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Hitler's Penicillin
+LWOHU V3HQLFLOOLQ 0LOWRQ:DLQZULJKW Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 47, Number 2, Spring 2004, pp. 189-198 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2004.0037 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pbm/summary/v047/47.2wainwright.html Access provided by Sheffield University (17 Jun 2015 14:55 GMT) 05/Wainwright/Final/189–98 3/2/04 1:58 PM Page 189 Hitler’s Penicillin Milton Wainwright ABSTRACT During the Second World War, the Germans and their Axis partners could only produce relatively small amounts of penicillin, certainly never enough to meet their military needs; as a result, they had to rely upon the far less effective sulfon- amides. One physician who put penicillin to effective use was Hitler’s doctor,Theodore Morell. Morell treated the Führer with penicillin on a number of occasions, most nota- bly following the failed assassination attempt in July 1944. Some of this penicillin ap- pears to have been captured from, or inadvertently supplied by, the Allies, raising the intriguing possibility that Allied penicillin saved Hitler’s life. HE FACT THAT GERMANY FAILED to produce sufficient penicillin to meet its T military requirements is one of the major enigmas of the Second World War. Although Germany lost many scientists through imprisonment and forced or voluntary emigration, those biochemists that remained should have been able to have achieved the large-scale production of penicillin.After all, they had access to Fleming’s original papers, and from 1940 the work of Florey and co-workers detailing how penicillin could be purified; in addition, with effort, they should have been able to obtain cultures of Fleming’s penicillin-producing mold.There seems then to have been no overriding reason why the Germans and their Axis allies could not have produced large amounts of penicillin from early on in the War.They did produce some penicillin, but never in amounts remotely close to that produced by the Allies who, from D-Day onwards, had an almost limitless supply. -
Operation Valkyrie
Operation Valkyrie Rastenburg, 20th July 1944 Claus Philipp Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (Jettingen- Scheppach, 15th November 1907 – Berlin, 21st July 1944) was a German army officer known as one of the leading officers who planned the 20th July 1944 bombing of Hitler’s military headquarters and the resultant attempted coup. As Bryan Singer’s film “Valkyrie”, starring Tom Cruise as the German officer von Stauffenberg, will be released by the end of December, SCALA is glad to present you the story of the 20 July plot through the historical photographs of its German collections. IClaus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg 1934. Cod. B007668 2 Left: Carl and Nina Stauffenbergs’s wedding, 26th September 1933. Cod.B007660. Right: Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg. 1934. Cod. B007663 3 Although he never joined the Nazi party, Claus von Stauffenberg fought in Africa during the Second World War as First Officer. After the explosion of a mine on 7th March 1943, von Stauffenberg lost his right hand, the left eye and two fingers of the left hand. Notwithstanding his disablement, he kept working for the army even if his anti-Nazi believes were getting firmer day by day. In fact he had realized that the 3rd Reich was leading Germany into an abyss from which it would have hardly risen. There was no time to lose, they needed to do something immediately or their country would have been devastated. Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg (left) with Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim in the courtyard of the OKH-Gebäudes in 4 Bendlerstrasse. Cod. B007664 The conspiracy of the German officers against the Führer led to the 20th July attack to the core of Hitler’s military headquarters in Rastenburg. -
115 4.4 Erinnerungs
