WORKING PAPER #4

The Sixaola River Basin, Costa Rica / Panama PEOPLE IN NATURE INTERDISCIPLINARY SITUATION ANALYSIS

Contributors: Nathan Deutsch, Kaia Boe, Iain J. Davidson-Hunt, C. Julián Idrobo, Ackbar Joolia, Nazareth Porras, Mariana Rodrígues, Kevin Smith, Helen Suich AND Olivia Sylvester

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE

COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POLICY © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

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The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN [**or other participating organisations] concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

This publication should be cited as: Deutsch, Nathan; Boe, Kaia; Davidson-Hunt, I.J.; Idrobo, C.J., Joolia, Ackbar; Porras, Nazareth; Rodrigues, Mariana; Smith, Kevin; Suich, Helen; Sylvester, Olivia, 2016. The Sixaola river basin, Costa Rica / Panama: People in Nature interdisciplinary situation analysis. People in Nature Working Paper No. 4. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and CEESP. The Sixaola River Basin, Costa Rica / Panama PEOLE IN NATURE INTERDISCIPLINARY SITUATION ANALYSIS

Executive summary 5

Situation analysis workflow and data sources 6 Use of species and agricultural varieties 6 Factors influencing availability, stability, access and perception 6

Description of the assessment area 8 Physical site description 8 The indigenous land use system 9 Social, cultural and economic drivers and globalised change 9 indigenous peoples, historical and contemporary migration 9 governance and decision making in indigenous territories 11 land use change 11 land ownership, gender and agricultural labour 12 Biodiversity conservation, parks and protected areas 13

Documented uses of biodiversity 13 Food and nutrition 14 medicine and health 16 energy 16 Shelter 16 Ceremony 17 Trade 18

Risks to biodiversity, livelihoods and resources 18 land use change 18 Risks to species from direct use 20 legal and institutional processes that shape access to resources 21 Risks to water availability, stability and access 21 Perception and biodiversity use 23

Conclusions 23

Sources cited 24

Appendix I 26

Appendix II 27

Appendix III 43

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE

COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POLICY

PiN WORKING PAPER

Executive summary cultivars with known uses within the indigenous livelihood system. Of these, 182 records had known species and The overarching objectives of People in Nature (PiN) are to subspecies-level scientific names, allowing for linkages to provide resource managers at different scales (Indigenous be made across other datasets, including the SIS. Nine- peoples, local communities, government and non-gov- ty-three species had records within the SIS, and 69 had as- ernmental agencies, etc.) with mechanisms to identify and sociated SIS data on conservation status and threats. Data document material and cultural uses of nature; to influence on habitats in which species were known to be harvested conservation and development planning; and to develop were aggregated into habitat types which were then used strategies to scale up and enhance their influence in deci- to analyse provenance of species within different types of sion making. PiN also aims to provide analysis and a plat- landscape mosaics. Likewise, Holdridge life zones – widely form to facilitate opportunities to learn from, communicate used in Costa Rica as ecological units – were mapped onto and exchange experiences with other resource managers the river basin and used to perform a coarse spatial analysis (Davidson-Hunt et al., 2016). A goal of PiN is to develop a of risks to species within the Sixaola basin. better understanding of the material contribution of nature and the symbolic interrelationships expressed through cul- This secondary data analysis flows from consideration of tural narratives and ceremony. Contributors to PiN are in the risks to species and ecosystems to an assessment of risks process of building a landscape assessment methodology, to livelihoods and ability to respond to globalised change that which constitutes the means for PiN to collect, analyse and may be experienced by local communities and households. present data pertaining to specific sites and regions. The The analysis found that the use of biodiversity that consti- interdisciplinary situation analysis (ISA) represents the first tutes parts of the indigenous land use and livelihoods system phase of the landscape assessment workflow, and com- have been shaped in the recent past by land use change, in- prises the tasks of collating and analysing secondary data stitutional constraints, vulnerability to natural disasters, crop that is relevant to the chosen assessment area (Idrobo et al., disease and market fluctuations and remoteness. 2016). The ISA phase represents a rapid study of secondary data pertaining to the study area and the ISA report aims to With perhaps several exceptions, that may be looked into report on an analysis of existing data, and point to gaps in with communities during the primary data collection phase, the secondary data record that may be addressed during direct use of species by local people did not appear to con- the second phase of the PiN methodological workflow. tribute to risks to their future use. An analysis of conserva- tion status of species performed using SIS data revealed The PiN team and the IUCN ORMACC region selected the few threatened species and few risks related to direct use. Sixaola river basin as one of the pilot landscape assessment On the other hand, while most animals had been assessed sites for PIN development. Within this geographical area, in the SIS, large data gaps existed regarding plants used. work is being conducted with Bribri communities in Costa Rica and Panama. The ISA presented in this document is The analysis revealed risks to availability and stability of the first of its kind and pilots various analyses of secondary populations of species within particular areas or within land- data that may be drawn upon to inform the second phase scape mosaics of the Sixaola river basin. In particular, indig- of the landscape assessment, which involves primary data enous territories in which communities exercise the greatest collection. This is the first analysis of its kind and has been degree of control over use of biodiversity are sandwiched performed with PiN methodological development in mind, between the low-lying areas, characterised by a trend of thus its format will likely see changes as progress is made expanding plantain monoculture, and an extensive array of on different PiN pilot site studies. protected areas with rules restricting biodiversity use, which extend into the highland areas of the Sixaola river basin. Secondary data from ethnobotanical literature, grey liter- Low-lying areas correspond ecologically with tropical moist ature, reports, management plans and university theses and wet forest life zones, which were found to be associ- were used along with data from the IUCN Species Informa- ated with the highest number of species with known uses. tion Service (SIS) on species use, trade and conservation Risks to the diversity of habitats in these low-lying zones status. The analysis is presented in this document in three from expanding monoculture threaten availability and sta- major sections pertaining to 1) assessment area descrip- bility of populations of these species. The findings of this tion, 2) documented uses of biodiversity, and 3) risks to bio- secondary data analysis, particularly those with spatial im- diversity, livelihoods and resources. plications may feed into subsequent inquiry on the biodi- The analysis revealed a total of approximately 221 docu- versity-based system in the second phase of the PiN land- mented species, subspecies and agricultural varieties or scape assessment.

1 Now the shelter domain, this domain was initially broader in scope at the time this analysis was conducted, and included a range of material uses that are not captured within the current shelter domain.

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Development of PiN may be informed by lessons from this where biodiversity is understood to possess properties that pilot application of the ISA. In particular, discussion is re- make it useful for various provisioning functions. The first quired on the need to take on such a broadly-scoped anal- task involved collating a list of all species and varieties with ysis of use of biodiversity in future PiN assessment areas. known uses that have been documented within the study The purpose of PiN landscape assessments may be served area. The intent was to characterise the total known poten- by a focus on a narrowed set of goals at the start of each tial of biodiversity (U) for the study area, (Davidson-Hunt et study. This trial run of the ISA methodology can inform work al., 2016), including biodiversity use that was documented with the IUCN Species Programme on linkages between by studies undertaken in the past, which may not feature in PiN and SIS data, and can point to a potential database contemporary local livelihood systems. Ethnobiology liter- structure that could support interlinkages of these datasets. ature, university theses and other datasets were reviewed In addition, suitable standards for working with habitat and and text on use of species was extracted. It was important ecosystem data may be of use. to find species-level scientific names and accepted names for varieties or cultivars if they were available in the sources Situation analysis workflow and data reviewed. This list was entered into the Microsoft Access sources database. Species names were recorded when possible, otherwise a genus, local or variety name was used. The The PiN situation analysis aims to provide an analysis based terminology to describe species use differed between on secondary data alone, which can be used to inform a sources. Use data were grouped according to PiN domains study of the biodiversity based system, which constitutes – food and nutrition, medicine and health, energy, shel- the second phase of the PiN landscape assessment (Idrobo ter, income, ceremony and trade. The IUCN Species In- et al., 2016). This secondary data analysis may point to po- formation Service (SIS) database was consulted and spe- tential risks to traditional land use systems of remote, rural cies uses were added to the Access database from the communities that can be further analysed using a participa- SIS Use & Trade module. The food and medicine domains tory study design during the second phase. The situation presented few problems, as data was usually readily avail- analysis workflow also aims to point to gaps in the existing able on species used for food and medicine. If a species data that may be addressed during primary data collection. was listed in SIS as having more than local subsistence use A team, comprising PiN working group members and staff in the end use dataset (i.e. local, national and internation- at the IUCN ORMACC office, Costa Rica, began gathering al markets), the species was reported to contribute to the sources and spatial data prior to a PiN meeting in Costa trade domain. Likewise, this domain was flagged if other Rica and visit to the Sixaola pilot site in March, 2015. Data secondary data sources reported a species or variety as sources were sought describing ecological, social and eco- having market value, or as being important in terms of its nomic dimensions of the assessment area. Project plans, contribution to household income. If a species was listed as scientific literature, protected area management plans and being used for heating or cooking, it was added to the en- grey literature were consulted. Socio-economic reports and ergy domain. Species used for construction, clothing and planning literature were gathered, including the nutrition artisanship were categorised in the shelter and materials data for Costa Rica, local planning documents and protect- domain.1 The ceremony domain aggregates species and ed areas management plans and socio-economic develop- varieties harvested and prepared for ceremonial purposes. ment literature. Holdridge life zones for the Sixaola river ba- Two datasets consulted contained data on ceremonial uses sin were available as spatial layers, as were protected area of species. Table 1 shows how data in ethnobiology data- and indigenous reserve boundaries (see appendix III). sets and in the SIS were aggregated under different PiN use domain categories. Original data sources and documents were archived in fold- ers accessible to team members on the IUCN Union Portal. Factors influencing availability, stability, access and Sources were tagged using standardised keywords devel- perception oped at a later date (see appendix I). A Microsoft Access PiN uses four variables – availability, stability, access and database was created to store data extracted from data perception – to describe and analyse processes that shape sources. use of biodiversity (see Davidson-Hunt et al. 2016). While Alongside biodiversity, the analysis considers risks to water availability and stability are used to describe biological and availability, stability and access. This inclusion reflects an in- ecological processes that affect species abundance over terest by PiN developers in people’s interrelationships with time, the variables access and perception concern social water as a critical part of nature for livelihoods and well-being. and cultural factors that shape and constrain use. Data on conservation status of – and threats to – species Use of species and agricultural varieties were brought in to inform the analysis on risks to availability PiN has taken an initial focus on direct use of biodiversity, and stability of biodiversity. The compiled list of species with

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Table 1: PiN domains compared with use categories for major sources consulted

PiN domain Borge (2011) Córdova (2004) Dubois (2007) Garcia-Serrano SIS Use and Trade module and Del Monte (2004)

Food and Consumo comes+ble alimentación Food Food – human nutri+on humano; comes+ble; alimento humano

Medicine Medicinal medicinal medicinal Medicinal Medicine – human & veterinary and health

Trade comercio comercio venta N/A Local, na+onal, interna+onal markets

Energy Dendroenergé+c combus+ble leña Firewood Fuels o

Shelter and Construcción; Ar+sanal, Madera; hojas Tex+le; Construc+on or structural materials; materials artesanía; construcción; para hacer Construc+on; Fibre; HandicraMs, jewellery, etc.; ornamental; ornamental; techos, CraM; Cosme+cs Wearing apparel, accessories; botes; +nte +ntes artesanía Poisons; Manufacturing chemicals

Ceremony Ceremonial N/A N/A Ceremonial N/A known uses was checked against the SIS database and Some documents and datasets included data on specific conservation status of species was recorded in the Micro- ecosystems and habitats in which species were harvested. soft Access database. No national red list or national-level However, datasets on threats to ecosystems and habitats species at risk dataset was found for Costa Rica. As such, were not found and no IUCN Red List of Ecosystems as- conservation status and threats data from the SIS must be sessment data have been published yet for the area of in- taken to apply to the full global extent of a species’ range. terest. Both use and habitat data were sometimes located Nonetheless, data on specific threats to species and their within the main body text of documents, rather than being habitats were recorded and used in this analysis. An extract displayed in a tabular format. In these cases, data became of data on the complete list of species and varieties from the harder to detect, but was used when found.2 SIS database are presented in appendix II. The Holdridge system of life zones represents the predom-

Table 2: Holdridge life zones found within the Sixaola river basin Spanish: Zona de vida English: Life zone

Bosque húmedo tropical Tropical moist forest Bosque muy húmedo tropical Tropical wet forest Bosque muy húmedo premontano Premontane wet forest Bosque pluvial premontano Premontane rain forest Bosque muy húmedo montano bajo Lower montane wet forest Bosque pluvial montano bajo Lower montane rain forest Bosque pluvial montano Montane rain forest Paramo pluvial subalpino Subalpine rain paramo Bosque muy húmedo premontano transición a basal Premontane wet forest lowland transi@on

2 This points to the difficulty of extracting or “mining” data from these sources for a large number of species and agricultural varieties that are potentially found in such assessments. A combination of data mining and crowdsourcing techniques is recommended in order to render this data more immeidately available for use within the assessment methodology (see Deutsch et al, 2016b).

