Preventing the erasure page Ukraine's shale gas page International contemporary page of the Ukrainian language prospects can change art and sculpture: by those in power 14 the European market 22 the must-sees in Kyiv 46

№ 10 (33) june 2012

Why victories always turn into defeats www.ukrainianweek.com for the opposition for free distribution Featuring selected content from The Economist

|contents briefing focus I Knew I Was Going All or Nothing for Mr. Yatseniuk: to Hell: Foreign In his pursuit of all the credit as football fans share the leader of a united opposition, their impressions Arseniy Yatseniuk has found of Ukraine himself trapped in a risky situation that could bring an end to his 4 political future 6 Politics United Opposition: Incompetence or Betrayal: Actions Speak Louder Than The June 5th protests against the draft law, the Words: purpose of which is to Russify Ukraine showed What are the mistakes of the that society is ready for radical resistance to the protectors of the Ukrainian government’s anti-Ukrainian policies, but opposition language and how they can leaders are sitting on their hands take over the initiative 10 14 Neighbours Joseph Daul comments on the Michel Wieviorka, a well-known new French President’s recent sociologist and intellectual in France, statements about Ukraine and explains why François Hollande Ukraine-EU cooperation won the election and talks about sociological intervention and terrorism as a substitution of notions and a loss 16 of sense 18 economics Latvian Lessons: Gazprom’s Nightmare: The National Budget The Baltics are Shale gas extraction, and Bureaucratic growing if implemented, could Brazenness: How the after austerity— turn Ukraine into an government is taking and they resent influential player on the money out of the real Mediterranean European gas market economy and how this bail-outs 20 22 affects the country 24 Investigation Society Elusive Slave Speaking Up For Your Slavist Yuri Shevchuk Owners: The humanMother trafficking Tongue: scheme A talks about conventional Why human for sexualnumber exploitation of Ukrainians abroad and new scenarios traffickers and its weaksuccessfully spots defend of assimilation, continue their language Russification, pretense to enjoy rights by using their statehood and why impunity 28 knowledge of the law 30 language does matter 34 history Owner/Organizer culture & arts Champion of Ukrainian The Hools are Coming: The They Like To Move It: Conservatism: Viacheslav Ukrainian Week asks Dougie Los Colorados, Lypynsky formulated Brimson, co-author of the “Green the breakthrough the idea of a political Street Hooligans” script, whether folk-rock band of the nation and advocated an Ukrainians should be afraid of year, talk about their aristocratic path toward foreign football fans and how unexpected success building a Ukrainian state 38 they differ from Ukrainian fans 42 44 Overseers/Managers navigator Contemporary Sculpture Festival in Kyiv: From Goths to Natives: The city is buzzing with big art shows Mangup Kale, a cave including Arsenale 2012, the 1st Kyiv town in Crimea, is International Biennale for Contemporary home to downshifters, TrArt,ansporters and the First Contemporary SculptureRecruiters monasteries, Rastafarians, Festival amazing sunsets and 46 exotic ambience 48

Viims/Potential international monthly edition viims Application of a viim after her The Ukrainian Week № 10 (33) June 2012 return from Mailing address: PO Box 2, Kyiv, 03067 Founder: ECEM Media Ukraine LLC Publisher: The Ukrainianslavery Week LLC Publisher address: vul. Mashynobudivna 37, Kyiv 03067 Ukraine First published in January 2010 E-mail: [email protected], Tel.: (044) 351-1300 State registration certificate 16412-4884P of March 13, 2010 www.ukrainianweek.com Bohdan Andriytsev, Director, ECEM Media Ukraine LLC Print: ТОV SKIMP, TOV ART STUDIYA DRUKU; vul. Boryspilska 15, Kyiv Serhiy Lytvynenko, Editor-in-Chief, The Ukrainian Week Ordering number: 8206/12. Print run: 15,000 Natalia Romanec, Shaun Williams, Editors; Sent to print on 14 June 2012 Anna Korbut, Translator Free distribution Law enforcement officers (MIA and SBU) № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|3

Aivities of the criminals or claims of the viims briefing| 25 May 1 June 4 June Volodymyr Herashchenko, Kyiv Mayor 19 Ukrainians are General Secretary of the National Leonid sentenced to 10 years in Olympic Committee, resigns after Chernovetsky prison in Libya for collabo- allegations of fraud with tickets resigns ration with the Qaddafi for the London 2012 Olympics regime

Quotes Hryhoriy Surkis is enjoying a peaceful Euro 2012 “I’m happy that the Russian “I Knew I Was Going to Hell” team is not playing in Ukraine. The fact that they are playing in Foreign football fans share their Poland makes Euro 2012 here calm and impressions of Ukraine with peaceful,” says the President of Ukraine’s The Ukrainian Week Football Federation Rob, UK want their papers to sell bet- “I have to admit, I hadn’t ter. But people are so Yevhenia Tymoshenko heard much about Ukraine. friendly here. I’ve met many on a big day for her mother I knew where Ukraine was. I people and they were all “26 June will be a key knew it had been part of the very nice to me.” day for my mother as USSR and it had Chornobyl. the Higher Special Court will look at the But shortly before Euro Olaf and Anders, cassation petition 2012, the UK press began to Sweden on the gas deals,” open my eyes. That’s how I “We’ve been in the fan zone Ms. Tymoshenko’s learned the truth. I knew I for two hours now, just drink- daughter comments was going to hell [laughing]. ing cold beer. Everything for Radio Svoboda I found out about what hap- seems to be okay so far. There pened to your ex-premier is only one person that’s not Yulia Tymoshenko, about here. She’s beautiful and has corruption, HIV-infected this braid. Her name is Yulia Volodymyr Fesenko hookers, uncontrolled po- Tymoshenko. Have you heard foresees protests lice, intolerant and aggres- of her? Where is she? I’ll be “There is hidden socio-political sive Ukrainians… I was told waiting for her. Political re- tension in Ukraine that can explode after the I’d ‘come back in a coffin!’ pression is unacceptable in a parliamentary elec- The thing is that every time civilized European state. You tion,” says expert our fans go somewhere, the can’t persecute people for and CEO of the Penta UK press writes that the their beliefs and views… Your Center for Applied destination country is full of government is just trying to Political Studies violence and we’ll all get get rid of rivals—and sacrific- that says ‘Thank you, people killed. Every time, literally. ing its popularity and the re- of Donbas…’1 against your Nothing personal about it! spect of the entire world in president. This was what im- Michel Platini It’s just that the media are the process.” pressed me because this is the always looking for sensa- sign of freedom in Uk­­raine. on progress in Ukraine tions, especially tabloids. Sergey, Russia Something like that would “Poland and Ukraine had a lot to build from scratch and many prob- They need something to “You have these boards with never be possible in Rus­­sia— lems to solve during grab your attention. Just holes where you can stick your not in our dreams, let alone on the crisis. In prepara- have one swastika painted head in and take a picture. the Arbat in Moscow.” tions for EURO 2012 on a wall next to the airport They are downtown, on the Ukraine leaped English journalists just ar- main street, expressing open Ted, Sweden forward 30 years in rived at and you’ve instantly disdain for the government. “I think racism, even if it’s its development,” turned into a Nazi country. One has a guy with a T-shirt widespread in Ukraine, says the UEFA Maybe those guys do believe President. 1 “Thank you people of Donbas for the jackass president” is a popular slogan launched as a chant by in it. Or maybe they just football fans in September 2011.

The month 1 June 1996 4 June 1874 5 June 1910 in history Ukraine transfers its The Shevchenko The first flight on a plane last nuclear missiles to ScientificS ociety designed by Professor Russia and becomes a devoted to scholarly Kudashev from the Kyiv non-nuclear state research holds its Polytechnic Institute, first meeting takes place in Kyiv

4|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 |briefing 11 June 13 June 14 June Ukraine wins against MEPs Rebecca Harms and Werner Schultz and According to the Kyiv City State Ad- Sweden in the first 50 activists come to theG ermany-Holland ministration, public land transport game of Group D at game in Kharkiv with placards saying will work until 3.30 a.m. on match Euro 2012 Release all political prisoners and Fairplay in days during Euro 2012 football and politics

numbers

Based on a poll by KMIS held on 23 May – 1 June, the united opposition with “I Knew I Was Going to Hell” 14.4% is 1% behind the Party of Regions with Foreign football fans share their 15.1%. Vitaliy Klitschko’s UDAR is the most dynamic party so far with its impressions of Ukraine with popularity growing from 5.9% to The Ukrainian Week 8.4% over the past month

More than 72,000 foreign football fans have arrived to Ukraine by now, says Vitaliy Zakharchenko, Ukraine’s Minister of the Interior

In its Global Economic Prospects report published in June, the World Bank projects a decline in Ukraine’s GDP from 4.0% to 3.8% in 2013

54% of teenagers in Ukraine say that they have no problem buying cigarettes, reports UNICEF

should not affect tourists We’ve only seen the center of gious. But I see that most According to the Ministry for coming for Euro 2012 no Kyiv. It has beautiful archi- girls and women wear short Regional Development and matter what their skin colour tecture. And the atmosphere skirts and high heels. I Construction, Ukraine spent is. I know that almost every in the fan zone is great.” don’t want to insult anyone

country now has radical or say that a girl in a short UAH 108bn rightists. Their views are Adeline, Sweden skirt does not believe in on Euro 2012 preparations, including their views…. But they “I enjoy wandering around God. But this place is UAH 47bn of public funds should realize that people the town and just looking. hardly fanatically Chris- who come for Euro are not I’ve seen a lot in Kyiv dur- tian. I look at what girls staying in Ukraine forever. ing these two days. My big- wear because our girls are 68% Tourists are not enemies, gest impression is that dressed differently, more of Ukrainians believe that the birth even for the most loyal fol- there are so many churches humbly. They rarely wear rate in Ukraine is declining because lowers of Adolf Hitler or in Kyiv! If I saw the city such heels without a special of the low quality of life, reports the whomever else!... I can’t say empty, I might think the lo- occasion. That’s what im- Research&Branding Group, based on much about your country. cals were fanatically reli- pressed me.” a poll held on 22 March – 1 April

9 June 1847 11 June 1990 15 June 1941 18 June 1709 Russian Tsar Nikolai II Based on parliament’s Ivan Mykolaichuk, The Muscovite army signs a decision, send- resolution, Ukraine joins a cult actor, writer destroys Chortomlyk ing Taras Shevchenko, East European Time and director,is born Sich for the support the Ukrainian poet and of Ivan Mazepa’s painter, to the army autonomous policy

№ 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|5 focus|arseniy yatseniuk

