DOCSLIB.ORG

The Plight of Indigenous Land Defenders in Mexico, Costa Rica, New Zealand and the Philippines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Plight of Indigenous Land Defenders in Mexico, Costa Rica, New Zealand and the Philippines Fordham University Fordham Research Commons Student Theses 2015-Present Environmental Studies Spring 5-15-2021 Conservation and Murder: The Plight of Indigenous Land Defenders in Mexico, Costa Rica, New Zealand and the Philippines Jillian G. Kenny Follow this and additional works at: https://research.library.fordham.edu/environ_2015 Conservation and Murder: The Plight of Indigenous Land Defenders in Mexico, Costa Rica, New Zealand and the Philippines Jillian Kenny Kenny 2 Abstract. This thesis focuses on four countries: Mexico, Costa Rica, New Zealand and the Philippines, and focuses on the state of Indigenous land defender cases in each country. Each country has a different approach to granting free, prior, and informed consent to Indigenous communities in regard to environmental issues. Chapter 1 focuses on the issue of Indigenous land and environment defenders, explaining who they are and why they are activists within their communities. It also elucidates how Indigenous people are being treated within their countries and how reliance on ecosystem services leads to an environmental justice issue. Chapter 2 focuses on the historical exploitation of Indigenous peoples during colonialism and how each country’s history impacted Indigenous populations. Chapter 3 analyzes how the political framework impacts Indigenous peoples, and how rule of law in a nation can determine the fate of an Indigenous land defender. It also takes a look at international agreements within the UN and how NGOs play into the problems and solutions of Indigenous land and environmental defenders. Chapter 4 focuses on ecological feminism and Indigenous philosophy, analyzing the role of women within Indigenous communities and how they contribute to defending the environment. Chapter 5 looks at policies relating to Indigenous land and environmental defenders in each country and determines whether or not these four countries can learn from each other’s policies to better respect Indigenous peoples and the environment. Costa Rica and New Zealand, with stronger rule of law and stricter environmental protection, could provide models to Mexico and the Philippines, who struggle with Indigenous and environmental protection. Keywords: Indigenous rights, Indigenous resource management, Indigenous activists, environmental protests, land defenders, land protests, Indigenous environmental knowledge Kenny 3 Table of Contents Introduction: Noel Castillo Aguilar, An Indigenous Land Defender Profile Chapter 1. Indigenous Land Defender Killings Chapter 2. History of Oppression and Land Alteration Chapter 3 Indigenous Land Politics Chapter 4. Traditional Ecological Knowledge Chapter 5. Recommendations: What Can Countries Learn From Each Other? Bibliography Kenny 4 Introduction: Noel Castillo Aguilar, An Indigenous Land Defender Profile Noel Castillo Aguilar was a member of the Committee for the Defense of Indigenous Peoples, or Comité de Defensa de los Pueblos Indígenas (CODEDI). CODEDI’s work promotes the rights of Indigenous peoples in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. These rights include self- determination, land, and autonomy. CODEDI focuses on protecting Indigenous peoples and land from mining and hydroelectric projects in Oaxaca state, since these are two types of energy projects most directly endangering the land and well-being of Indigenous peoples.1 CODEDI promotes human rights for fifty Indigenous groups across the state and has been working toward these goals for over 20 years.2 Noel Castillo Aguilar was killed for his work defending Indigenous rights on October 25, 2018. He was riding a taxi to his home when unknown men with firearms attacked him, hitting him over the head.3 Noel’s case is just one example of hundreds of murders that have occurred across the world, caused by an individual or collective desire to protect the environment or their native land. These people are referred to as land and environmental defenders. According to Global Witness, land and environmental defenders are “people who take a stand and peaceful action against the unjust, discriminatory, corrupt or damaging exploitation of natural resources or the environment.”4 These people witness an issue arise within their communities and they protest projects they believe put the livelihoods and well-being of their people at risk. Some issues that 1 “Mexico: Killing of Noel Castillo Aguilar,” Front Line Defenders, December 28, 2018, https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/killing-noel-castillo-aguilar. “CODEDI,” Front Line Defenders, November 13, 2019, https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/organization/codedi. 3 “Noel Castillo Aguilar,” HRD Memorial, accessed May 14, 2021, https://hrdmemorial.org/hrdrecord/noel-castillo- aguilar/. 