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inant system for biophysical and ecological classification in Description of the assessment area Costa Rica. Life zones of the Sixaola river basin are listed Physical site description in Table 2 in Spanish with English translations., following García-Serrano and Del Monte (2004). Holdridge life zones The project area has been defined to match the watershed boundaries of the Sixaola River basin, which contains land were used in this situation analysis to map species to eco- in both Costa Rica and Panama. The area includes the can- logical areas, which in turn could be mapped spatially onto ton of Talamanca in the province of Limón in Costa Rica. the landscape of the Sixaola river basin (see Figure 1). A On the Panamanian side, the watershed overlaps with the site-level analysis of risks associated with different life zones district of Changuinola in the province of Bocas del Toro. was made possible by spatially overlaying information on This pilot area has been selected as it overlaps with the site land uses over a map of the Holdridge life zones. boundaries and communities involved in ongoing projects of the IUCN ORMACC regional office. An IUCN project doc- Social, cultural and economic information was reviewed in ument described the river basin as follows: order to analyse temporal and spatial patterns, legal instru- The Binational Sixaola River basin, shared between Pana- ment, institutions, and trends that influence access to land, ma and Costa Rica, extends over approximately 280.000 species and ecosystems and to describe drivers of change ha, with 81% of the land belonging to Costa Rica and 19% affecting landscapes in assessment area. An important part to Panama. From the basin’s highest point, located on the of this analysis consists of understanding the relative con- Talamanca mountain line at 3.700 meters above sea level, tribution of access conditions to shaping use of biodiversity to the Caribbean Coast, the basin stretches over 100 linear (Davidson-Hunt et al., 2016). Another aspect concerns the km (IUCN, 2011a). relative contribution of biodiversity to livelihoods, with a fo- The Sixaola river basin contains a low elevation alluvial flood cus on non-cultivated or wild species.. plain beginning at the confluence of the Telire and Yorkín

Figure 1: Holdridge life zones of the Sixaola river basin

Nicaragua

Costa Rica Panama

LL iim oo nn C aa rr tt aa gg oo

BRIBRI

VOLIO CHASE OLIVIA MARGARITAANNIA (HANNIA) TELIRE-ALTO TELIRE SHIROLES CATARINA GANDOCA SURETKA TIGER HILL PARAISO

SEPEQUE DOS CAÑOS ADENTRO O DOS CAÑOS ABAJO TSUIRI SAN MIGUEL MOJONCITO LAS TABLAS DAYTONIA CALIFORNIA CELIA MATA DE LIMON COROMA BARRANCO MEDIO AMUBRI FINCA 96 DEBORAH CACHABRI AGUA SALUD O LOS POZOS DE AGUA TERMALES SIXAOLA LA MESA GUABITOFINCA 51 PUENTE NEGRO FINCA 41 PUENTE DEL MEDIO

B oo ccaa ss S aa nn D ee ll T oo rr oo JJoo ss ee

Holdridge Life Zones Basedata Bosque Humedo Tropical Towns Bosque Muy Humedo Premontano P uu nn tt aa rr ee nn aa ss Transportation Bosque Muy Humedo Premontano Transicion A Basal LL iim oo nn National boarders Bosque Muy Humedo Tropical Rivers Bosque Pluvial Montano Watershed Bosque Pluvial Montano Bajo Costa Rica 0 2.5 5 10 Bosque Pluvial Premontano

Panama Miles Paramo Pluvial Subalpino

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rivers and drains to the Caribbean Sea. Its upland portion cial agriculture plots (banana, plantain, cacao especially), contains numerous smaller watersheds, is mountainous where the dominant cover tree is laurel (Cordia alliodora and presents physical access problems to people travel- and Cordia gerascanthus) (SINAC, 2012). Different types ling up and down waterways, roads and paths. The lowland of agroforestry are also found near homes and are used in areas of the basin are much more heavily populated and home gardens (Quiroga, 2009), such that these land uses intensively used for agricultural production. are sometimes considered together. García-Serrano and Del Monte (2004), however, consider plantain polyculture The indigenous land use system to be managed in a way similar to home gardens: planting The indigenous land-use system contributes significantly to density is low to allow for other species to grow and spe- land cover of the Sixaola basin, although quantitative es- cies diversity is greater than in the slash-and-burn system timates or GIS spatial layers were not found for land use but less so than home gardens. and land cover. The ethnobiology literature provided sev- Polyculture, primary and secondary forest, which are lo- eral datasets that contained data on habitats that could cated further from settlement sites, provide for a range of be associated with different species. For instance, Borge plants and animals and slash-and-burn fallows are import- (2011) proposes a general classification of the polyculture ant places for both hunting of animals and harvesting of land-use system that contains the following habitat typol- ogy: plantain, banana, cacao, banana-cacao, grains, roots non-cultivated species for around 12 years after a plot has and tubers, silvopastoral, and secondary forest. The terms been abandoned (García-Serrano and Del Monte, 2004). polyculture and agroforestry are often used interchangeably. Traditionally, Bribri people have used large spaces for shift- These types of land cover are used along with fallow (slash ing agriculture, hunting, gathering of wild plants and fishing and burn or slash and mulch) plots. Important subsistence and spaces used for livelihood activities and habitation were crops are planted in home gardens near dwellings, where- delimited by natural boundaries, such as ridgelines, water- 3 as both subsistence and commercial crops are planted at ways and trees. greater distances from homes. Forestry and livestock raising At the situation analysis phase, given the range of tradition- are also potential land uses (Borge, 1997 in Posas, 2013). al land uses and the difficulty in clearly distinguishing land cover types, it was possible to take a gross cut at habi- Aggregate habitat categories were created from these tat classifications by aggregating land use into major types datasets in order to group habitat types found in different found across the literature (see Table 3). As such, some sources and original habitat data were conserved in the Ac- preliminary observations could be drawn about species as- cess database. Land uses that were commonly used in the sociations with particular habitats. It was not possible to tie literature to describe the indigenous system can be gener- every species to habitats, but this was done where informa- alised to include the following types: tion was available (see Appendix II for complete records of • cacao agroforestry/polyculture, aggregate habitat types by species). • banana agroforestry/polyculture, • mixed agroforestry/polyculture (plantain, banana, Social, cultural and economic drivers and globalised cacao), change • banana or plantain monoculture, The following section focusses primarily on changes in the • slash-and-burn plots usually used for cultivation of agricultural economy and associated changes in peoples’ grains, livelihoods. These can be described broadly as the expan- • primary forests, and sion of the intensive plantain economy and concomitant • secondary forest (regrowth from slash and burn and risks to cacao and organic banana agroforestry; outmigra- abandoned polyculture plots). tion from remote rural communities; and biodiversity con- In reality, however, the landscape mosaic presents an over- servation through management of extensive protected ar- all complexity and continuity between land uses of differ- eas. The institutional and legal contexts are also reported on ent types, such that different covers merge and distinct in the description of the assessment area, below. The aim types are not always easily evident (Borge, 2011). Poly- of this section is to contribute secondary literature and data culture plots are contiguous with small secondary forests, to the analysis of variables that shape use of biodiversity. low bush and riparian landscape types. It is also difficult Indigenous peoples, historical and contemporary to distinguish where secondary and primary forest blend migration (Borge, 2011). The same may be said about the bound- aries between the indigenous polyculture system and pri- Costa Rica’s population is 1.7% indigenous, but in the mary forest. Agroforestry systems may contain commer- province of Limón where the Sixaola river basin is located,

3 http://wwwunesco.org.uy/phi/aguaycultura/es/paises/costa-rica/pueblo-bribri.html

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Table 3: Habitat typologies compared across sources consulted

Aggregated Arias and Borge (2011) Córdova Dubois (2007) Garcia- Guiracocha Harvey et al. habitat Campregher (2004) Serrano and et al. (2006) typology (2010) Del Monte (2001) (2004)

Agricultural Finca, land parcela

Secondary Bosque En bosque Forests forest secundario

Freshwater (all fish and crustaceans)

Near jardín Huerto Huerto, Home garden dwellings / indígena jardín Home garden

Monoculture cacao MonoculFvo Plantain Plantain de plátanos monoculture monocultures

Polyculture PolyculFvo de sistemas Plantain En cacao, Cacao / cacao y agroforestales polyculture en banano banana banano, con árboles de agroforestry cacaotales de cacao systems mulFestrato

Primary forest bosques con Bosque Primary / Forest manejo no primario forest maderable de los piemontes

Riparian bosque ribereño

Roadside orilla de camino

Slash and Tacotal Trabajadero, burn, shiMing (early rotaFng agriculture regrowth) slash-and- (phases) burn

39% of the national indigenous population can be found higher elevations are Bribri, Talamancan Bribri, Telirean (EPYPSA, 2011). In the canton of Talamanca, Ngäbe (Guay- Cabécar, Talamancan Cabécar and Naso, whereas in the mí), Buglé (Bokotá), Bribri, Cabécar, Teribe (Térraba, also lower valley, Bribri groups that have come from Kekoldi and Naso in Panama), and Boruca (Brunca) are major indige- Ngöbe predominate (IUCN, 2011b). nous groups (Borge, 2011). The most numerous indigenous groups, including Bribri, Cabécar, and Ngöbe in Costa Ri- For Bribri, a major historic population decline (from 25 000 ca’s southeast and Panama’s northeast, share cultural ori- in 1638 to under 2000 in 1895) related to diseases borne by gins and characteristics of farming systems, social and lin- European colonists and conflict. In the early 20th century, in guistic similarities (Borge & Martínez, 2009; EPYPSA, 2011). a very short timeframe, the United Fruit Company violently Bribri and Cabécar Indigenous people share the Chibchan forced Bribri off their land and murdered important Bribri language family and once shared political and religious or- leaders (Borge and Villalobos, 1995 in Posas, 2013) and ganisation and leadership but approximately 300 years of consequently, Bribri people fled to the mountains away from restricted interaction has led to divergence of these groups the valley. The Company deforested the lower valley and (Borge & Villalobos, 1995; Bozzoli, 1975; Barrantes et al., replaced the landscape with banana monocultures (Posas, 1986 in Posas, 2013). 2013). In the 1960s, some Bribri began to return to, and settle in the valley, some remaining to seasonally work for Currently, Bribri of different communities are typically locat- the Company (Posas, 2013). Communities located higher ed near rivers and streams for transportation, fishing and in the river basin tend to be more homogeneous, with a other activities. The main indigenous groups at middle and higher percentage of households speaking an indigenous

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language, whereas households lower in the valley tend to 22 Bribri and 7 Cabécar communities with a total population speak more Spanish and communities are more ethnically between 10 000 and 12 000 inhabitants and brings togeth- mixed (Whelan, 2005). Generally speaking, Indigenous peo- er their community councils.4 ples of Costa Rica figure both low in development indices and high in poverty (Borge and Martínez, 2009). In Panama, indigenous Bribri do not have recognition from the state. Nonetheless, the Bribri do not recognize the inter- Indigenous Ngäbe migrations from Panama to Costa Rica national border, and there are existing mechanisms for co- began in the 1950’s (D’Ambrosio, nd). There is also an im- ordinated decision making between bordering communities migrant population of more recent origins in the area, in- (IUCN, 2011b).5 Binational collaboration within the Sixaola cluding mestiza, Afro-Caribbean, and Nicaraguan people basin between Panama and Costa Rica has been institu- (IUCN, 2011; Matamoros, 2014). Most migration is under- tionalised through binational commissions: stood to be tied to labour, as in the case of banana planta- tions and the tourism sector (Matamoros, 2014). The overall Costa Rica and Panama have signed a Cooperation estimated population of the Sixaola river basin is 33 500 Agreement which allows them to create thematic people (IUCN, 2011a). commissions to implement development projects all along the border between both countries. At the end Governance and decision making in indigenous of 2010 the Binational Commission for the Sixaola territories River Basin was created, with the goal of conserv- ing biodiversity, promoting sustainable production Governance of indigenous territories is guided by the Gener- methods and strengthening the binational institu- al Assembly, the Board of Directors of the Asociaciones de tional framework. The Commission has become im- Desarrollo Integral (ADI), and the Junta de Vecinos or neigh- portant because it institutionalises good governance bourhood boards (Murillo et al., 2014). ADIs are recognised in the Sixaola River basin (IUCN, 2011a: 6). as political and executive bodies, and are supported by na- tional and international legislation, including Convention 169 Land use change of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) (Murillo et al. 2014). Indigenous territorial authorities have their own sets For the Bribri of Talamanca, the commercial economy is of rules that are recognised by the state. based primarily on agriculture, specifically production of plantain, banana, cacao, however, tourism also plays an The management structure of ADIs is based on the pre-ex- important role in local economies. The catchment can be isting customary management system and has a mandate subdivided along both an environmental and socio-eco- of natural resource development and conservation of natural nomic gradient from valley floor to the mountain slopes of heritage. Differences between customary decision-making the high Talamanca and La Amistad National Park (Whelan structures of indigenous groups and the formal governance et al. 2008). A gradient can be described that spans from structure involving ADIs related to recognised indigenous the valley floor to highland communities in terms of types territories have brought into question the role of consultation of cultivation, distance to market, labour opportunities, size with Governing Boards of the ADIs, for example in cases of farms per household, the vicinity of (primary) forests and related to REDD+ programmes (IWGIA, 2015). International protected areas. and national legal and normative frameworks are available to safeguard indigenous rights in Costa Rica. Costa Rica Whelan et al. (2008) arbitrarily divides Bribri and Cabécar ratified ILO Convention 169, although recognition of indige- communities of Talamanca into three zones along this al- nous rights by the country does not necessarily follow, such titudinal gradient, demarcated by differences in access to as in the case of rights to consultation (IWGIA, 2015). major population centres, land holding size and type of production. For higher altitude communities, including San ADITIBRI (Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Talamanca) José Cabécar, Alto Cohen and Orochico (all above 500m), was created following article 2 of ILO convention 169, the average land holdings were approximately 86 ha per house- national Indigenous Law 6172 (November 16, 1977) and hold and 93% of households reported sufficient land for cul- the Forest Law of 1977 (Madrigal, 2011). Similarly, ADITICA, tivation (Whelan et al. 2008). Subsistence production of rice, the Association of Integral Development of the Cabecar-Ta- maize, beans and bananas predominates. lamanca indigenous territory, was created in 1985 (Murillo et al., 2014). These associations constitute legal governing Small and medium sized local producers are concentrated bodies for Bribri and Cabecar Territories. ADITICA covers in the lower and middle parts of the Sixoala river basin. In

4 Similar numbers for ADITIBRI could not be found in sources consulted or on the internet. 5 This is noted to be the case in IUCN (2011b) for the communities of the Lower Yorkin River, including Yorkin and Shuabb in Costa Rica, and El Guabo and Dacles in Panama.

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the mid-elevation zone (Mojoncito, Sepeque), agricultural – predominantly a shift from cacao cultivation to plantain holdings averaged 27 ha and 69% of households reported and banana. insufficient land for farming. The main types of cultivation included plantain monoculture, but the predominant land Increased variability and changes in precipitation patterns use was banana agroforestry. The mid-elevation zone is (in turn, associated with flooding) are associated with in- predominantly cultivated by Indigenous people, and organic creased vulnerability due to climate change (Madrigal, production systems centred on cacao and bananas are cer- 2011). Areas that had been cleared for monoculture were tified and benefit from merchandizing organisations (IUCN most affected by the 1991 earthquake and flooding, lead- 2011a; 2011b). The Association of Small Producers of Tal- ing to further loss of livelihoods. Communities typically cul- amanca (APPTA) is a locally-based marketing organisation tivate grains for household consumption in low-lying areas, that buys and markets organic agricultural products. Local making them vulnerable to losses from flooding. As such, production and consumption of grain complements com- agrobiodiversity loss may be very high in years of extreme mercial planting of the main commercial crops. rainfall (IUCN, 2011a).

