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Florida State University Libraries 2016 Geographical Conflict in Bolivia: Mobilization of Identity by the Comité Pro Santa Cruz Julie Michele Mura Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PUBLIC POLICY GEOGRAPHICAL CONFLICT IN BOLIVIA: MOBILIZATION OF IDENTITY BY THE COMITÉ PRO SANTA CRUZ By JULIE MICHELE MURA A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Geography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Julie Mura defended this dissertation on July 15, 2016. The members of the supervisory committee were: Victor Mesev Professor Directing Dissertation Eric Coleman University Representative Ron Doel Committee Member Christopher Uejio Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To Justin, Jackson, Rosco and Dutchess iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been completed without the continued support of my family and a select few friends and colleagues who assisted me throughout this research process. In particular, I would like to thank Yesenia Escribano, my friend and most valued supporter throughout my academic journey. Yesenia’s guidance with locating valuable data and work with the creation of the maps that appear in this dissertation is what truly helped produce this work. I am so appreciative of my lovely assistant Brooke Boynton, for working with me in my first months as a new mommy and in the strangest of office settings. Your support in the final stages of the dissertation process was unbelievable. I am also so appreciative to any colleagues who reviewed and offered critical feedback of this dissertation. I would like to thank Dr. Victor Mesev, who stepped in as my major advisor and persevered with me through the remainder of my research, helping me refine the direction of my work. I would like to thank as well, all of my committee members, Dr. Ron Doel, Dr. Christopher Uejio, and Dr. Eric Coleman, whose guidance at key moments in this process was vital. I would also like to thank Julianne Thomas in the Florida State Financial Aid Office. Your constant support in funding this research has been amazing. Many thanks go out to everyone who assisted at the libraries and archives both in Florida and in Bolivia. A special thank you to Nicole and Manuel de Lemoine to opening doors to so many contacts in Bolivia. Finally, thank you to my mom, Nancy Mura, my sister, Lisa Abrams, my man, Justin Kowalsky and our son Jackson. Your love and support have meant so much to me. And also, thank you to my love Rosco and Dutchess for always being there. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Geography of Bolivia ...........................................................................................................5 1.2 El Comité Pro Santa Cruz..................................................................................................11 1.3 Research Question(s) .........................................................................................................18 1.4 Overview of the Chapters ..................................................................................................19 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................................................21 2.1 Social Movement Politics Literature .................................................................................21 2.1.1 Spatial Imaginaries and Cultural Identity Production ...........................................22 2.1.2 Identity’s Relationship to Territory and Power ....................................................24 2.2 Geographic Mappings Literature .......................................................................................25 2.2.1 Technology and Authority in Mapping.................................................................26 2.2.2 Mapping Practices in Contemporary Social Movements ......................................29 3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................30 3.1 Population Census Data .....................................................................................................36 3.2 Mainstream and Social Media Data ...................................................................................38 3.3 Cartographic Data ..............................................................................................................39 3.4 Fieldwork ...........................................................................................................................45 4. COMITÉ PRO SANTA CRUZ HISTORICIZTION OF IDENTITY .........................................47 4.1 Population Census Data .....................................................................................................49 4.1.1 Cultural Identification: Interpretation of Questions, Responses, and Results ......54 4.1.2 Cultural Identification: Interpretation of Enumerator Manuals ............................62 4.1.3 Discussion of Census Data....................................................................................67 4.2 Media Data .........................................................................................................................68 4.2.1 Social Media .........................................................................................................68 4.2.1.1 Comité Pro Santa Cruz on Social Media .......................................................70 4.2.1.2 Nación Camba on Social Media ....................................................................86 4.2.2 Discussion of Media Data .....................................................................................91 4.3 Cartographic Representation ..............................................................................................95 4.3.1 Visualizing Guaraní Territory ..............................................................................95 4.3.2 Discussion of Cartographic Representation ........................................................104 5. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................108 5.1 Contributions of the Dissertation .....................................................................................108 v 5.2 Future Directions .............................................................................................................113 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................................116 A. List of Provinces by Department ............................................................................................116 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................118 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................134 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Departmental level map of Bolivia .......................................................................................6 1.2 Provincial level map of Bolivia ............................................................................................7 1.3 Indigenous Nations of Bolivia as declared in the 2009 Constitution..................................11 1.4 Rightwing vision of Bolivia map ........................................................................................18 3.1 Non provincial features .......................................................................................................43 3.2 Multipart feature Cercado ...................................................................................................43 3.3 Explode multipart feature ...................................................................................................44 3.4 Remaining Cercado features based on location within department ....................................44 3.5 Digitizing gaps in limite_provincial.shp shapefile .............................................................45 4.1 Enumerator’s Manual 2001: Question 32 ...........................................................................55 4.2 Enumerator’s Manual 2001: Question 49 ...........................................................................56 4.3 National Census of Population and Housing 2012: Question 29 ........................................57 4.4 Comparison of ethnic identification based on 2001 and 2012 Population Census Results 58 4.5 La Razón cartoon, August 8, 2012 ......................................................................................60 4.6 La Razón cartoon, August 10, 2012 ....................................................................................60 4.7 2001 and 2012 Bolivian Population Census comparison map............................................62