4.4 Erinnerungs- und Gedenkrituale Abbildung 10 Kranzniederlegung am 20. Juli im Bendler-Block Wolfgang Thierse (2. Reihe, l.) läßt im Innenhof des Bendler-Blocks vor der Gedenktafel für die fünf am 20. Juli 1944 ermordeten Offiziere durch zwei Soldaten einen Kranz niederlegen. Kranzniederlegungen mit Beteiligung von Staatsgästen finden üblicherweise an einer der bei- den wichtigsten Gedenkstätten der BRD statt. In Berlin wurde nach einem längeren Diskussi- onsprozeß nach der Vereinigung die Neue Wache im historischen Zentrum der Stadt ›Unter den Linden‹ zur ›Zentralen Gedenkstätte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland‹ erklärt. Die vielen Facetten, die in der Historie dieser Stätte zu Tage treten, lassen sich hier nur kurz andeuten: Das Schinkelsche Bauwerk von 1817/18 - ursprünglich tatsächlich Wache für die umliegen- den Palais - diente ab 1931 als ›Reichsehrenmal für die Gefallenen des Ersten Weltkrieges‹. Nach seiner Zerstörung 1944 und dem Wiederaufbau zehn Jahre später wurde es 1962 in der DDR zur ›Gedenkstätte für die Opfer des Faschismus‹ und 1966 zum ›Mahnmal für die Opfer des Faschismus und Militarismus‹ - ausgestattet mit ständigem Ehrenposten und wöchentli- chem zeremoniellem Wachwechsel. Heute gibt anstelle der die Toten ehrenden Ewigen Flamme eine Plastik von Käthe Kollwitz, die eine Mutter mit ihrem im Krieg ermordeten Sohn in den Armen zeigt, eine Gelegenheit zum ›Blick von unten‹ auf den Krieg - aus dem 115 Blickwinkel der Leidenden. Diskussionen entsponnen sich mehrfach zwischen den für die Skulptur und ihre Aufstellung verantwortlichen Kollwitz-Erben mit ihrem Anliegen der Ent- militarisierung der Stätte im Kollwitzschen Geiste und den Notwendigkeiten militärisch- staatlicher Repräsentation, die an und in der Wache nach wie vor regelmäßig bei besonderen Anlässen stattfindet (Volkstrauertag, Kranzniederlegung durch einen Staatsgast). -
Das Ehrenmal Der Bundeswehr
Das Ehrenmal der Bundeswehr Den Toten unserer Bundeswehr – Für Frieden, Recht und Freiheit Das Ehrenmal der Bundeswehr Den Toten unserer Bundeswehr – Für Frieden, Recht und Freiheit Inhalt „Die Forderung nach Tapferkeit Ein Ehrenmal, warum? 5 schließt die Bereitschaft ein, wenn es sein muss, Architektur 9 auch das Äußerste einzusetzen: Der Standort 9 das eigene Leben.“ Die Formsprache des Baukörpers 15 Dr. Franz Josef Jung, Die Materialien 19 Bundesminister der Verteidigung Das Bronzekleid 21 Die Cella 25 Die Namen der Toten 31 Das Buch des Gedenkens 35 Die Widmung 39 Tradition und Erinnerungskultur 43 Der Weg der Entstehung 47 Das Ehrenmal der Bundeswehr – öffentliches Erinnern und individuelles Trauern 55 Impressum 60 2 DAS EHRENMAL DER BUNDESWEHR INHALT 3 Ein Ehrenmal, warum? Das Ehrenmal ist ein wichtiger Markstein Mit dem Ehrenmal wird deutlich, dass in der Geschichte der Bundeswehr. Erst die Verteidigung von Frieden, Recht und mals gibt es einen zentralen Ort, an dem Freiheit nicht mit einer anderen Berufs der militärischen und zivilen Angehörigen tätigkeit vergleichbar ist. In keinem der Bundeswehr gedacht wird, die in Folge anderen Beruf spitzt sich die Frage von der Ausübung ihrer Dienstpflichten für die Leben und Tod so existenziell zu wie beim Bundesrepublik Deutschland ihr Leben Soldaten. verloren haben. Die Soldatinnen und Soldaten der Seit Gründung der Bundeswehr im Jahr Bundeswehr verpflichten sich in ihrem 1955 sind mehr als 3.200 Angehörige der feierlichen Gelöbnis und in ihrem Dienst Bundeswehr ums Leben gekommen – sei eid, „das Recht und die Freiheit des es bei Einsätzen zur Konfliktverhütung deutschen Volkes tapfer zu verteidigen“. und Krisenbewältigung, sei es auch bei Ihr militärischer Dienst schließt nötigen tragischen Unfällen oder Unglücken, wie falls den Einsatz der eigenen Gesundheit zum Beispiel bei Übungen, Verkehrsun und des eigenen Lebens mit ein und fällen oder Flugzeugabstürzen. -
Valkyrie-A Film Review
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 46 Number 1 Article 6 2-2010 Valkyrie-A Film Review Barry Maxfield Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Maxfield, Barry (2010) "Valkyrie-A Film Review," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 46 : No. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol46/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Maxfield: Valkyrie-A Film Review Valkyrie-A Film Review by Barry Maxfield The Better Man Shines Forth: Valkyrie. Bryan Singer. Historical Drama. (United Artists, 2008) Cast:Tom Cruise ........................... Colonel Claus van Stauffenberg Kenneth Branagh ............ Major General Henning van Tresckow Bill Nighy ................................. General Friedrich Olbricht Tom Wilkinson ............................. General Friedrich Fromm Carice van Houten .............................. Nina van Stauffenberg It is uncommon for a historical fact to be so compelling that Hollywood would make a movie of it. It seems fictionalized history i~ the product that sells, with Saving Private Ryan being one such example it was a blending of fact and fiction into a blockbuster seller. Histor~ has accounts which are riveting yet overlooked. However, for writer Christopher McQuarrie and Nathan Alexander one of those stories camt to light, a story that could be put on celluloid and sold. The writing team has masterfully crafted a script with an eye to historical accuracy. -