In the lower part of the watershed, commercial activity is Pressure from mining, hydroelectricity and petroleum pro- centred on plantain cultivation for export. This zone is most duction projects constitute additional risks to traditional land accessible to markets and plantain production is most in- use in Bribri and Cabécar territories in the Talamanca range tensive of the three zones. In this area, households held (SINAC, 2012). In recent history, petroleum production has an average of 6.8 ha, and 72% of households reported in- had an important impact. The RECOPE petroleum compa- sufficient land for farming (Whelan et al., 2008). Small land ny were present in the 1980s and prospected for petroleum holdings are generally concentrated in the lower parts of deposits in indigenous territories. This played an important the valley. Whelan (2005) also notes a marked decrease in role in transformation of the rural economy, making way for access to forested lands in locations at lower elevations, market penetration into more remote areas of the reserve. where forest flora and fauna have traditionally contributed These severe events and changes have contributed to land significantly to peoples’ livelihoods. Harvey et al. (2006) use change and are driving factors in outmigration from identify interconnectedness of forest patches with small farming areas higher in the river basin, along with seasonal fields and small size of agroforestry plots (less than 2ha) migration to lowland areas for wage labour associated with as probable factors explaining the high occurrence of wild plantain. mammals that may be harvested and areassociated with the indigenous land-use system and polyculture, in contrast Land ownership, gender and agricultural labour to low diversity of species in plantain monocultures. Bribri communities feature matrilineal clans and matrilineal In all three zones, banana production features prominent- descent, and households typically have matrilocal residence ly, and varieties include Gran Michel cultivar (Musa AAA), (Rojas, 2009). Bribri female household heads are common and two Cavendish cultivars (Musa AAA), however, Whelan and men and women share tasks, food and shelter. Women (2005) points out that while banana tends to be cultivated tend to have ownership over the home (Rojas, 2009). organically in mixed polyculture plots, many farmers in lower and mid elevation zones are switching their polyculture plots Communal labour is a feature of Bribri community organisa- to plantain monoculture. tion (Whelan et al. 2008) and land is traditionally commonly held as a form of clan property. Land is held by the maternal This shift is associated with several prominent processes. line of clan and by husbands of women of the clan. How- Whelan (2005) describes a process by which farmers in mid ever, this traditional system seems to be changing toward and low elevation zones become ‘locked into’ converting family rather than clan ownership of agricultural land. Wom- their plots to plantain monocultures. Small holders may en and men possess both common and individual parcels find themselves unable to obtain organic agriculture certi- of land (Posas, 2001 in Posas, 2013). Communal land may fication because of proximity to neighbouring monoculture be managed by a tribunal of indigenous leaders (Posas, plots that use agrochemical inputs. Meanwhile, important 2013). On reserves, the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral shocks and stresses affecting livelihoods in the Sixaola ba- holds title to the land, not individuals (Murillo et al. 2014), sin have in recent memory included severe flooding (1970, thus, land tenure is considered to be communal on indig- 1991, 2005), earthquakes (1991) and monilia – frosty pod enous reserves. Small non-indigenous communities also rot in cacao (Moniliophthora roreri) (Whelan, 2008). Monilia may be located on reserves in communities (SINAC, 2012). first appeared in 1978 and widely affected cacao produc- tion (Borge & Castillo, 1997 in Posas, 2013). A drop of 80% According to Borge (2011), labour in non-traditional, inten- in cacao production is associated with the fungus. Land- sive agricultural production – for production of goods for the use change from cacao to other economies has followed market – is based on labour performed predominantly by

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men. Both men and women, as well as older and younger The river basin overlaps with a complex of protected areas generations share work in the indigenous polyculture sys- that is recognised internationally for its role in biodiversity tem of the Bribri and Cabécar (Borge, 2011). Nonetheless, conservation. The area overlaps a Conservation Internation- women and men keep their own domestic animals (Rojas, al designated Conservation Hotspot, a World Wildlife Fund 2009). Differences between genders exist in terms of knowl- (WWF) Global 200 Eco-region, a WWF/International Union edge of different spaces and different species: women were for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Centre of Plant Diver- more knowledgeable about species that grow in home sity, and a BirdLife-designated Endemic Bird Area. It also gardens and small land holdings. Women are also more overlaps a Ramsar wetland of international importance and knowledgeable about minor, non-staple species used for two UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (UNEP, 2009 in Posas, food, condiments and medicine, whereas men had greater 2013). Six indigenous reserves overlap with the Sixaola river knowledge of plants found in forests (Córdova, 2004). basin and the Biosphere Reserves (see Figure 1). Indige- nous territories have been acknowledged for their contri- In terms of wage labour, intensive banana and plantain cul- bution to biodiversity of the Biosphere Reserve complex. tivation for international markets and cattle ranching offer For instance, the Bribri-Cabecar territory contains over 70% jobs in the surrounding area. There is an ongoing and active forest cover. (Borge & Martínez, 2009) process of migration towards the mid and lower parts of The Parque Internacional La Amistad is a transboundary the Sixaola river basin by populations in the upper sections protected area created in 1982 on the Costa Rican side, (SINAC, 2012). The Bocas Fruit Company, Dole, and six and in 1988 in Panama for a total area of 401 000 ha. La other independent banana producers collectively generate Amistad became part of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve and 6100 jobs in Changuinola, Panama (GEF, 2008 in Mad- in 1983, was granted world heritage status by UNESCO. rigal, 2011). As men or women leave the village to work A 15 km buffer zone, which allows agricultural production for wages or for better access to education, they can no and subsistence farming, surrounds the Reserve. The world longer participate in communal labour, and lose represen- heritage site contains an area of 570 045 ha (221 000 in tation within the community, including rights of access to Panama).7 In Costa Rica, the core protected area of the communal property (Rojas, 2009). As people begin to take biosphere reserve amounts to approximately 200 000 ha, labour outside communities, they risk becoming outsiders. whereas indigenous territories contribute over 260 000 ha Women are particularly vulnerable to losing roles and repre- to the biosphere reserve (SINAC, 2012). The Sistema Na- sentation within communities. Despite labour commitments cional de Áreas de Conservación – Ministerio de Ambiente outside the villages, women are still primarily responsible y Energía (SINAC – MINAE) is the main institutional actor for meal preparation, caring for young children, household responsible for management of the core protected areas cleanliness and laundry (Rojas, 2009). while the National Commission of Indian Affairs (CONAI) is the part of government responsible for indigenous reserves. Transportation difficulties make engagement outside vil- lages problematic to integrate with village activities and re- The region of study is dominated by moist and wet tropical sponsibilities (Rojas, 2009). Younger generations are also forests found at lower elevations of the river basin (Whelan more committed to life outside villages, contributing to loss et al., 2008). However, the UNESCO site is highly ecologi- of communal labour (Rojas, 2009). Agricultural labour con- cally varied and contains at least 9 out of 12 life zones found tributes more significantly to household income lower in the in the tropics (Posas, 2013). In the higher areas, rainforest valley, where plantain cultivation surpasses other types of predominates (Madrigal, 2012). Eight or nine of the 12 Hol- cultivation as an income source for land owners. dridge life zones for Costa Rica can be found in within the Bribri and Cabécar indigenous reserves. The Talamanca Biodiversity conservation, parks and protected areas indigenous territory alone counts six Holdridge life zones. Figure 2 shows the spatial extent of protected areas and At the national level, Costa Rica contains 5% of Earth’s bio- indigenous reserves contained within the Sixaola river basin. diversity in 0.03% of its surface area, making it the world’s most biodiverse country per square kilometre. Costa Rica Documented uses of biodiversity has a total of 500 000 plant and animal species (INBIO, 2014 in Mendiola Fernández, 2014). Approximately 26.1% Two hundred and twenty-one records of species and agri- of Costa Rica’s terrestrial surface area is covered within pro- cultural varieties were included in this analysis. Each record tected areas (Mendiola Fernández, 2014).6 has been associated with one or more PiN domains. Total

6 Also see http://www.inbio.ac.cr/pila/parque_contexto.htm 7 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/205

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Figure 2: Governance of protected areas and Indigenous territories in the Sixaola river basin

Nicaragua

Costa Rica Panama

LL iim oo nn C aa rr tt aa gg oo

BRIBRI Kekoldi VOLIO Hitoy Cerere CHASE OLIVIA Gandoca-Manzanillo Telire MARGARITAANNIA (HANNIA) TELIRE-ALTO TELIRE SHIROLES Talamanca Cabecar CATARINA GANDOCA SURETKA TIGER HILL PARAISO

SEPEQUE DOS CAÑOS ADENTRO O DOS CAÑOS ABAJO TSUIRI SAN MIGUEL MOJONCITO LAS TABLAS San San Pond Sak CELIA DAYTONIA COROMA BARRANCO MEDIO CALIFORNIA AMUBRI FINCA 96 DEBORAH AGUA SALUD O LOS POZOS DE AGUA TERMALES SIXAOLA Talamanca Bribri LA MESA GUABITOFINCA 51 PUENTE NEGRO FINCA 41 PUENTE DEL MEDIO Chirripo Changuinola Naso Internacional La Amistad Changuinola Bribri Palo Seco

B oo ccaa ss S aa nn D ee ll T oo rr oo JJoo ss ee

Basedata Protected Areas Indigenous Territories Towns P uu nn tt aa rr ee nn aa ss Name Name Transportation Internacional La Amistad Changuinola Bribri LL iim oo nn National boarders Gandoca-Manzanillo Changuinola Naso Rivers Chirripo Kekoldi Watershed Hitoy Cerere Talamanca Bribri Costa Rica 0 2.5 5 10 Palo Seco Talamanca Cabecar

Panama Miles San San Pond Sak Telire

numbers of species and varieties used, organised by PiN landraces and cultivars may be used. Borge and Castillo domain is illustrated in Figure 3 below. Figure 4 shows these (1997) hold that Bribri farms may maintain a range of 80- uses broken down by aggregate habitat categories. Figure 150 cultivated species of plants. Ramos and Del Monte 5 shows conservation status of all species included in the (2004) show Bribri and Cabécar diet to be based on 84 analysis. Notably, the number of species assessed in the species. SIS varies significantly by major type, i.e., wild mammal spe- An analysis of nutritional composition of species in an ini- cies found in our datasets have been completely assessed, tial dataset on species used by Bribri for food is provided whereas only a minority of all plant species (along the spec- in Deutsch et al. (2016b). Food composition data may be trum from wild to domesticated) have been assessed. found in nutrition datasets and has been used in the afore- Food and nutrition mentioned case study to analyse the potential nutritional contributions of biodiversity to Bribri diets. This analysis Costa Rica has generally low levels of nutrient deficiency shows higher nutritional content for non-cultivated species related to child and maternal health. Six percent of children than their more popular counterparts that may be raised for under 5 experience stunting, 19% of women of reproduc- subsistence or available on the market. Table 4 shows that tive age with anaemia and 5% of children aged 6-59 months the majority of these species come from home gardens or have vitamin A deficiency (Global Nutrition Report, 2015). polyculture plots, although several can be found in forested landscapes, including primary forest. Such non-cultivated Non-cultivated and wild food sources may contribute sig- foods or ‘minor’ crops may make valuable contributions nificantly to nutrition in the study area. A study undertaken to food and nutrition security under certain conditions and with six communities of the Reserve Indígena Talamanca in during periodic times of dearth. 2006-07 showed that in 51% of occasions on which meat was consumed, it was procured from wild species (Altrich- Traditional varieties of species, including maize, chili, cof- ter, 2011). Estimates vary regarding how many species, fee, papaya, banana, yam, yucca, beans, citrus fruits, rice,

14 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA PiN WORKING PAPER

Figure 3: Species use by PIN domain

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Figure 5: Number of species known to species or subspecies-level name that have been assessed for conservation status in SIS, and number of species at risk (Vulnerable, Near Threatened or Endangered).

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ƐƐĞƐƐĞĚŝŶsh͕EdŽƌEĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ EƵŵďĞƌĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚ dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌ;ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŶĂŵĞŬŶŽǁŶͿ  sugar cane, squash, and peach palm, may be found in ag- terms of food and nutrition (nearly 50%). A single article ricultural plots of Bribri households (Borge, 2011). Borge (Rodié, 2012) provided the majority of data relative to me- (2011) found eight banana varieties in smallholder agrofor- dicinal plant usage in relation to habitats associated with the estry plots. Some of these are noted as ancestral landrac- indigenous cacao polyculture system. es that are autochthonous. Posas (2001) found up to 200 cultivars per farm.8 One reference was found in the literature A diversity of land use types within the landscape mosaic, to historical reports on indigenous landraces: Skinner (1920 including home gardens, cacao plantations and forested ar- in Posas, 2013) reported red, white, blue, yellow, black, and eas and roadsides were found to be important for provision purple corn under cultivation by the Bribri in the early 20th of medicinal plants (Arias & Campregher, 2010). Monocul- century. However, apart from their mention in the literature, ture plots (of cacao) were found to have exceptionally low no datasets were found that listed agricultural landraces medicinal plant diversity compared to other land use types and associated risks to their continued availability. Sale and (Arias and Campregher, 2010). exchange of seed is regulated in Costa Rica, but de facto Energy arrangements appear to persist in this area: Of sixteen species used for energy, one (Cedrala odorata) is In Costa Rica, two kinds of seed are produced: cer- listed in the SIS as vulnerable (VU) due to extensive harvest- tified seed and craft seed. The University of Costa ing in its range. No species was listed as occurring solely Rica and the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock in either primary or secondary forest, and energy species are the two institutions in charge of producing cer- were usually associated with polyculture (including home tified seed while most of the farmers and associa- garden) habitats. All species, which were associated with tion of farmers produce craft seed. However, in the Holdridge life zones in datasets, occurred in tropical moist south of the country, the control over certified seed and wet forests, with the exception of Theobroma bicolor, is difficult.9 which could also be found in premontane wet forest.

Medicine and health Shelter10 Over 400 medicinal plant species in 106 genera have been Certain palms are used widely for construction. Palm fronds recorded in Costa Rica (Ocampo, 1997). Our list contains are used for thatching of roofs. Suita (Asterogyne martia- 78 species associated with medicinal use. Thirty-seven of na) is commonly used for this purpose (Gutiérrez, 2013). these species were also recorded to have significance in Suita grows in very humid forests between 0-1000m, and

8 This figure likely includes commercial cultivars of plants that are important for the market such as plantain, banana and cacao. 9 https://msu.edu/~bernsten/beanatlas/Country%20Pages--withGIS/Costa%20Rica/1.SubsectorOverview/costa_rica_text_subsector_overview.2.htm accessed 20/04/2016 10 In this section, we report only on the species flagged for shelter and materials usage that have relevance for construction of dwellings.

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Table 4: Nutritionally important cultivated and non-cultivated species and habitat associations (modified from Deutsch et al. 2016b)

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KĚŽŶƚŽƉŚŽƌƵƐ YƵĂŝů > ϭϯ ϰ͘ϱϭ Ϯ͘ϳ &ŽŽĚͲ ƐƵďƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ Eͬ ĞƌLJƚŚƌŽƉƐ ŚƵŵĂŶ ͕ŶĂƚŝŽŶĂů ŽůƵŵďŝŶĂƐƉƉ͘ 'ƌŽƵŶĚ ĚŽǀĞ ŶŽƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ϭϳ ϱ͘ϵϭ ϯ͘ϴϯ   Eͬ ůĞǀĞů ŶĂŵĞ WƌŽĞĐŚŝŵLJƐ dŽŵĞΖƐƐƉŝŶLJƌĂƚ > ϭϵϬ ϳ͘ϴ ϱ͘ϯ   Eͬ ƐĞŵŝƐƉŝŶŽƐƵƐ HG =home garden, SB=slash and burn, PF=primary forest, P=polyculture, M=monoculture is abundant in Costa Rica (it is not assessed in the SIS). icant subsistence and commercial agricultural species, in- Chonta (Socratea exorrhiza) and jira palms (Socratea duris- cluding three Theobroma species, domesticated pig (Sus sima) are used for walls and floors in Talamanca. This later domesticus) and domesticated cow (Bos taurus). Oth- species is also valued for parquet production (Gutiérrez, er domesticated plants with ceremonial uses are peach 2013). It is not known what proportion of the population, palm (Bactris gasipaes) and achiote (Bixa orellana). Cacao nor the geographical locations of communities that are (Theobroma cacao) polyculture is a major feature in the in- most dependent on these resources for shelter. Common digenous agricultural landscape and cacao is important for agroforestry species that predominate in polyculture plots trade. The cacao plant is important symbolically and cere- are used for construction, including laurel (Cordia alliodora monially and continues to be at risk within the landscape and Cordia gerascanthus). Only one plant, cedro (Cedrala due to frosty pod rot. Trees cannot be cut according to cus- odorata), also used for energy is considered to be vulnera- tomary practice, which has implications in terms of change ble to extinction. All plants listed as important for construc- in the landscape. Trees may remain, as do other species tion had multiple uses, often for food in the case of heart of associated with cacao polyculture, even though the cacao palm harvested from palms mentioned above. economy is not viable in some cases.