4 “Defending Tomorrow: The Climate Crisis and Threats against Land and Environmental Defenders,” 3rd ed. (Global Witness, July 2020), 6. Kenny 5 land and environmental defenders fight against have been around for centuries and some have started within the past couple years; regardless of timeframe, violence often breaks out. In certain countries, the rule of law is stronger than in others. Deaths of defenders can fall to the wayside in countries with weak rule of law, leaving their deaths to never be investigated. Indigenous land defenders, more specifically, are people from Indigenous tribes who fight to protect their land from being destroyed by projects such as agriculture, buildings and developments, mining, logging, and dams. These defenders face significant opposition and threats when fighting for protection of their land. While the global sphere has paid attention to this issue in more recent years, this is not a new challenge for Indigenous people. They have experienced extreme opposition and oppression from non-Indigenous people since the time of colonization and continue to face similar opposition today. In this paper, I will explore a two-fold problem related to Indigenous land defenders. The first problem is that many Indigenous peoples have a significant amount of traditional knowledge about how to manage ecosystems in a sustainable way. Allowing them to use their skills and trusting them to manage their own resources is essential to solving the problem of environmental degradation. After a tragic history of the Western world undermining Indigenous culture, skills, and values, governments must step up and prioritize the rights of Indigenous peoples. Not only should Indigenous rights be respected, but their ideas and practices should be taken into account and incorporated into environmental best practices. There are many Indigenous communities who excel in resource management and sustainable agriculture. Valuing these skills and adopting their more sustainable methods may help contribute to solving the problem of mass environmental degradation. Kenny 6 The second component of the problem will explore why Indigenous defenders tend to be more vulnerable to violence, and I will explore possible solutions to this problem. There are many different types of Indigenous land defenders; every one of their situations and contexts is much different depending on the tribe, the region in which they are located, the rule of law within the country they reside, and the length and intensity of the conflict. In some countries, land defender deaths are investigated and prevented with high priority; in others, this is not the case. I will explore cases of four different Indigenous land defender cases in four different countries: two within Latin America (in Costa Rica and Mexico), and two within the South Pacific (in New Zealand and the Philippines). In each case, there are Indigenous people protesting for the right to their ancestral lands. In some cases, violence ensues. I will analyze the history of the Indigenous tribe and its relationship with its national government, as well as its local history and politics. I will then analyze the ethical implications of land development in each of these communities, which will clarify why the conflict is occurring and if the Indigenous community is treated fairly by its government. I will explore what went wrong in order for the death to occur and how it is handled by local and national government. Lastly, I will make policy recommendations about how to prevent Indigenous land defender deaths, as well as identify what governments have done either right or wrong to arrive at their current relationship with Indigenous groups. Chapter 1. Indigenous Land Defender Killings Indigenous communities tend to use ecosystem services in an efficient and effective manner, consuming without overconsuming. An ecosystem service is a component of the natural Kenny 7 ecosystem that provides some sort of resource or positive feature for humans to utilize. There are provisioning services, like food, water, and timber; regulating services, like weather patterns and cycles; cultural services, like aesthetic beauty; supporting services, like photosynthesis. These can be identified as services because, in a capitalist society, we view the components of Earth that benefit us as services, something that is serving us in our daily lives and humanly duties. Indigenous people, however, typically do not see the earth in this same way.5 While the Earth can provide a service, in the eyes of many Indigenous people, that service is something that must also be paid back. Therefore, if an Indigenous person kills an animal, they tend to be respectful to that service; they use every part of the animal, ensuring that no part of it is going to waste. Of course, no Indigenous
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forest Governance by Indigenous and Tribal Peoples
    Forest governance by indigenous and tribal peoples An opportunity for climate action in Latin America and the Caribbean Forest governance by indigenous and tribal peoples An opportunity for climate action in Latin America and the Caribbean Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Santiago, 2021 FAO and FILAC. 2021. Forest governance by indigenous and or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. tribal peoples. An opportunity for climate action in Latin If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under America and the Caribbean. Santiago. FAO. the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a https://doi.org/10.4060/cb2953en translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: The designations employed and the presentation of “This translation was not created by the Food and material in this information product do not imply the Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United this translation. The original English edition shall be the Nations (FAO) or Fund for the Development of the authoritative edition.” Indigenous Peoples of Latina America and the Caribbean (FILAC) concerning the legal or development status of Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or licence shall be conducted in accordance with the concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on The mention of specific companies or products of International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as at present in force.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity at Work Divided Labor on a Central American Banana Plantation
