1 thru 4 November 2010 Sandra Ramos -
INORA N° 58, 2010
S ! ! Tigui Cocoïna (Tchad) "# ! D’après Choppy $ % & ' $ et al., 1996 (Arte rupestre ( S ) ) N° 58 - 2010 nel Ciad) #+,--.-/- 11, rue du Fourcat, 09000 FOIX (France) France : Tél. 05 61 65 01 82 - Fax. 05 61 65 35 73 Etranger : Tél. + 33 5 61 65 01 82 - Fax. + 33 5 61 65 35 73 Responsable de la publication - Editor : Dr. Jean CLOTTES email : [email protected] S S Découvertes ................................. 1 . Discoveries Divers ................................... 13 . Divers Réunion - Annonce ......................... 29 . Meeting - Announcement Livres ......................................... SOMMAIRE 30 Books DÉCOUVERTES DISCOVERIES LA GROTTE DU PACIFIQUE (CHILI) THE PACIFIC CAVE (CHILI) Première grotte ornée de l’archipel de Patagonie First decorated cave in the Patagonian Archipelago En 2000, puis en 2006 et 2008 s’est déroulée, dans In 2000, then in 2006 and 2008 a wide-ranging series l’archipel de Madre de Dios au Chili, une série d’expédi- of Franco-Chilean geographical and speleological expedi- tions géographiques et spéléologiques franco-chilienne tions took place in the Madre de Dios Archipelago. The d’envergure. Les prospections menées tant sur les îles research carried out both on the islands and on the littoral que sur le littoral ont permis la découverte de nom- enabled the finding of numerous caves. Among them, the breuses cavités. Parmi celles-ci, la grotte du Pacifique, Pacific Cave, discovered on 21 January 2006, contained découverte le 21 janvier 2006 contient des peintures parietal paintings and archaeological remains on the floor. pariétales et des restes archéologiques au sol. C’est la This is the first discovery of parietal art that can be unam- première découverte d’un art pariétal attribuable sans biguously attributed to the Kaweskar Indians1, a nomadic ambiguïté aux Indiens Kaweskar1, peuple de nomades de sea people now vanished. -
Proyecto De Grado
UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA, ARTES, DISEÑO Y URBANISMO CARRERA DE ARQUITECTURA PROYECTO DE GRADO Memorial Padilla - Azurduy Departamento Chuquisaca Municipio Padilla- Provincia Tomina Postulante: Raymundo Juan Patty Quispe Asesor: Arq. O. Augusto Yepez Mariaca La Paz - Bolivia 2017 DEDICATORIA: Dedico este proyecto a Dios por ser el inspirador para cada uno de mis pasos dados en mi convivir diario; a mis padres por ser los guía en el sendero de cada acto que realizo hoy, mañana y siempre; a mis hermanos, por ser el incentivo para seguir adelante con este objetivo, a mis amigos, y personas especiales en mi vida, no son nada más y nada menos que un solo conjunto de seres queridos que suponen benefactores de importancia inimaginable en mis circunstancias de humano. No podía sentirme más ameno con la confianza puesta sobre mi persona, especialmente cuando he contado con su mejor apoyo. AGRADECIMIENTO: Agradezco profundamente a Dios, por guiarme en el sendero correcto de la vida, cada día en el transcurso de mí camino e iluminándome en todo lo que realizo de mí convivir diario. A mis padres, por ser mi ejemplo para seguir adelante en el convivir diario y por inculcarme valores que de una u otra forma me han servido en la vida, gracias por eso y por muchos más. A mis hermanos por apoyarme en cada decisión que tomo, y por estar a mi lado en cada momento hoy, mañana y siempre. A la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés por haber sido forjador de conocimientos. UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA, ARTES, DISEÑO Y URBANISMO CARRERA DE ARQUITECTURA DOCENTE: ARQ. -
1 | Page Program to Strengthen the Bolivian Health System
Program to Strengthen the Bolivian Health System FORTALESSA – UNICEF Third Report April to June 2012 July 2012 GRANT: SC/11/0477 1 | P a g e Contents Acronyms ……………………………….………………………………………………………………. 3 I. Purpose………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 II. Progress Report ………………………………………………………………..……………….. 4 R.1 Strengthening of participative management and operating systems at all levels of the Health System (Participative Management and Leadership) …... 4 R.2 Increased access and improved quality of intercultural health care ……….. 7 R.3 Rural population not receiving proper care empowered to search for culturally appropriate health care …………………………………………………………. 11 Indicators ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 III. Challenges …………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 2 | P a g e Report ACRONYMS AWP Annual Work Plan CAI Information Analysis Committee CLS Social Council in Health HCI Health Care Improvement HPME Bleeding on the First Half of Pregnancy FIM Institutional Municipal Pharmacies FORTALESSA Program to Strengthen the Bolivian Health System MCHIP Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program MSD Ministry of Health and Sports PAHO/WHO Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization FP Family Planning HCP Health Community Program HR Human Resources SAFCI Intercultural, Community and Familiar Health SALMI System of Administration and Logistic of Medicaments SIAL System of Information, Administration and Logistic SNIS National Health Information System SNUS National Unique Supplies Systems SEDES Departmental Health Service -
Constructing and Transgressing Borders Images of Self and Other in the History of the Americas
Rev16-01 23/11/04 11:54 Página 107 Stefan Rinke* ➲ Constructing and Transgressing Borders Images of Self and Other in the History of the Americas A border usually signifies a line that separates one country or territorial area from another. In a cultural sense a border also represents difference and constitutes otherness as well as identity. In the case of borders between states, the use of national symbols such as flags and anthems reinforce the concept of otherness. Borders, in this sense, are symbols of power. Yet they also mark out a space between territories, a space where foreigners encounter each other. Thus they establish links and facilitate contacts that are not always under the control of existing power structures. Borders are not only dividing lines between two or more contingent systems, but also contact zones where encounters and exchange become possible.1 This article will focus on cognitive and mental borders that find expression in per- ceptions of the foreign other.2 Perceptions and mental images demonstrate the exchange function of borders. Borders – whether political or cultural – are constructed on the basis of concepts of alterity. For historians of Latin America, the main pole of alterity has been Europe; historians have traditionally concentrated on processes of perception in relation to the “Old World”.3 From a European perspective, America – at the point of its discovery – constituted a monolithic “New World”. Only in the course of the colonial period did a terminological differentiation of the Americas emerge. Since the nineteenth century the emergence of categories such as “North” and “South” or “Anglo” and “Latin” has often concealed the differences between the many Americas. -
Plurinational State of Bolivia FY2017 Ex-Post Evaluation Of
Plurinational State of Bolivia FY2017 Ex-Post Evaluation of Technical Cooperation Project “Project of Establishment of Implementation System for Sustainable Rural Development Phase II” External Evaluator: Yusuke Hasegawa, International Development Center of Japan Inc. 0. Summary The “Project of Establishment of Implementation System for Sustainable Rural Development Phase II” (commonly called “Rural Change Project II”) aimed at establishing an integral rural development model to conserve natural resources and improve living standards, and its implementation system based on the cooperation of related organizations in the northern part of the department of Chuquisaca in Bolivia. With the overall goal of improving the quality of life of small farmers in the Department, the project was implemented by training core human resources in rural development in communities, municipalities, the Departmental government and the university, and carrying out rural development projects in line with the needs of the communities. This project is of high relevance because it was highly consistent with Bolivia’s development plans of the country and agricultural sector, development needs of the target area and Japan’s ODA policy, and because the project approach was appropriate. Effectiveness and impact of the project are high, because this project largely achieved the project purpose since the implementation system was established with the University of Saint Francis Xavier (Universidad San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, hereinafter referred to as “USFX”) as the core organization to be able to take advantage of the clarified rural development model on a constant basis, although a comprehensive implementation system was not established. The overall goal is also identified to be achieved as planned. -
Os Movimentos E Povos Indígenas E a Politização Da Etnicidade Na Bolívia E No Peru: Das Etnogêneses Às Esquerdas No Poder
Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Relações Internacionais Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Relações Internacionais Doutorado em Relações Internacionais Fábio Amaro da Silveira Duval Os movimentos e povos indígenas e a politização da etnicidade na Bolívia e no Peru: das etnogêneses às esquerdas no poder. Brasília 2014 2 Fábio Amaro da Silveira Duval Os movimentos e povos indígenas e a politização da etnicidade na Bolívia e no Peru: das etnogêneses às esquerdas no poder. Tese de Doutoramento submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Relações Internacionais do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília como requisito para a obtenção do grau acadêmico de Doutor em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Professor Titular Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins, PhD. Brasília 2014 3 Aos meus pais, pelas razões que não faltam e as explicações que não bastam. 4 Agradecimentos Ao longo desse empreendimento intelectual, e na feitura da tese, inúmeros são os agradecimentos a todos aqueles que, de forma direta ou indireta, contribuíram para sua realização. Primeiramente, agradeço ao meu orientador, Professor Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins, PhD, pelo constante e incansável apoio e pelas grandes contribuições que sua sempre aguçada inteligência e a propriedade de seus comentários trouxeram não só para esta tese, mas para minha vida acadêmica e pessoal. Razão pela qual ressalta-se que eventuais falhas neste trabalho devem-se exclusivamente às limitações de seu autor. Agradeço de maneira também especial aos -
Bolivia's Divisions
BOLIVIA'S DIVISIONS: TOO DEEP TO HEAL? 6 July 2004 Latin America Report N°7 Quito/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................ 2 III. THE MESA ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................... 4 IV. THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL OPPOSITION ...................................................... 7 A. EVO'S EVOLUTION AND THE MAS TODAY...............................................................................7 B. LABOUR ORGANISATIONS: THE STREET-BASED OPPOSITION.................................................8 C. OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES...................................................................................................9 D. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND NGOS ..................................................................................10 V. SPARKS THAT COULD SET THE COUNTRY AFLAME ................................... 11 A. NATURAL GAS ....................................................................................................................13 B. CAMBAS AND COLLAS ........................................................................................................14 C. THE COCA LEAF .................................................................................................................17