Ceremony Most species with ceremonial importance could be found in Sixteen species were documented as being harvested for home gardens and polyculture plots, with the exception of ceremonial purposes. Some of these species were signif- Theobroma angustifolium (cacao de mono/ cacao de mon-

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taña), which could be found both in polyculture systems not found, and an analysis of this relationship was not con- and in primary forest. Only Northern naked-tailed armadillo sidered to be feasible, given data available. (Cabassous centralis), noted as having both medicinal and ceremonial use, was documented to occur in forest habitat Risks to biodiversity, livelihoods and only. Only the tree ocelot (Leopardus wiedii) was listed as resources near threatened (NT) in the SIS. Land use change Trade Disasters and livelihood shocks, as well as longer term Forty-five species were noted in secondary sources to have processes of land use change may significantly influence value in terms of sale on the market. These included 15 the availability and stability of species with known uses. In plant species, 16 wild birds and 10 wild mammals. Of these, the lower part of the river basin, published information de- 33 species had SIS data on trade, and 27 of these were scribes a tendency away from structurally diversified land known to have market value at local, national or internation- uses (e.g. primary and secondary forests, agroforestry with al levels. However, none of these species were only consid- cacao) in favour of plantain and banana cultivation, including ered to have value in terms of income, and all had value in banana agroforestry and silvopastoral land, but also plan- terms of food and nutrition. Available SIS data on use and tain monoculture (Whelan 2008). Cacao trees in polyculture trade is shown in Figure 6 below. Literature on local species are important symbolically/culturally and economically, yet use did not indicate significant sale of animals or wild birds continue to be affected by monilia. Cacao polyculture (and on national or international markets. also banana polyculture) is additionally important as a major Twenty-five species with importance for trade were asso- habitat type that is known to host numerous other plant and ciated with data on habitats (see Figure 4). Out of these, animal species, meaning conversion of polyculture plots is a four species were found to be associated only with forest, significant factor influencing availability of other species with forest margin or primary forest, while the others were asso- direct use values within the domains listed above. Threats ciated with agricultural land use. Eight species were found to availability and stability of species that are used tradi- to be associated with home gardens, polyculture and shift- tionally thus may include further expansion of the plantain ing agriculture. Species associated with monoculture were economy, as plantain monoculture constitutes a land use primary species of economic interest, although these were associated with a low diversity of useful species. also equally associated with polyculture and home garden Nine of eleven threatened or near threatened species and agroforestry systems (e.g. Musa sp., Theobroma cacao). subspecies that were found in the SIS could be associated An analysis of the relative importance of trade in these spe- with data on habitats. Table 5 lists threats to these species cies compared to other sources of household income was that were extracted from the SIS database. The results in-

Figure 6: Analysis of the number of species with information in SIS Use & Trade module

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Ϭ ϱ ϭϬ ϭϱ ϮϬ Ϯϱ ϯϬ ϯϱ

tŝůĚďŝƌĚƐ tŝůĚŵĂŵŵĂůƐ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ 

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dicate threats to local habitats that may be contradictory small-holder plantain monoculture plots may be unhospita- to local knowledge, and may not point usefully to actual ble to these species. In these cases, primary data collection threats to species availability and stability experienced lo- may be recommended to better understand local percep- cally. For instance, in some cases, small-holder agricul- tion of risks to livelihood resources. ture is indicated as a threat, yet species are known to be harvested from polyculture or agroforestry parcels. On the The Holdridge life zones form an obvious gradient, (seen in other hand, landscape mosaics with significant presence of Figure 1, above, and again in Figure 8, below) associated

Table 5: Habitats and threats associated with threatened and near threatened species (source: SIS)

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ ŶĂŵĞ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ

ůŽƵĂƚƚĂ sh Eͬ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐΘƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖ŶŶƵĂůΘƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂůŶŽŶͲƚŝŵďĞƌĐƌŽƉƐ͖ ƉĂůůŝĂƚĂƐƐƉ >ŽŐŐŝŶŐΘǁŽŽĚŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐ͖>ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐΘƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐ͖ ĂĞƋƵĂƚŽƌŝĂůŝƐ ,ƵŶƚŝŶŐΘƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐ ŶŐƵŝůůĂ E &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ &ŝƐŚŝŶŐΘŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐĂƋƵĂƚŝĐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͖ĂŵƐ;ƐŝnjĞƵŶŬŶŽǁŶͿ͖ ƌŽƐƚƌĂƚĂ /ŶǀĂƐŝǀĞŶŽŶͲŶĂƚŝǀĞͬĂůŝĞŶƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͖ŽŵĞƐƚŝĐΘƵƌďĂŶǁĂƐƚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ͖/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůΘŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJĞĨĨůƵĞŶƚƐ͖ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůΘĨŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ ĞĨĨůƵĞŶƚƐ͖,ĂďŝƚĂƚƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐΘĂůƚĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ ĞƌƚŚŽůůĞƚŝĂ sh ,ŽŵĞŐĂƌĚĞŶ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐΘƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖ŶŶƵĂůΘƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂůŶŽŶͲƚŝŵďĞƌĐƌŽƉƐ͖ ĞdžĐĞůƐ >ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬĨĂƌŵŝŶŐΘƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐ͖>ŽŐŐŝŶŐΘǁŽŽĚ ŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐ͖&ŝƌĞΘ ĨŝƌĞƐƵƉƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ĞĚƌĞůĂ sh WƌŝŵĂƌLJĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ >ŽŐŐŝŶŐΘǁŽŽĚŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐ ŽĚŽƌĂƚĂ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ͕ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ ŚĞůLJĚƌĂ sh &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ͕ZŝǀĞƌ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐΘƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖&ŝƐŚŝŶŐΘŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐĂƋƵĂƚŝĐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƌŽƐƐŝŐŶŽŶŝŝ ĞĚŐĞ ƌĂdžƌƵďƌĂ sh &ŽƌĞƐƚŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŝƌĞΘĨŝƌĞƐƵƉƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͖ ŶŶƵĂůΘƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂůŶŽŶͲƚŝŵďĞƌĐƌŽƉƐ͖ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ,ƵŶƚŝŶŐΘƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐ;ŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůƵƐĞͿ͖>ŽŐŐŝŶŐ ΘǁŽŽĚŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐ >ĞŽƉĂƌĚƵƐ Ed WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐΘƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͖ŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůΘŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͖ŐƌŽͲ ǁŝĞĚŝŝ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͖ŐƌŽͲŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJƉůĂŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͖ŐƌŽͲŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ŐƌĂnjŝŶŐ͕ƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐŽƌĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͖DŝŶŝŶŐΘƋƵĂƌƌLJŝŶŐ͖ZŽĂĚƐΘ ƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƐ͖,ƵŶƚŝŶŐΘƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐ ;ƉĞƌƐĞĐƵƚŝŽŶͬĐŽŶƚƌŽůͿ͖ >ŽŐŐŝŶŐΘǁŽŽĚŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐ͖ZĞĐƌĞĂƚŝŽŶĂů ĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐ͖&ŝƌĞΘĨŝƌĞƐƵƉƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͖ĂŵƐ;ƐŝnjĞƵŶŬŶŽǁŶͿ͖/ŶǀĂƐŝǀĞ ŶŽŶͲŶĂƚŝǀĞͬĂůŝĞŶƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͖WƌŽďůĞŵĂƚŝĐŶĂƚŝǀĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͖/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůΘ ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJĞĨĨůƵĞŶƚƐ ZĂŵƉŚĂƐƚŽƐ Ed ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚ͕ >ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬĨĂƌŵŝŶŐΘƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐ͖ŶŶƵĂůΘƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂůŶŽŶͲƚŝŵďĞƌ ĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐ &ŽƌĞƐƚŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ ĐƌŽƉƐ͖ ,ƵŶƚŝŶŐΘƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐ;ŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůƵƐĞͿ &ŽƌĞƐƚ dĂƉŝƌƵƐ E ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚ͕ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐΘƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖DŝŶŝŶŐΘƋƵĂƌƌLJŝŶŐ͖ZŽĂĚƐΘƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƐ͖ ďĂŝƌĚŝŝ &ŽƌĞƐƚŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ ŶŶƵĂůΘƉĞƌĞŶŶŝĂůŶŽŶͲƚŝŵďĞƌĐƌŽƉƐ ;ƐŵĂůůͲŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵŝŶŐͿ͖ &ŽƌĞƐƚ >ŽŐŐŝŶŐΘǁŽŽĚŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐ͖>ŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬĨĂƌŵŝŶŐΘƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐ;^ŵĂůůͲ ŚŽůĚĞƌ ŐƌĂnjŝŶŐ͕ƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐŽƌ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐͿ͖,ƵŶƚŝŶŐΘƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐ;ŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůƵƐĞͿ͖ŐƌŽͲŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJƉůĂŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͖ ŐƌŽͲŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ dĂLJĂƐƐƵ sh ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚďƵƌŶ͕ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐΘƵƌďĂŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ͖>ŽŐŐŝŶŐΘǁŽŽĚŚĂƌǀĞƐƚŝŶŐ͖,ƵŶƚŝŶŐ Θ ƉĞĐĂƌŝ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐ;ŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůƵƐĞͿ͖^ŵĂůůͲŚŽůĚĞƌ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ŐƌĂnjŝŶŐ͕ƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐŽƌĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͖ŐƌŽͲŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŐƌĂnjŝŶŐ͕ƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐŽƌ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͖^ŵĂůůͲŚŽůĚĞƌĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͖ŐƌŽͲŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ dŝŶĂŵƵƐ Ed Eͬ ŐƌŽͲŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ŐƌĂnjŝŶŐ͕ƌĂŶĐŚŝŶŐŽƌ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͖,ƵŶƚŝŶŐΘƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐ ŵĂũŽƌ ƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůĂŶŝŵĂůƐ;ŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůƵƐĞͿ͖ŐƌŽͲŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ 

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with altitude of the slope of the river basin. We were able to norms and regulations associated with protected areas have find sources that tied species to specific life zones, allowing shaped use of biodiversity higher in the valley through con- us to perform some spatial analysis at the level of the basin straints on access to these areas by indigenous people. Fig- (see Figure 7). ure 8 overlays spatial institutions, including protected areas and indigenous reserves on the spatial extent of Holdridge Settlement patterns closely follow this altitudinal gradient – life zones. From this map, it is possible to see the large ex- and hence also the gradient of life zones – where settlement tent of tropical moist forest outside these institutional bound- locations are much denser at lower elevations. The majority aries to the east. This area, while supplying a large number of useful species are found in the tropical moist and wet of species with known use, is at risk of land use change due forests and thus are found within lower elevation life zones. to extensive conversion to plantain monoculture.

Zones with the highest percentage of primary forest exist pri- Risks to species from direct use marily in mountainous areas far from communities and within protected areas. La Amistad has a total surface area of 93% Direct use through hunting pressure on some animal pop- covered by primary forest (SINAC, 2012). Costa Rican na- ulations may constitute a risk to continued availability of tional parks must recognize peoples’ traditional forest man- these species (Harvey et al., 2006 in Posas, 2013). The agement practices (Ley de Biodiversidad 7788), but policy species most hunted are Mazama americana, Odocoileus directives on how to do so are limited (Cajiao Jiménez, 2002 virginianus, Cuniculus paca, Pecari tajacu, and these are in Sylvester et al., 2012). Forest cover predominates in in- hunted in or near indigenous agroforestry or polyculture digenous reserves in Talamanca. The 1996 Forest Law (No. systems as opposed to the primary forests within protected 7575) banned clearing forested lands and set out a national areas (SINAC, 2012). Mammals legally hunted in the park programme for payment for ecosystem services (Murillo et for subsistence purposes include tapir, peccary (Tayassu al., 2014). About 20% of this programme’s budget is allocat- peccary) and primates (SINAC, 2012). Meanwhile, indige- ed to indigenous territories. Communal title to forest lands nous customs and taboos, and strict wildlife management means PES within territories is managed by the governing regulations prohibit hunting of animals such as tapir (Tapi- body of indigenous territories, not by individuals (Murillo et al. rus bairdii) and jaguar (Posas, 2013; SINAC, 2012). Other 2014). Whelan (2005) points to additional institutional factors restrictions on hunting derive from park regulations, e.g., on that strictly limit cutting of trees within indigenous territories, hunting of danta or tapir (Tapirus Bairdii) that tend to be re- where timber allocation is controlled by ADIs. spected by people living near strict protected areas (SINAC, 2012). Non indigenous hunters pose a small threat in some García-Serrano and Del Monte (2004) state that use of the areas bordering the park (SINAC, 2012). Direct use is also primary forest has become less important than in the past. cited as a threat to abundance of cedro (Cedrela odorata), As such, we may use this analysis to question whether used for construction of housing and canoes. This species

Figure 7: Species use associated with Holdridge life zones

ϵϬ ϴϬ ϳϬ ϲϬ ϱϬ ϰϬ ϯϬ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ϮϬ ϭϬ Ϭ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůŵŽŝƐƚ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŝŶǁĞƚ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŝŶƌĂŝŶ>ŽǁĞƌŵŽŶƚĂŝŶĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞ 

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Figure 8: Life zones with institutional overlay showing locations of parks and protected areas and indigenous territories

is listed as vulnerable (VU) in the SIS. SIS data on threats although details of how water relates to other PiN domains, to species are broken down in table 6 to illustrate land use and to the biodiversity-based system framework has not yet change risks to species along with other threats to species been developed (Idrobo et al. 2016). In this pilot ISA report, in the SIS database that may be of relevance in the Sixaola we include a brief discussion on findings related to water river basin. and sanitation, particularly in relation to availability of drinking water and water for other purposes such as agriculture, vari- Legal and institutional processes that shape access ability in water supply over time, including seasonal availabil- to resources ity issues (stability), and access to (clean) water. Some protected areas, or zones within parks are managed An ample regional precipitation regime means that water to prohibit any type of harvesting. Nonetheless, Indigenous is readily available in the Sixaola river basin. Water quality People have the right to practice traditional harvesting activ- concerns thus predominate over water quantity concerns, ities as guaranteed in national and international law, i.e. ILO along with concerns over flooding and erosion. Tradition- Convention 169 (SINAC, 2012). Market access may shape al habitations are located near water such that water is land-use choices by some families. Decreasing crop diver- readily accessible to people from their homes. Waterways sity on farms was found to be associated with “availability constitute important transport routes for accessing diffi- of salary income, the general market orientation of the fam- cult-to-reach communities. ily group or neighbourhood, and closeness to accessible roads” (Posas, 2001 in Posas, 2013: 53). Rapid development in some areas has led to a change in water use, where wells have slowly substituted use of nat- Risks to water availability, stability and access urally occurring surface water, which has also led to an al- In addition to analysis of factors that shape biodiversity use, teration in factors determining location of housing.11 Threats PiN has also taken an interest in water use and sanitation, are posed by ranching practices at higher elevations in

11 Borges and Villalobos (1998), cited in http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi/aguaycultura/es/paises/costa-rica/pueblo-bribri.html

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Table 6: Threats data for species assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Modified fromD eutsch et al., 2016b)

Threat category Number of species Number of Threatened and Near Total listed as LC or DD Threatened species