    Ethnicity at Work Divided Labor on a Central American Banana Plantation Philippe I. Bourgois The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture Richard Price, Series Editor r e c e n t a n d r e l a t e d t it l e s in t h e s e r ie s Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in Its Ideological Aspects, 1492-1900 Gordon K. Lewis The Man-of-Words in the West Indies: Performance and the Emergence of Creole Culture Roger D. Abrahams First-Time: The Historical Vision of an Afro-American People Richard Price Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-1834 B. W. Higman Between Slavery and Free Labor: The Spanish-Speaking Caribbean in the Nineteenth Century edited by Manuel Moreno Fraginals, Frank Moya Pons, and Stanley Engerman Caribbean Contours edited by Sidney W. Mintz and Sally Price Bondmen and Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, with Implications for Colonial British America David Barry Gaspar The Ambiguities of Dependence in South Africa: Class, Nationalism, and the State in Twentieth-Century Natal Shula Marks Peasants and Capital: Dominica in the World Economy Michel-Rolph Trouillot Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, /560-/S00 Nicolas Canny This book has been brought to publication with the generous assistance of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation ©1989 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The Johns Hopkins University Press, 701 West 40th Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21211 The Johns Hopkins Press Ltd., London The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, a n s i Z39.48-1984.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indigenous World 2018
    THE INDIGENOUS WORLD THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2018 Copenhagen THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2018 Compilation and editing: Pamela Jacquelin-Andersen Regional editors: Arctic and North America: Kathrin Wessendorf Mexico, Central and South America: Alejandro Parellada Australia and the Pacific: Diana Vinding Asia: Signe Leth The Middle East: Diana Vinding Africa: Marianne Wiben Jensen and Geneviève Rose International Processes: Lola García-Alix and Kathrin Wessendorf Cover and typesetting: Spine Studio Maps and layout: Neus Casanova Vico English translation: Elaine Bolton, Rebecca Knight and Madeline Newman Ríos Proofreading: Elaine Bolton Prepress and Print: Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark Cover photographies: Pablo Toranzo/Andhes, Christian Erni, Delphine Blast, Nelly Tokmagasheva and Thomas Skielboe HURIDOCS CIP DATA © The authors and The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs Title: The Indigenous World 2018 (IWGIA), 2018 All Rights Reserved Edited by: Pamela Jacquelin-Andersen Pages: 640 ISSN: 1024-0217 The reproduction and distribution of information con- ISBN: 978-87-92786-85-2 tained in The Indigenous World is welcome as long as the source is cited. However, the translation of articles Language: English into other languages and the of the whole BOOK is not Index: 1. Indigenous Peoples – 2. Yearbook – 3. allowed without the consent of IWGIA. The articles in The Indigenous World are pro- International Processes duced on a voluntary basis. It is IWGIA’s intention that BISAC codes: LAW110000 Indigenous Peoples The Indigenous World should provide a comprehensive update on the situation of indigenous peoples world- REF027000 Yearbooks & Annuals POL035010 wide but, unfortunately, it is not always possible to find Political Freedom & Security / Human Rights authors to cover all relevant countries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Protection of Forest Biodiversity Can Conflict with Food Access for Indigenous People
    [Downloaded free from http://www.conservationandsociety.org on Tuesday, September 27, 2016, IP: 129.79.203.191] Conservation and Society 14(3): 279-290, 2016 Article The Protection of Forest Biodiversity can Conflict with Food Access for Indigenous People Olivia Sylvestera,b,#, Alí García Segurac, and Iain J. Davidson-Hunta aDepartment of Environment, Development, and Peace, Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada bUniversity for Peace, Ciudad, Colón, San José, Costa Rica cEscuela de Filología, Lingüística y Literatura, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica #Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract International protected area (PA) management policies recognise the importance of respecting Indigenous rights. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate how these policies are being enforced. We evaluated whether Indigenous rights to access traditional food were being respected in La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, Costa Rica. By examining land management documents, we found that PA regulations have the potential to restrict traditional food access because these regulations ban shifting agriculture and heavily restrict hunting; these regulations do not address the harvest of edible plants. By working with Bribri people, we found multiple negative impacts that PAs had on: health, nutrition, passing on cultural teachings to youth, quality of life, cultural identity, social cohesion and bonding, as well as on the land and non-human beings. We propose three steps to better support food access in PAs in Costa Rica and elsewhere. First, a right to food framework should inform PA management regarding traditional food harvesting. Second, people require opportunities to define what harvesting activities are traditional and sustainable and these activities should be respected in PA management.