World War II and the Holocaust Research Topics
Name _____________________________________________Date_____________ Teacher____________________________________________ Period___________ Holocaust Research Topics Directions: Select a topic from this list. Circle your top pick and one back up. If there is a topic that you are interested in researching that does not appear here, see your teacher for permission. Events and Places Government Programs and Anschluss Organizations Concentration Camps Anti-Semitism Auschwitz Book burning and censorship Buchenwald Boycott of Jewish Businesses Dachau Final Solution Ghettos Genocide Warsaw Hitler Youth Lodz Kindertransport Krakow Nazi Propaganda Kristalnacht Nazi Racism Olympic Games of 1936 Non-Jewish Victims of the Holocaust -boycott controversy -Jewish athletes Nuremburg Race laws of 1935 -African-American participation SS: Schutzstaffel Operation Valkyrie Books Sudetenland Diary of Anne Frank Voyage of the St. Louis Mein Kampf People The Arts Germans: Terezín (Theresienstadt) Adolf Eichmann Music and the Holocaust Joseph Goebbels Swingjugend (Swing Kids) Heinrich Himmler Claus von Stauffenberg Composers Richard Wagner Symbols Kurt Weill Swastika Yellow Star Please turn over Holocaust Research Topics (continued) Rescue and Resistance: Rescue and Resistance: People Events and Places Dietrich Bonhoeffer Danish Resistance and Evacuation of the Jews Varian Fry Non-Jewish Resistance Miep Gies Jewish Resistance Oskar Schindler Le Chambon (the French town Hans and Sophie Scholl that sheltered Jewish children) Irena Sendler Righteous Gentiles Raoul Wallenburg Warsaw Ghetto and the Survivors: Polish Uprising Viktor Frankl White Rose Elie Wiesel Simon Wiesenthal Research tip - Ask: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? questions. . -
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J. -
Kaiser Wilhelm II and the First World
GCSE History – Democracy and Dictatorship: Germany 1890-1945 Kaiser Wilhelm II and the First World War KEY WORDS KEY INDIVIDUALS AND KEY GROUPS Prussia: Former Kingdom in Northern Europe and the dominant state of the German Empire stretching from France Kaiser Wilhelm II: Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia and Supreme commander of the German Army and the Baltic Sea to Poland. 1888 - 1918 Militarism: Belief that a country should maintain a strong armed force and be prepared to use it Kaiser Friedrich III: AKA ‘Fritz’ was the Kaisers Father, Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia for only 99 aggressively. days 9th March 1988- 15th June 1988. Kaiserreich: A state being ruled by the Kaiser with very little input from anyone else. The Kaiser had final Princess Royal Victoria: Kaisers Wilhelm II mother. She was the first daughter of Queen Victoria I of say on what happened in their country. Britain and Prince Albert of Copenhagen. Weltpolitik: In English means World Policy. The Kaiser built up his army, navy and wanted to grow his Queen Victoria I: Queen of Great Britain 1837 -1901. Kaiser Wilhelm II, King George V and Tsar Nicholas II Empire. He wanted to turn Germany into a world power. were her Grandchildren. The Kaiser loved his Grandmother dearly. A place in the sun: The Kaiser wanted to grow his Empire, he started in sunny countries like on the King George V: King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India 1910 – 1936. continent of Africa. Tsar Nicholas II: Leader of Russia 1894 – 1917, Kaiser Wilhelm II’s cousin. -
Stauffenberg Und Mehr