Agriculture and aquaculture 13 6 19

Of which smallholder grazing, 9 2 11 ranching, farming or shi4ing agriculture

Biological resource use 19 9 28

Of which inten7onal use, 18 1 (subsistence use) + 8 (species is 27 persecu7on, control of species target)

Energy producHon and mining 1 2 2

Human intrusion and disturbance 1 (recreaHon) 1 (recreaHon) 2

Natural systems modificaHon 5 3 8

PolluHon 2 2 4

ResidenHal and commercial 7 5 12 development

TransportaHon and services corridors 6 2 7

Invasive species 5 2 7

Climate change and severe weather 1 (only Odocoileus 1 (Anguilla rostrate listed as 2 virginianus listed as threatened by habitat shiRing & threatened by alteraHon) drought)

Total number of species assessed 58 11 69 terms of erosion and land-use change. Deforestation of eco- Fernández, 2014). systems on steep slopes for agricultural activities threatens Climate change scenarios for the area include strong varia- water protection surfaces (IUCN, 2011b).12 Access to clean tions in precipitation. Impacts on precipitation and extreme water is cited as a factor influencing internal migration.A c- events could create vulnerability for communities. An IUCN cessibility of uncontaminated water is potentially a problem project funded by BMU has aimed to strengthen adaptive where the landscape has been significantly altered in favour capacity of communities confronting climate change (IUCN, of plantain and banana monoculture. In these landscapes, 2011b). A concern is that fluctuation in the precipitation re- there is higher prevalence of intestinal helminths transmitted gime can increase the number of extreme events that can by ingestion of contaminated food or water.13 cause serious damage in the mid and lower parts of the Additionally, concerns over hydroelectricity development watershed. Risks include increased soil erosion, flooding, projects constitute a potential threat to water quality and sedimentation, loss of crops, damage to local infrastruc- other land uses. Over 80% of energy consumed in Costa ture and increase in respiratory disease. Floods can cause Rica comes from hydroelectricity (Bonilla, 2011 in Mendiola clogging of aquifers with contaminated water mainly due to

13 Barrantes (1993), cited in http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi/aguaycultura/es/paises/costa-rica/pueblo-bribri.html 12 Borge and Castillo (1997), cited in http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi/aguaycultura/es/paises/costa-rica/pueblo-bribri.html accessed 12/04/2016

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lack of protective vegetation in water recharge areas (IUCN, Conclusions 2011a). The last major flood in late 2008 and early 2009 Although no large-scale development or conservation proj- was unprecedented in the memory of the area’s inhabitants ect plans were found that posed contemporary risks to (IUCN, 2011a). biodiversity use, socio-economic and environmental driv- Perception and biodiversity use ers were found to be associated with large-scale habitat conversion or change. The indigenous land-use system in The indigenous land use system traditionally featured clan low-lying parts of the river basin appear to face a gradual ownership and plot sizes that were larger in area than those shift towards plantain monoculture. This shift was flagged currently available in mid and low elevation area. In Whel- as a threat to indigenous livelihoods and the traditional an’s (2005) study, he purports that shifts in land use from agroforestry system by some authors. This shift was tied polyculture and secondary forest to plantain monoculture to migration out of more remote rural areas towards valley in these lower parts of the Sixaola river basin are not nec- bottoms and gradual loss of the indigenous land-use mosa- essarily welcomed by the families that make the changes. ic. This situation analysis concludes that risks to the indig- Rather, Bribri cosmology holds a perception of the larger enous land-use system require further analysis in order to landscape characterised by a mosaic of ‘near’ and ‘far’ better understand impacts on plants and animals support- places that are both important for different activities (Ramos ed by indigenous land uses that hold the potential to help and Del Monte 2004 in Posas, 2013). communities cope with and adapt to globalised change.

The near space, which is the indigenous, humanized space, Future ISAs may contain a more analysis of 1) agricultural can be modified and shaped, while the far space, or natural, varieties and their uses, and 2) socio-economic variables primary forest space, is seen not to belong to humans and and indicators in relation to traditional land uses, including can only be used by observing strict rules (Posas, 2013: 49). analysis of quantitative data on the relative contribute of bio- diversity to local livelihoods. In this analysis of the Sixaola As such, socio-economic and environmental constraints river basin, these types of information were not found to be were held to be responsible for changing land use which available, however, this may not be the case in future stud- was perceived negatively (Whelan, 2005). Garcia-Serrano ies concerning other areas. and Del Monte (2004) identify four spaces in which Bribri and Cabecar people of Talamanca carry out their activities. Lessons learned and recommendations for PIN develop- These are home gardens, slash-and-burn plots, plantain ment: polyculture and monoculture. These constitute the “near 1. It will be worthwhile to work on a set of suitable stan- space”, while primary forest constitutes the ‘far space’ (Gar- dards for working with habitat data, as this will be highly cia-Serrano and Del Monte, 2004). As such, cultural norms useful for correlating species with spatial land use and and rules may shape use in the far zone, but the concurrent ecosystem data such that PiN may develop spatially ex- presence of strict protected areas may also affect peoples’ plicit tools and analysis. ability to harvest in forests located within parks. 2. This trial run was used to construct a Microsoft Access Some studies indicate that age and generation are import- database that can form the basis for experimentation ant factors that predict the crop diversity of a family farm with database structure and linkages to the SIS. Work (Borge & Villalobos, 1995; Posas, 2001 in Posas, 2013). with the Species Programme on this provisional data- Younger generations with less access to land may again base structure may help identify where parts of the SIS have been forced to cultivate monocultures, contributing to data structure can be used or altered to store PiN data this trend. Some, but not all communities were said to pre- (e.g. parts of the Use and Trade module). fer organic farming methods (Posas, 2001; Whatley, 2008 in Posas, 2013), which is compatible with the indigenous 3. A further area of integration would be with the SIS hab- agroforestry system, but again, access to land suitable for itats module, as this could potentially supply habitats organic agriculture plays an important role in making choic- data that can be used alongside ‘endogenous’ habitat es about the destination of small-holdings. categories that emerge from other datasets. 4. This pilot ISA can be used to inform discussions about In the area of agricultural biodiversity, the BMU funded IUCN the ability of this PiN phase to indentify knowledge gaps. project (IUCN, 2011a;b) promoted exchange of farmer’s va- In particular, is this type of broad analysis useful, or rieties or landrace seeds among different settlements and should the PiN ISA be focussed on more narrow goals? indigenous territories in a transboundary context. IUCN is A useful exercise might consider the secondary data attempting to increase the perception that seed exchanges findings of this ISA and how future ISAs should proceed. can increase adaptive capacity and are beneficial to biodi- versity conservation. 5. Of all 182 records with species level names, 93 were in

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found the SIS (51%). These were predominantly mam- ing the diversity of interrelationships between people and mals (all mammals had records in the SIS). This informa- nature. Gland: IUCN. tion can potentially be used to drive new collaborative efforts across IUCN knowledge products and across Deutsch, N., Beta, T., Davidson-Hunt, I.J., Idrobo, J., Ndo- Commissions (e.g. between CEESP and SSC) to fill in lo, V., Smith, K. and Sylvester, O. (2016b). ‘Conservation gaps that are potentially highly relevant to the Sustain- status of biodiversity important for Bribri food and nutritional able Development Goals (SDGs). This is also tied to the security: understanding the potential of secondary for site ability of this ISA to inform discussions about ways the level analysis’ PiN Discussion Paper No.3. Gland: IUCN. SIS can be used to more effectively inform communities Dubois, A. (2007). Produccíon agrícola y conservacíon de la about risks to biodiversity that is useful to them, and biodiversidad: Dos actividades compatibles? El caso de los how their livelihoods may be affected through processes sistemas agroforestales con cacao en Talamanca – Costa of globalised change. Rica. Tesis de tercer año. Université Lyon III, France.

Sources cited García-Serrano, C.R. and J.P. Del Monte. (2004). ‘The use of tropical forest (Agroecosystems and wild plant harvest- Alrichter, M. (2011). ‘Importancia de la fauna como alimen- ing) as a source of food in the Bribri and Cabecar cultures to para los indígenas Bribri y Cabécar de Talamanca.’ Bio- in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica.’ Economic Botany, cenosis, 25(1-2), 87-95. 58(1), 58-71.

Arias, A.C. and C. Campregher. (2010). ‘Plantas medicina- Guiracocha, Giniva, Celia Harvey, Eduardo Somarriba, Ul- les en una plantación de cacao en Guápiles, Costa Rica.’ rike Krauss and Eduardo Carrillo. (2001). ‘Conservación Cuadernos de Investigación UNED, 2(2), 231-237. de la biodiversidad en sistemas agroforestales con cacao y banano en Talamanca, Costa Rica.’ Agroforestería en la Borge, C. (2011). El Policultivo Indígena de Talamanca y la Américas, 8(30), 7-11. Conservación de la Naturaleza. Instituto Nacional de Biodi- versidad (INBIO). Gutiérrez F., M. (2013). ‘Patrones de asentamientos tradicio- nales en las comunidades indígenas Bribris-Cabécares de Borge, C. and J. Martínez. (2009). ‘El Pago por Servicios la zona de Talamanca - Costa Rica.’ Revista de la Escuela Ambientales en Territorios Indigenas de Costa Rica.’ PES de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 2(3), 1-13. Learning Paper 2009-1S. Latin American and Caribbean Sustainable Development Department, World Bank. Wash- Harvey, Celia A., Jorge Gonzalez and Eduardo Somarri- ington DC, USA. ba. (2006). ‘Dung beetle and terrestrial mammal diversity in forests, indigenous agroforestry systems and plantain Córdova, L.T. (2004). Plantas Útiles de las fincas cacaoteras monocultures in Talamanca, Costa Rica.’ Biodiversity and de Indígenas Bribri y Cabécar de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Conservation, 15, 555-585. Tesis sometida a la consideración de la Escuela de Post- graduados. Programa de Educación para el Desarrollo y la Idrobo, J., Asselin, H., Davidson-hunt, I.J., Mcconney, P., Conservación del Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investi- Meijer, S.S., Olsen, N. and Suich, H. (2016). ‘A mixed meth- gación y Enseñanza. Turrialba, Costa Rica. odology for People in Nature landscape assessment of bio- diversity-based systems.’ In: Davidson-Hunt, I.J., Suich, H., D’Ambrosio, U. (no date). ‘Foodways transitions in Ngäbe Meijer, S.S. and Olsen, N. (eds.). People in Nature: Valuing households of Costa Rica: Linking food plants, conser- the Diversity of Interrelationships between People and Na- vationist markets and worldviews in Conte-Burica.’ URL: ture. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. http://www.iss.nl/fileadmin/ASSETS/iss/Documents/Con- ference_presentations/NatureInc_Ugo_D_Ambrosio_Arti- IUCN. (2011a). Climate change governance capacity: Build- cle.pdf. ing regionally- and nationally-tailored ecosystem-based ad- aptation in Mesoamerica: Special report of pilot interven- Davidson-Hunt, I.J., Suich, H., Meijer, S.S. and Olsen, tions. March 31, 2011. N. (eds.) (2016). People in Nature: Valuing the Diversity of Interrelationships between People and Nature. Gland, IUCN. (2011b). Comunidades Bribri en la localidad de Switzerland: IUCN. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN. Yorkín en la cuenca del río Sixaola (Panamá-Costa Rica) CH.2016.05.en. identifican, priorizan y valora los efectos del cambio climáti- co sobre sus medios de vida. Boletín de prensa UICN. Deutsch, N., Boe, K., Davidson-Hunt, I.J and Smith, K. (2016a). ‘A data module for PiN’. In: I.J. Davidson-Hunt, H. IWGIA. (2015). ‘The Indigenous World – Costa Rica.’ 2015 Suich, S.S. Meijer and N. Olsen (eds) People in Nature: valu- IWGIA yearbook article. URL: http://www.iwgia.org/im-

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ages/stories/sections/regions/latin-america/documents/ Sylvester, Olivia, G. Avalos and N.C. Fernández. (2012). IW2015/Costa_Rica_IW2015_web.pdf. ‘Notes on the ethnobotany of Costa Rica’s Palms.’ Costa Rican Ethnobotany, 56(4), 190-201. Madrigal, D.B. (2011). Análisis de medios de vida y servi- cios eco sistémicos de la cuenca media y baja de río Six- Whelan, M.P. (2005). Reading the Talamanca landscape: aola. Universidad Nacional, Faculdad de la Tierra y el Mar, land use and livelihoods in the Bribri and Cabécar Indig- Escuela de ciencias ambientales. Práctica Profesional Su- enous Territories. Masters thesis. CATIE: Turrialba, Costa pervisada. Panamá-Costa Rica: IUCN. Rica.

Matamoros, W.H. (2014). La refiguración cultural indígena Whelan, M.P. Stoian, J.D. Wulfhorst, E. Somarriba, G. Soto en Costa Rica: el caso de los Bribri (Talamanca, provincia and K. Prins. (2008). ‘Medios de vida y dynámica del uso de Limón, Costa Rica). Master’s Thesis, Faculdad Latino- del suelo en los Territorios Indígenas Bribri y Cabécar de americana de Ciencias Sociales, Sede Académica México. Talamanca, Costa Rica.’ Agroforestería en las Américas, 46, 51-56. Mendiola Fernández, V. (2014). ‘Evaluación del impacto so- Zaldivar, M., O. Rocha, E. Castro and R. Barrantes. (2002). bre ecosistemas dulceacuícolas, mediante el uso de peces ‘Species diversity of edible plants grown in homegardens of como bioindicadores en el proyecto hidroeléctrico Torito Chibchan Amerindians from Costa Rica.’ Human Ecology, (Costa Rica).’ CONAMA 2014, Congreso Nacional del Me- 30, 301-316. dio Ambiente

Murillo, S.A.M., J.P.P. Castillo and M.E.H. Ugalde. (2014). ‘Assessment of environmental payments on indigenous territories: The case of Cabecar-Talamanca, Costa Rica.’ Ecosystem Services, 8, 35-43.

Ocampo, R. (1994). ‘Estudio etnobotánico de las palmas empleadas por los indígenas en Talamanca, Costa Rica.’ Revista Forestal Centroamericana, 7(3), 16-21.

Ocampo, R. (1997). ‘Estado de avance en la agroindustria de plantas medicinales en Costa Rica.’ Agronomía Costar- ricense, 21, 103-109.

Posas, P.J. (2013). ‘Shocks and Bribri agriculture past and present.’ Journal of Ecological Anthropology, 16(1), 43-60.

Quiroga, Grimaldo Soto. (2009). Contribución al cono- cimiento del paisaje de cacaotales, como habitat para el mantenimiento de la diversidad de herpetofauna en Tala- manca, Costa Rica. Masters thesis. CATIE: Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Rodié, D.L. (2012). ‘Estudio etnobotánico en las comuni- dades Indígenas Bribri del Bajo Yorkín y caso práctico con plantas medicinales en las comunidades plataneras del Sixaola medio, dentro del proyecto “Cambio Climático y Gobernanza del Agua” de la UICN.’ IUCN

Rojas, D.S. (2009). ‘Between tradition and modernity: Changing gender roles among the Bribri and Boruca wom- en of Costa Rica.’ Cuadernos de Antropología, 19, 113- 122.

SINAC. (2012). Plan de Manejo. Parque Internacional La Amistad, Talamanca. Costa Rica: Ministero del Ambiente y Telecomunicaciones.

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Appendix I: Example of Literature Metadata tag application

These metadata tags are experimental and may change before they are stabilised to facilitate data searches on documents:

Use: Governance: Trade Legal rules and regulations Medicine and health Customary/traditional rules and regulations Food and nutrition Community protocols Energy Management plan Shelter Protected areas Ceremony Territorial development Water Water

Land use: Threats: Planning To be merged with Species Information Service threats Agricultural productivity categories Orthophoto Satellite image Socio-economic: Ecology and habitats Markets Water Labour Spatial Gender Age Ethnicity

Example of application of tags to sources used within the Sixaola river basin ISA:

Source tags

Alrichter (2011) Use:Food and nutri8on

Borge (2011) Socio-economic:Labour Socio-economic:Gender Use:Trade Use:Medicine and health Use:Food and nutri8on Use:Shelter and materials Land use:Ecology and habitats

Córdova (2004) Use:Trade Land use:Ecology and habitats Socio-economic:Gender Dubois (2007) Rojas (2009) Socio-economic:Gender Socio-economic:Labour

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Appendix II: Species and variety-level biodiversity with known uses

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ  ŽĐĂEĞŐƌĂ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ ŐŽŶŽƐƚŽŵ >ŝƐĂͬƚĞƉĞŵĞ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ƵƐ ĐŚşŶ ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ ŵŽŶƚŝĐŽůĂ ůĨĂƌŽ KůŽŵŝŶĂ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ĐƵůƚƌĂƚƵƐ ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ ůŽƵĂƚƚĂ DŽŶŽ ĐŽŶŐŽ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ  > ƉĂůůŝĂƚĂ ŵĂŵŵĂů ,ĂƌǀĞLJĞƚĂů͘ ;ϮϬϬϲͿ ůŽƵĂƚƚĂ  tŝůĚ  &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   sh ƉĂůůŝĂƚĂƐƐƉ ŵĂŵŵĂů ĂĞƋƵĂƚŽƌŝĂůŝ Ɛ ŵĂƵƌŽůŝŵŶ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   > ĂƐĐŽŶĐŽůŽƌ ŵĂnjŝůŝĂƐƉ͘  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ŵĂnjŽŶĂƐƉ͘ >ŽƌŽƐ tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ ŶĂĐĂƌĚŝƵŵ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŽĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂůĞ ƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ >͘ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ŶĂŶĂƐ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ K>͕'ĂƌĐŝĂ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐŽŵŽƐƵƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŶĚĞů ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;^ƚŝĐŬŵ͘Ϳ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ DĞƌƌ͘ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŶŐƵŝůůĂ ŶŐƵŝůĂ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ  E ƌŽƐƚƌĂƚĂ ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ ŶŶŽŶĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ  ŵƵƌŝĐĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ƵďŽŝƐ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ŶŶŽŶĂ  tŝůĚͬƵůƚŝǀĂ K>͕'ĂƌĐŝĂ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƌĞƚŝĐƵůĂƚĂ>͘ ƚĞĚƉůĂŶƚ ĂŶĚĚĞůDŽŶƚĞ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƌĂƚŝŶŐĂƐƉ͘  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƌĐŚŽĐĞŶƚƌƵ DŽũĂƌƌĂͬĐŚŽ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ƐŵLJƌŶĂĞ ŐŽƌƌĂ ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ ƌƚŝďĞƵƐƐƉ͘ DƵƌĐŝĠůĂŐŽƐ tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ŵĂŵŵĂů ƌƚŽĐĂƌƉƵƐ &ƌƵƚĂƉĂŶ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ĂůƚŝůŝƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ;DŽƌĂĐĞĂĞͿ ƌƚŽĐĂƌƉƵƐ ƌďŽůĚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƐ:͘ ƉĂŶ ƉůĂŶƚ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ Z͘Θ'͘&ŽƌƐƚ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ

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^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ƐƚĞƌŽŐLJŶĞ ^ƵŝƚĂ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ͕ 'ƵƚŝĠƌƌĞnj ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ &ŽƌĞƐƚ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ  ŵĂƌƚŝĂŶĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ;ϮϬϭϯͿ͕ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƉĂůŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌĞƚĂů͘ ;ϮϬϭϮͿ ƐƚƌŽĐĂƌLJƵ ƉĂůŵŝƚŽĚĞ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ 'ĂƌĐŝĂͲ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ   ŵ ĐŚŽŶƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ^ĞƌƌĂŶŽĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ďƵƌŶ͕ ƐƚĂŶĚůĞLJĂŶƵ ĞůDŽŶƚĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ŵ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ƐƚLJĂŶĂdž ^ĂƌĚŝŶĂ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ĂĞŶĞƵƐ ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ ǀĞƌƌŚŽĂ ĐĂƌŽŵďŽůĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐĂƌĂŵďŽůĂ ƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;KdžĂůŝĚĂĐĞĂ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ĞͿ ƵďŽŝƐ;ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ njĂĚŝƌĂĐŚƚĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ &ŽƌĞƐƚ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŝŶĚŝĐĂ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ͕tŝůĚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ :ƵƐƐ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕K> ĂĐƚƌŝƐ ƉĞũŝďĂLJĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŐĂƐŝƉĂĞƐ ƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ŶĞƌŐLJ͕^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ƌĞĐĂĐĞĂĞͿ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ͕ ďƵƌŶ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ĞƌƚŚŽůůĞƚŝĂ ĂƐƚĂŶĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů sh ĞdžĐĞůƐĂ ƉůĂŶƚ DŽŶƚĞ͕ϮϬϬϰ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ,Ƶŵď͘Ğƚ ŽŵƉŝ͘ ŝdžĂ ĐŚŝŽƚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŽƌĞůůĂŶĂ>͘ ƉůĂŶƚ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ K> ŽĂ  tŝůĚƌĞƉƚŝůĞ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ĐŽŶƐƚƌŝĐƚŽƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŽƐƚĂƵƌƵƐ sĂĐĂ ŽŵĞƐƚŝĐĂƚĞ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ;ŽƐŝŶĚŝĐƵƐͿ ĚĂŶŝŵĂů ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ ƌĂĚLJƉƵƐ  tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ  > ǀĂƌŝĞŐĂƚƵƐ ŵĂŵŵĂů ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ƌŽƐŝŵƵŵ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂůŝĐĂƐƚƌƵŵ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ K> ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƌŽƐŝŵƵŵ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ  ĐŽƐƚĂƌŝĐĂŶƵ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕^ůĂƐŚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ŵ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĂŶĚďƵƌŶ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ͕ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ

28 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƌŽƐŝŵƵŵ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů  WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƵƚŝůĞ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ K> WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƵƌƐĞƌĂ ŝŶĚŝŽ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ƐŝŵĂƌƵďĂ ĚĞƐŶƵĚŽ͕ ƉůĂŶƚ ũŝŶŽĐƵĂďĞ͕ ũŝŶŽƚĞ ĂďĂƐƐŽƵƐ  tŝůĚ ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ   ĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝƐ ŵĂŵŵĂů ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ͕ K> DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ĂĞƐĂůƉŝŶŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ &ŽƌĞƐƚ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉƵůĐŚĞƌƌŝŵĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕K> ĂũĂŶƵƐ ŐĂŶĚƵů ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ĐĂũĂŶ ƉůĂŶƚ ;&ĂďĂĐĞĂĞͿ ĂŵƉĞƉŚŝůƵ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   > Ɛ ŐƵĂƚĞŵĂůĞŶ ƐŝƐ ĂƉƐŝĐƵŵ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƐƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;^ŽůĂŶĂĐĞĂĞ Ϳ ĂƉƐŝĐƵŵ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƐƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ;^ŽůĂŶĂĐĞĂĞ Ϳ ĂƌŝĐĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉĂƉĂLJĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ĂƌŝĐĂĐĞĂĞͿ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ďƵƌŶ͕ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ĂƌůƵĚŽǀŝĐĂ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ͕ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů > ƉĂůŵĂƚĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ƉůĂŶƚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ Ğ͕^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ďƵƌŶ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ͕ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĂƌůƵĚŽǀŝĐĂ ĞƐƚŽĐŽĐĂ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ  ƐƉ͘ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ͕EĞĂƌ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐƐ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĂƌŽůůŝĂ DƵƌĐŝĠůĂŐŽƐ tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ  > ƉĞƌƐƉŝĐŝůůĂƚĂ ŵĂŵŵĂů

THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA | 29 PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ĂƐƚŝůůĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĞůĂƐƚŝĐĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ƵďŽŝƐ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ĞďƵƐ DŽŶŽ tŝůĚ ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   > ĐĂƉƵĐŝŶƵƐ ĐĂƌŝďůĂŶĐŽ ŵĂŵŵĂů ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞĚƌĞůĂ ĐĞĚƌŽ͕ ĐĞĚƌŽ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů sh ŽĚŽƌĂƚĂ ƌŽũŽ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ZŝǀĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ ĞĚŐĞ͕ ſƌĚŽďĂ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ĞŝďĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ    ƉĞŶƚĂŶĚƌĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ĞƐƚƌƵŵ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƌĂĐĞŵŽƐƵŵ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ZƵŝnjΘWĂǀ͘ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ŚĂŵĞĂĚŽƌ ƉĂĐĂLJĂ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĞĂƚĞƉĞũŝůŽƚĞ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ͕EĞĂƌ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐƐ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŚĞůLJĚƌĂ  tŝůĚƌĞƉƚŝůĞ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ͕  sh ƌŽƐƐŝŐŶŽŶŝŝ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ ŚŽůŽĞƉƵƐ  tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ  > ŚŽĨĨŵĂŶŶŝ ŵĂŵŵĂů DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ŝĐŚůĂƐŽŵĂ 'ƵĂƉŽƚĞ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ƐƉ͘ ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ ŝƚƌƵƐ >ŝŵŽŶĚƵůĐĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ůŝŵŵĞƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƵďŽŝƐ;ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ſƌĚŽǀĂ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ďƵƌŶ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŝƚƌƵƐ ŵĂŶĚĂƌŝŶĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƌĞƚŝĐƵůĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƵďŽŝƐ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ďƵƌŶ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŝƚƌƵƐƐƉ͘ ůŝŵŽŶĐƌŝŽůůŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƉůĂŶƚ ŝƚƌƵƐƐƉ͘  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƉůĂŶƚ ŽĐŽƐ ĐŽĐŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŶƵĐŝĨĞƌĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƵďŽŝƐ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ƌĞĐĂĐĞĂĞͿ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŽĨĨĞĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ  ĂƌĂďŝĐĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƵďŽŝƐ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ZƵďŝĂĐĞĂĞͿ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ

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^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ŽĨĨĞĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ĐĂŶĞƉŚŽƌĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ;ZƵďŝĂĐĞĂĞͿ ŽĨĨĞĂƐƉ͘ ĂĨĠĚĞůŽƐ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ;ZƵďŝĂĐĞĂĞͿ ĂŶĐĞƐƚƌŽƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŽůŽĐĂƐŝĂ zĂŵƉŝ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ WŽƐĂƐ;ϮϬϭϯͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   > ĞƐĐƵůĞŶƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ŽůƵŵďŝŶĂ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƐƉƉ͘ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ŽŶĞƉĂƚƵƐ ŽƌƌŽ tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕  > ƐĞŵŝƐƚƌŝĂƚƵƐ ŵĞſŶͬŚĞĚŝŽ ŵĂŵŵĂů &ŽƌĞƐƚ ŶĚŽ ŽƌĚŝĂ >ĂƵƌĞů ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ  > ĂůůŝŽĚŽƌĂ ďůĂŶĐŽ ƉůĂŶƚ ƵďŽŝƐ;ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ŽƌĚŝĂ >ĂƵƌĞůŶĞŐƌŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ŐĞƌĂƐĐĂŶƚŚƵ ƉůĂŶƚ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ Ɛ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ŽƐƚƵƐƐƉƉ͘  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ŽƵƌŽƵƉŝƚĂ njĂƉŽƚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ƐƉ͘ ĐĂďĞnjĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ŶĞƌŐLJ ŵŽŶŽ ƌĂdžƌƵďƌĂ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ  sh ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ƌĞƐĐĞŶƚŝĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐƵũĞƚĞ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ƵďŽŝƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ƌLJŽƐŽƉŚŝůĂ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ǁĂƌƐĐĞǁŝĐnjŝŝ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ƌLJƉƚƵƌĞůůƵƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ƐŽƵŝ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ƵĐƵƌďŝƚĂ ĐŚĂLJŽƚĞ͕ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů > ƉĞƉŽ ĂLJŽƚĞ ƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ƵĐƵƌďŝƚĂĐĞ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ĂĞͿ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƵŶŝĐƵůƵƐ dĞƉĞnjĐƵŝŶƚůĞ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ  > ƉĂĐĂ ŵĂŵŵĂů 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ ƵƉĂŶŝĂ ĐŽůĂƉĂǀŽ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ŶĞƌŐLJ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ĐŝŶĞƌĞĂ ƉůĂŶƚ LJĂŶƚŚƵůĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ  DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ   ƐƉƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ Ğ͕ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ

THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA | 31 PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ LJĂƚŚĞĂƐƉ͘ ƋƵĞůŝƚĞƐ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ   ďƵƌŶ͕ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ LJŵďŽƉŽŐŽ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŶĐŝƚƌĂƚƵƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ĂƐLJƉƌŽĐƚĂ 'ƵĂƚƵƐĂ͕ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ  > ƉƵŶĐƚĂƚĂ ĐŚĞƌĞŶŐĂ ŵĂŵŵĂů ůƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕,ĂƌǀĞLJ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ĂƐLJƉƵƐ ĂƌŵĂĚŽ͕ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů > ŶŽǀĞŵĐŝŶĐƚ ĐƵnjƵĐŽ ŵĂŵŵĂů ůƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƵƐ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕,ĂƌǀĞLJ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ͕ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ &ŽƌĞƐƚ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ ĞƐŵŽĚŝƵŵ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ  ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ   ƐƉƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ŝĐůŝƉƚĞƌĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƵŶŐƵŝĐƵůĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ŝĚĞůƉŚŝƐ ŽƌƌŽ tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ  > ŵĂƌƐƵƉŝĂůĞƐ ƉĞůſŶͬĂƌĂŝŐ ŵĂŵŵĂů ƺĞůůĂ ŝŽƐĐŽƌĞĂ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƐƉ͘ ƌŝĂƐΘ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ >ŽǁĞƌ ŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŝƌĂďĂƌďĂƌĂ dŽůŽŵƵĐŽ͕ tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ  > ĂďĞnjĂĞ ŵĂŵŵĂů DĂƚĞ͕ ŵŝŶŐŽ͕ 'ĂƚŽEĞŐƌŽ ƌLJƚŚƌŝŶĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƐƉƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ Ğ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ͕ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ ƵŐĞŶŝĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ   ƐƚŝƉŝƚĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ

32 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ƵƚĞƌƉĞ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ KĐĂŵƉŽͲ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉƌĞĐĂƚŽƌŝĂ ^ĂŶĐŚĞnj ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ϭϵϵϰͿ͕ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ 'ĂůůƵƐŐĂůůƵƐ  ŽŵĞƐƚŝĐĂƚĞ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ƐƐƉ ĚĂŶŝŵĂů ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĚŽŵĞƐƚŝĐƵƐ 'ĞŽŶŽŵĂ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌĞƚĂů͘ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ĞĚƵůŝƐ ;ϮϬϭϮͿ 'ĞŽƚƌLJŐŽŶ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ŵŽŶƚĂŶĂ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ 'ůŝƌŝĐŝĚŝĂ DĂĚĞƌŽ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƐĞƉŝƵŵ ŶĞŐƌŽ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ƵďŽŝƐ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ 'ŽďŝŽŵŽƌƵƐ  &ŝƐŚ  &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ  > ĚŽƌŵŝƚŽƌ 'ŽĞƚŚĂůƐŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŵĞŝĂŶƚŚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ 'LJŶĞƌŝƵŵ ĐĂŶĂďůĂŶĐĂ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĞů &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕   ƐĂŐŝƚƚĂƚƵŵ ƉůĂŶƚ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ƵďŽŝƐ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ďƵƌŶ͕ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ,ĂŵĞůŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉĂƚĞŶƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ ,ĂŵƉĞĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂƉƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƚĂ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ,ĞůŝĐŽŶŝĂƐƉ͘  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ  'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ &ŽƌĞƐƚ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ,ĞƌƉĂŝůƵƌƵƐ ƚŽůŽŵƵĐŽ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕  > LJĂŐŽƵĂƌŽƵŶ ŵĂŵŵĂů 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ &ŽƌĞƐƚ Ěŝ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ ,ĞƌƌĂŶŝĂ ĐĂĐĂŽĚĞ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƉƵƌƉƵƌĞĂ ŵŽŶƚĂŶĂ ,ĞƚƌŽŵLJƐ  tŝůĚ ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƐƉ͘ ŵĂŵŵĂů ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ,ŝďŝƐĐƵƐ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƌŽƐĂͲ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƐŝŶĞŶƐŝƐ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕K> ,ŽƉůŽŵLJƐ  tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   > ŐLJŵŶƵƌƵƐ ŵĂŵŵĂů

THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA | 33 PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ /ŐƵĂŶĂ  tŝůĚƌĞƉƚŝůĞ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ   ŝŐƵĂŶĂ /ŶŐĂĞĚƵůŝƐ ŐƵĂďĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ;&ĂďĂĐĞĂĞͿ ƉůĂŶƚ ƵďŽŝƐ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ďƵƌŶ͕ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ /ƌŝĂƌƚĞĂ ũŝƌĂ͕ĐŚŽŶƚĂ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ  > ĚĞůƚŽŝĚĞĂ ſƌĚŽďĂ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕^ůĂƐŚ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ĂŶĚďƵƌŶ͕ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ :ĂĐĂƌĂƚŝĂ ƉĂƉĂLJŝůůĂ͕ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ŽƌĞƐƚ͕EĞĂƌ  > ĚŽůŝĐŚĂƵůĂ ƉĂƉĂLJĂĚĞ ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐƐ ǀĞŶĂĚŽ >ĂŶƚĂŶĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐĂŵĂƌĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕K> >ĞŽƉĂƌĚƵƐ ŵĂŶŝŐŽƌĚŽ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů  > ƉĂƌĚĂůŝƐ ŵĂŵŵĂů 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ &ŽƌĞƐƚ >ĞŽƉĂƌĚƵƐ dŝŐƌŝůůŽ tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕  Ed ǁŝĞĚŝŝ ƉůĂƚĂŶĞƌŽ͕ ŵĂŵŵĂů &ŽƌĞƐƚ 'ĂƚŽ DŽŶƚĠƐ͕ ĂƵĐĞů͕'ĂƚŽ WŝŶƚĂĚŽ͕ dŝŐƌŝůůŽ >ĞƵĐĂĞŶĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ůĞƵĐŽĐĞƉŚĂů ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ Ğ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ Ă ;ϮϬϭϬͿ >ŝƉƉŝĂĂůďĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ >ŝƉƉŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŐƌĂǀĞŽůĞŶƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ >ƵĚǁŝŐŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƐƉƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ DĂĐƌŽďƌĂƋƵ ĂŵĂƌſŶ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ŝŵƐƉ͘ ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ DĂŵŵĞĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĂ ƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ĂůŽƉŚLJůůĂĐ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ ĞĂĞͿ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ DĂŶŐŝĨĞƌĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŝŶĚŝĐĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ƵďŽŝƐ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ

34 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ DĂŶŝŚŽƚ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĞƐĐƵůĞŶƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ƵƉŚŽƌďŝĂĐ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ĞĂĞͿ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ďƵƌŶ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ DĂnjĂŵĂ ĂďƌŽ ĚĞů tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕   ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĂ ŵŽŶƚĞ ŵĂŵŵĂů ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ &ŽƌĞƐƚ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ DĞŐĂƌŚLJŶĐŚ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   > ƵƐƉŝƚĂŶŐƵĂ DĞůĂŶŽŵLJƐ  tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   > ĐĂůŝŐŝŶŽƐƵƐ ŵĂŵŵĂů DĞůĞĂŐƌŝƐ  ŽŵĞƐƚŝĐĂƚĞ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ŐĂůůŽƉĂǀŽ ĚĂŶŝŵĂů ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ DŝŵŽƐĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů > ƉƵĚŝĐĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ DŽŵŽƌĚŝĐĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐŚĂƌĂŶƚŝĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕K> DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ Ğ DŽƌŝŶĚĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐŝƚƌŝĨŽůŝĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕K> DŽƌƵƐĂůďĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕K> DƵƐĂ ƉŝůŝƉŝƚĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ĂĐƵŵŝŶĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ DƵƐĂ ĐŚŽƉŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ĂĐƵŵŝŶĂƚĂ ;ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ ĂůƐŽĂĐŚŽƉŽ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŵŽƌĂĚŽƚŚĂƚ ŝƐƵƐĞĚĂƐ ŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞŝŶ ſƌĚŽǀĂͿ DƵƐĂ ƉƌŝŵŝƚŝǀŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ĂĐƵŵŝŶĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ DƵƐĂ ĐƵĂĚƌĂĚŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ĂĐƵŵŝŶĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ DƵƐĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ĂĐƵŵŝŶĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚŝŶĐŽŵĞ ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ DƵƐĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ĂĐƵŵŝŶĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ

THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA | 35 PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ DƵƐĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ĂĐƵŵŝŶĂƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ DƵƐĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉĂƌĂĚŝƐŝĂĐĂ ƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕  DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ Ğ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ DƵƐĂƐƉ͘ ƉůĂƚĂŶŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ ƉƌŽƉŝŽ ƉůĂŶƚ DƵƐĂƐƉ͘ WůĂƚĂŶŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ;DƵƐĂĐĞĂĞͿ ƉůĂŶƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ DƵƐƚĞůĂ ŽŵĂĚƌĞũĂ tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ͕ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ͕  > ĨƌĞŶĂƚĂ ŵĂŵŵĂů DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ EĂƐƵĂ ƉŝnjŽƚĞ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕  > ŶĂƌŝĐĂ ŵĂŵŵĂů ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ &ŽƌĞƐƚ EĞƉŚĞůŝƵŵ ŵĂŵŽŶ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ůĂƉƉĂĐĞƵŵ ĐŚŝŶŽ ƉůĂŶƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ;^ĂƉŝŶĚĂĐĞĂ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ŽƌŐĞ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ĞͿ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ KĐĐŝƉŽĚĞ ĂŶŐƌĞũŽ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ƐƉ͘ ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ KĐŚƌŽŵĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ 'ĂƌĐŝĂͲ  ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ   ƉLJƌĂŵŝĚĂůĞ ƉůĂŶƚ ^ĞƌƌĂŶŽĂŶĚ ďƵƌŶ͕ ĞůDŽŶƚĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ KĚŽĐŽŝůĞƵƐ sĞŶĂĚŽĐŽůĂ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕  > ǀŝƌŐŝŶŝĂŶƵƐ ďůĂŶĐŽ ŵĂŵŵĂů ůƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕,ĂƌǀĞLJ ďƵƌŶ͕ ĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ KĚŽŶƚŽƉŚŽƌ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ƵƐĞƌLJƚŚƌŽƉƐ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ KƉƵŶƚŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐŽĐŚĞŶŝůůŝĨĞƌ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ Ă;/Ŷ^/^ĂƐ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ EŽƉĂůĞĂ ĐŽĐŚĞŶŝůůŝĨĞƌ ĂͿ KƌƚĂůŝƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ĐŝŶĞƌĞŝĐĞƉƐ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ KƌƚĂůŝƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ǀĞƚƵůĂ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ KƌLJnjĂƐĂƚŝǀĂ ƌƌŽnj ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ;WŽĂĐĞĂĞͿ ƉůĂŶƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ďƵƌŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ

36 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ WĂƐƐŝĨůŽƌĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ƌŝĂƐΘ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ   ĂŵďŝŐƵĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ;WĂƐƐŝĨůŽƌĂĐĞ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ĂĞͿ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ WĂƐƐŝĨůŽƌĂ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂͲ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ   ǀŝƚŝĨŽůŝĂ ^ĞƌƌĂŶŽĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĞůDŽŶƚĞ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ WĞĐĂƌŝ ^ĂŝŶŽ͕ƐĂũŝŶŽ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ  > ƚĂũĂĐƵ ŵĂŵŵĂů 'ĂƌĐşĂͲ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ďƵƌŶ͕ ^ĞƌƌĂŶŽĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ͕ ĞůDŽŶƚĞ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕,ĂƌǀĞLJ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ͕ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ &ŽƌĞƐƚ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ WĞŶĞůŽƉĞ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ƉƵƌƉƵƌĂƐĐĞŶ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ Ɛ WĞƌƐĞĂ ĂŐƵĂĐĂƚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;>ĂƵƌĂĐĞĂĞͿ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ƵďŽŝƐ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ WŚĂůĂĐƌŽĐŽƌ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ  > Ădž ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ďƌĂƐŝůŝĂŶƵƐ WŚĂƐĞŽůƵƐ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƐƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ;&ĂďĂĐĞĂĞͿ WŚĂƐĞŽůƵƐ ĨƌŝũŽůŶĞŐƌŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ǀƵůŐĂƌŝƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;&ĂďĂĐĞĂĞͿ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ďƵƌŶ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ WŚŝůĂŶĚĞƌ ŽƌƌŽĐƵĂƚƌŽ tŝůĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ  > ŽƉŽƐƐƵŵ ŽũŽƐ ŵĂŵŵĂů WŚƚŚŝƌƵƐĂ DĂƚĂƉĂůŽ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ƉLJƌŝĨŽůŝĂ ƉůĂŶƚ WŚLJůůĂŶƚƵƐ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƵƌŝŶĂƌŝĂͲ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŶŝƌƵƌŝ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ͕ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ WŚLJƚŽůĂĐĐĂ ĐĂůĂůƷ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ  ƌŝǀŝŶŽŝĚĞƐ K>͕'ĂƌĐşĂͲ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕^ůĂƐŚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ^ĞƌƌĂŶŽĂŶĚ ĂŶĚďƵƌŶ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ĞůDŽŶƚĞ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ

THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA | 37 PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ WŝŽŶƵƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů  > ŵĞŶƐƚƌƵƵƐ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ WŝŽŶƵƐƐĞŶŝůŝ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů  > ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ WŝƉĞƌ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂƵƌŝƚƵŵ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ WŝƉĞƌ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉĞůƚĂƚƵŵ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ WŽĞĐŝůŝĂŐŝůůŝ WŝƉſŶ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ WŽƌƚƵůĂĐĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŽůĞƌĂĐĞĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ WŽƐŽƋƵĞƌŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ůĂƚŝĨŽůŝĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ WŽƚŽƐĨůĂǀƵƐ  tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕  > ŵĂŵŵĂů ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕,ĂƌǀĞLJ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ WŽƵƚĞƌŝĂ njĂƉŽƚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ƐĂƉŽƚĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ŶĞƌŐLJ ;^ĂƉŽƚĂĐĞĂĞ Ϳ WƌĞƐƚŽĞĂ WĂůŵŝƚŽ͕ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌĞƚĂů͘ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ   ĂĐƵŵŝŶĂƚĂ ƉĂůŵŝƚŽ ;ϮϬϭϮͿ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ĚƵůĐĞ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ƉĂůŵŝƚŽ ŵŽƌĂĚŽ WƌŽĞĐŚŝŵLJƐ  tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ŽƌĞƐƚ  > ƐĞŵŝƐƉŝŶŽƐƵ ŵĂŵŵĂů Ɛ WƌŽƚŝƵŵ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƐƉƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ WƐĂƌŽĐŽůŝƵƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ǁĂŐůĞƌŝ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ WƐĞƵĚĞůĞƉŚ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂŶƚŽƉŚƵƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƐƉŝĐĂƚƵƐ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ WƐŝĚŝƵŵ 'ƵLJĂďĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ   ŐƵĂũĂǀĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ;DLJƌƚĂĐĞĂĞͿ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ WƚĞƌŽŐůŽƐƐƵƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů  > ƚŽƌƋƵĂƚƵƐ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ

38 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ YƵĂƌĂƌŝďĞĂ ^ĂƉŽƚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ĐŽƌĚĂƚĂ ĐŽůŽŵďŝĂŶĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ;DĂůǀĂĐĞĂĞͿ YƵĂƐƐŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂŵĂƌĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ƵďŽŝƐ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ZĂŵƉŚĂƐƚŽƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů  Ed ĂŵďŝŐƵƵƐ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ZĂŵƉŚĂƐƚŽƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů  > ƐƵůĨƵƌĂƚƵƐ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ZĂŵƉŚŽĐĞůƵ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   > ƐƉĂƐƐĞƌŝŶŝŝ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ZĞŶĞĂůŵŝĂ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕K> &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ  ĂůƉŝŶŝĂ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ EĞĂƌ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐƐ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ ZŚĂŶĚŝĂƐƉ ĂƌďƵĚŽ &ŝƐŚĂŶĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ &ƌĞƐŚǁĂƚĞƌ   ĐƌƵƐƚĂĐĞĂŶƐ ZŝǀŝŶĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŚƵŵŝůŝƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ĐĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ Ğ͕ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ZŽůůŝŶŝĂ ďŝƌŝďĂ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ŵƵĐŽƐĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ŶĞƌŐLJ ;ŶŶŽŶĂĐĞĂ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ĞͿ ^ĂďĂů  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ WŽƐĂƐ;ϮϬϭϯͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƉĂůŵĞƚƚŽ ƉůĂŶƚ ^ĂĐĐŚĂƌƵŵ ĐĂŶĂĚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ƐƉ͘ ĂnjƵĐĂƌ ƉůĂŶƚ ;WŽĂĐĞĂĞͿ ^ĐŝƵƌƵƐƐƉ͘  tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ŵĂŵŵĂů ^ĐŝƵƌƵƐ ƌĚŝůůĂ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕  > ǀĂƌŝĞŐĂƚŽŝĚĞ ŵĂŵŵĂů ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů Ɛ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ^ĞĐŚŝƵŵ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂͲ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ   ƚĂĐĂĐŽ ^ĞƌƌĂŶŽĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĞůDŽŶƚĞ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ^ĞůĞŶŝĚĞƌĂ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů  > ƐƉĞĐƚĂďŝůŝƐ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ

THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA | 39 PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ^ŝĚĂĂĐƵƚĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ^ŽĐƌĂƚĞĂ :ŝƌĂ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ 'ƵƚŝĠƌƌĞnj ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕   ĚƵƌŝƐƐŝŵĂ ;ϮϬϭϯͿ͕ƵďŽŝƐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ^ŽĐƌĂƚĞĂ ĐŚŽŶƚĂ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕K>͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕  dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĞdžŽƌƌŚŝnjĂ 'ƵƚŝĠƌƌĞnj ŶĞƌŐLJ͕^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϯͿ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ^ŽůĂŶƵŵ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƵŵ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ^ŽůĂŶƵŵ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŵĂŵŵŽƐƵŵ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ^ŽůĂŶƵŵ dŽŵĂƚŝůůŽ WůĂŶƚ      ƐŝƉĂƌƵŶŽŝĚĞƐ ^ŽůĂŶƵŵ YƵĞůŝƚĞ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ſƌĚŽǀĂ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ǁĞŶĚůĂŶĚŝŝ ƉůĂŶƚ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ^ƉŚŝŐŐƵƌƵƐ  tŝůĚ ůƚƌŝĐŚƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ   > ŵĞdžŝĐĂŶƵƐ ŵĂŵŵĂů ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ^ƉŽŶĚŝĂƐ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŵŽŵďŝŶ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ^ƉŽŶĚŝĂƐ :ŽĐŽƚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ   ƉƵƌƉƵƌĞĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ǁ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ;ŶĂĐĂƌĚŝĂĐ ŽƌůĚĂŐƌŽĨŽƌĞƐƚ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ĞĂĞͿ ƌLJ͘ŽƌŐͬƚƌĞĞĚďͬ ďƵƌŶ͕ &dW&^ͬ^ƉŽŶ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ĚŝĂƐͺƉƵƌƉƵƌĞĂ ͘ƉĚĨ ƌŝĂƐΘ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ ^ƵƐ ĞƌĚŽ ŽŵĞƐƚŝĐĂƚĞ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ   ĚŽŵĞƐƚŝĐƵƐ ĚĂŶŝŵĂů ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ ^LJůǀŝůĂŐƵƐ dĂƉĞƚŝ͕ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕  > ďƌĂƐŝůŝĞŶƐŝƐ ĐŽŶĞũŽ ŵĂŵŵĂů ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ ^LJnjLJŐŝƵŵ DĂŶnjĂŶĂĚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ŵĂůĂĐĐĞŶƐĞ ĂŐƵĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ;DLJƌƚĂĐĞĂĞͿ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ dĂŵĂŶĚƵĂ  tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ  > DĞdžŝĐĂŶĂ ŵĂŵŵĂů DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ dĂƉŝƌƵƐ ĂŶƚĂ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů  E ďĂŝƌĚŝŝ ŵĂŵŵĂů ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ůĂŶĚ͕&ŽƌĞƐƚ

40 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ͕ &ŽƌĞƐƚ dĂLJĂƐƐƵ ŚĂŶĐŚŽ ĚĞ tŝůĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ  sh ƉĞĐĂƌŝ ŵŽŶƚĞ ŵĂŵŵĂů 'ƵŝƌĂĐŽĐŚĂĞƚ ^ŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚ ďƵƌŶ͕ Ăů͘;ϮϬϬϭͿ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ͕ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ &ŽƌĞƐƚ dĞĐŽŵĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ZŽĂĚƐŝĚĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƐƚĂŶƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ dŚĞŽďƌŽŵĂ ĐĂĐĂŽ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĂŶŐƵƐƚŝĨŽůŝƵ ƐŝůǀĞƐƚƌĞ͕ ƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ŵ ĐĂĐĂŽĚĞ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ;DĂůǀĂĐĞĂĞͿ ŵŽŶŽ͕ĐĂĐĂŽ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĚĞŵŽŶƚĂŹĂ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ dŚĞŽďƌŽŵĂ ƉĂƚĂƐƚĞ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ďŝĐŽůŽƌ ƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ŶĞƌŐLJ͕ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;DĂůǀĂĐĞĂĞͿ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ dŚĞŽďƌŽŵĂ ĂĐĂŽ͕ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĐĂĐĂŽ ĂĐĂŽŶĞŐƌŽ ƉůĂŶƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;DĂůǀĂĐĞĂĞͿ ŽƉƌŝŵŝƚŝǀŽ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ͕ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů Ğ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ dŚƵŶďĞƌŐŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ DŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ĨƌĂŐĂŶƐ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ Ğ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ dŝŶĂŵƵƐ  tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕   Ed ŵĂũŽƌ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ dƵƌĚƵƐŐƌĂLJŝ zŝŐƺŝƌƌŽ tŝůĚďŝƌĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĞƌĞŵŽŶLJ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ  > hŶĐĂƌŝĂ ƵŹĂĚĞŐĂƚŽ hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ  dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ƚŽŵĞŶƚŽƐĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ hƌĞƌĂ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ďĂĐĐŝĨĞƌĂ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ͕ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ƌŝĂƐΘ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ EĞĂƌ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ĚǁĞůůŝŶŐƐ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ƌĂŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚ hƌĞƌĂ  tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ůĂĐŝŶŝĂƚĂ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ tĞůĨŝĂƌĞŐŝĂ ŽƌŽnjŽ tŝůĚƉůĂŶƚ KĐĂŵƉŽͲ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ    ^ĂŶĐŚĞnj ;ϭϵϵϰͿ͕ /E/K͕ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌĞƚĂů͘ ;ϮϬϭϮͿ

THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA | 41 PiN WORKING PAPER

^ĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŽŵŵŽŶ dLJƉĞ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ W/EĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ;hͿ ,ĂďŝƚĂƚ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞ ŽŶƐĞƌǀ ŶĂŵĞ EĂŵĞ ůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ ĂƚŝŽŶ ;ůŽĐĂůͿ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ yĂŶƚŚŽƐŽŵĂ ŶĂŵƉŝ ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕    ƐƉ͘ ƉůĂŶƚ ſƌĚŽǀĂ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ;ϮϬϬϰͿ yĂŶƚŚŽƐŽŵĂ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ŽƌŐĞ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ǀŝŽůĂĐĞƵŵ ƉůĂŶƚ 'ĂƌĐŝĂĂŶĚĚĞů ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ;ƌĂĐĞĂĞͿ DŽŶƚĞ;ϮϬϬϰͿ WŽůLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ďƵƌŶ͕ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ ĞĂŵĂLJƐ  ƵůƚŝǀĂƚĞĚ ^LJůǀĞƐƚĞƌ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ^ůĂƐŚĂŶĚ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ;ŵƵůƚŝƉůĞ ƉůĂŶƚ ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ďƵƌŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ ǀĂƌŝĞƚŝĞƐ͖ ƐŚŝĨƚŝŶŐĂŐ dƌŽƉŝĐĂůǁĞƚ WŽĂĐĞĂĞͿ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ WƌĞŵŽŶƚĂŶĞ ǁĞƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ŝŶŐŝďĞƌ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ŽĨĨŝĐŝŶĂůĞ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ LJŐŝĂ  hŶŬŶŽǁŶ ƌŝĂƐĂŶĚ ŶĞƌŐLJ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ ,ŽŵĞ dƌŽƉŝĐĂů  ůŽŶŐŝĨŽůŝĂ ƉůĂŶƚ ĂŵƉƌĞŐŚĞƌ ŐĂƌĚĞŶ͕ ŵŽŝƐƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ZŽĚŝĠ ZŝǀĞƌĞĚŐĞ ;ϮϬϭϮͿ 

42 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA PiN WORKING PAPER

Appendix III: Spatial layers Spatial data layers available at ORMACC, San José used for producing maps in this situation analysis.

ĂƚĂŶĞĞĚƐ &ŝůĞ;ƐͿĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŶŽƚĞƐ ŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐLJ͕ ^ƵďĐƵĞŶĐĂƐͺƌŝŽͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ^ŝdžĂŽůĂƐƵďͲďĂƐŝŶƐ ǁĂƚĞƌǁĂLJƐ͕ ƉŽůLJŐŽŶ ǁĂƚĞƌƐŚĞĚƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƌĞĂƐͺĚĞͺŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐŝĂͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƌŝŽͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭ KƚŚĞƌĐĂƚĐŚŵĞŶƚĂƌĞĂƐ ^ŝdžĂŽůĂĂƐŝŶ ϳŶ ;ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ^ŝdžĂŽůĂͿ ƌŝŽƐͺůŝŶĞĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵͺϭϳŶͺĨŝŶĂů tĂƚĞƌǁĂLJƐůŝŶĞĨŽƌ ůĂďĞůůŝŶŐƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ ƌŝŽƐͺƉŽůŝŐŽŶŽͺƵƚŵϭϳŶͺĨŝŶĂů DĂũŽƌƌŝǀĞƌƐƉŽůLJŐŽŶ WƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƌĞĂƐͺƉƌŽƚĞŐŝĚĂƐͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ WƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚĂƌĞĂƐ ƐŽŝůƐĂŶĚƉŽƐƐŝďůLJ ĐĂƉĂĐŝĚĂĚͺƵƐŽͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ >ĂŶĚƵƐĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJh^ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ^ƵĞůŽƐͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ^ŽŝůƐƉŽůLJŐŽŶ^KdZ> sϮ͘Ϭ ůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ ĞƐƚĂĐŝŽŶĞƐͺƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂĐŝŽŶͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ DĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŵĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐLJ ŝŶ^ŝdžĂŽůĂďĂƐŝŶн ĂŶŶƵĂůƉƌĞĐŝƉĚĂƚĂ͘ ĞƐƚĂĐŝŽŶĞƐͺƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ tĞĂƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚŝŽŶƐн ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĚĂƚĂ ŝƐŽƚĞƌŵĂƐͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ŶŶƵĂůŵĞĂŶŝƐŽƚŚĞƌŵƐ ;ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞͿ ŝƐŽLJĞƚĂƐͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ŶŶƵĂůŝƐŽŚLJĞƚƐ ;ƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƚŝŽŶͿ 'ĞŽůŽŐLJ ŐĞŽůŽŐŝĂͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ŐĞŽůŽŐLJ ĚŝŐŝƚĂůĞůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶ ŚŝƉƐŽŵĞƚƌŝĂͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶ;ƚŽƉŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ŵŽĚĞů;DͿ͕ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶ ŵĂƉͿ ŚůƐĚͺŝŵƉ ^ŚĂĚĞĚƌĞůŝĞĨ;ĨŽƌĞĂƐLJ ǀŝƐƵĂůŝƐĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŚŝůůƐĂŶĚ ǀĂůůĞLJƐͿ ƉƵŶƚŽƐͺĂůƚŽƐͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƌŝŽͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ WŽŝŶƚĞůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚƉŽŝŶƚƐ ĂŝƌͬƐĂƚŝŵĂŐĞƌLJ ŝŵĂŐĞŶͺůĂŶĚƐĂƚͺĨĞďϮϬϭϭͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ͘ƚŝĨ >ĂŶĚƐĂƚůĂŶĚͲĐŽǀĞƌ ;ƉŽŽƌƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶͿ ^ŝdžĂŽůĂŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ sĞƌLJŐŽŽĚĂĞƌŝĂů ŝŵĂŐĞ ŽĨ^ŝdžĂŽůĂĂŶĚ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂƌĞĂ ŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞŵĂƉŽĨ^ŝdžĂŽůĂďĂƐŝŶ sĂƌŝĂďůĞƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ĂĞƌŝĂů ŝŵĂŐĞƌLJŽĨďĂƐŝŶ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ƉŽůŝƚŝĐĂů ƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƐͺŝŶĚŝŐĞŶĂƐͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ /ŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ͕ ƉŽůLJŐŽŶ ŝŶĚŝŐĞŶŽƵƐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶͺƉŽůŝƚŝĐĂͺĐƌͺƉĂŶĂŵĂͺƵƚŵϭϳ ĚŵŝŶďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐн ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵĐĞŶƐƵƐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚĞĚƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƐͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺĐŽŶͺĚĂƚŽƐͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ WŽƉƵůĂƚĞĚƉůĂĐĞƐн ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƐŽŵĞĐĞŶƐƵƐĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵ ďĂƐĞůŝŶĞĚĂƚĂ LJĞĂƌϮϬϬϬ ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽƐͺƐĂůƵĚͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƌŝŽͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ,ĞĂůƚŚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƉŽŝŶƚƐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚ ǀŝĂƐͺĚĞͺĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂĐŝŽŶͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ZŽĂĚƐͬĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ

THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA | 43 PiN WORKING PAPER

sƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝůĚĂĚͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺĞƌŽƐŝŽŶͺĚĞƐůŝnjĂ sƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽĞƌŽƐŝŽŶ ŵŝĞŶƚŽƐͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ĂŶĚůĂŶĚƐůŝĚĞƐ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝĚĂĚͺŝŶƵŶĚĂĐŝŽŶĞƐͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ sƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽ ĨůŽŽĚŝŶŐ ƉĞŶĚŝĞŶƚĞͺĐƵĞŶĐĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ^ůŽƉĞ;ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚͿ ĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵͬŚĂďŝƚĂƚ njŽŶĂƐͺĚĞͺǀŝĚĂͺƐŝdžĂŽůĂͺƵƚŵϭϳŶ ,ŽůĚƌŝĚŐĞůŝĨĞnjŽŶĞƐ͘ ĐůĂƐƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ >ĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌ͕ůĂŶĚƵƐĞ  EŽůĂLJĞƌƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ĐůĂƐƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ŽŶŝŶŐͬŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ  EŽůĂLJĞƌƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ƵŶŝƚƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚŵĂũŽƌ  EŽůĂLJĞƌƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ ĐŽƌƌŝĚŽƌƐ͕ŚLJĚƌŽ ƉŽǁĞƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ͕ ŵŝŶŝŶŐͿ 

44 | THE SIXAOLA RIVER BASIN, COSTA RICA / PANAMA

IUCN is a membership Union composed of both government and civil society organisations. It harnesses the experience, resources and reach of its 1,300 Member organisations and the input of some 15,000 experts. IUCN is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.

CEESP, the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy, is an inter-disciplinary network of profes- sionals whose mission is to act as a source of advice on the environmental, economic, social and cultural factors that affect natural resources and biological diversity and to provide guidance and support towards effective policies and practices in environmental conservation and sustainable development.

The People in Nature (PiN) Knowledge Basket is an initiative established by the IUCN programme of work and whose development is led by a steering group composed of representatives from CEESP, IUCN secretariat and IUCN members. As described in the 2017-2020 CEESP mandate, PiN will promote learning to improve our understanding of how nature contributes to local livelihoods and well-being. It will focus on material use while recognising that use is embedded within worldviews that include deep-seated cultural norms, values, and understandings. It will also consider symbolic interrela- tionships with nature expressed through cultural narratives, language, and traditions, including diverse understandings of sacred and divine aspects of nature and our relationship with natural resources. This work will contribute to valuing and conserving nature through understanding the value of nature to human societies.