All or Nothing for Mr. Yatseniuk 6|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 arseniy yatseniuk|focus its actions will be his, no matter nian Week, confirmed that voting what. on various issues had been posted The draft language law votes on far in advance. The scenario with 24 May and 5 June raised doubts as Mr. Lytvyn as the bad cop and Mr. to the true role of Andriy Kozhemi- Kozhemiakin as the good one does akin, Head of the BYuT-Bat- not bear criticism. Moreover, Mr. kivshchyna faction, among observ- Lytvyn can play small games but ers, as well as rank and file opposi- will never risk taking sides in a big tion members. The mass media game with high stakes. reported that Mr. Kozhemiakin According to The Ukrainian faced sharp criticism from MP Week’s sources, the roles of the Yuriy Odarchenko at a meeting of government and the opposition the faction, demanding the resigna- were pre-determined beyond the tion of the former from his position walls of the Verkhovna Rada, to as Head of the faction. However, boot. BYuT-Batkivshchyna repre- Mr. Kozhemiakin soon took the sit- sentatives involved in the organiza- uation under control, appealed to tion of the protest near the Verk- the reputation of the imprisoned hovna Rada already knew exactly Yulia Tymoshenko and succeeded where the Party of Regions’ protest- in persuading the majority of those ers and the police would stand on present to pledge loyal to him. the morning of 5 June. The question of who is running The plan was to bring some Batkivshchyna remains open, as Party of the Regions’ protesters in does the question of what can be front of the parliament at night and expected from the future “united early morning of 6 June where they opposition” with such leaders. The could peacefully (but in violation of problem might involve a group of the law, without obstacles from the people in key positions rather than police) occupy in advance the area just a few individuals. around parliament. After this, the Shortly after the opposition police formed a border around surrendered the Russification law them, allegedly to stand between to the Party of Regions, Arseniy protesters from opposite sides. The Yatseniuk said he was shocked by plan was supposed to satisfy all the failure of the plan to prevent sides: the government showed that what happened and had no expla- some voters still supported its ini- nation for this other than treason. tiatives and that the approval of the In his pursuit of laurels, as It appears that Mr. Yatseniuk is be- draft language law was being ginning to realize that the merger passed in a democratic manner, the united opposition’s with Batkivshchyna he initiated with no fights. Under the scenario, and forced his team into, could be the police was supposed to look as leader, Arseniy Yatseniuk has much more dangerous than the if it was not blocking the Verkhovna found himself in a position, threats he had expected. Instead of Rada from the opponents of the the expected conquering of the draft law, but protecting people on which could bring an end to party that has been beheaded by both sides from clashing against his political future. The only the government and turning into one another. Meanwhile, the oppo- the leader of the united opposition, sition got a chance to wash its chance for him to maintain he has become dependent on peo- hands and pretend that the “crimi- ple, whose missions and purposes nal party in power” had got there his prospects as a national are unknown. first and they could not possibly leader is to purge the united break through the police line to the What really other side where there were also opposition of people serving happened on 6 June Ukrainians. Much has been said about the infa- The implementation of the plan oligarchic and mous language law vote and the was 100% successful. Of course, the anti-Ukrainian interests situation is completely clear: Mr. “it didn’t occur” to the opposition to

photo: Unian photo: Kozhemiakin intentionally ruined occupy the area next to the Verk- the supposedly serious plan to pre- hovna Rada at night. The protesters Author: rseniy Yatseniuk and his vent the vote. Later, the media felt betrayed once again. Oles comrades-in-arms from started to buzz with strange news, Oleksiyenko the Front of Changes are the purpose of which was to trans- KGB by birth Acontinuing their integra- fer this responsibility to Volodymyr Andriy Kozhemiakin was born in tion into Batkivshchyna. How- Lytvyn, the Speaker of the Verk- 1965 to the family of KGB officer ever, the recent developments in hovna Rada, saying that he alleg- Anatoliy Kozhemiakin who would parliament raise many doubts as edly violated voting procedures. In later co-found the SBU, Ukraine’s to his ability to keep the “united fact, however, the journalists pres- Security Service. In his interview opposition” under control even ent in parliament that day, includ- for censor.net.ua in December though political responsibility for ing the reporter from The Ukrai- 2006, Kozhemiakin Jr. said: “I № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|7 focus|arseniy yatseniuk come from a family of chekists and the Main Department for Fighting strengthening the Turchynov-Ko- I’m proud of it… Until 1991, my fa- Corruption and Organized Crime at zhemiakin tandem’s position and ther worked in the “fifth line” the newly-established SBU in 1991. later allowed them to take control. (fighting undermining ideological At that point, his son left the Black The lead role in the tandem was centers and the like) in Western Sea Fleet and switched to the SBU, traditionally given to Oleksandr Ukraine… My father was always a where it took him just ten years to Turchykov, the co-founder of Bat- role model for me as a professional be promoted to Colonel in 2002. kivshchyna, but recent develop- of the special services. I always After his father died in 2005, he ments might signal that Kozhemia- wanted to be like him.” In 1986, headed the anti-corruption depart- kin Jr. is the true leader. Moreover, Andriy Kozhemiakin graduated ment. In 2005, Andriy Kozhemia- there might be some other people from the Kyiv Naval and Political kin was a Major General. That above him. College and served in subversive was when Oleksandr Tur- This could be a coincidence, but submarine units of the Black Sea chynov was briefly the Head family ties could link Andriy Ko- Fleet. In 1988, he graduated from of the SBU. After his resig- zhemiakin to people that are close the KGB school in Novosibirsk to nation, Kozhemiakin Jr. to top Russian officials. His daugh- continue his service at a “special also quit the special service ter Daryna married Roman Korzh, unit” in Sevastopol. for politics. a representative of Barshchevski & During the first 14 years of He is often linked to Partners, a Russian law firm in Ukraine’s independence, the Ko- the initiative to establish Kyiv. Its founder is Mikhail zhemiakin family was in charge of an internal security service Barshchevski, known for his close fighting corruption. Ko- within Batkivshchyna, ties to Kremlin leaders. In Decem- zhemiakin Sr. co- which played an ber 2007, Mr. Barshchevski, Boris founded and headed important role in Grizlov and Serhei Mironov were the initiators of the nomination of Dmitri Medvedev. On the other hand, Andriy Ko- zhemiakin’s relations with the Pres- idential Administration are ob- scure. His sister’s husband, Vlady- slav Yartsev, has recently been the subject of criminal persecution. As Deputy Chair of Solomianska Dis- trict State Administration in Kyiv, he was arrested under suspicion of taking a UAH 50,000 bribe in Feb- ruary 2011. In March 2012, online publications disclosed information from anonymous sources in the Presidential Ad- ministration, that An- driy Kozhemiakin per- sonally visited Mr. Ya- nukovych to negotiate the closing of the case against his in- law. In April 2012, more than a year after the case was initiated, Vladyslav Yartsev was sent home “in the absence of the in- dications of a crime”. Why did so much time pass be- tween the opening and closing of the case? Is it because Andriy Ko- zhemiakin was elected head of the BYuT faction in parliament in De- cember 2011, thus becoming the one largely responsible for the ac- tions of its MPs in parliament? A borrowed identity On the other hand, there is no rea- son for Andriy Kozhemiakin to feel guilt for betraying the Ukrainian language or the ratification of the 2010 Kharkiv deals. He is the incar- nation of BYuT members for whom 8|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 the Ukrainian language as well as teams and potential FPP candi- other fundamentals of national dates signals the risk of a new surge identity, including Ukrainian his- of crossovers after the election. tory, remains alien. At one point he Some local branches of the represented the internal BYuT op- united opposition still list people in position to Yulia Tymoshenko’s for- key positions that are linked to eign policy, when he openly sup- crossovers who have already ported Ukraine’s neutral status and switched to the party in power. rejected Euro-Atlantic integration. These are Zhvania’s people in The hereditary officer corps of Kharkiv and Vasadze’s people in the KGB was a soviet elite with its Zaporizhzhya. own original identity that had noth- Meanwhile, Mr. Yatseniuk has ing in common with the national found himself in a situation where features and values of nations the rating of his opposition con- struggling against a totalitarian re- glomerate has reached the ceiling gime. The chekists were part of a and further growth is actually im- privileged class, and were possibly possible. Instead, he is forced to the most mentally and culturally protect his own rating, an uncom- assimilated, so the collapse of the fortable position in his political bi- Soviet Union was a personal trag- ography, while prior to this, all he edy for them that ruined their privi- had to do was to collect Yushchen- leged status. ko’s and Tymoshenko’s electorate. Mr. Yatseniuk cannot but real- Today, Svoboda and UDAR are ize that this is not a reflection of chasing his electorate and both par- real moods in Ukrainian society, at ties seem to be much more dynamic least the part that is the united op- that the united opposition. There- position’s key electorate. If he fails fore, if the chaotic policy continues, to purge the opposition of such including the chaotic ideological people who have recently publicly position and protection of declared discredited it, he will be held re- priorities, the united front led by sponsible for them and as a result, Mr. Yatseniuk may fade into obliv- he will continue to lose electoral ion. support. The only way for Arseniy Yat- seniuk to save face is to start Will the victory cleansing his political forces. This of the opposition be yet is the first necessary move. If Mr. another defeat for the Yatseniuk wants to become some- nation? thing more than just the leader of In this context, it is crucial for the a nominal political project, a nation that another victory of the statesman supported by the ma- opposition, which takes ever-more jority of the voters, he will inevita- effort each time, does not turn into bly have to declare realistic politi- an immediate defeat, as has been cal goals in addition to the general the case in the past six or seven democratic blah-blah, that in- years. There should not be the clude moving from the oligarch threat that new MPs will become model to the capitalism of equal crossovers in a newly-elected par- opportunities, the de-sovietiza- liament. tion of all spheres of life with cul- A lot will depend on whether tural and media de-Russification, the united opposition list or the etc. candidates it promotes in FPP con- If Mr. Yatseniuk does not feel stituencies will include groups con- comfortable doing this, he should trolled by Pinchuk, Martynenko, quit. The nation is tired of the mim- Zhvania, Kolomoisky, Vadatursky icry of democracy, the struggle with and other oligarchs. Clearly, it will the regime, the endless pretence be impossible for Mr. Yatseniuk to protection of the Russian-speaking control them in the new Verkhovna population and glorification of Rada, in spite of every effort to do Stalinist victories and the achieve- so. Meanwhile, available informa- ments of the “great state”. Time tion on the leaders of election plays against Arseniy Yatseniuk Unrealiable staff Batkivshchyna's election team in Sumy is headed by Oleksandr Lysenko who is close to Oleksandr Volkov, the "parliament director" under President Kuchma. Andriy Pavelko is considered to be linked to oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky. Mr. Pavelko is head of the election team in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. The Kharkiv branch will be run by Vitaliy Nemilostivyi, member of the Front of Changes, who is linked to Davyd Zhvania. Politics|Battles over the language Untied Opposition: Incompetence or Betrayal? The June 5th protests that accompanied the passing of a bill that aims to Russify Ukraine showed that while society is ready for radical resistance to the government’s anti-Ukrainian policies, opposition leaders are sitting on their hands.

he June 5th protests that ac- ing to the majority. Almost thirty political prostitute changed the Authors: companied the passing of a ex-opposition MPs supported the order in which we were supposed Oles bill that aims to Russify bill, some of whom had been to consider the bills. We had Oleksiyenko, TUkraine showed that while staunch patriots when the orange agreed that the language bill Milan Lelich society is ready for radical resis- government was in power. would be third and Lytvyn put it tance to the government’s anti- Surprisingly, Andriy Ko- up second.” Thus, they portrayed Ukrainian policies, opposition zhemiakin, the newly appointed the event as “a tragic coinci- leaders are sitting on their hands. leader of the BYuT-Bat- dence.” In fact, however, the bill June 5th 2012 will go down in kivshchyna faction in the parlia- was initially listed first on the history as the day the political ment and former general in the agenda board, and a secretary re- opposition—in particular within SBU, the special service of placed it with a new one at 9:20 the parliament—was put to the Ukraine, played into the hands of a.m. with the bill listed second in test and utterly failed. The gov- the current government. As Party the vote agenda. ernment and the opposition had of Regions MPs took over the more than 10 days to prepare for parliamentary podium, the oppo- Double-dealing? the second review of the draft bill sition was busy decorating the Following the vote, annoyed op- on languages sponsored by Kole- session room with two Ukrainian position MPs buzzed about a con- snichenko and Kivalov, both flags, a banner demanding “Free- spiracy, stating, “we had no idea Party of Regions MPs, that would dom for Yulia!” and a banner de- what was happening, but Ko- clear the way for the renewed picting a three-headed dragon zhemiakin sure did,” and “The Russification of Ukraine on a na- with the faces of Dmytro Tabach- Party of Regions has got Ko- tional scale. Those in power nyk, Mykola Azarov and Viktor zhemiakin in their pocket.” In- scored a clear victory in this bat- Yanukovych exhaling flames cor- deed, if the rank-and-file opposi- tle: 234 MPs voted for the bill in responding to the colours of the tion MPs are, like their oppo- the first reading with a minimum Russian flag. Meanwhile, no one nents, thoughtless soldiers of 226 needed for it to pass. attempted to prevent Speaker incapable of independent deci- Meanwhile, police held back Volodymyr Lytvyn from starting sion-making at a critical moment crowds of protesters outside the the session. When he put the for the country, why did their Verkhovna Rada, and groups of Party of Regions-sponsored bill “general” fail to react properly? counter-protesters with no actual to a vote and 234 MPs supported Just before the vote on the bill interest in the language confron- it within just 10 seconds, journal- was announced, many opposition tation were hired and driven to ists observing the proceedings MPs were near the speaker’s the parliament to counterbalance had the impression that the par- seat and could have disrupted those supporting the Ukrainian liament had just passed some- the vote in a matter of seconds. language. Yet the parliamentary thing trivial, not a fateful deci- After all, why did indepen- opposition opted not to stand up sion constituting a massive at- dent MP Andriy Parubiy real- for their native tongue. tack on the Ukrainian language. ize which bill was being put Once the vote was finished, to vote, while Kozhemiakin Alarmingly careless Mr. Lytvyn (who was registered didn’t? According to The Ukrainian as absent on the display of the Moreover, comments Week’s sources, the ruling party voting outcome despite actually of some MPs in the me- employed a wide range of tools— moderating the session and put- dia suggest that the op- including intimidation, threats of ting the bill to vote) announced a position could have criminal liability, tax raids on break, leaving opposition MPs in prevented the vote us- businesses and other instruments a panic as they searched for ex- ing their ex-party fel- of coercion—to remind the most cuses to justify their failure to af- lows’ cards. According resistant crossovers (who refused fect the outcome. In turn, they to independent MP to support the bill) of the condi- used Lytvyn as a scapegoat. Ac- Taras Chornovil, “there tions they accepted when switch- cording to one BYuT MP, “that were about 18 cards be- 10|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 Battles over the language|Politics longing to independent MPs or same scenario actually occurred doors without journalists or the those who never show up at par- during the ratification of the heads of parliamentary commit- liamentary sessions in a section Kharkiv Deals. Back then, seven tees raises more doubts. This right next to where the opposition MPs from what is now the united “council” ended up being a meet- sits…plus, about twenty more ex- opposition were supposed to throw ing of parliamentary faction lead- BYuT members sit in the middle smoke bombs in the parliamentary ers, i.e. Kozhemiakin and repre- of the BYuT section with their room to disrupt the session, but sentatives of the majority. Were cards. They now belong to no par- betrayed the country instead. they negotiating a new game liamentary faction and haven’t at- A “coordination council” held plan? The key question in this tended sessions lately. There were prior to the vote behind closed context is whom does ex-SBU several Party of Regions MPs General Andriy Kozhemiakin ac- there pushing the buttons. Oppo- tually serve? Could he be in the sition MPs could have easily government’s pocket because pulled out those cards, but they some of his family members cur- had made a deal before to sabo- rently face prosecution? Or is it tage the vote.” just that there is no such thing as Why did the opposition an ex-KGB agent? stand there obediently rather than spring into action, espe- IMITATORS cially after having previously Backstage, the parliament is buzz- agreed to attack the section ing with another scenario: the ex- of crossover MPs and pull tremely sensitive language issue is their cards out of the vot- as a bone in the opposition’s throat ing slots to disrupt the vote because it forces them to place em- (as stated by sources in the phasis on top priority issues as opposition and later con- clearly as possible. If the bill is firmed by Arseniy Yatseniuk)? eventually passed, however, the A group of 30 people was sup- opposition will have a chance to posed to follow this plan, while mobilize their electorate by ap- in fact only the independent MP pealing to a declarative struggle Andriy Parubiy acted. The against the government’s anti- Ukrainian policy, even if not sup- ported by any real actions. BYuT- Batkivshchyna MPs are already trying to play on the naïve elector- ate using the same message as the Party of Regions: “vote for us be- cause we can solve the language is- sue in your favor only with a con- vincing majority in the parlia- ment.” Meanwhile, those who failed to protect the Ukrai- nian language in the par- liament continue to make heroic speeches in public. Andriy Kozhemiakin promised cynically that “our faction met after this notorious vote and de- cided on a firm position: this bill will never be passed in the Ukrainian parliament, under no circumstances.” Arseniy Yatseniuk, leader of the united opposition, ap- pealed to a future prom- ise to disrupt voting during the bill’s second reading, admitting that “the opposition should have fought that day but failed to do so and that was definitely a lesson learned.” “There will be no law on Rus- № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|11 Politics|Battles over the language

sian as the second language in Vitaliy Klitschko noyed that at the critical moment country than the current language Ukraine!” he added. “We have lost says openly that when special “Berkut” riot police issue. Some Svoboda members this battle but we will win the he supports began attacking the protesters, Mr. also behaved radically at a recent war!” Ukrainian as Klitschko’s bodyguards pushed gay pride parade. Does this mean a language of However, the embarrassing de- formal rituals in them aside making a corridor that the party views such issues as feats of the united opposition led by a multi-lingual through which their boss fled the top priorities, while the struggle Andriy Kozhemiakin in the parlia- environment hot spot. Based on the comments against national Russification re- ment during both sessions on May of civil activists present at the mains merely an element of the 24th and June 5th raise doubts about scene, most were shocked by the election campaign? Or could it also whether Yatseniuk and his team boxer-politician’s behavior in that have made deals with the Presi- will take responsibility if the parlia- situation. dential Administration? One way ment happens to pass the bill on The Svoboda (Freedom) party or another, the ultra-radicalism the third attempt. Will they have «ALL IN THE FAMILY acted just as absurdly on June 5th imitated by Svoboda on an ongo- th enough courage and discretion to Leonid Slutskiy, Head as they had on May 24 . At a meet- ing basis works only to discredit admit their incompetence and re- of the Russian ing of its local deputies, the party Ukraine abroad and plays into the sign as opposition leaders? If not, Parliamentary approved a declarative and barely hands of both the Ukrainian and Committee for CIS the task lies on the rank and file Affairs and Relations implementable appeal to Mr. Yan- Russian governments who aim to members of the parties in the with Russians ukovych whereby they had to “… paint such patriots as a perfect il- Abroad, welcomed united opposition. Yet, will they be the developments in throw our decision in his face; lustration of “the dangers of Ukrai- able to offer voters an alternative the Ukrainian unite all our forces and work out a nian Nazism.” parliament. “Russia that can meet society’s demand for is interested in boycott system,” according to radical and crucial change? achieving the highest Iryna Farion, one of its leaders. SOCIETY IS GROWING Unlike the previous vote of possible status for Svoboda’s rhetoric seemed ag- MORE RADICAL, BUT LACKS th th the Russian May 24 , June 5 showed Vitaliy language… [which] gressive indeed, yet it was not LEADERSHIP Klitschko’s UDAR to be more pro- will become another backed by any real actions. Last Regardless of the circumstances, impulse toward the active, as many protesters gath- development of year, in contrast, they protested Ukrainian politicians ignore the ered outside the Verkhovna Rada Russian-Ukrainian outside the Verkhovna Rada along Ukrainian language even though relations and carrying the party’s symbols. The integration of post- with Chornobyl and Afghanistan they frequently invoke it as a party leader was present as well. soviet states,” he veterans in order to solve issues technique to maintain their hold However, eyewitnesses were an- said. that were less important for the on the Ukrainian-oriented elec- 12|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 torate. How long will the latter that it was never meant to be au- continue to turn a blind eye to tonomous to begin with. this? June 5th proved that ever The behavior of the opposition more people are refusing to be does not answer the question of treated like a “primitive elector- whether it is capable of properly ate.” Civil activists tried their responding to the challenges best to distance themselves from Ukraine faces or leading the pub- the united opposition, whose lic to respond to them. The oppo- leaders were reluctant to mobi- sition leaders’ abilities to with- lize the masses to protect the stand external influences, both Ukrainian language, opting even- from other political camps and tually to do it on their own. The other countries, are particularly citizens outside the parliament inadequate. The focus is now on proved much more willing and the role of double agents among ready to protect the foundation the leaders of the Ukrainian oppo- of Ukrainian identity than the sition. Unless stopped by the op- potential national leaders within position or a motion of no confi- the parliament. Other cities, in- dence from society, they could cluding Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, eventually bring the country to a Uzhhorod, Kharkiv, Odesa, Kiro- loss of sovereignty. vohrad, Poltava and Sumy also June 5th signaled that Ukrai- staged protests against Russifica- nian society is ready for resistance tion arranged by common citi- and is looking forward to crucial zens. changes. Most people are aware of Evidently, the key problem is their national identity and want to that, unlike common people, Tur- shed the ruinous soviet heritage chynov, Kozhemiakin and Yatse- and its post-soviet mutations. Yet, niuk do not see the Ukrainian they have no one to look up to in language as their firm principle. Notably, Arseniy Yatseniuk and Ukrainians are facing a Oleksandr Turchynov spoke Rus- sian to each other during the dilemma: they can give anti-language bill protests. in to anti-Ukrainian Hence the question: is Mr. Yatse- niuk embarrassed to speak forces or resist and Ukrainian even at a rally to pro- fight for their rights tect it, or is he worried that someone he is addressing may not understand him? Vitaliy the struggle against the current re- Klitschko also assigns the Ukrai- gime. They fear disenchantment nian language purely formal and with opposition leaders who could ritual functions. betray their hopes yet again and use society’s potential for their own AT A CROSSROADS purposes. This is one of the reasons Ukraine is moving in a dangerous for the relative inertness of Ukraini- direction. Recent developments ans protesting the language bill and signal that Russian nationalists attempts by the civil activists out- have seized full control of the side the Verkhovna Rada to dis- government and will play a lead tance themselves from political role in the immediate future. forces whose inability to withstand While the big bosses were busy the government’s pressure is be- privatizing and re-privatizing coming ever more obvious. government owned assets from Ukrainians are facing an un- their political opponents, they precedented dilemma: they can al- kept the political “clowns” at a low anti-Ukrainian forces to take distance. As soon as there was a over completely, losing the little need for ideological positioning self-respect that they still have and on the eve of the parliamentary becoming a speechless biomass in elections, the Party of Regions a tycoon-controlled model im- showed its true anti-Ukrainian posed on Ukraine along with the face. The president’s dynasty and “Russian World,” or resist and tycoons clearly do not want Rus- fight for their right to be them- sians to get hold of their busi- selves and continue along the path ness, yet they are still willing to to a European future. The first step build an autonomous version of is to rid the opposition of leaders the Russian World for them- who do not share the national in- selves. Only later will they realize terests of Ukrainians. Politics|battles over the language ActionsS peak Louder Than Words For our native No words – language no language photo: valeria b u rlakova valeria photo: The mistakes made by the protectors of the Ukrainian language and how they can take the initiative into their own hands Author: come to an end. But this is not the Oleksandr Mykhelson main problem. Neither is the fact that too little is said about other olitical battles over the lan- shortcomings of the draft law, guage issue have reached which are outlined below. The their peak. The war is not strategic mistake of those protect- Plikely to abate if the infa- ing the Ukrainian language is the mous draft language law, spon- lack of a clear positive incentive, sored by MPs Kolesnichenko and as all they do is just try to main- Kivalov, is eventually passed. Two tain the status quo. Meanwhile, things are already plain to see. they realize well (and state pub- One is that the supporters of the licly) that the current “linguistic” Ukrainian language are slowly situation in the country is far country to be bilingual. As a first and steadily losing ground. The from being satisfactory for the move to implement this principle other is that even under the cur- preservation of either the Ukrai- is the submission of a pro-Ukrai- rent regime, Russification can be nian language or statehood itself. nian language draft law to coun- slowed down significantly, or re- The processes that the draft law terbalance the imperfect and anti- versed if the government changes. could trigger (such as deepening Ukrainian one proposed by Kole- That, however, will require a dras- the language divide of society) are snichenko and Kivalov. Even if it tic change in the patriotic rhetoric already unfolding today, albeit is not passed by the current par- of the chosen representatives of much more slowly than they liamentary majority, the draft law the people. would if the latter was passed by would definitely carry certain parliament. Sociological surveys benefits. It would urge society to ATTACK IS THE BEST show that the number of Ukrai- consider two alternative bills FORM OF DEFENSE nian and Russian speakers is in- rather than just one; show that Virtually all critics of the draft creasing continuously at the ex- opposition MPs are actually doing language law said that it would pense of bilinguals. their job and leaving some legisla- lead to the Ukrainian language Given the fact that Ukrainian- tive initiatives ready for the future being squeezed out of use. This of- speakers speak Russian much bet- when the current government is ten looked like traditional weep- ter than Russian-speakers speak no longer in power. So far, ing in the style of folk ballads, Ukrainian, the only solution for though, the united opposition leaving many with the impression the dilemma is to have people continues to be incapable of doing of a battle lost long before it has learn Ukrainian if they want the anything to change the situation. 14|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 battles over the language|Politics SEEING THE GLASS HALF-FULL governments did not ban smoking OR HALF-EMPTY? at watering holes out of respect This is where the art of propa- for non-smokers, but because ganda lies, and the initiators of smoking-related illnesses are a ActionsS peak Louder Than Words the language war are much better great burden on social medicine, at it than their opponents. not to mention labour efficiency. I'm Russian and I don't On the basic level, they in- What if the governments had not ask for protection. clude frequent distortions and interfered in the private lives of It's equally dangerous misleading messages. Inna Bo- every smoker? Exactly, the bad to give a sword to hoslovska, the notorious Party of habit would have spread further, an insane man and power to a crook the Regions’ MP, recently wrote in as it is in the interests of the mar- a blog that the draft law protects ket. Of course, Russian, just like the right of people to speak their any other language, cannot be native language in everyday life. compared to smoking. The point In fact, though, the draft law is is to show that the market does not about this, and in any case, not necessarily regulate social life people have never been deprived in the direction that is good for a of this right. Yet, some voters, in- given community. On the con- cluding the abovementioned trary, it can encourage develop- share of the population who are ments that run counter to the in- not concerned with the language terests of society. Even if the com- issue, see these messages as munity realized the damage to something clear and specific, un- itself, it is not capable of resisting like the obscure pleas of patriots the market without government to “save the language.” interference. This, after all, is the

photo: valeria b u rlakova valeria photo: This means that each and ev- purpose of the government. ery one of these little messages Such arguments should be THE CIVILIAN POPULATION should be explained to the public. communicated to different target WINS WARS A better solution would be to cre- groups in different ways. The key Judging by sociological surveys, ate an informational background thing is to make sure that they are most Ukrainians do not advertise that eliminates any opportunity expressed clearly and communi- their interest in the language is- for absurd claims, even if they cated effectively. So far, though, sue. Whenever it is brought up in seem to be academically reason- the initiative is entirely in the politics, people tend to become able in some cases, such as the hands of anti-Ukrainian forces. slightly more radical, but the lan- claim that the language situation Most importantly, many Ukraini- guage issue still never becomes a should be regulated by the market ans see the initiators of the lan- priority for them. and the only task of the govern- guage war from the Party of Re- Most people don’t really un- ment is “to give everyone equal gions as victims, who are only derstand why such issues should opportunities.” protecting themselves from “se- concern them, as they feel per- According to Vadym Kolesn- vere Ukrainianization” even fectly comfortable speaking sur- ichenko, one of the draft law’s though there has been no consis- zhyk, a mix of Ukrainian and sponsors, Ukrainians must be vot- tent, let alone severe, Ukrainian- Russian, which is widespread in ing for Russian as the second offi- ization over the past 20 years, and rural parts of Central, South- cial language with their cash, it is the official status of the

photo: andriy lomakin photo: Eastern and Northern Ukraine. since most books and newspapers Ukrainian language as a single There may be many com- in Ukraine are published in Rus- state language that keeps the na- plaints about how indifferent sian. But this is not realistic, as tion essentially bilingual, while and inert such “small Ukraini- their promotion is largely paid for the purpose of initiatives such as ans” are, but they are the ones by Russian oil and gas dollars. It the current draft language law, is who will determine the mid- is also misleading, as the fact that to ruin this shaky balance. term prospects of the Ukrainian Ukrainians read in Russian does Frankly, the initiative pre- language. Meanwhile, support- not necessarily mean that they sented as “the protection of mi- ers of the Ukrainian language would refuse to read in Ukrainian nority languages” is in fact the ex- leave them out, appealing only if there were no unfair competi- pansion of the Russian language, to those who already have an un- tion from Russian-language pub- while the preservation of bilin- derstanding of what is going on. lications (given the support from gualism is referred to as “Ukraini- Yet, bringing into the spotlight Russia). anization”, for some reason. the amount of public spending The key manipulation, how- Clearly, unless this paradigm is the current draft language bill ever, lies in the fact that the mar- changed, the opposition has no will incurr should it be imple- ket can and should supposedly reason to look forward to any mented, could have a powerful regulate such issues. Smoking can strategic accomplishments, while impact on social preferences be used as an example. It, wh is changing the overall language (critics should also mention the legally prohibited in the public es- policy is impossible unless pro- blatant lies of Kivalov and Kole- tablishments of European and Ukrainian forces attain a position snichenko, who state that it “re- now Ukrainian cities. I don’t of power. Waiting for this to fall quires no” public spending at know about the Ukrainian Cabi- into their laps is futile, they have all). net of Ministers, but European to take action. № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|15 neighbours|european opinion Joseph Daul: “I will support Ms. Tymoshenko until she is released”

Interviwer: oseph Daul is a well-known politicians, as well as discuss the Alla Lazareva, French politician and Chair- problems in relations of the Ukrai- France man of the European People’s nian government and the EU. The JParty Group in the European EPP Group will always be on guard Parliament. He is considered to be for the interests of Ukrainian peo- a consistent, thorough and slightly ple. My fellow MPs are ready to conservative politician. In his in- help Ukrainians as soon as they re- terview for The Ukrainian quest their help. We claim solidar- Week, Mr. Daul comments on the ity with all those who struggle to new French president’s recent revive democracy in Ukraine. statements about Ukraine and shares his opinion on Ukraine-EU UW: What do you think of possi- cooperation. ble sanctions against Ukraine if the political situation keeps ag- UW: At a press conference with gravating? How efficient were Vladimir Putin in Paris, François the sanctions the EU imposed on Hollande said that Yulia Tymosh- Belarus? enko was not supposed to be in – Our vision of the situation in jail, therefore neither he, nor any Eastern Europe is as simple as of his ministers were coming to that: the better we collaborate with the Euro 2012 in Ukraine. As a each other, the deeper the coun- French politician, do you share tries integrate into European pro- this position? cesses. The more stability inside – I definitely and decisively the country and the more success- condemned the way Ukraine’s gov- ful the economy, the better the ernment treats Ms. Tymoshenko, EU’s security is protected. Thus, which is simply unacceptable, and the interests of the Belarus and I will keep doing that as long as Ukrainian nations are top priori- she remains behind bars. I respect ties for us. We take much caution the position of those who boycott to make sure that the punishment the tournament for the bad politi- for top officials who are responsi- cal situation and the decline in hu- ble for violating the key rules and man rights in Ukraine. Still, I think freedoms do not result in the isola- Ukrainian people deserve to have a tion of both nations. The European celebration, a chance to enjoy Euro Parliament has always pursued EU can be signed without its po- 2012. I hope the tournament will this sort of policy, while being cau- litical component and that that be another chance for the interna- tious about average people in its sort of cooperation is sufficient at tional community and the EU to neighbour states. this point. How would you com- condemn the way the Ukrainian I believe that European aid ment on that? government behaves. should be aimed more at support- – The EU was the first institu- ing civil society, independent media tion to sign a resolution on UW: You have mentioned re- and cooperation with NGOs. When Ukraine’s European prospects on cently that you did not call for the sanctions were imposed on the Be- 13 January 2005. Moreover, the boycott of the tournament. Quite larus government, the European European Parliament still supports on the contrary, you called on Eu- Parliament increased financial aid the European aspirations of Ukrai- ropean politicians to go to to civil society, independent media nian people. Still, political instabil- Ukraine and try to visit Ukrainian and NGOs in Belarus to support de- ity and slow reforms in Ukraine politicians in prison. Did EPP MPs mocracy and all those who cam- spoil its relations with the EU. follow the advice ? How many paign to protect the rule of law and Given the real political situa- will come to Ukraine? human rights. This policy for Be- tion today I don’t expect any prog- – I did not plan to go to Euro larus has proven effective. ress in the discussion of Ukraine’s 2012. Still, I call on EPP Group association with the EU. members to take this opportunity UW: Some Ukrainian officials to meet with Ms. Tymoshenko, Mr. hope that the Free Trade Agree- UW: How can you explain the fact Lytsenko and other imprisoned ment between Ukraine and the that there is not one French per- 16|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 european opinion|neighbours operates and making the Greek economy more competitive. They should realize that they implement reforms for their own future, not the European Union. We should encourage our Greek friends and keep telling them the truth at the same time: the EU will keep show- ing solidarity with Greece only if Greece fulfills its commitments. For this, Greece has to appoint a government that will be able to fulfill its commitments. Greece is a sovereign country and it has to choose its own future. No one can do it for them. The EU can help it, just like it has been helping it for decades. Yet, the EU is not in place to deter- mine the future of its member- states. UW: You have been an MEP for 13 years in which 12 new mem- ber-states have joined it. What do you think of the EU’s further possible enlargement in the long-term? – The enlargement has been one of the most successful lines in EU policy. The EPP Group in the European Parliament is an active supporter of enlargement. The opportunity to join the EU should be considered through the prism of its key objectives, in- cluding the strengthening of free- dom, security, stability, economic development, social equality and solidarity on the continent. Croa- tia will join the EU soon. This proves that the ideas and con- cepts on which the EU has been built are still attractive. We should all learn this lesson: Eu- ropean solidarity is a good an- son on the EU-Ukraine Parliamen- nian issues in political groups or swer in times of crisis. tary Cooperation Committee? the EP Foreign Affairs Committee, Does this signal that Ukraine- for instance. UW: Have you ever been to France relations are not going all Ukraine? Are you considering go- that well? UW: There is talk of Greece’s exit ing to Ukraine as an observer for – The number of seats on Eu- from the Eurozone. What do you the upcoming parliamentary elec- ropean Parliament delegations is think of the consequences of such tion in October? very limited. That was why MEPs - I visited Ukraine in 2007, join the delegations based on European aid should be right after I chaired the EPP their experience with certain aimed more at supporting Group, and met with the Ukrai- countries. Naturally, the group for nian Premier of the time. If the cooperation with Ukraine ended civil society, independent political situation is favourable up with MEPs from Poland, Ro- media and cooperation enough, our group will definitely mania, Bulgaria and Baltic States. take part in the election observer This is not a reflection of with NGOs mission. As always, the EPP Ukraine-France relations, which move for the future of the EU? Group is an active supporter of are important. Many EPP MPs in – We should support the the EU’s close relations with the European Parliament who are Greeks and remind them that the Ukraine. But we will criticize the not members of the EU-Ukraine reforms they have to implement Ukrainian government if it con- delegation are very active in terms are aimed at improving the way tinues to ignore fundamental Eu- of Ukraine. They work on Ukrai- their whole government apparatus ropean values. № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|17 neighbours|michel wieviorka The French Way Michel Wieviorka explains why François Hollande won the election and talks about sociological intervention and terrorism as a substitution of notions and a loss of sense

Interviewer: ichel Wieviorka one of ment, urban and suburban crises migrants today and they also for- Oleksandr the most prominent in- and the transformation of immi- get their own history. Let us take a Pahiria tellectuals in contempo- gration. Migrants used to be lonely distant example. At one point in Мrary France and a people who would come to earn time, a large number of Ukrainians scholar of world renown. He has money and go back home, but emigrated to Canada, and now (co-)authored over 30 books. since the second half of the 1960s they are full-fledged Canadians. Wieviorka is an expert in a wide they would stay in France after los- Even though part of these Ukraini- range of areas: from racism and xe- ing their jobs and would bring ans still maintain cultural links to nophobia to terrorism and social their families over. Most of them their motherland, they have fully cultural movements. At the same were Muslims. Today they are one integrated. So people are capable time, the French scholar remains of our biggest problems. At the of finding a place for themselves in incredibly simple and frank in same time, the French population a different society. communication and open to the grew older, requiring higher gov- However, Europe has certain public. In May, Wieviorka spoke in ernment spending on healthcare apprehensions on this account, Kyiv at the Ye Bookstore as part of for the older generation. The wel- especially economic consider- the European Experience: France fare state ceased to exist. ations that are increasingly taking project. It was very hard to overcome the form of cultural phobias. Let these hardships. Some called for us look realistically at the number U.W.: Was the victory of a left- neo-liberalism, lower social spend- of immigrants in Western Euro- wing candidate in the French ing and the privatisation of all pean countries. It is not as great presidential election caused by state services. This led to great as may seem. Of course, there are the global financial crisis and the transformations in France. Social differences from state to state. For rollback of the welfare state, or is inequality between perceptibly example, France now receives it the consequence of some more deeper. The recent global financial 180,000 migrants per year. How- general rule? crisis greatly aggravated these pro- ever, we do not know how many – The success of François Hol- cesses. This year’s presidential people leave. We don’t have these lande is, above all, the defeat of elections were the final phase of statistics. Evidently, a certain por- Nicolas Sarkozy. The new leader the changes I’ve mentioned. Most tion of them do leave. Moreover, a has been preparing for this mis- French citizens voted for Hollande significant number of newcomers sion for a long time. He secured hoping for certain progress in so- are students. Studies carried out the support of the left-wing forces, cial and economic spheres. All in Great Britain and Spain proved above all the socialists and the rightists spoke against immigra- that the influx of foreign students Greens, and was able to win over tion, claiming that by driving im- to these countries fosters the the French electorate, but to un- migrants out of the country we growth of their economies. At the derstand how his victory became would open the way to ending all same time, demographic growth possible, we need to take a look at hardships and saving national val- in most European states is very the way the country has developed ues. Hollande was, on the con- slow, and migrants inject “new in the past 40 years. It is now in trary, very cautious on this issue, blood” there. Polls in France prior the financial crisis that started in avoiding frank conversations on to the presidential elections 2008, but the sources of this crisis immigration topics. So the French showed that those who voted in the French context can be traced avoided a sharp turn to the right, against migrants largely lived in back to the mid-1960s. as the former president suggested, regions where there are very few The 30-year period after the and passed a vote of no-confidence or no migrants. Second World War went down in in him at the elections. The situation with foreigners the history of France as “the 30 in our country is not as dramatic glorious years”. The republic had a U.W.: Do you think that the natu- as is portrayed. Let me give you nearly perfect employment rate ral and painless integration of one example. There was a lot of and was a highly developed indus- immigrants in Western societies noise in France over women wear- trialised country. Migrants came is possible, considering the differ- ing veils: some said that migrants to work (and not just to live) here. ences in culture, religion, tradi- are imposing Islam on the French It was a country that had confi- tions and language? which leads to Islamism and that dence in progress, development, These topics are being debated veil-wearing women are vehicles of education and social ideas. In the in many countries. The partici- this idea. We carried out a social mid-1960s, this model of a welfare pants do not want to look back at survey and found that a mere 350 state fell apart, causing unemploy- the past of those whom we call im- women in France wear veils, many 18|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 michel wieviorka|neighbours of them converts from Catholi- of this phenomenon. Terrorism is BIO cism. Most of them did not have above all a very rational instru- Michel Wieviorka was born in 1946 in Paris. One of the most either brothers or husbands who ment used to achieve a certain well-known sociologists and intellectuals in France, he is would force them to wear these goal, a method. At the same time, head of Center for Sociological Analysis and Intervention items of clothing. But I do not it includes the idea that there is (CADIS) under the School for Sociological Science Studies want to say that the situation is nothing wrong with killing peo- (l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)). Mr. perfect or that we have no prob- ple. I have studied the activities Wieviorka is an expert in the 2005 public protests in France. lems in this area. of left radical terrorists in Italy. In 2006-2010, he was President of UNESCO International So- They seem to act on behalf of the ciological Association, and headed the House of Human Sci- U.W.: Returning to your research, working class, but the local prole- ences Foundation in 2009. Also, he is the founder and editor what is the essence of the socio- tariat does not in any way identify of Le Monde des Debats, a sociological magazine. In 1989, logical intervention method you itself with them or their actions. he was awarded the European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and have applied together with your What we have here is a substitu- Social Sciences for his book called Société et terrorisme pub- friends and colleagues to study tion of notions, a distortion. The lished in 1988 (The Making of Terrorism in the English edi- the Solidarity movement in Po- more people resort to violent ac- tion of 1993). land in the 1980s? tions, the greater changes to the This method means studying sense of their activity. For exam- certain social phenomena to- ple, there is ETA (Basque Home- gether with social actors involved land and Liberty), a terrorist or- in them. When I studied the ac- ganisation in Spain which was not tivities of the Solidarity move- originally violent. Under General ment, we analysed — joined with Franco’s dictatorship, the Basque Polish workers — the key senses national movement experienced of their actions, considered oppression, but the Basques ob- whether this organisation was tained national-cultural auton- able to step up the workers’ and omy after Spain became a demo- social movements in Poland and cratic country in 1975. The more defined the functions workers their nationalist demands were performed in industry. We came met, the greater was the power of to the conclusion that it was a terrorists and the more blind was democratic and national move- their aggression. Therefore, ter- ment that was in support of the rorism combines, on the one sovereign rights of the Polish peo- hand, rational calculation and, on ple, against soviet interference in the other, a loss of sense and Poland’s domestic affairs, against touch with reality. violence and for free elections, freedom of press and democracy. U.W.: Do communism and Mus- Our sociological technique en- lim terrorism have anything in abled workers to think exactly on common? this level. We gathered together The common feature is that CEOs of shipyards in Gdansk and both communism and Islamism andriy lomakin photo: suggested that we study these is- lend sense to terrorism as a politi- sues together with them and ex- cal tool and means of struggle. It perts. We invited people during reaches far beyond the limits of these meetings to come up with everyday reality. Both camps some ideas together. At one point, call for the creation of a these included Roman Catholic different world, resort priest Jankowski and Adam Mich- to hostile rhetoric and nik. The latter contributed to the aspire to be speak- elaboration of the democratic pro- ing on behalf of gram of the Solidarity movement. the entire society, We worked with groups like that in even though it ne­ several Polish cities. After we had ­ver identifies it- held these meetings and discus- self with their ter- sions, we wrote a book and are rorist actions. now planning to hand over all our research materials to the Institute of Solidarity in Gdansk. U.W.: In your book Society and Terrorism you paint a sociological portrait of terrorism. What are the sources of this phenomenon? That question follows an- other: What is terrorism? To come close to its definition, we need to consider the dual nature № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|19 neighbours|baltic experience Latvian Lessons The Baltics are growing after austerity— and they resent Mediterranean bail-outs

T IS hard to believe, walking tic states are growing faster than “If you have an exchange rate you past gleaming mansions along any other part of the EU, more can move your brush back and the sand dunes of Jurmala, than can be said for the recession- forth. If you don’t have an exchange Ithat Latvia has endured a crisis hit Mediterranean. rate you have to move the whole as deep as Greece’s. Latvia’s over- The reasons are complex. The house.” exuberant boom was cut short by GDP growth in 2011 Baltics are in a catch-up phase of So can the chilly Baltic teach the global financial crisis in 2008, Estonia development. The Mediterranean the balmy Mediterranean this su- bringing a banking crash, a huge 7.6% has suffered a triple blow: low-tech perhuman feat? “We have shown budget deficit, a bail-out by the industries hit hard by globalisation, the world there are better solu- Lithuania European Union and IMF and cost competition from ex-commu- tions than devaluation,” says Il- one of the harshest austerity re- 5.9% nist members of the EU and the mars Rimsevics, governor of Lat- gimes in Europe. Unlike Greece, Latvia loss of their habitual escape valves via’s central bank. Rather than Latvia made the wrenching ad- 5.5% of inflation and devaluation. Com- making adjustment harder, he justment with striking speed, and petitiveness can now be regained says, the currency peg was essen- has since returned to robust only by painfully pushing down tial for credibility. In any case, de- growth (its prime minister, Valdis wages and prices. Speaking recently valuation would have pushed up Dombrovskis, even managed to in Brussels, the IMF’s Nemat Shafik inflation and increased the bur- be re-elected). compared such a process of inter- den of euro-denominated loans Latvia’s neighbours, Estonia nal devaluation to painting a house. and mortgages. and Lithuania, are also recover- ing. And the Baltic trio managed it while keeping fixed exchange rates. They offer an example to troubled euro countries of how to carry out an “internal devalua- tion”. Where Greece may soon have to leave the euro, Latvia wants to join in 2014. Touchingly, some people still think of the sin- gle currency as a good thing. At a time of acute gloom, EU and IMF bigwigs see hope in this Baltic resilience. At a conference in Riga this week, Christine La- garde, the IMF’s boss, called Lat- via’s achievement a “tour de force”. Her chief economist, Oliv- ier Blanchard, said his scepticism about the currency peg had been proved wrong. For Anders Borg, the Swedish finance minister, Lat- via was enjoying a “graduation day”; if it did not qualify for the euro, who could? It is easy to forget the eco- nomic and social cost. Latvia lost more than a fifth of its GDP in two years. Unemployment shot up to 20% (and remains high). Emigra- tion has risen in a country already struggling with a declining popu- lation. Productivity is low. And Latvia has some of the EU’s most glaring inequalities. Still, the Bal- 20|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 The IMF thinks that, where Latvia’s Parex bank went bust, possible, deficits should be cut Sweden provided a vital backstop gradually over the medium term. to most Baltic banks. But Latvia believes that deep, In drawing such north-south front-loaded austerity is the best comparisons, there is a danger of way to win back market confi- falling into stereotypes and ro- dence. In Greece politicians of all manticising, say, Germany’s influ- stripes blame the EU and IMF, to ence through the old Hanseatic a greater or lesser extent, for their League. Post-Soviet Balts face misery. In Latvia, though, it is in- problems with corruption as deep ternational lenders who warn Lat- as those of any Mediterranean via against too much austerity, country. That said, a history of oc- and against hastily removing cupation and hardship may have emergency social safety-nets. made the Balts more willing to As small and open trading put up with austerity. What sticks economies with flexible labour in the craw for Estonia, which is markets, the Baltics were able to now in the euro, is having to bail push down wages faster than out much richer Greeks. more rigid and closed Mediterra- nean countries. The Balts’ main A Baltic model? trading partners are northern All this may mean the Baltic is countries that are doing well. And more of an exception than a model for all their suspicion of Keynes- for the euro zone. Still, there are ianism, they were helped by the valuable lessons. First, low debt stimulus policies around them. helps. Latvia’s contraction more Now Mediterranean countries than quadrupled its debt burden must try to recover at a time when to about 45% of GDP, but that is most others are tightening their still less than half the debt ratio of belts as well. Moreover Baltic Italy and Greece before the crisis. states benefited by having friendly Second, international lenders foreign-owned banks that did not need to be clear-eyed: if a country pull out of the region; although cannot repay its debts, they must be restructured early and deci- sively. Fudged assessments con- demned Greece to unsustainable debt and inadequate financing, which fed the constant fear of a chaotic default. Latvia, by con- trast, was allocated more money than it needed. Spain and Ireland show that preserving stability requires more than sound public finances. Pri- vate-sector debt can be ruinous, too. But both countries would be helped if, like Latvia, they had ex- ternal support for their banks. This suggests a third conclusion: the need for a “banking union”, a European-level system to regu- late, restructure and directly re- capitalise ailing banks. Lastly, the Latvians say the promise of euro membership was vital to keep them on course. The idea of the euro as a haven may seem laughable. Yet besides a fear of collapse, voters need the prom- ise of a better future to underpin austerity. For euro members, this can come only from some future promise—such as joint-liability bonds for those on a credible path of reform.

© 2012 The Economist Newspaper Limited. All rights reserved economics|shale gas Gazprom’s Nightmare Shale gas extraction, if implemented, could turn Ukraine into an influential player on the European gas market drawing by ihor l u kianchenko by drawing

Author: kraine has taken yet an- Stavytsky, Ukraine’s Minister of Russia. Meanwhile, the govern- Dmytro other step toward extract- Environment and Natural Re- ment is preparing tenders for the Vovnianko ing its own shale gas. sources, promised at a seminar Scythian and Foros fields in the URoyal Dutch Shell and for shale gas exploration and ex- Black Sea. According to Mr. Chevron Corporation won a ten- traction held by the US Civil Re- Stavytsky, Slobozhanske field in Shale gas is extracted from der to extract gas at the Yuzivka search and Development Foun- Kharkiv Oblast and gas fields in shale rock and Oleske fields. dation in Kyiv at the end of May. Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk and Vo- 3,000- The Yuzivka and Oleske fields are lyn Oblasts are currently being 4,000m Energy Independence Day? projected to provide (respec- explored as well. deep. At this point, Chevron and Shell tively) 20 and 10 billion cubic The Cabinet of Ministers de- Deposited in small representatives and Ukrainian meters of shale gas annually. nies any prospect of suspending amounts (0.2-3.2 authorities are all optimistic. This amount could replace the 30 preparations for shale gas extrac- billion cu m/sq km), it is extracted from “We will become fully energy-in- billion cubic meters of gas tion for political reasons or due large fields dependent by 2020,” Eduard Ukraine currently imports from to possible gas price discounts 22|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 shale gas|economics to the need to reform Ukraine’s soil around the drilling site. energy sector and noted that the However, the supporters of shale US and EU were ready to pro- gas extraction claim that drink- vide assistance as they both rec- ing water is 300-400m under the ognized the realistic energy surface while shale gas deposits threat that Putin’s Russia poses are 3-4,000m deep, preventing to Ukraine. the water from the fractures from Gazprom’s Nightmare Shale gas extraction in mixing with drinking water. The Ukraine could change the situa- contaminated water used for Shale gas extraction, if implemented, could turn Ukraine into from Gazprom. This assertion is tion in Europe’s gas market dra- fracking is later re-used. “I’d like backed by several powerful inter- matically. If optimistic gas deposit to assure you that these compa- an influential player on the European gas market national companies that have projections come true, Ukraine nies (Shell and Chevron – ed.) shown great interest in Ukraine’s The world’s shale gas could export most of its gas. Po- pay a lot of attention to the envi- gas market. Mr. Stavytsky claims deposits total at land has similar energy prospects ronmental risks associated with that Shell has ambitious plans to 456 trillion but is currently running a few extraction technologies and land begin extracting shale gas in cu m years ahead of Ukraine in terms of reclamation – more than I could Ukraine in 2015. China has the most exploring its extensive resources expect,” Ukraine’s Minister of Yet, if all ends well and the gas with of shale gas, while consuming Environment said. “I’m 100% distribution contract is signed in 36.7 trillion three to four times less than sure that there are no environ- autumn as planned, the winners cu m Ukraine. Given these develop- mental risks in this.” Officials will have to set up a joint venture followed by the USA ments, Central Europe may be suggest that the environmental with with Nadra Ukrayiny (Ukraine’s looking at a revolution. Mr. Tefft aspect will cause much specula- Wealth), a national joint stock 24.4 trillion expects that shale gas will change tion and provoke protests, yet company, and SPK-GeoService, a cu m the energy security game com- they are ready to protect their limited liability company with re- and Argentina with pletely in Ukraine, just like it did viewpoint. ported links to top Ukrainian offi- 21.9 trillion in the US. According to experts, Moreover, shale gas extrac- cials. Ownership of the potential cu m Russia will gradually lose its po- tion technology has many oppo- joint venture would be split evenly litical impact on European gov- nents worldwide, especially in the Source: between Ukrainian companies International ernments if shale gas is intensely US. Yet, Polish and US experts and foreign stakeholders. With Energy Agency extracted elsewhere in Europe. claim that environment-oriented this in mind, an expected shift of statements often conceal the busi- government in Ukraine may sub- Land, water and protests ness interests of the old masters ject the deal to later revision and Top Kremlin officials and Gaz- of the market. Gas importers were expose it to elements of corrup- prom executives have said before involved in protests against shale tion among the joint venture’s that shale gas is nothing more gas in the US as it stifled their Ukrainian partners. This would than an anti-Russian PR cam- business. According to Mr. cause problems for shale gas ex- paign. Indeed, Gazprom’s fears Stavytsky, France “is dependant traction and prolong project on nuclear energy… so they lob- deadlines. bied the decision (to ban shale gas Shale gas extraction in extraction in France – ed.) in Geopolitical aspects Ukraine could change the their parliament.” Russia’s criti- America’s growing interest in cism is ever more surprising as shale gas extraction in the EU and situation in Europe’s gas Rosneft and Gazprom Neft are Central and Eastern European market dramatically among the biggest clients of Sch- countries vulnerable to Russia’s lumberger, a company that does energy blackmailing appears are well-founded—until recently, hydrofracturing. promising. This interest is based its information campaign strug- Yet, Gazprom is likely to take on purely geopolitical and eco- gled to convince the masses that every effort to keep hold of the nomic motivations, as US compa- exploring Ukrainian shale gas Ukrainian market. With unpre- nies are the leaders in shale gas fields was economically ineffi- dictability as the key sustainable extraction and thus stand to gain cient and unpromising. Yet, one feature of the current govern-

drawing by ihor l u kianchenko by drawing the lion’s share of the market in powerful instrument tested in ment, there is no guarantee that countries like Ukraine. other European countries re- it will not suspend shale gas John Tefft, US Ambassador In 2007, mains in its arsenal: environ- projects if Russia makes gas to Ukraine, stated at the above- conventional gas cost mentalists can set public opinion price concessions. After all, the mentioned seminar that the en- $400/ against shale gas exploration, Ukrainian government has not ergy security situation could 1,000 cu m claiming that it “carries the risk completed a single energy initia- change dramatically for Ukraine of an environmental disaster in tive to decrease its dependence in the US. if preliminary estimates of its densely populated areas.” on Russia over the past two and 9.5 trillion cubic meters of shale Meanwhile, government offi- a half years. It is likely that shale gas deposits are confirmed. This By 2012, carbon fuel cials insist that the environmen- gas projects are yet another in- may transform the country from prices fell to tal aspects of hydraulic fracturing strument used by Ukraine’s rul- an importer into a significant ex- $62/ or “fracking” were analyzed thor- ers to blackmail the Kremlin and porter over the course of just a oughly as the tender was pre- Gazprom in order to secure a few years. When appointed as 1,000 cu m pared. According to a widespread significant gas discount for en- with the intensifying the US Ambassador to Ukraine, extraction of shale statement, these technologies terprises owned by Ukrainian Mr. Tefft paid special attention gas contaminate drinking water and oligarchs. № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|23 economics|what's wrong with public spending in ukraine The National Budget and Bureaucratic Brazenness The Ukrainian government is taking money out of the real economy – the receipts of the national budget increased much faster than Ukraine’s GDP in 2010-12 drawing by ihor l u kianchenko by drawing

Author: very year the Finance Minis- various channels. There is not beyond national markers and bor- Volodymyr try answers a number of enough money to satisfy appetites, ders. Think about the experience Lanovy, questions. The key one is: so some agencies clash fiercely of Sweden, France, Italy, Germany President of EHow can we take as much over who gets the bigger share. To and other European countries the Center for money as possible from the econ- them, obtaining a bigger piece of which embraced social ideas in the Market omy? Bureaucrats have argued the budget pie means having more 1970s through the 1980s and in- Reforms that this is necessary to meet social influence on society, making the creased bureaucrats’ financial needs. The second most important staff more dependent on their de- clout. Their national budgets objective is maximising spending cisions and increasing their power. reached over 50% of their GDP at on government purchases. The ar- At this point opportunities arise to the time. This led to slower devel- gument is that the budget should manipulate things, particularly tax opment, unprecedented levels of not be spent on consumption regulations. Bureaucrats know no unemployment and the devalua- needs; rather, it has to be used to limits; they do not consider any- tion of their national currencies. develop the economy. Next comes one equal to themselves. But these Sweden is often held up as an ex- increased spending on bureaucrats priorities are harmful to the econ- ample of an ideal socialist model, themselves. This process is usually omy. but its GDP fell, the budget deficit not discussed openly: money is al- Maximising money extra­ reached 13-14% of the GDP and located in seemingly unrelated cted from the real sector is the unemployment exploded from 1.5 budget lines and comes through first and foremost task that goes to 13 per cent for four years run- 24|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 what's wrong with public spending in ukraine|economics ning, starting from 1990. All of ernment bonds. These monetary banking system plunged into a Western Europe eventually cast off instruments are outside the budget critical condition: a lack of pay- paternalism and did so in a reso- and are used by the government ment instruments propelled the The National Budget and lute fashion. Nevertheless, the with no need for parliamentary ap- interest rates from 2-4 per cent to budget models of European states proval. Banks that were nation- 20-30 per cent in two years. On are still more social than those in alised after they went bust during the corporate crediting market, the southeastern Asia or North Amer- the crisis were found to be useful Cabinet of Ministers drove up the ica. for these transactions. They sell interest rates to 35-40 per cent – Bureaucratic Brazenness The Ukrainian government is government bonds and lend finan- something we have not seen in the taking money out of the real econ- cial resources thus attained to con- past decade. A deficit of loans omy – the receipts of the national tractors working on government- halted the redistribution of capital budget increased much faster than commissioned construction proj- among sectors and preserved the Ukraine’s GDP in 2010-12 (see ects or use them to cover the debts old structure of the economy, Inadequate dynamics). Ways of government corporations. The while the extra-high interest rates in which the government can fill Stabilization Fund is in its essence devoured corporate profits. the budget are well-known: tax re- no different than a budget deficit. Foreign loans have also been ceipts and non-tax duties; failure Government loans taken out with- overblown – they jumped from $5 to reimburse of the VAT to export- out any supervision are another billion to $6.2 billion in 2009-10. ers; internal and foreign loans (to trick used by bureaucrats to, This money was used to fix the im- finance outrageous deficits of na- among other things, underreport balance between the country’s for- tional budgets); sale, rent or prof- the budget deficit. In fact, transac- eign-currency income and ex- itable use of government assets tions with money held in this fund penses. The illusion of a budget (enterprises, real estate, shares of contradict the Constitution, but surplus was created. In 2010 and stock, foreign currency, etc.). this legal and economic violation the first half of 2011, the NBU re- The tax ordeals have already persists. ported growing foreign currency been analysed, but the current Living on credit leads to a bad reserves. But the government’s ex- leaders crave more. They have cessive appetite for international continued the policy of taking over 40% loans drove up the interest rate on out extraordinary loans and of national wealth sovereign Eurobonds (up to 11-12 have driven short-term na­ per cent) and blocked access to tional debt to unacceptable is now being wasted this market for private Ukrainian heights, plunging the state into companies. the so-called debt trap. In 2009- ending and paying the interest In 2012, Ukraine must pay off 10, the budget deficit amounted to rates we are paying now is a recipe the debts it has accumulated, and around one-third of its spending, for disaster. The process started in the volume of excessive (deficit) while the total amount of loans ob- 2011 and will peak in 2012. An- budget financing has to be greatly tained by or with the involvement other negative consequence is that reduced. This year, nearly UAH of the government was UAH 100 most of the loans were provided by 100 billion (about UAH 90 billion billion and UAH 140 billion, re- Ukrainian banks. So if the govern- in 2011) must be spent to pay off spectively. Ukraine’s budget deficit In 2009-10, the bud- ment had not obtained them, this earlier debts and interest. The was around 9-10 per cent of its get deficit amounted money would have gone to the real Ukrainian government plans to at- to around 1/3 of pub- economy, helping it to grow. More- tract new loans in sufficient GDP in these years, similar to the lic spending, while situation in the USA and France. the total amount of over, crediting of enterprises is a amounts to finance the payment But Ukraine is not like any of these loans obtained by or process in which financial institu- and servicing of the total national with the involvement two countries: they received 2-3 of the government tions select the most efficient sec- debt. The budget deficit is pro- per cent loans that would mature was tors and projects. It helps carry out jected at UAH 45 billion. Thus, the in 15-30 years, while Ukraine took UAH structural changes in capital distri- country needs a total of some UAH out short-term foreign-currency bution and thus improve the na- 140 billion in additional resources. 100bn loans with sky-high interest rates. and tional economy. Now these pro- Ukraine is in a fix: sources of fi- The example of “older brothers” UAH cesses are postponed indefinitely. nancing are lacking; credit ratings inspired other countries – hope- There have been also other are going down; and the debt is 140bn, lessly indebted nations like Greece, respectively negative consequences. Under growing due to higher interest Portugal and Ireland – to take government pressure and in the rates. Ukraine has essentially anti-crisis measures. They cranked absence of alternatives financial crossed the critical line after which up financing of budget deficits up institutions were forced to set un- new loans are not available in vol- to 11-14 per cent. The results are justifiably low loan interest rates: umes that would suffice to pay off well-known. 6-7 per cent in hryvnias did not and service old debts. As it But ingenious government of- permit them to match the real searches for money, the govern- ficials in Ukraine came up with an- value of resources. At the time, the ment cuts the financing of current other, more refined way to extract NBU’s interest rate fluctuated be- needs and, as always, revises its resources for bureaucratic needs. tween 8 and 9.5 per cent, while social commitments. It is pre- During the 2008 crisis, a law on hryvnia deposits cost no less than sented as the heroism of power- the Stabilization Fund was 10-11 per cent. Only government- loving bureaucrats in a hardship, passed on the initiative of then owned banks were eventually as if the lack of financial resources president Viktor Yushchenko. This forced to issue cheap loans – the were generated by objective fac- law permitted attracting resources NBU supplied them with newly is- tors. What can the consequences by way of issuing and selling gov- sued hryvnias. As a result, the be? Fiscal bodies will perform № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|25 economics|what's wrong with public spending in ukraine more arm-twisting on enterprises hook or by crook. This is where try of Transport and Infrastruc- and financial institutions, and the every minister has things to do. He ture (over UAH 9 billion), compa- banking and credit market will be needs to find the “right” suppliers nies run by the Ministry of Energy bled white due to excessive bor- and contractors and make as much (over UAH 11 billion), and so on. rowing by the government. Also, ministerial money flow to them Money flows with little or nothing the NBU may turn on the money under contracts as possible. More- to show for it. This is not surpris- presses if the budget is under-ful- over, businessmen have infiltrated ing, because part of it fails to be filled, and the expected conse- government structures, so there is spent on services, and govern- quences in terms of inflation will no need to search for anyone: they ment orders sometimes fail to be result. have their own companies that fulfilled. And who can control the Another utterly harmful way to play solo at one-participant com- execution? Ministries and other increase budget receipts is unreg­ petitions to place government or- government agencies? One hand ulated use of profits gener­ With no money ders. washes the other. ated by government-owned going into the In 2011, salaries in the educa- Moreover, there is a trend for enterprises and the income Stabilization Fund, tion system and health care and government purchases to concen- the economy will from their privatization. The receive at least ordinary pensions were frozen to trate in the centre with central government had a burning desire UAH fulfil this task. (The government government bodies placing orders to build stadiums, hotels, airports backed down only after govern- for increasingly pompous projects. 25bn and highways with budget money. more per annum ment buildings were picketed.) This coincided with Euro 2012 The national budget is not accu- (1.6% of GDP) Later, in the second half of 2011, preparations, but megalomania is mulating resources for this pur- payments to Chornobyl disaster still there to be seen. Furthermore, pose, and private funds should victims, Afghan war veterans and not all projects are connected to have been the source of invest- “children of the war” were re- the football championship. Ger- ment. But, this is not a problem for duced. It is easy to see that social man economist Walter Eucken the current leadership. It took payments are going to be further once noted: “Where a centralised away profits from state-owned curtailed as national budget re- administration is largely in charge companies as if they were their ceipts go down. of the economy, gigantic invest- private property and channeled What is wrong with bigger vol- ment objects are usually con- them into projects that the power- umes of government purchases? structed. This was the case in Ger- wielding clan needs. That these ac- many after 1936, in Russia after tions undermine the financial con- 1928 and in such dissimilar societ- dition and harm the companies the current leadership ies as the Inca Empire … and An- (and their counterparties) is of no took away profits from cient Egypt.” The megalomania concern to anyone. Ukrtransgaz is that devours huge sums of money a vivid case in point. The company state-owned companies hampers development by diverting manages the country’s main gas as if they were their private resources away from other social transportation system and secures needs. Schools and hospitals are gas delivery to Europe. It reaps property and channeled no longer a priority. significant profits but cannot, as is them into projects that the Finally, the third objective known, finance upgrading and fix- pursued by bureaucrats is in­ ing the gas transport system, be- power-wielding clan needs creasing spending on their cause its profits are used in a non- own official needs and per­ transparent system arranged for Even discounting corruption sonal welfare. The government Naftogaz Ukrainy, a company that (which leads to overpriced prod- keeps setting records in financing is formally operating at a loss. ucts and services and wasted bud- its needs: spending on government A different principle reigns in get resources which go into private agencies has been growing at a privatization: no-one cares about pockets), these orders are ineffi- much higher rate than budget re- money; government-owned com- A ban on subsidising cient. Government officials that ceipts. The power structures – panies are sold for less than half of unprofitable state- manage budget money are, by defi- prosecutors’ offices, the police, the their value; ownership rights are owned and commu- nition, pseudo-customers: they security service, the tax adminis- nal enterprises will transferred to the “correct” people. save up to place orders on behalf of the state tration and the Presidential Ad- The main thing is for the proce- UAH and pay with money that is not ministration – lead the pack. (This dure to be absolutely legal. Unde- theirs. Thus, the quality of goods list does not include lavish decora- 40 bn sirable potential bidders are dis- (2.7% of GDP) and services is usually unaccept- tion of housing and aircraft for top qualified through specially formu- able. If the contractor is a govern- officials.) Despite an existing bud- lated conditions, and privatization ment-owned company, the unex- get deficit, spending on power auctions turn into a farce. acting nature of the customer is structures has been increasing This is how they are ruling – multiplied by the irresponsibility nearly 50 per cent a year. Whence fleecing some and giving gifts to of the contractor. this generosity? What have they others. Moving like a bull in a What are the main contractors done to deserve it, and does it re- china shop, they are ruining busi- for the Cabinet of Ministers? veal the priorities of the govern- nesses and squandering finances These are state-owned companies ment? Other government agencies and social wealth. such as Ukravtodor (received – financial, industrial and agricul- The second most impor­ some UAH 9 billion of budget tural –are not far behind. It ap- tant task for bureaucrats is to money in 2011), Ukrzaliznytsia pears that bureaucrats have sensed channel budget money into (Ukrainian RailWay) and other that the pendulum of power has government purchases by companies managed by the Minis- swung from democracy to bureau- 26|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 what's wrong with public spending in ukraine|economics cracy and want to compensate for INADEQUATE DYNAMICS Reduced government spend- what they was unable to obtain Growth pace for key macroeconomic indicators in % ing needs to be coupled with sev- earlier. Interestingly, spending in eral measures in the interests of public administration offices is go- society. First, less money should ing up, but the government claims to be taken out of market circula- that the number of government tion by lowering the budget to