++ attentat auf hitler +++ Stauffenberg und mehr ++ attentat auf hitler +++ Stauffenberg und mehr Herausgegeben von Linda von Keyserlingk, Gorch Pieken und Matthias Rogg 4 Inhalt 7 Vorwort Katalog Matthias Rogg, Gorch Pieken 66 Aufbau der ausstellung 10 Attentat auf hitler. Stauffenberg und mehr 68 Die frühe Phase 1938/39 Linda von Keyserlingk 74 Hans Oster 84 Ludwig Beck 96 Erwin von Witzleben essays 100 Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff 103 Carl Friedrich Goerdeler 22 Erinnerungen, erfahrungen 106 Wilhelm Leuschner und erlebnisse im Widerstand 109 Adam von Trott zu Solz Bernhard R. Kroener 112 Helmuth James Graf von Moltke 38 Motive und Ziele – 116 Die Späte Phase 1943/44 geheime Aufzeichnungen 121 Henning von Tresckow von Oberst i.g. Alexis 136 Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst freiherr von roenne 149 Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg Magnus Pahl 152 Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg 155 Margarethe von Oven 48 Petrus Wandrey und 158 Eduard Wagner alfred hrdlicka – 162 Günther von Kluge Zwei Künstler und 166 Walter Cramer der 20. Juli 1944 Linda von Keyserlingk 170 Der ablauf des 20. Juli 1944 176 Die folgen des 20. Juli 1944 186 Die rezeption des 20. Juli 1944 anhang 191 Autorenverzeichnis 191 Bildnachweis 192 Impressum 10 Attentat auf Hitler. Stauffenberg und mehr Linda von Keyserlingk einführung von Bryan Singer »Operation Walküre. Das Stauffenberg Am 20. Juli 1944 detonierte eine Bombe bei einer Lage- Attentat« mit Tom Cruise in der Hauptrolle machte das besprechung im »Führerhauptquartier Wolfschanze« in Thema schließlich auch weltweit einem größeren Publi- Ostpreußen. Der Anschlag galt Adolf Hitler. Wenige kum bekannt. Stunden später kam es zu einem Staatsstreichversuch in Berlin. -
Mommsen, Hans, Germans Against Hitler
GERMANS AGAINST HITLER HANS MOMMSEN GERMANSGERMANSGERMANS AGAINSTAGAINST HITLERHITLER THE STAUFFENBERG PLOT AND RESISTANCE UNDER THE THIRD REICH Translated and annotated by Angus McGeoch Introduction by Jeremy Noakes New paperback edition published in 2009 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com First published in hardback in 2003 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd as Alternatives to Hitler. Originally published in 2000 as Alternative zu Hitler – Studien zur Geschichte des deutschen Widerstandes. Copyright © Verlag C.H. Beck oHG, Munchen, 2000 Translation copyright © I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2003, 2009 The translation of this work has been supported by Inter Nationes, Bonn. The right of Hans Mommsen to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978 1 84511 852 5 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Project management by Steve Tribe, Andover Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press India Ltd ContentsContentsContents Preface by Hans Mommsen vii Introduction by Jeremy Noakes 1 1. Carl von Ossietzky and the concept of a right to resist in Germany 9 2. German society and resistance to Hitler 23 3. -
Hortensienstrasse 50. the Kreisau Circle and the 20Th of July Thomas Childers University of Tennessee - Knoxville
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-1971 Hortensienstrasse 50. The Kreisau Circle and the 20th of July Thomas Childers University of Tennessee - Knoxville Recommended Citation Childers, Thomas, "Hortensienstrasse 50. The Kreisau Circle and the 20th of July. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1971. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3110 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Thomas Childers entitled "Hortensienstrasse 50. The Kreisau Circle and the 20th of July." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History. Arthur G. Haas, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Edward Chmielewski, Edwin H. Trainer, Galen Broeker Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) July 19, 1971 To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Thomas Childers entitled "Hortensienstrasse 50. The Kreisau Circle and the 20th of July." I recommend that it be accepted for twelve quarter hours of credit in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of ·Science( with a major in History. -
World War II: People, Politics, and Power / Edited by William L Hosch
Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2010 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2010 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition William L. Hosch: Associate Editor, Science and Technology Rosen Educational Services Hope Lourie Killcoyne: Senior Editor and Project Manager Joanne Randolph: Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Matthew Cauli: Designer Introduction by Therese Shea Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II: people, politics, and power / edited by William L Hosch. p. cm.—(America at war) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61530-046-4 (eBook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Juvenile literature. I. Hosch, William L. II. Title: