“ Operation Valkyrie “ 1. Letter from Secretary General

2. Letters from the directors

3. Introduction of the committee

4. Introduction of the topic

5. Current situation

6. Crisis Portfolio

7. QADMAS

8. Crisis motions and Documents

9. Position papers

10. References Letters From the Directors

Letter from the Committee Director Dear Delegates, My name is Hugo Alonso Contreras Velasco, and I am 19 years old. A couple of months ago I finished the German bachelor (Abitur) at the Colegio Peruano-Alemán Alexander von Humboldt, where I obtained an excellent result as first place. I am absolutely delighted to have the opportunity to be your director on this occasion, mainly because I am passionate about the subject and, to the best of my knowledge, I have the honour of making it possible for the first time. Regarding my experience at MUN, I started in 2016 when I was living in Colombia because of my father's work as a Peruvian diplomat, who instilled in me since I was a child an interest in reading and analysing international relations. Since I returned three years ago, I have remained totally immersed in this activity, which has become one of my greatest passions. I have participated in twenty-one conferences, seventeen as a delegate and four as a member of the chair. I am what you might call a "hardcore" crisis delegate, mainly because I enjoy the volatile atmosphere, to say the least, of crisis committees and the Security Council. On a personal level, apart from Model UN, I love reading, especially essays and chronicles, mainly on history and foreign policy. Hence, I will be studying history and (geo-)political science at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz in Germany in a few months' time. I have always been drawn to the work of a historian and diplomat, perhaps by inheritance, hehe. In my spare time I enjoy listening to music, especially martial marches, as well as watching YouTube videos, especially of political satire, and taking short naps. Otherwise, I am also an avid gamer of any Nintendo console and, eventually, an amateur actor. Likewise, I really enjoy posting my "famous" political comments on my networks and waiting for the reaction, hehe. I consider myself openly conservative, although I don't allow politics to interfere with my personal relationships. About the topic of committee, the very idea of Operation Valkyrie and the July 20th Plot excites me because of its historical impact. It was not only the last attempt on Hitler's life, but the most effective attempt ever made and the greatest feat of German resistance to Nazism. I personally believe, like Stauffenberg, Beck, Olbricht and others, that Hitler's presence in power was the greatest obstacle to peace, so I have always wanted to visualise what the end of the war would have been like with an anti-Nazi government leading Germany. However, let's not forget that the bombing failed due to tactical blunders and that it claimed the lives of the heroes of 20 July. Be cautious, be organised and be aware that the outcome may not be as expected. Since this is a crisis committee set during such a volatile situation, without losing your optimism, be prepared for the worst possible scenario… Anyways delegates, from me and the whole team, we look forward to a great debate, which will mainly depend on the depth of the research. Remember that the study guide should mark only a basis for your approach to the topic. It is imperative to look for as much information as possible. We look forward to seeing you! Sincerely yours, Hugo Alonso Contreras Velasco – Committee Director/Chair Email: [email protected] Letters From the Directors

Letters from the Crisis Room Hello everyone! My name is Lucas Maldonado, I am 15 years old, and in this edition of CasMUN I will be the Director of the Crisis Room, the one in charge of checking all the documents you present during the conference. It is an honour and a privilege for me to be part of this amazing conference, and I am looking forward to meeting you all and being pleasantly surprised with your performance. But before we go any further, I would like to present myself a little better. I live in Lima and have been part of the MUN community since the last quarter of 2017, with my first conference being in the first quarter of 2018. As some of you, my first committee was a crisis committee, a JCC to be more specific. This committee was full of already very experienced delegates, some with prizes at the international level, to this day, I am still surprised with how well I stood my ground and was able to at least pull off a Verbal Mention. It was to the surprise of my delegation since I was literally just starting MUN. I remember thinking that this committee was made for me, since in heated debates of MUN I tend to be more confrontational than others. Ever since then, Crisis has become my most favourite committee of all. Usually, delegations recommend to not start in a Crisis committee, since it is essentially made for already experienced delegates. I ignored that warning because I believe that the earlier you start, the more time you have to improve your technique. If this is your first Crisis committee, just do your best, remember this is a long journey that does not end in only one conference. Now, going back to the topic. I am who will check the documents you write during the conference, such as Secret Actions and Directives. I am also one of the ones in charge of giving updates regarding your Secret Actions, so you might end up hating me after the conference. My hardness on the documents will highly depend on seeing the level of the committee, and also the internal commentary your directors give me. However, all my actions will be taken with the aim of making you learn the different things that can occur during a Crisis committee. With nothing else to say, thank you for being part of CasMUN, and thank you for choosing this committee. We promise you we won’t let you down. Good luck! Lucas Maldonado – Co-Crisis Director Email: [email protected] Letters From the Directors

Dear Delegates, My name is Daniel Savage, and it is my privilege to be one of your crisis directors on this Crisis committee concerning the Valkyrie. Currently, I just graduated from the Abitur at Alexander from Humboldt school. To tell you a little bit about myself, in my free time I enjoy playing Video Games, reading, and hanging out with my Friend (sadly nowadays only through video calls). I personally love history; I find very interesting the stories of generals from past times and how persons like Alexander the Great and Napoleon were able to change the world with their own might and strategy. My MUN career began in 2019 where I got introduced to MUN by our Director Hugo. Since then, my liking for MUN only got stronger as not only I grew as a delegate and a person, but I met incredible people who I have the fortune to call my friends today. I’m looking forward to the debate and seeing all the schemes and projects you are going to plan. Best Regards, Daniel Savage Paz – Co-Crisis Director Email: [email protected] Letters From the Directors

Letters from the Assistant Directors Fellow Delegates, Hi! My name is Lucía Rojas and I’m 16 years old. I am also studying at the Colegio Peruano-Alemán Alexander von Humboldt, but I’m just beginning the German bachelor, what would translate to starting my fifth and last year of high school. I’m beyond excited to be one of the ADs on this committee, not only because this would be my first time helping to direct a formal committee, but also because of how much fun I have in crisis committees as a delegate (especially historical ones). My MUN experience is probably not as long as some of yours, as I enrolled in my delegation in 2019 just to try something new that was related to one of my biggest passions: politics. After attending conferences and seeing how much one can improve thanks to the mutual help between the other members of the delegation or simply by watching other delegates in the conferences, I realised that MUN is something that I wanted (and still want) to do for a long time. Sadly, the pandemic hit last year, and I was only able to attend a few conferences, but at the end me and my inner boomer got used to this virtual era and I can now assure that virtual MUNs are almost as fun as face-to-face ones, especially open debates, those are even more juicy per zoom. Happily (or sadly for the MUN geeks), MUN is not the only hobby that I have. I love everything that is related to politics, so learning about it, that being social issues, political ideologies, wars, gender equality, climate change or just whatever that you can imagine, takes probably 40% percent of my time. For those wondering, I consider myself, in summary, a socialist, so you can probably already imagine the heated but friendly debates that I constantly have with your director. This is why I want to study Law and probably do a minor in political science and/ or philosophy (another topic that I am very passionate about), in the future. I also love to listen to music. Aside from reggaeton (I know, Grinch opinion), I love any other genre, especially new wave, post punk, metal and indie. (If someone loves Joy Division, The Smiths, Utro or any other top tier band, hit me up after the conference lol.) I also love reading, writing very bad hybrids, baking some plant-based desserts, skating because I’m a poser, doing yoga, watching some anime or documentaries, and sleeping as if school didn’t exist. All in all, I will be looking for a passionate, full of content and smartly planned debate. Those characteristics and a clever leadership are what I admire the most about delegates and what I think makes one outstanding. If someone is full of content but isn’t socially and emotionally intelligent, all potential is wasted, and the same vice versa. Take your time to do your research because nothing is more fun than being extremely prepared for a crisis committee. Best of luck, I can't wait to meet you all! Regards, Lucía Rojas Vargas – Co-Assistant Director Email. [email protected] Letters From the Directors

Dear delegates, my name is Andrea Shiguiyama and it is an honour to be your AD at this new edition of CASMUN. I just finished my last year of the German Baccalaureate (Abitur) at the Humboldt School. Talking a little bit about my own MUN journey, I started debating in 2017 at the Ivy League MUN. Ever since, almost four years ago, I submerged myself in this incredible world of debate that has added so many positive aspects to my life. Thanks to MUN I have not only gained many abilities that are very useful for my daily life but also, I have had the privilege to meet amazing people that are very important to my life. Aside from MUN, I am very interested in the global economy and human behaviour. I am actually planning to study something that combines both subjects somewhere in Europe. In my free time, I like to design and tailor clothes, watch TV shows on Netflix and also post videos on my YouTube Channel about the Law of Attraction. I wish you the best of luck in researching and then debating this complex but essential topic. See you soon (virtually) at the conference! Best regards, Andrea Shiguiyama – Co-Assistant Director Email: [email protected] Introduction

Topic overview Operation Valkyrie, also known as the July Plot, was essentially the most ambitious, famous, and well-planned operation by the German resistance destined to kill Adolf Hitler and most of the Nazi high command. In summary, the July Plot basically consisted in killing the entire Nazi high command with a hidden bomb taken to a conference where the entire command was talking, or at least the majority, and then call for the Army reserves to seize control, as they would be told that Hitler’s death was a demonstration that an internal coup from his most trusted men was happening. In theory, this would result in the arrest of the remaining high command, and the instauration of a government that would be more willing to collaborate with the West, avoiding further military confrontation. The operation took place on July 20th, 1944 at 12:45pm when the bomb exploded at a Wolfsschanze (Wolf’s Lair) conference room, which was in eastern Prussia. It had initially been planned to be at a closed bunker, where the explosion would have been more severe, but due to the weather it was changed to an open conference room at the last minute. This did not affect the plan too much since it had been in the works since 1942. The bomb carrier was going to be German aristocrat and war hero Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. He fought with the Nazi army and escalated in the ranks but realized that the actions taken by Hitler’s regime had to be stopped. He then secretly started forming an anti-Nazi resistance, as the government was gaining more and more power, expanding its territory, and taking a more socialist approach to the economy. Once the plan took place, von Stauffenberg left the area, thinking Hitler died, and ordered the continuation of the plan, which resulted in the deployment of thousands of reserved troops in Berlin, seizing control of radio stations and government buildings. However, as Hitler did not die, he communicated with one of his trusted officers, but was also a member of the coup against him. Joseph Goebbels was that officer who handed it to the officer who oversaw arresting him. This officer betrayed the coup and redirected the efforts towards capturing all participants of the coup, whether they collaborated directly or indirectly, which ended the lives of more than five thousand Germans to the Nazi rule. German resistance groups Between 1933 and 1945 several political groups fought the Nazi tyranny. According to most historians these elements did not only represent nonconformity, opposition, or protest movements, but a coordinated resistance as the regime was combated systematically by all possible means (even violent ones). The German resistance to Nazism can be subdivided in two main upper categories: remnants of Weimar politics (mostly on the left) and decentralized resistance groups (mostly on the right). However, although they were highly organized, all groups worked separately and promoted uncompromisingly different political agendas. All organizers of the July Plot were members of the resistance. Introduction

Social democrats were affiliated to the traditional Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) whichwas prohibited when Nazis took power in 1933. Most SPD members left Germany and established the SOPADE (Social Democrats in Exile) organization. The SOPADE infiltrated worker activities and provided propaganda leaflets willing to convince the German working class to restore the Weimar Republic. This did utterly fail. The remaining minority of the SPD stayed in Germany and radicalized its discourse, seeking the creation of a socialist regime through industrial sabotage and similar conspiratorial means. Nonetheless, their reduced membership allowed the Nazi authorities to identify and capture them quickly. Communists were originally organized under the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Although it had the biggest number of militants in Germany, the KPD was considered as the main enemy organization by the Gestapo (Nazi secret police) and thus unable to organized itself properly due to constant vigilance. Lots of its members flew to the USSR where many were purged by Stalin. Those who remained in Germany were unable to fight against the regime due to the Stalin-Hitler Non-Aggression Pact of 1939. Nonetheless, when Germany invaded the USSR, communists began contributing fully to the resistance. Exiled communists in the USSR formed the National Committee for a Free Germany which launched constant propaganda against the war through radio. Communists in the Reich formed organizations such as the “Red Orchestra” to engage in espionage activities for the Soviet Union. Youth Resistance “Edelbachpiraten”, “Navajos”, “Meutens”, “Kittelbachpiraten”, etc. There were many youth resistance-groups to Nazism. They were principally motivated by a rebellious attitude towards Nazi cultural censorship (as trendy music like swing and modern art were banned in Germany). These groups characterized to attract young adolescents and distance them from compulsory Nazi propaganda at the “Hitler Youth”. Their reduced membership and social presence made them quasi-invisible to the Nazi regime. Nonetheless, their political impact was precarious and almost insignificant. The most recognized youth resistance organization was the “White Rose” led by Sophie Scholl. Scholl, who was a biology and philosophy student at the University of Munich, created a discussion group aided by her professor Kurt Huber and her brother Hans. Inspired by the Catholic Social Teaching and the activities of bishop August von Galen, the “White Rose” redacted many articles and leaflets denouncing the Nazi regime which they distributed in the city. However, the general populace openly rejected their actions. The “White Rose” members were ultimately captured and executed. Their activities had a very minor impact. Ecclesiastic Resistance The German Evangelical Church (EKD) as effectively dissolved during the Third Reich due to the Nazi policy of Gleichschaltung (Homogenization) which deemed to absorb and integrate all civil institutions into the Nazi Party. Thus, the Nazi state intervened the EKD and transformed its structure by purging all “Jewish-decadent elements” which meant all concepts not compatible to national-socialism. The EKD was ultimately replaced by the state sponsored Deutsche Christen (German Christians). Nonetheless, many evangelical priests under the leadership of theologian Dietrich von Bonhoeffer decided to form the Bekennende Kirche (Confessionary Church) to continue the traditional Christian Introduction activities while also denouncing Nazi practices. Its membership was exceedingly small and thus had a reduced impact on society. However, Bonhoeffer was highly supported by the German conservative aristocracy, economic elite, and high-ranking military. He helped to coordinate many resistance activities by the military and conservative groups. As he was considered dangerous by the Nazi authorities, he was executed after the failure July Plot. The Catholic Church had a hugely different outcome. As its structure has always been internationally centralized, the institution could not be suppressed by Gleichschaltung. At the same time, Catholics were not convinced by Nazi propaganda and did not invert their views in support of Nazism at any moment. Hitler tried to suppress Catholic authorities by cutting their participation in politics through the Reichskonkordat with the Holy See in 1933, which guaranteed not persecuting Catholics if Rome remained outside of German politics. Hence, catholic resistance had no official international support. However, Catholics were highly organized inside of Germany. Although many priests were summarily judged and executed, its big membership allowed the institution to have a high impact on society. For instance, archbishop of Münster August von Galen made the sole mass demonstration against the Nazi regime and forced the Nazi authorities to nullify mandatory euthanasia for genetic incapacities. Catholics were also highly represented in noble military families like the Stauffenbergs who were ultimately loyal to God and Pope Pius XII before Hitler. His Sanctity even coordinated secretly with members of the German elite such as Josef Müller to help possible murder attempts against the Führer such as the July plot. Nonetheless, as petitioned by many radical anti-Christians members of Hitler’s Quadrumvirate of 1944 such as Heinrich Himmler, Catholic priests were highly censored and even persecuted and killed as Germany began losing the war.

Kreisau Circle

Whereas the traditional German aristocracy aided Hitler’s power ambitions after the World Economic Crisis of 1929 to prevent a communist takeover, during most of the Weimar Republic it opposed Nazism vehemently. The tyrant and Marshal Paul von Hindenburg compromised on March 21, 1933 also known as the “Potsdam Day” which consolidated the aristocracy-Nazi strategic alliance. Even when many of its members were purged during the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, noblemen continued existing during the Third Reich, although fearing a complete socialization of the economy by the Nazi regime.

Nonetheless, a vast sector of the German nobility and junkers (military aristocracy) continued opposing and resisting Hitler. One of them was Count Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, great-grandnephew of German war-hero Helmuth von Moltke. Von Moltke, as well as other German noblemen, wanted to depose the Führer and to replace him with an aristocratic government. These lords organized themselves around Von Moltke who turned his estate in Kreisau, Silesia, their headquarters. The attendants, known as the Kreisau Circle, collaborated directly with conservatives, the clergy, and the military to coordinate efforts to oust the tyrant from power. Introduction

However, the Circle was very obstinate regarding not taking any violent actions to overthrow the Nazis. Equally, under Von Moltke’s leadership, the Kreisau members wanted to establish a European interstate community (like the current European Union) under a paternalistic and quasi-socialist conservative regime like many princes suggested at the beginning of the XIXth century. This antagonized them from most of the aristocracy, clergy, and military. Nonetheless, when the latter organized the July Plot the whole Kreisau Circle was arrested and executed. Groups with similar positions and ideals include the famous Solf Circle (around Hannah Solf) which included the German intelligentsia and academia. Even So, this group was more focused on combating the Holocaust and saving their victims than to depose the Nazi regime. Conservative Resistance The conservative resistance was much more decentralized and pluralistic than the Kreisau Circle. The common ground of all its members was the adherence to conservative, traditionalist or even reactionary positions but also supporting a capitalist or market economic system. While most of its members were retired politicians, this group also included support from the aristocracy, the clergy, and the military. Perhaps one of its most well-known head figures was ex-major of Leipzig Carl Friedrich Goerderler, member of the extinct monarchist platform Deutschnationale Volkspartei (German National People’s Party). Whereas the Kreisau Circle wanted to establish an aristocratic rule with a utopian paternalistic sense and a more liberal socio-political structure, the conservative resistance wanted to restore the traditional old German rule. Most of them were highly supportive of German Prussian militarism and thus wanted to replace the Third Reich with a transitional military regime. Their long-term ideal was to fully restore the disappeared German Empire under the leadership of Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II and the Hohenzollern dynasty. It is worth mentioning that they also supported re-establishing a landowner-based economy regarding agriculture and a capitalist system regarding the industry benefiting both the aristocracy and entrepreneurship. The conservative resistance thought Hitler was unworthy of ruling Germany and that his regime was leading to the full destruction of the country through war and genocidal socialism. Therefore, they wanted to overthrow him in the name of Germany’s glory and heritage. This group defined the political agenda of the July Plot and was characterized for its vehement opposition to Nazism almost since the beginning. Therefore, practically all its members were eliminated either during the Night of the Long Knives or after July 20, 1944. Military Resistance This was the most decentralized grouping and even though the most efficient of all. As Hitler neutralized almost all political opposition tribes like communists, socialists and the youth, the only way to depose or slightly resist him in an efficient manner was through a military operation, in other words, through a military coup d’état. Hence, the military made most of the assassination attempts against the Führer possible, even though all of them failed. The military opposed Hitler almost from the beginning as the Nazis originally wanted to have it dissolved and replaced with a popular militia. However, German officials forced the dictator to stop his original commitment. The tyrant and the Nazis originally hated the military because of its stamental structure and protection of the nobility which was considered too reactionary for their populist platform. Introduction

Therefore, the Führer changed legislation to force unconditional loyalty to his figure. Formerly the soldier’s oath pledged loyalty to the constitution, the country, and the people. However, on March 16, 1935, Hitler obliged all members of the Wehrmacht to swear loyalty and obedience to him. All acts of disobedience were legally considered as high treason as it violated the military oath. This measure was principally opposed by high-ranking officials, who considered Germany and God as the sole superior ideals to vow to. At the same time, many officials like General Ludwig Beck and General Major Henning von Tresckow opposed the expansionist and hawkish foreign policy applied by the Nazis. Since the Sudeten Crisis they feared a second world war would lead to Germany’s and Europe’s full destruction. Therefore, they considered it vital to overthrow Hitler as the only possible way to restore peace and preserve Germany. Politically, this group was linked to the conservative resistance, the Kreisau Circle, the Bekennende Kirche and the Catholic Church. Many like colonel Claus von Stauffenberg believed that there was a divine and holy mission commanded by Providence to save Germany from total destruction. Many like General Beck considered that the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich made Germany decadent. Thus, the only possible way to protect the country was through a military coup d’état and the formation of a transitional military dictatorship. As Germany began to lose at war, the military resistance established that the key goal of its commitment was to consensually make peace with the Allies. Nonetheless, the “Führer Oath” impeded a general military strike against the regime if Hitler was alive. Therefore, the military resistance determined killing Hitler as its top priority before taking any other future action. Furthermore, constant military failures led some renegade Nazi officials like Friedrich Fromm and Erich Fellgiebel to cooperate with the resistance in order to set up a coup d’ état. This pluralistic group of high-ranking officials organized the July Plot and were summarily executed afterwards.

Past assassination attempts against Hitler 1938: Maurice Bavaud’s plot The Swiss theologist Maurice Bavaud believed Hitler was a threat to Switzerland, the Catholic Church and that he was an “incarnation of Satan. He bought a pistol and began following Hitler across Germany. On November 9, 1938 Hitler and other high-ranking Nazi officials marched through the streets of Munich in celebration of the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. Bavaud pretended to be a Swiss reporter, purchased a seat in a grandstand along the parade route and waited for the opportunity to shoot Hitler. As Hitler approached, the crowd stood up with arms and waving flags which blocked Bavaud’s view of Hitler and prevented him from taking his shot. Introduction

1939: Georg Elser’s Beer Hall Bomb Georg Elser was a struggling German carpenter and communist who was opposed to Nazism. He anticipated that Hitler would lead his country on the path towards war and financial ruin Elser knew Hitler would speak at Munich’s Bürgerbräukeller brewery. He moved to Munich and began sneaking into the Bürgerbräukeller each night to hollow out a cavity in a stone pillar behind the speaker’s platform. After several weeks of painstaking clandestine labor, Elser successfully installed a bomb. Elser had planned his bombing to perfection. However, WWII had started a few months prior and Hitler moved his speech to 8pm to be back in Berlin as soon as possible. The bomb went off only eight minutes after Hitler left the building. Eight people were killed and dozens more were injured. Elser was captured that same night while trying to steal across the Swiss border, and he later confessed after authorities found his bomb plans. 1943: Henning von Tresckow’s Brandy Bomb Henning von Tresckow was a German military officer. On March 13, 1943 Hitler flew to visit troops onthe Eastern Front for a brief visit. Henning von Tresckow was stationed there with some members of the German resistance. He asked one of Hitler’s aides if he would take back a case of Cointreau to give to an officer that von Tresckow had recently lost a bet to. The aide obliged, unknowingly accepting a parcel that in fact contained an explosive with a 30-minute timer. They activated the timer shortly before handing it to the aid. Two hours later, Hitler’s plane arrived safety back at East Prussian headquarters, something had clearly gone wrong with the bomb. Before the plot could be revealed, von Schlabrendorff flew to retrieve the package the next day, which he managed to successfully accomplish. 1943: Rudolf von Gersdorff’s Suicide Mission Only a week after Tresckow’s failed assassination attempt, he and his co-conspirators made another attempt on Hitler’s life. This time, it happened at an exhibition of captured Soviet Flags and weaponry in Berlin, where Hitler was scheduled to visit for a tour. The officer named Rudolf von Gersdorff volunteered to be the triggerman for a bomb attack, but after some thought he came to the realization that the security was too tight to put the explosives in the room. The only way he found was to carry the bomb himself and try to blow it up as close to Hitler as possible. He decided to proceed with his plan and on March 21, he did his best to stay close to the Fuhrer as he guided him through the exhibit. The bomb had a 10-minute timer and despite Gersdorff attempts to prolong the tour, Hitler exited the room after only a few minutes. Gersdorff had to rapidly go to the bathroom where he defused the bomb with only a few seconds to spare. Current Situation