    [Show full text]
  • Your Name Here
    CODE-SWITCHING AT A BILINGUAL SCHOOL IN COSTA RICA: IDENTITY, INTERTEXTUALITY AND NEW PORTRAITS OF COMPETENCE by PAULA JEAN MELLOM (Under the Direction of Betsy Rymes) ABSTRACT In language contact situations such as that precipitated by human migration and globalization, heteroglossia and language shift occur where traces of what had been two or more “separate” linguistic codes begin to mix. And because language and identity are inextricably intertwined, this language mixing has serious implications for the construction of identities of the peoples caught in the linguistic borderlands. The history of US involvement in Central America and the current economic dependence of Costa Rica on the United States have created a certain ambivalence among Costa Ricans regarding English because while those who speak English wield enormous cultural and economic capital in a rapidly changing global economy, there exists a resistance to “becoming American”. In order to understand how this tension impacts the construction of identity one must take a critical eye to the issues of linguistic dominance and resistance in ESOL classrooms. This dissertation examines examples of intertextuality and how the L1-Spanish students at an elite bilingual school in rural Costa Rica utilize code-switching to entextualize the English texts present in advertising and popular music into their discourse. Further analysis focuses on the code-switching strategies these students use to construct their own and others’ identities in interaction. In the analysis, I have identified three participant roles mediator, model student and compañero, and I examine how the students go about co- constructing those roles in interaction. I look closely at participant constellations (who's talking to whom and their assigned and perceived role in the class), topic of interaction (both discursive and metadiscursive) and the sequential or functional triggers of code-switches.
    [Show full text]
  • THE INDIGENOUS WORLD-2006.Indd
    THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2006 Copenhagen 2006 THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2006 Compilation and editing: Sille Stidsen Regional editors: The Circumpolar North & North America: Kathrin Wessendorf Central and South America: Alejandro Parellada Australia and the Pacifi c: Sille Stidsen and Jens Dahl Asia: Christian Erni and Sille Stidsen Middle East: Diana Vinding and Sille Stidsen Africa: Marianne Wiben Jensen International Processes: Lola García-Alix Cover, typesetting and maps: Jorge Monrás English translation and proof reading: Elaine Bolton Prepress and Print: Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark ISSN 1024-0217 - ISBN 87-91563-18-6 © The authors and IWGIA (The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs), 2006 - All Rights Reserved The reproduction and distribution of information contained in The Indigenous World is welcome as long as the source is cited. However, the reproduction of the whole BOOK should not occur without the consent of IWGIA. The opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily refl ect those of the International Work Group. The Indigenous World is published annually in English and Spanish by The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Director: Jens Dahl Deputy Director: Lola García Alix Administrator: Anni Hammerlund Distribution in North America: Transaction Publishers 390 Campus Drive / Somerset, New Jersey 08873 www.transactionpub.com This book has been produced with financial support from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, NORAD, Sida and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: (45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax: (45) 35 27 05 07 E-mail: [email protected] - Web: www.iwgia.org CONTENTS Editorial ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Abstracts 2014
    ABSTRACTS 17th Annual Eastern Caribbean Islands Cultures (‘Islands In Between’) Conference Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede del Caribe Port of Limón, Costa Rica Acuña Sossa, Kathia Negrín: Cambio Cultural, Continuidad, Discontinuidad entre la Pintura Limonense y Costarricense Negrín es un pintor limonense que inicio una escuela de pintura que aun tiene sus representantes en la zona. Su interés era inmortalizar un Limón que a su juicio cambiaba y se estaba perdiendo. Es una pintura limonense que en la actualidad expresa una añoranza de un Limón rural, de pescadores, de vecindad que se ha perdido. Negrín marca más discontinuidades que continuidades con el abordaje de “lo negro” en la pintura costarricense. El artículo aborda la pintura limonense de Negrín quien fue un pintor local, no académico, obrero del muelle que buscó durante su trabajo inmortalizar un Limón que amaba y que a su juicio se estaba perdiendo. Perdida que expresa un cambio cultural en la época, el cual se explica en gran parte por importantes flujos de migración del valle central hacia la zona. “Otros” principalmente mestizos que “amenazaban” la vida de vecindad, la vida rural del cantón de Limón. Negrín recupera momentos cotidianos, con un detalle en su pincel que sustituye la presencia de la palabra del sonido, en su interés por dejar plasmados una serie de detalles que pronto no estarían más. Negrin cuenta en sus pinturas sobre algunos elementos de la cultura limonense muy influenciado por la afrodescencia caribeña. En su obra se pueden ubicar continuidades pero sobre todos discontinuidades con la pintura costarricense, que introduce inicialmente el tema de “lo negro” de una manera distinta.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Open Dictionary by Danilo Enrique Noreña Benítez VOL12
    SPANISH DICTIONARY Danilo Enrique Noreña Benítez Dictionary of meanings generated by www.wordmeaning.org INTRODUCTION www.wordmeaning.org is an open and collaborative dictionary project that, apart from being able to consult meanings of words, also offers its users the possibility of including new words or nuancing the meaning of existing words in it. As is understandable, this project would be impossible to carry out without the esteemed collaboration of the people who follow us around the world. This e-Book, therefore, was born with the intention of paying a small tribute to all our collaborators. Danilo Enrique Noreña Benítez has contributed to the dictionary with 28360 meanings that we have approved and collected in this small book. We hope that the reader is very valuable and if you find it useful or want to be part of the project, do not hesitate to visit our website, we will be delighted to receive you. Working Group www.wordmeaning.org Dictionary of meanings generated by www.wordmeaning.org carpofago} carpofago} is incorrectly written and should be written as "40 Carpofago; with tilde )" being its meaning:<br>It means that you eat or feed on fruits. Fruitarian. carpofago} carpofago} is incorrectly written and should be written as "40 Carpofago; with tilde )" being its meaning:<br>It means that you eat or feed on fruits. Fruitarian. carpomo I think that they asking capomo. It is the name given in various States of Mexico to a tree. It is also known as Ramón, ojoche, ojite or ojote. In Colombia we say guaimaro. Its scientific name is Brosimum alicastrum and belongs to the family Moraceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Margarita Hidalgo Diversification of Mexican Spanish
    Margarita Hidalgo Diversification of Mexican Spanish Contributions to the Sociology of Language Edited by Ofelia García Francis M. Hult Founding editor Joshua A. Fishman Volume 111 Margarita Hidalgo Diversification of Mexican Spanish A Tridimensional Study in New World Sociolinguistics An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 ThisISBN work 978-3-11-021808-4 is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, ase-ISBN of February (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 ISBNLibrary 978-1-5015-1262-9 of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ae-ISSN CIP catalog 0179-3256 record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-5015-0453-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0444-0 ISSNBibliografische 1861-0676 Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie;This detaillierte work is licensed bibliografische under the DatenCreative sind Commons im Internet Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs über 3.0 License, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data http://dnb.dnb.deas of February 23, 2017.abrufbar.
    [Show full text]
  • The Practice of Co-Production Through Biocultural Design: a Case Study Among the Bribri People of Costa Rica and Panama
    sustainability Article The Practice of Co-Production through Biocultural Design: A Case Study among the Bribri People of Costa Rica and Panama Mariana Rodríguez Valencia Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; [email protected] Received: 28 July 2020; Accepted: 28 August 2020; Published: 1 September 2020 Abstract: Research in co-production has given rise to a rich scientific literature in sustainability science. The processes by which co-production occurs are not well documented. Here, I present my work with the Bribri people to undertake a biocultural design project. Biocultural design is a process that begins with understanding participants’ aspirations to support their livelihoods. The process is collaborative, imagining ideas and executing products and services by drawing upon the capabilities of the participant’s biocultural heritage. In the Bribri territory, the biocultural heritage associated with cacao agroforestry systems is considered significant for Bribri livelihoods. Bribri people’s aspirations to grow cacao go beyond increasing cacao yields and include the respect for cultural teachings and social relationships. The participants of this project designed cacao value-added products (e.g., cacao jam, cacao butter) and services (e.g., showcase farm) by identifying viable ways to execute their ideas. Biocultural design offers a guide to co-imagine and co-execute ideas to solve specific problems and contributes to the practice of co-production by offering an approach that recognizes the value of science, while respecting the knowledge, aspirations and values of other actors. Keywords: co-production; biocultural design; Bribri people; biocultural heritage; cacao agroforestry systems 1. Introduction In sustainability science, co-production refers to the interaction of different actors to solve specific problems [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Spanish Emigration to the New World (1493-1580). Special
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 099 152 RC 008 216 AUTHOR Boyd-Bowman, Peter TITLE Patterns of Spanish Emigration to theNew World (1493-1580). Special Studies No. 34. INSTITUTION State Univ. of New York, Buffalo. Councilon International Studies. PUB DATE Apr 73 NOTE 100p. AVAILABLE FROMCouncil on International Studies,State University of New York at Buffalo, 107 TownsendHall, Buffalo, New York 14214 (Special StudiesNo. 34; $2.50) EDHS PRICE MP -$0.75 HC-$4.20 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS American History; Demography;*Ethnic Origins; Land Settlement; Latin AmericanCulture; *Linguistic Patterns; Mexican Americans; *MigrationPatterns; Population Distribution; SpanishAmericans; *Spanish Speaking; Statistical Data;*Western Civilization IDENTIFIERS *New World; Spain ABSTRACT The four periods discussed in thispublication cover the patterns of Spanish emigrationto the New World, mainlyon the regional level and in terms ofpercentages. The effects of this emigration on the various SpanishAmerican dialectsare discussed. In the initial period (1493-1519), the largest single group, in every year and on all major expeditions,were the Andalusians, of whomover 78 percent came from thetwo provinces of Sevilla (58percent) and Huelva (20 percent). In the secondperiod (1520-1539), the conquests on the mainland greatly increased thenumber of destinations the emigrant could elect. During thisperiod, Mexico failed in onlyone year (1527) to attract over SOpercent of the emigrants. A chain of4 provinces (Sevilla, Badajoz,Caceres, Toledo, Salamanca, and Valladolid) accounted forslightly over half of all emigrantsto the New World, with Seville furnishingone out of every six men and half of all the women. In later periods(1540-1559 and 1560-1579), there was a sharp reduction in the proportionalemigration to Santo Domingo, Central America, and the Riode la Plata; Mexico, Peru, Chile, and the Nuevo Reino deGranada were emergingas almost invariable destinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Fold the Leaves So That Others May Be Guided: a Study of How the Bribri Women Are Preserving Their Culture to Ensure a Sustainable Future for Their Community Emily R
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Capstone Collection SIT Graduate Institute Spring 5-27-2017 Tsirik - fold the leaves so that others may be guided: A study of how the BriBri women are preserving their culture to ensure a sustainable future for their community Emily R. Blau SIT Graduate Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, Hospitality Administration and Management Commons, Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, Tourism and Travel Commons, Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Blau, Emily R., "Tsirik - fold the leaves so that others may be guided: A study of how the BriBri women are preserving their culture to ensure a sustainable future for their community" (2017). Capstone Collection. 2973. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones/2973 This Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Graduate Institute at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running Head: TSIRIK- FOLD THE LEAVES SO THAT OTHERS MAY BE GUIDED Tsirik - fold the leaves so that others may be guided A study of how the BriBri women are preserving their culture to ensure a sustainable future for their community Author: Emily R. Blau PIM 75 A Capstone Paper submitted for partial fulfillment of requirements for a Masters of Arts in Sustainable Development at the School for International Training Graduate Institute in Brattleboro, Vermont, USA.
    [Show full text]