Internal situation Despite being the initial undoubted victor of World War II (WWII), Germany lost most of its initial status before 1944 and took a predominantly defensive role. Widespread desperation was always present during this year, nonetheless it did not manifest itself as open and mobilized demonstrations against the regime whose propaganda apparatus portrayed an eventual victory of the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, among others) as inevitable. After the failures at Stalingrad and Kursk, many high-ranking party officials such as Josef Goebbels (Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda) and Heinrich Himmler (Minister of the Interior) took advantage of the situation to increase their power and implement the agendas. The two most important were Goebbels’ initiative to apply a “Total War” regime and Himmler’s idea of initiating a systematic genocide against European Jews as a “Final Solution for the Jewish Question” (the Holocaust). Both were applied deeply between 1942-1945. Thus, they are still valid during committee. “Total War” meant the Third Reich would conduct its economy fully towards war activities. All enterprises considered “not essential” (not helpful at war) were immediately shut down and all their workers were transferred to “essential” industries. Unemployment was effectively prohibited through these measures as all men were intended to either work at war industries (mainly the elderly and war veterans) or to directly join the military. All non-occupied citizens could either be forcibly recruited or deported to concentration camps under the charges of vagrancy. Despite the excessive propaganda deployed during “Total War” telling the general populace that this was the only way to victory, this could not avoid the birth of a feeling of despair amongst Germans. From 1942 forward the general living standard decreased massively due to subsequent economic changes. At the same time, all non-militarized areas of society were integrated into the war effort during “Total War”. The elderly and the young, mainly engaged in industrial work and propagandistic mobilization, were recruited to the governmental popular militia Volkssturm (People’s Storm). By 1944 this militia was not used for the actual warfront, but to integrate all society into the idea of belligerency and raise morale. Police and the Sturmabbildung (SA) were still in charge of civil security whilst the Ersatzheer (Reserve Army) was still in charge of carrying out all defensive measures inside Germany. In 1944 the Ersatzheer had ca. 2,5 million soldiers at service, the same amount as the army on the front. Many members of the Ersatzheer became active members of the military resistance against the regime in 1944 due to constant military failures and Hitler’s unwillingness to change the war strategy. In fact, the general sensation amongst members of that military branch was that total defeat was utterly inevitable. At the same time, due to Himmler’s influence, the so-called “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” was implemented in 1942. The Wannsee conference established the protocols to deal with Jews after five years of isolation in Ghettos in occupied eastern Europe. The “Final Solution”, commonly known as Holocaust, determined that Jews, homosexuals, disabled, amongst other minorities should be massively deported to existing concentration camps and turn many of them into extermination ones, where they were meant to be systematically exterminated in gas chambers. The situation regarding the Holocaust turned even more crude and horrendous as Germany began losing the war both at the eastern and, afterwards, western fronts. Hitler’s and Himmler’s idea of a “Jewish-free Europe” was intended to be implemented before military defeat. Current Situation

Whilst extermination camps were situated mostly in Poland, Auschwitz being one of the most infamous of them, genocide against Jews was carried out more brutally in occupied Ukraine, where Jews were massacred with firearms constantly. All in all, eastern Europe deteriorated even more the situation brought up by the German occupation with the implementation of the Holocaust, as ethnic cleansing measures against the local population, Jews and several minorities were harshened as Germany continued losing territory. This situation even led to German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, as the regime of Miklos Horthy refused to deport Jews to concentration camps. The whole logistics of the operation were directed by Einsatzgruppen (Deployment Groups) which were composed mostly by urban policemen. It is worth mentioning that most of the German population remained ignorant about the Holocaust, only police officers and soldiers were aware of the situation. The crimes against humanity applied during that time made even more military men to join the resistance. The situation in western Europe was also altered due to the implementation of the above-mentioned measures. In contrast to eastern Europe, German occupation of the West was intended to be temporary and for strategic purposes only. However, the political agendas launched by Goebbels and Himmler tightened the grip of Nazi occupation. The military governments began applying an even more draconian rule to facilitate the deportation of Jews, the most dramatic cases occurred in France and Netherlands where the lack of cooperation of the local population led to French and Dutch people being arrested and deported to concentration camps as well. The recrudescence of German occupation in both eastern and western Europe due to “Total War”, the Holocaust and constant military loses boosted the popular call for resistance movements against the occupation. These were especially strong in Poland and France. The French resistance guerrillas established a broad front against occupation composed by conservatives loyal to the Free French government of general De Gaulle and communists connected to the USSR. Their activities by 1944 not only were characterized to combat Jewish deportation or to sabotage occupation authorities but to prepare the ground for a future liberation campaign by the Allies. In Poland, while also seeking to prepare the ground for a future Soviet-led liberation, the resistance movement was directly conducted by the regular Polish army and many Jews, as Nazi annexation efforts expelled millions of ethnic Poles and used them for labour work. All these horrendous policies were not only murderously lunatic, but also very inefficient and harmful politically and economically as previously explained, hence, they were initially opposed by Hitler. Nonetheless, they were utterly applied due to political pressure from his inner circle since 1942. This forced a deep political change in the Third Reich, which replaced the autocratic system through a reduced collective rule. Thus, by 1944, Germany became a quadrumvirate between Hitler, Himmler, Goebbels, and Hermann Goering (Chief of the Luftwaffe/Air Force and Vice-chancellor of the Reich). This political change, however, was not public, for the general populace the Führer continued being the most powerful man in the country. Current Situation

Besides all the above-mentioned situations, Germany also suffered from massive bombing campaigns by the Allies between 1940 and 1945. As Germany did not dominate the skies anymore, allied forces determined that local morale should be lowered through constant bombings on civilian population. This intended to create an uncontrollable sentiment of despair in the general populace so that uncontrollable masses would force the regime to terminate the war immediately.

Besides all the above-mentioned situations, Germany also suffered from massive bombing campaigns by the Allies between 1940 and 1945. As Germany did not dominate the skies anymore, allied forces determined that local morale should be lowered through constant bombings on civilian population. This intended to create an uncontrollable sentiment of despair in the general populace so that uncontrollable masses would force the regime to terminate the war immediately This never actually happened, even though morale was heavily damaged. Even though mass demonstrations or mobilizations against the regime were never put in practice, air strikes enabled open rejection and criticism of the Third Reich and its war effort for the first time since the Weimar Republic.

Dresden bombings in 1943 killed ca. 150 thousand people, 145 thousand died due to bombings on Hamburg and the so-called “Berlin Blitz” between November 1943 and January 1944 obliterated 8 thousand people, leaving 1,5 million people homeless only there as cities were fully annihilated. This led to a massive exodus to the German countryside, which had almost all its residential areas overcrowded with formerly urban inhabitants. 410 thousand German civilians were killed due to constant air raids in total which makes mass migration to the countryside understandable. Current Situation

External Situation The German internal decadence corresponds to the constant military failures while combating the western Allies and the Soviet Union. Their actions defined the overall situation in 1944, as they became the undoubted victors of the war and began setting up projects for a future post-Nazi Europe. Nonetheless, their victories inaugurated the harshest period of WW2 between 1944 and 1945. The Allied Powers coordinated their efforts in several conferences between their leaders between 1943 and 1944, most of them being held in French colonies under the authority of the Free French administration of General De Gaulle. The first was held in Casablanca, Morocco where US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill accorded to invade Italy through Sicily before creating a continental western front taking advantage of total German defeat in North Africa as well as conceiving “unconditional surrender” by the Axis Powers as the only acceptable path to declaring peace. Later, in the Cairo and Quebec Conferences, they decided the necessity to articulate all efforts of a future western front under a single line of command directed by General Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was also decided that the western front will tackle multiple areas both in the north and the south. Following these accords, the western Allies intervened in southern Italy since 1943. Whereas initially this ended up inciting the Italian Royal Family and the Italian military authorities to depose Hitler’s ally Benito Mussolini and replace him with pro-western Marshal Pietro Badoglio. Nonetheless, German troops occupied northern Italy that same year, reconstructed the fascist regime and appointed Mussolini as its leader. This led many Italian communists to organize themselves for guerrilla warfare against German occupation. As the Italian professional military sided with Badoglio’s government, aside from some pro-Mussolini militias, the Wehrmacht is combating communist partisans and Allied forces practically alone in Italy. In 1944 the Italian front characterized itself basically for the usage of attrition warfare and stagnation, hundreds of German casualties without real military goals aside from preventing the ultimate fall of the Italian fascist regime and a subsequent invasion of southern Germany.

The Allied leaders also met in Tehran, Iran, to coordinate both eastern and western war efforts in 1943. The “Big Three” (Churchill, Roosevelt, and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin) discussed the main war strategy for the following months as Germany’s defeat proved to be inevitable. Whereas Churchill and Roosevelt guaranteed the fulfilment of Casablanca’s, Quebec’s, and Cairo’s accords, they also had to concede to Stalin to assure Soviet war participation. For instance, war in the Pacific against Japan was delayed until Italo-German unconditional surrender as requested by both the USSR and the UK. Current Situation

The “Big Three”, as demanded by Stalin, also agreed on setting up a bifrontal war against Germany. The Soviet Union compromised to open a full offensive at the eastern front only after western Allies opened one in the west. Originally the Soviet Union was only interested in expelling German troops from its territory and eventually liberating German-occupied territories in Eastern Europe. Thus, after the decisive Battle of Stalingrad, Soviet troops were committed to fight German troops within its territory only as seen in the Battle of Kursk. As accorded in Tehran, the Allies prioritized the creation of a continental western front in France. The so-called Operation Overlord planned to break British isolation by invading the French coast. While British intelligence originally made the Wehrmacht, High Command believed the invasion would be conducted through Calais, Anglo-American authorities established Normandy beaches as the path to enter continental Europe. German authorities did believe an Allied attack was imminent and began defensive preparations. While Field Marshal Erwin Rommel demanded to fight directly on the beaches, Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt suggested to battle in France’s central fields. Hitler, deeply motivated by ideological reasons and lack of military expertise, ordered all defensive measures in central France while leaving the coast nearly unprotected. On June 6, 1944 D-Day occurred and Operation Overlord was put into practice with almost no political response from Hitler’s side, who fanatically considered Germany as unbeatable. The Normandy Landings are still occurring during committee, which means an Allied liberation of France is expected to take place in the following months. As established in the Quebec Conference a multipolar front will be established soon, probably through an intervention in southern France. Historically D-Day did not only mark the beginning of the end of Nazi Germany, but also enabled the promised Soviet offensive. Gigantic and brutal Operation Bagration for the liberation of Belorussia and Eastern Europe took place just a few days in the future on June 23, 1944. This military enterprise obliterated the 34 divisions and two armies of the German Army Group Center. Thus, the overall idea of high-ranking military officials at that time began to contemplate total defeat as inevitable. The negotiations at Tehran did not only establish these military strategies but was the scenario of geopolitical disputes of future world hegemons, too. Whereas the USSR and also originally the USA (Morgenthau Plan) considered dividing future Germany into several demilitarized sovereign states with almost no industries, the UK promoted dividing Germany in two, separating the Prussian north from the Austrian south as it was before 1868. The USA would later abandon this position. This softer British initiative was promoted due to constant negotiations between aristocratic members of the German resistance and the Kreisau Circle such as Adam von Trott zu Solz and Helmuth James von Moltke, as they kept contact with many English authorities. The USA and the UK, while originally only supporting unconditional surrender, were forced by Stalin to accept only allowing a joint peace with all the Big Three. The Soviet leader did this as German authorities tried to negotiate with Anglo-British one several times since 1941 due more ideological proximity to the West than to the USSR. While negotiations with the USA and the UK would be easier, Churchill and Roosevelt are undoubtedly compromised not to make any peace deals without including the Soviet Union as well as to push for the unconditional surrender of the Axis. Meanwhile, Stalin may be absolutely more reticent to engage in negotiations with Germany mostly due to ideological reasons, however he is geopolitically more independent than the West which is beginning to hold vaguely antagonistic positions to him. Current Situation

Committee sessions will start on June 6, 1944. The July Plot As aforementioned, this was not the first intent of killing the Führer and/ or changing the internal and external political situation in Germany, yet it has become the more renowned one because of how close it was to achieving its goal. But why and how was it so close? The main reason is the solid structure that the original plan, which was even signed by Hitler himself, had. The original Operation Valkyrie was developed in December of 1941. As the situation in the war was not looking good for Germany, two main orders were developed by the Chief of the Army General Office, and secretly a member of the resistance, Friedrich Olbricht: The Valkyrie and the Rheingold, which in a summary would put the reserve army, soldiers in training and 300,000 thousand licensed soldiers in combat groups and mobilize them to important points of Berlin and others, in case there were disturbances on the part of the prisoners of war, or Hitler was murdered. General Ulrich Hassel, also a member of the resistance, had a second version in 1943, which included declaring a state of emergency if Hitler's death was the cause of the implementation of the plans. This version was also signed by Hitler. The only persons allowed to start the operation were the head of the reserve army Friedrich Fromm and Hitler himself, but Fromm refused to participate in the plot after the failed "bottle conspiracy" in 1943 (another assassination attempt on Hitler in order to continue with the Valkyrie plan). However, neither he nor other high-ranking officials who knew about the plans, denounced to the Gestapo the existence of the resistance. Finally, the plan underwent two more changes. Olbricht noted that the original plan was somewhat vague, so he added that the troops enlist and act quickly. (He called this change the Valkyrie II). However, Henning von Tresckow, another ally with power in the state, thought that this addition was very vague anyway and added many more minute details. It was established that the troops take ministries, other Nazi centrals, radio booths, concentration camps and others. All these tiny modifications would help the resistance to achieve its true plan in the future. The idea of the Valkyrie plan developed by the resistance, was to assassinate Hitler and his right hands to launch the Operation Valkyrie (the original contingency plan), thus misleading the reserve troops, saying that the SS had initiated a coup of state and they were the ones that assassinated Hitler, so that the troops would have to seize and remove all of the Schutzstaffel (SS) members from their positions for being traitors to the country. Since there would be no successor, the resistance would form a provisional government to negotiate peace with the allies. To start the plan, that is, to assassinate Hitler and company, a crucial piece was Claus von Stauffenberg, who due to his achievements in the military, had been promoted on July 1, 1944 as a colonel, which allowed him to have close contact with the higher ups at their meetinghouse, The Wolfsschanze. So, after having the perfect place to strike, getting the British explosives, planning the timing of the bombs, planning how they would leave the scene, and so on, the entire plan was complete. Current Situation

The 20 of July murder attempt On July 20, 1944 Hitler held a conference with his generals in his eastern front Headquarters at Wolfsschanze, in Prussia (today's Poland). Initially it was planned to be in an underground bunker. However, there was a sudden change of plans due to either the high temperature on that day or Hitler’s paranoia. The main plotter of this assassination attempt was Claus von Stuffenberg, a dashing colonel, who had been called among other high rank officers with Hitler at the conference. Stauffenberg had lost one eye and one hand during the North African campaign. Along with his co-conspirators, he planned to assassinate the Führer with a bomb hidden within a briefcase, and then use the German Reserve Army to seize power. If the plan was successful, they had plans to negotiate peace with the Allies. The conference started at 12:30. Minutes later Stauffenberg made an excuse to use the bathroom in Wilhelm Keitel's office. There he used pliers to crush the end of a pencil detonator inserted into a 1-kilogram (2.2 lb) block of plastic explosive wrapped in brown paper. The detonator consisted of a thin copper tube containing cupric chloride. This would take approximately ten minutes to silently eat through wire holding back the firing pin from the percussion cap. If the plan was successful, they had plans to negotiate peace with the Allies. The conference started at 12:30. Minutes later Stauffenberg made an excuse to use the bathroom in Wilhelm Keitel's office. There he used pliers to crush the end of a pencil detonator inserted into a 1-kilogram (2.2 lb) block of plastic explosive wrapped in brown paper. The detonator consisted of a thin copper tube containing cupric chloride. This would take approximately ten minutes to silently eat through wire holding back the firing pin from the percussion cap. He took longer than expected arming the bomb due to his previous mentioned war wounds. He was interrupted by an Officer, notifying him that the meeting was about to start. Therefore, he had only time to prepare one of the two explosives that he was planning to elaborate. Stauffenberg gave the unprimed bomb to his aide-de-camp, Werner von Haeften. He placed the single primed bomb inside his briefcase and entered the conference room where Hitler and 20 other officers were present. As the meeting started and arguing deafness, he asked to be seated next to Hitler. When he took the seat near the Führer, he placed his briefcase near Hitler´s feet. After a few minutes, Stauffenberg received a planned phone call and left the room. It is not known how the bomb was moved. Some Historians say Heinz Brandt, one of the victims of the attempt, pushed it to the other side of the table leg, unwillingly saving Hitler. At 12:42, the bomb detonated, demolishing the conference room. Many people were injured with three officers and Brandt passing away. Hitler, and everyone else protected from the blast by the conference table leg, survived. The Fuhrer had no major injuries, only his trousers were singed and tattered and he suffered from a perforated eardrum. Current Situation

Main obstacles for success Fanatism In Nazi Government, the Führer principle was the explanation for Hitler’s absolute control over Germany. According to the leading NSDAP member Rudolf Hess, “Hitler is Germany and Germany is Hitler. Whatever he does is necessary. Whatever he does is successful. Clearly the Führer has divine blessing.” Hitler was the embodiment of the German population wishes and therefore only he knew what was best for the country. During 11 years through Goebbels propaganda the Führer principle had rooted deeply within the population’s minds. In 1944 even though a part had lost the faith in Hitler, a vast majority still believed him to be Germany’s divine saviour. While gathering support for the assassination attempt and the subsequent seize of power. But Delegates must also consider that Hitler was a hero for the masses. It is very unlikely that the populace will accept a government led by the murderers of their saviour. It is crucial that the masses opinion is taken into consideration to avoid a Nazi countercoup. Key figures within the Nazi Regime After Goebbels speech calling for the “Total War” in 1943, he proved Hitler, that the Führer was not the only one who could manipulate the masses. From this point forward Power in Germany was shared between 4 men: Hitler, Himmler, Goering, and Goebbels. If we add to those four Wilhelm Keitel, Hitler´s most loyal lieutenant, we have the five most important and influential persons in Germany. For the Operation to succeed after Hitler´s demise, the other four mentioned must be neutralized. Joseph Goebbels Goebbels was Hitler´s minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. He had complete control over the press, radio, theatre, films, literature, music, and the fine arts. While having the absolute power of the german media, Goebbels was able to create narratives that allowed him to manipulate the public opinion as he wished. The most famous case was the divinization of Hitler through the popularization of the Führer principle. Other examples of Goebbels influence were the Jewish Boycott of 1933, where the people were convinced that Jewish Business had the intention to drive Germans to poverty. Goebbels genius in mediatic manipulation could be seen at its peak in 1943, days after the german defeat at Stalingrad, when he gave his speech at the Sportpalast. The minister of propaganda talked about how dire and desperate the situation of Germany was, but that the german people had to keep fighting. He asked the present public if they were prepared for “Total War”, to fight to the bitter end and save their nation. The cheer and acclaim Goebbels received after the speech was the result of years of propaganda and brainwashing. If the delegates succeed in assassinating Hitler, the fast neutralization of Goebbels is crucial, in order to stop him from creating an anti-coup mobilization of the masses, that could end up compromising the operation. Current Situation

Heinrich Himmler Himmler was arguably the second most powerful man in the Third Reich. He was the leader of the SS, an organization tasked with the protection of the NSDAP, which meant getting rid of all possible opposition. This tasked continued even after the Nazi Party rose to power, hunting down any possible threat to the government. But Himmler did not only command the SS. As Hitler gained power, so did Himmler. When Himmler’s power was at its peak, with his position as Reichsführer-SS, he had control of almost every police organization within Germany (to see all his functions see Figure 1). The Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RHSA; Reich Security Main Office), which was commanded by Himmler, was responsible for organizing the many police branches of the State and the SS. The most important were the Sicherheitsdienst (SD, Intelligence Service), the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo, Security Police), the Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo, Secret State Police), and the SS itself. The SS itself was divided in 3 Main Branches: The General-SS, the Waffen-SS and the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV).

The General-SS consisted of ordinary part-time members of General SS regiments, the full-time members of General SS units and headquarters, and non-active members attached to units and headquarters of the General SS. The Waffen-SS consisted in the full-time military branch of the organization, whose numbers were around 250,000. Its members were considered part of the armed forces but were trained and equipped by the SS personnel. Therefore, their loyalty was first to Himmler and then the army generals. The last branch, the SS-TV were the ones in charge of guarding the concentration camps. Himmler´s danger to the operation lies within his influence over all bodies of german police and security. He could easily discover the plot and execute anyone he considers guilty, or in the scenario of a successful assassination attempt, he could use his Waffen-SS regiments to stop any possible usurpation of the government, not to mention the possible stealthier approaches to the situation he might take. Current Situation

Hermann Goering Goering earned his place as the most loyal follower of the Führer since he joined him during Hitler´s Putsch of 1923. He escalated within the party’s ranks to the point that he became president of Reichstag in 1932. Hitler appointed him crucial and different roles during the 1930s. In 1933 Goering became Minister of the Interior in Prussia and used that position to eliminating Hitler´s opposition (like the SA of Ernst Rohm) and empower his Führer (By founding the Gestapo and helping Himmler’s SS to become even more powerful). Goering also became Hitler’s commissioner for his Four- Year Plan to prepare Germany's economy for war. During 1939 he became leader of the Luftwaffe, and thanks to his air force Germany secured many victories during the early war years. In 1940 he even received the title of Reichsmarschall des Grossdeutschen Reiches (“Marshal of the Empire'') and was declared as Hitler´s successor. Goering’s career changed after the defeat of the Luftwaffe during the battle of London. The Luftwaffe lost his domain of the air against the allied air forces. After that Goering began spending more and more time in his country residence of Carinhall in northeast Berlin. By the time of the committee Goering only spent the minimum necessary directing, the almost in ruins, Luftwaffe and preferred to stay at Carinhall where he fought a morphine addiction. Wilhelm Keitel As previously mentioned, Keitel was Hitler´s most trusted lieutenant. He was the Leader of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW; Armed Forces High Command). The OKW, oversaw Germany´s military efforts, especially in the western front since Hitler himself began to directly steer the eastern front. For that reason, Hitler, Keitel, and other high rank officials had many meetings to discuss Germany's strategy. One of those meetings was the one that took place at the Wolf's Lair the 20th of July. Keitel was standing next to Hitler when Stauffenberg’s bomb exploded. Should an attempt on Hitler´s life be planned, could both be taken out simultaneously? The unexpected and lack of adaptability Finally, a major setback for this operation is the unexpected. In the original assassination attempt on July 20, 1944, the plotters could not foresee that the meeting`s place would be changed from a windowless underground bunker to a wooden bunker above the ground (It is unsure if that sudden change were because of Hitler`s paranoia or because of the extreme heat of that day). In this new location the bomb was less effective and for that reason the bomb needed to be near the Führer. Colonel Stauffenberg placed the briefcase containing a bomb at Hitler`s feet but he did not know thatafter leaving the room, someone would move the briefcase to the other side of the table leg. That man’s small and arbitrary decision ended up saving Hitler`s life. But ultimately, what led the operation to fail, was that the plotters could not restructure their plan after learning of Hitler's survival. Some performed their task as planned, others did not, communications failed, betrayals occurred and by the end of the day the majority of the involved were dead or were being hunted down. Current Situation

Possible outgoing scenarios Hitler does not die, the situation does not change Even if the aim of a crisis committee is not to repeat history, there could be reasons for the plan to fail again. Now, the committee does not have to go the exact same way as it happened, there could be changes on the part of the resistance, such as, mistakes of the original plan being resolved, having the support of new people, etc, and yet the plan fails again. Or after Hitler not dying, other solutions could have been tried by the other members of the resistance even before being captured. From the other side, the state investigation service could discover them earlier, have been infiltrating the resistance group from the start, etc. Hitler does not die; something happens that permits things to change As raised in the previous point, there are things that can change since before the attack on Hitler in the Wolfsschanze. But once again, things can also change after the failed attack on Hitler. Let's remember that more than two thousand people were captured after the failed assassination attempt, so there are enough allies to organize some kind of revolt or even a stronger revolution. It could happen that someone with state power came into contact with the allies or one of the constituents and managed to create a last-minute plot that somehow worked. Hitler dies but the war continues As mentioned at the beginning of the Study Guide, assassinating Hitler was the first part of the plan. For example, if Hitler dies but his successors do not also die, the plan would be a failure. Or if all of them die and the provisional government is established, but peace is only negotiated with one powerful member state of the allies, it could happen that the war continues but against the remaining allies, (that is, for example, making peace only with the Soviet Union, or only with the British Empire). The options are endless, but the course of the committee is defined by the committee. Hitler dies and the allies agree to make peace with Germany One last option would be to fulfil the wish of the resistance and end the war and the Nazi dictatorship. And while things could go according to plan, it could be that peace is achieved in another way, such as the SS surrendering to a possible uprising of the people, prisoners of war, etc., or that they do not surrender, but thanks to the provisional government and the agreements signed by them with the allies, there is a massive intervention in the German state that disarms the Nazi powers. As in each of the previous three points, the options are endless and that is precisely why we take the time to remind you that you have the power to change history in your hands, so why repeat it? Crisis Portfolio

Character and rank Role Description

An aristocratic and staunch practicing Catholic who was highly injured while serving with the Afrika Korps in Tunisia. Due to merits, he was appointed as Chief of Staff of the Ersatzheer by General Friedrich Fromm. As such he is the official communication channel between the Reserve Army and higher-ranking military officials and Chief of Staff of the Colonel has direct access to Hitler’s inner circle as he must Ersatzheer (Reserve participate in all military planning activities at Claus von Stauffenberg Army) Wolfsschanze in representation of the Ersatzheer. Stauffenberg always considered Hitler’s lack of military expertise the source of future German dismay, he considers that killing him and terminating the war as quickly as possible would be the only way to save Germany.

A well-connected retired general who served as Chief of Staff of the Army High Command between 1935 and 1938, when he was ousted because of his rejection of Hitler’s geopolitical isolationism and antiwesternism as well as having ideological party officials in high government and Colonel General Retired/Former Chief of military positions even suggesting a coup d’état to Staff of the Army High overthrow the Nazi Party and reduce the Führer to Ludwig Beck Command ceremonial figure. Ever since, Beck continued conspiring against the regime and aiding several resistance groupings as the de facto leader of the military resistance due to his connections. He even changed his attitude towards the Führer, as he currently wants to completely overthrow him and become President of the Reich. Crisis Portfolio

Character and rank Role Description

A veteran General of the Infantry who envisions the military as an independent institution from any political stance, including the Nazi Party. Due to merits during the Invasion of Poland he was appointed as Chief of the Armed Forces Reserve Office at the High Command of the Wehrmacht. Even so, he has always opposed all the statal apparatus of the Nazi Reich secretly. As such Olbricht Chief of the Armed directs the whole line of command regarding recruitment, General of the Infantry Forces Reserve Office at especially for the Reserve Army. He oversees directing the the High Command of Friedrich Olbricht Ersatzheer to complete military protocols previously the Wehrmacht approved by the Führer and the Commander in Chief. For said reason, Olbricht modified the original Valkyrie Plan designed to suppress internal unrest and masterminded Operation Valkyrie instead. It is worth mentioning he is overly cautious and prudent. Hence, he would be very reticent to any radical measures to overthrow the Nazi regime.

A highly intelligent member of the military who was involved in the resistance since the Night of the Long Knives. Von Tresckow is the most radical member of the military resistance, describing Hitler as the main enemy of the entire world. He wants to have him killed and his government deposed at any costs. He even tried to fulfil a Generalmajor Chief of Staff of the 2nd coup d’état several times which always ended up in Army Henning von Tresckow failure due to planning loopholes and physical distance, as he directs the 2nd Army in Poland. Von Tresckow is very impulsive and radical at its methods, he directs one of the biggest army sections on the Eastern Front. However, support from other armies there is rather unlikely. Crisis Portfolio

Character and rank Role Description

The plotter with the highest possible military rank was one of the few high-ranking officials who opposed Hitler before he took power; he even participated in an attempted coup in 1938 by Generalmajor Oster. Von Witzleben was previously appointed as leader of the High Command of the West; nonetheless, he was ousted and Member of the General Field Marshal transferred to the Führerreserve, where potential Führerreserve (Reserve problematic high-ranking officials were sent in a de facto Erwin von Witzleben for Leaders) retirement while also retaining their administrative benefits. Therefore, Von Witzleben is connected to most of the military elite and has the authority to send orders appealing to his rank. He would very likely become Minister of Defence and Commander in Chief of the Wehrmacht if the plot succeeds.

Fellgiebel is well-known independent minded official but directs the strategic branch of communications due to his expertise much to Hitler’s delusion. He even participated in previous attempts on the Führer but resigned before General of the putting them into practice. Fellgiebel is extremely cautious Communications Chief of Wehrmacht and nervous, he would only participate in the plot if all Troops communications eventual loopholes were covered. Needless to say, he Erich Fellgiebel controls all internal communications among the Reich and the military through, telegraph, radio, and correspondence. His participation would be crucial, especially if contact with the Nazi Quadrumvirate must be cut. Crisis Portfolio

Character and rank Role Description

The Commander in Chief of the Ersatzheer is the ultimate and primary authority of the whole Reserve army. Any action involving this military branch must have his approval and adherence. Fromm is a very self-centred man, as he never served on the warfront, he remained in Germany in a bureaucratic position instead. Fromm is repudiated by many of the pro-Nazi military officials and Commander in chief of Colonel General undertaken by Hitler’s inner circle. His desire of power the Ersatzheer (Reserve involved him in the operation as well as his rivalry with Friedrich Fromm Army) Hitler’s protégé Marshal Wilhelm Keitel. As an overly cautious and distrusted man, Fromm would only honour his participation if there were guarantees of success. As such, he would directly put the Ersatzheer at disposal of the plot and utilize his connections for the recruitment of future government officials if he gains more power and victory is assured.

The Deputy Chief of the Abwehr has a long history with the resistance, as he masterminded a possible coup d’ état in 1938. He believes Germany should never have been involved in war with the Allies and thus the regime should be immediately ousted. He serves as the de facto Generalmajor Deputy Chief of the leader of the Abwehr as their members are closer to the Abwehr (Military resistance and the Chief was appointed by Hitler’s inner Hans Oster Intelligence) circle. As an expert in intelligence activities, he would rather conduct espionage activities in favour of the operation. The sole problem with it is Hitler’s suspicions regarding the Abwehr which he integrated and subordinated to the Reich Main Security Office; the counterintelligence facility effectively controlled by the SS. Crisis Portfolio

Character and rank Role Description

The chief of the Berlin Police was a very convinced and ideological national-socialist, he even ordered the police to remain passive towards Kristallnacht and thusly was honoured by the SS and the SA. He never integrated the regular army but the party militia SA. Nonetheless, as SA-Obergruppenführer Goebbels utilized him as an escaping goat to all Wolf-Heinrich von Chief of the Berlin Police consequences of his propagandistic campaigns, Von Helldorf Helldorf wants to clean his name in front of the populace and the world. As all military authorities have their headquarters in Berlin, the participation of the police would be necessary to maintain peace and order while putting the plot into practice. Hence, his services would be highly needed.

The military commander of occupied France was disappointed by the Nazis since 1938 and the crisis of the Sudetenland. Stülpnagel, nonetheless, has always characterized himself with passivity towards the resistance. However, his involvement with the operation is General of the Infantry German-occupied very unlikely to subside. Von Stülpnagel would like to have Carl-Heinrich von France's military Hitler overthrown to restore peace and assure Germany’s Stülpnagel commander territorial integrity. At the same time, as a notable war-criminal he wants to protect himself in the future with his participation in the resistance. Von Stülpnagel would take control of France, this action would secure support of the German western armies and divisions for the operation. Crisis Portfolio

Character and rank Role Description

Admiral Canaris served as the first and foremost leader of the Abwehr, he even built up an internal apparatus opposed to the Nazi Reich from within with aide of Former Chief of the Colonel Oster. Canaris is a veteran member of the navy Abwehr (Military who always opposed Nazism and has a deep resentment Admiral Intelligence) towards Hitlers as he ousted him and put him under effective house arrest after his agency helped the Solf Wilhelm Canaris / Chief of the Office of Circle with the liberation of Jews. He holds the now empty Commercial and title of Chief of the Office of Commercial and Economic Economic Warfare Warfare which has no real authority. However, he is well connected among all intelligence facilities, which would help him to get unofficial information in favour of the operation.

Aristocrat and well-educated member of the German elite who has always served the Foreign Office of the Reich as a diplomat. Von Trott zu Solz is a very active member of the Kreisau Circle, therefore he would argue for the implementation of an aristocratic epistocracy with a paternalistic and quasi-socialistic economic model in Diplomat, Member of replacement of the Third Reich. His agenda is very Adam von Trott zu Solz the Foreign Office utopian, proposing a European Community and a peace-oriented regime. Von Trott zu Solz, as a diplomat, has lots of contacts in the exterior, especially in the West as he studied in Oxford. Although he does not want to directly become Minister of Foreign Affairs, he would likely become the chief negotiator with the Western allies, as he is well-connected with British authorities. Crisis Portfolio

Character and rank Role Description

A very experimented military official integrated the resistance to discontent with Nazi war strategies. He is the immediate subordinate to General Olbricht and the Colonel Member of the Armed second in the line of command at the Armed Forces Forces Reserve Office at Reserve Office at the High Command of the Wehrmacht. Albrecht Mertz von the High Command of He is extremely bolder than Olbricht, so that he would Quirnheim the Wehrmacht override his superiors if their decisions were too slow. He is also an expert in explosive management and development, his help would be required to perpetrate any attempt.

The youngest soldier involved in the plot was selected by Stauffenberg as his personal aide-de-camp due to overall recommendations from other members of the resistance. Senior Lieutenant Claus von Von Haeften always questioned the Nazi rule and Stauffenberg's personal preferred only to vow to his military superiors before party Werner von Haeften aide-de-camp officials. He would always accompany Stauffenberg and take all necessary actions to secure the continuity of the operation. He is very loyal to his immediate bosses; thus, he would even sacrifice himself for the sake of the plot. Crisis Portfolio

Character and rank Role Description

The former mayor of Leipzig is a very convinced and staunch conservative politician. He opposed Hitler and the Nazis almost since the beginning, as their ideology was considered as decadent and anti-German by him. Although he participated in the regime as an economic advisor, Goerderler rejected all Nazi activities since the first boycott against Jewish businesses. Goerderler is a Monarchist Doctor visible figure of the German civil resistance, he can be Conservative Politician even considered as the de facto leader of the Carl Goerderler & Economist conservative branch. As the highest civil authority, Goerderler would likely become Chancellor if the plot succeeds. Furthermore, his agenda would consist in restoring the Hohenzollern monarchy, the Prussian stamental society and installing a free market economy. Nevertheless, he is too strict and prudent, he would likely oppose all radical actions. QADMAs Questions a Directive must Answer)

● The different political agendas pursued by various resistance groupings involved in the plot could deteriorate the line of command and the effectiveness of the operation? If yes, in what way could all participants unify their efforts? A specific agenda must prime above all others? Which one? Why?

● Acknowledging the Nazi Reich is currently tyrannized by a quadrumvirate, in what way could a coup d’état neutralize all regime figureheads? Is getting rid of Hitler enough? Why (not)? Is success possible if some leaders of the Nazi regime remain? Who specifically? What must be done with the rest of Hitler’s inner circle?

● How should the operation take place? Is actually killing Hitler necessary or should he only be deposed? What procedure must be put into practice to overthrow Hitler? Are conditions variable and the operation versatile enough to deal with it? Would the fanaticized German populace eventually interfere with the attempted coup? Can they be reoriented utilizing the grievances caused by “Total War” and the Allied bombing campaign?

● What will be the role of German military occupation governments across Europe? Is their adherence to the operation expected before carrying it out? If no, when, and how would they be recruited? Recognizing the extensive territory of German occupied areas, would their administration represent a benefit or a handicap to the operation? Would the anti-occupation partisan groupings eventually interfere with the attempted coup?

● In case of success, what strategy is meant to be used to suppress any resistance from ideological sectors of the regime? How could troops assure they will remain in control of all power positions in Berlin and the occupied areas? Will the protocols of Operation/Plan Valkyrie be used? Can a new government be formed and legitimized afterwards? Who will be taking part in it? Are profound political reforms necessary taking place immediately afterwards?

● How and under what communication channel will peace negotiations with the Allies take place to stop the war? Will there be preferences towards certain nations instead of a collective trait? Is partial peace and a reduced war continuity an option regarding the double front war? Is unconditional surrender possible? Can negotiations take advantage of the rivalry within the Allies?

● In case of failure, how can damages and evidence be mitigated in order to avoid political persecution? Are all implicated members trustworthy enough to assure confidentiality regarding the operation? Is fleeing the country an option if a political purge takes place? If yes, where will be the destination and how will it be reached? Crisis motions and documents

Motions Moderated Caucus The most basic and elemental motion of all MUN. Moderated Caucuses are to basically let delegates speak about a certain topic for a determined amount of time per speaker. A quick example of one is: - I would like to raise a motion for a moderated caucus of 8 minutes, one minute per speaker, regarding child abuse in Saudi Arabia. Unmoderated Caucus Another basic motion of MUN. We encourage delegates to use this motion when a directive wants to be written while it’s being discussed. Delegates are also allowed to enter breakout rooms or other platforms in order to negotiate with their blocs. An example of raising it is: - I would like to raise a motion for an Unmoderated Caucus of 15 minutes Consultation of the Whole In this motion, delegates are able to moderate the conversation among them. It does not need a specific topic, nor a time per speaker, it only needs a total time. It is especially efficient when a directive wants tobe discussed, as well as updates. It has different types, but the most basic is the one where every delegate that speaks yields the time to another. An example of it being raised is: - I would like to raise a motion for a Consultation of the Whole of 6 minutes. Round Robin All delegates speak in this motion. In a physical committee, it would go either clockwise or counterclockwise. As everyone speaks, we highly encourage the time per speaker to be 45 seconds. An example of how it is raised is: - I would like to raise a motion for a Round Robin of 45 seconds per speaker. Introduce Directives This is the Crisis equivalent of introducing a Draft Resolution. It is the same, just that here the procedure is much quicker and more dynamic. With this motion, you can also specify which directive you want to be introduced. An example of raising this motion is: - I would like to raise a motion for Introducing all Directives [for Introducing Directive 1.1] Open Debate I, the Crisis Room Director, like to call this motion “an Unmoderated Caucus without the Unmoderated Caucus part”. There is just a total time in this motion, and no specific topic. However, during this motion, delegates cannot do breakout rooms, it is purely to discuss freely among delegates. It is raised as the following example: - I would like to raise a motion for an Open Debate of 8 minutes. Crisis motions and documents

Documents The documents we will handle in this committee will be the following: Crisis Notes/Secret Actions:

These are the most elemental part of a Crisis Committee. While in a General Assembly almost all actions are taken all at once with a Draft Resolution, and other events are handled via updates, in a Crisis Committee, delegates can provoke these events and actions on their own. Secret Actions serve one purpose, and that is to do actions under the table as your character, to only benefit your personal interests. However, as good as they might seem, we need to remind you that they have limits, and that can also backfire your interests. How? Simple. Secret Actions cannot do things outside your jurisdiction. Say you are an Army General, and you want to buy laptops for the Education Ministry. That is outside of your power, and if a Secret Action like that is presented, it will be immediately denied, and it will affect your score. Furthermore, Secret Actions can backfire if they are not written or formulated properly. Say you write a Secret Action, but it does not have a clear objective. That will cause the generation events to be more random, with a much higher chance of it backfiring you. This backfire can be avoided if we look at the basic questions a good Secret Actions needs to answer. What? Why? How? Who? When? Where? A Secret Action is strong if it answers all those questions, please follow that guide in order for your actions to be as efficient and prosperous as possible. For sending Secret Actions in the virtual environment, we will follow a simple format. They will be sent via Google Forms. Their format will be the following: Position Paper Guidelines

Position paper and final details Every delegation must write a one-page long position paper which must be written in Times New Roman 12 with simple spacing. All position papers should include a header with the following information: character being represented, committee, topic, delegate's full names and school/delegation. It must also be composed of three paragraphs. First, basic information about the character must be given. Then, in the second paragraph, his implication in the topic must be explained. At last, in the final paragraph, your proposed solutions for the crisis as well as your crisis arc should be delineated. It must be sent to [email protected], and CC to [email protected] and [email protected] until April 8, 2021. If a position paper is not sent or is sent out of time by someone, this delegate will be utterly disqualified and will not be awardable. Furthermore, it is highly recommended to investigate as much as possible about your character, his agenda, his beliefs and the overall situation of Germany and Europe. The film “Valkyrie” of 2008 delineates very well the history of the July Plot. Nonetheless, as a fictional material, it cannot be considered as the only source of information due to creative licenses of the movie. Crisis motions and documents

Directives: I, the Crisis Room Director, like to call these documents a cheaper and easier version of a Working Paper. They do not follow a specific format, the only requirement they have is to be ordered and understandable for the Chair. We will qualify the order of it, as well as the presentation of it.

Directives are another elemental factor of a Crisis Committee since these documents serve essentially a purpose of joint action of all committee members. These documents are to pursue a joint purpose of all characters, something that benefits all. They need to be dynamic and agile since they can determine the success or failure of the committee as a whole. These directives will be arranged in a Google Drive set by the Chair. One Document will be for writing, and the other will be to put the ones approved for it to be in a determined order. Some advice for Directives is that they need to answer the same questions a Secret Action does. Moreover, they need to have a purpose that benefits the whole committee, with every party involved giving its point of view on the matter. References

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