employees and their total pay are 114 23-24 per cent of GDP. This will 126.6 124.5 121.9 122.6 being reduced. This may be mere 119.9 permit relieving fiscal pressure populism, or the government may and introducing a defined con- not want to share with ordinary 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 tributed pension system. Second, people of which there is an abun- it is worthwhile to start spending dance in the government appara- Nominal GDP Public revenue Public spending two to three times more on hu- tus. man development: education, Thus, the current budget redis- science, culture, computer sci- tribution model can best be char- The share of government ence, health care, environment acterised in such terms as hyper- purchases in budget ex­ and the housing and communal centralised, brazen, parasitic and penses and Ukraine’s GDP services sector all of which are unjustifiably spending-heavy. should be reduced by half or now neglected. Third, a much Unfortu­­na­­tely, it drives out com- two-thirds and later set on the smaller share of corrupt budget petitive companies by preferring European level of no more than transactions will help reduce so- only certain structures and figures. two per cent of the GDP. To this cial differentiation. Fundamentally, this is a pro-crisis, end, the functions of clients and Budget spending cuts in un- deficit-based model which limits, contractors in special industrial, productive areas could yield stun- in any macroeconomic conditions, large infrastructure and road con- ning results: opportunities for productive accu- struction should be delegated to Debt management optimiza- mulation of capital, its structural the private sector. Government tion will reduce expenses from modernization and efficient use. monopolies should be divided UAH 100 billion to UAH 55-60 bil- Structural changes in into 10-15 independent regional lion (which will save 2.7-2.8 per Ukraine’s budget system that companies which ought to be cent of GDP). would greatly relieve financial placed in a competitive context. With no money going into the stress and minimise this system’s Stabilization Fund, the economy negative impact on the economy will receive at least UAH 25 billion can be summed up as follows: Government monopolies more per annum (1.6 per cent of A lower budget share in should be divided into 10-15 GDP). the country’s GDP. This means A ban on financing budget def- cutting government loans, no de- independent regional icit with receipts from privatiza- lays in VAT compenzation, pay- companies which ought tion will yield UAH 10 billion or ment of accumulated VAT arrears, 0.7 per cent of GDP. Transparent more modest government pur- to be placed in a privatization auction procedures chases, no subsidies to unprofit- competitive context will bring another UAH 8-10 bil- able state-owned companies (in- lion (0.7 per cent of GDP). cluding utilities companies and the Government purchases of more A ban on subsidising unprofit- coal mining industry) and lower than one million hryvnias should able state-owned and communal expenses on material, technical be placed through a bidding pro- enterprises will save up to UAH 40 and social provision for govern- cedure. Competitions need to be billion (2.7 per cent of GDP). ment apparatus members. held to reduce costs and so on. Decreased financing of govern- The Stabilization Fund, which Demonopolised state-ow­ ment purchases will free UAH 40- increases the national debt in a ned corporations should be 50 billion (3.0-3.8 per cent of non-transparent way, should be privatised through an open GDP). scrapped and the government pro- procedure by way of selling Less spending on the bureau- hibited from using sovereign loans shares of stock in separate pack- cratic apparatus will bring UAH to pay the debts incurred by state- ages at international auctions. Ar- 8-10 billion (0.6-0.7 per cent of Ukraine’s projected GDP in owned corporations and banks. Total budget spend- tificial limitations for participants A non-deficit budget definitely ing will be at about and transfer of controlling interest 2012). needs to be adopted. After our UAH should be banned. Timely and Thus, the overall savings may trade balance and the balance of complete information delivery reach UAH 190-200 billion (12.7- 450bn payments are fixed, we need to (29-30% about privatization processes has 13.3 per cent of GDP). To compare, have a surplus budget, which will of GDP) in 2012 to be secured. total budget spending will be at permit us to gradually pay off for- The share of spending on about UAH 450 billion (29-30 eign debts, give the economy more government apparatus in the per cent of GDP) in 2012. This investment and credit resources budget should be reduced ev­ means that over 40 per cent and reduce our foreign national ery year. To this end, regulations of national wealth is now be­ debt and expenses on its servicing. need to be introduced that govern ing wasted! Together with fi­ National debt management their calculation. Government nancing sovereign debt liabil­ needs to be optimised, above all, bodies should be stripped of the ities, this accounts for nearly through restructuring our current right to incur capital expenses ev- 60 per cent of the national commitments. ery year. budget. № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|27 investigation|human trafficking Elusive Slave Owners Why do human traffickers continue The human trafficking scheme to enjoy impunity? for sexual exploitation abroad and its weak spots Author: the partner. A woman who ac- Taras Zozulinsky cepted the offer received an invita- tion from Pavelas Latyshevas, an- he Department for Combat- other Lithuanian-based criminal, to ing Organized Crime has re- get a visa to Europe. Owner/Organizer ported yet another success: it He drew up labour contracts to Thas disbanded a large human employ Ukrainian women as danc- trafficking group in the Kyiv ers and masseuses. The girls signed Oblast. Based on the latest data, up with two companies. One was the criminals sold at least 40 Kristall owned by Pavelas Latyshe- women to brothels abroad. Every vas. The other company was called year, Ukrainian police initiate Cananga Personal Services CJSC, Overseers/Managers nearly 50 criminal cases involving also owned by Mr. Latyshevas. human trafficking for sexual ex- Ukrainian law enforcement officers ploitation abroad. Most cases end sent several requests to Interpol and up in court and the guilty are im- the relevant authorities in Lithuania prisoned. However, nobody knows but did not receive much help from exactly how many human traffick- their foreign colleagues. Transporters Recruiters ers escape punishment. Another problem is that the key people be- UNDERFUNDED LAW hind the “export” of Ukrainian ENFORCEMENT women are often beyond Ukrainian Law enforcement officers claim that Viims/Potential jurisdiction. Therefore, recruiters finding all the international human viims Application and transporters are the ones that trafficking links is a great challenge of a viim end up behind bars, while the real for them. One police officer with sig- after her return from bosses remain in the shadow. nificant experience in similar cases slavery spoke to The Ukrainian Week THE PhANTOMS off the record. He believes that a lot The verdict against Andrius Mikule- of the problems of solving such nis, a German citizen, and Olha crimes lie in legislation: it bans any Reznikova, his Lviv-based compan- search and investigation actions ion, came into effect last year. They abroad; working with foreign law were convicted for the repeated at- enforcement officers is often diffi- tempt to drag Ukrainian women cult, and the multilevel system for Law enforcement into prostitution in German broth- the approval of international orders officers (MIA and SBU) els. Officially working as a business slows down the collection of data on advisor, Mikulenis traveled to foreign parties to a case. Moreover, Aivities Ukraine on a regular basis and of- there is a lack of funds for trips of the criminals fered women work as prostitutes. abroad or the translation of ques- or claims Olha Reznikova helped him. tions and answers. of the viims Mikulenis was sentenced to four “For instance, the victims name years in jail while Olha was given a several pimps in the Czech Repub- four-year suspended sentence. In lic,” the police officer expands. “We local police only ask the questions fact, the direct executors were pun- get their photographs and ad- we stipulate. But what matters, is ished, rather than the organizers of dresses. I go to Prague. The only the extra information that is learned the scams. A man known as Hans place where I can collect evidence is during the interrogation process, Mayer played an important role in on the territory of the Ukrainian which give rise to more questions.” Mikulenis’ scheme. He launched an Consulate, but the Czech police were Even the procedure for establish- extensive online advertising cam- unable to bring the suspects to me.” ing data on foreigners is extremely paign. “Attractive uninhibited girls The only option for the police is complex because of Ukrainian legis- are invited to work at a prestigious to email Interpol and the local po- lation. For example, an international club in Germany. A good salary is lice, asking them to question specific order has to go through several offered. Those interested in the of- people on specific details. “But those phases of approval, including a local fer can meet with my business part- who will perform the orders don’t law enforcement office, the Ministry ner.” This was the announcement know all details of the case,” the po- of the Interior and General Prosecu- was posted on dating sites and vari- lice officer says. “What we ask of tor’s Office. The reply requires an ous forums. Andrius Mikulenis was them is usually done formally: the identical procedure. At each level, the 28|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 human trafficking|investigation order can be returned to the investi- gator with comments. If this hap- pens, the entire procedure starts all over again. The result – answers to international orders take a long time, but the criminal case needs to be sub- mitted to court. Therefore, investiga- tors compile materials on cases re- lated to suspects located abroad into separate proceedings, that are often “frozen” for years. THE UNTOUCHABLE CYPRIOTS Mariana Korytych was recently tried in Lviv. She was found guilty of human trafficking. The lady sent two girls from Lviv into sex- ual slavery. There may have been more, but charges were only proved on these two. Teofil Osadets, a lawyer for one of the victims, says that the two girls, who were friends, were met at the airport in the self-proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cy- prus. Joined by other girls, they got bodies can do anything about him. abroad more and more often, says into a small bus that took them to a Why? The response from Interpol – Ihor Hnat, Director of the Regional doctor for an examination. Later, “This territory is under the control Center for Social Adjustment char- the girls ended up at a night club of the Turkish Army”. ity. Together with his associates, Mr. outside of town. In the evenings, Hnat rescues Ukrainian women they would do a striptease and were THE VICTIM’S FAULT from sexual slavery. forced to work as prostitutes after “Criminal cases on sexual exploita- “There are Ukrainian girls in 11 p.m. 15 women worked in this tion are often not initiated at all or Europe, the Middle East and Africa fashion at any given time. closed before reaching the court,” who never voluntarily agreed to The organizers told the girls that says Olena Kalbus, a psychologist at prostitution; they worked as maids, they owed them USD 5,000 for the West-Ukrainian Center “Wom- dishwashers, housekeepers or took travel and employment costs. After en’s Prospects”. “The victims are re- care of elderly people.” he says. that, they would impose fines for luctant to contact the police – they “They eventually became trapped in lame reasons to boost the debt. They fear publicity and the fact that their the snares of people, who make huge would go to clients with guards. One family, friends and the public will profits from prostitution. The latter of the girls ended up suffering from find out about their involvement in have many ways of making a woman nervous breakdowns and psychosis. prostitution. Many fear revenge on work in the sex industry, ranging She was given a ticket and sent back the part of the criminals.” from the getting them into debt, to to Ukraine. However, she was The criminals keep inventing threats and fraud.” warned that if she told the police new schemes. Several years ago, “Selling women to perverts is an- anything, her friend would only be girls would go abroad en masse, al- other type of human trafficking,” Mr. found in pieces. legedly under student exchange pro- Hnat laments. “The pervery plays Mariana Korotych was punished, grammes. College, vocational school with her and you never know what but the brothel for which she re- and lyceum students majoring in happens next. He can sell her on to cruited women continues to operate tourism or hotel management were someone else, lose her in a poker and new slaves are heading there. forced into prostitution during their game or kill her. We rescued Svit­­lana The club is called “Sexy Lady”. Lo- internship programmes. Now, ever (the name has been changed) from a cated on the outskirts of Gerolakkos, more often, human traffickers use pervert in a European country. He a village near Nicosia, it is owned by marriage agencies as a cover. kept her chained and abused her Khakki Beiaz. A man called Tahir is “People profiting from sexual while recording everything on video. the contact person for recruiters in exploitation abroad are wealthy and We broke into the house and found Cyprus. Khakan Samerli (Surmeli) is can afford experienced lawyers,” her chained, but how can the sadist Beiaz’s right-hand man. He meets Olena Kalbus notes. “They can easily be brought to justice? We entered his the girls at the airport, takes them for “ruin” criminal cases by putting con- apartment illegally. We couldn’t wait medical examinations, imposes fines tinuous pressure on the victims, us- any longer because he was about to and beats them. ing their alleged voluntary decision take Svitlana elsewhere. So what if Interpol reported the following: as an excuse. The lawyers play on we had a huge bag with videos of re- “It has been established that Khakki the feeling of guilt experienced by corded abuse – it was collected ille- Beiaz forces Ukrainian women into most victims of sexual exploitation.” gally! The pervert would avoid pun- prostitution. He is also accused of It is also difficult to identify all ishment if we went to the police. I, drug dealing.” But neither the the links of human trafficking be- on the other hand, would be crimi- Ukrainian police, nor international cause victims are being recruited nally liable.” № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|29 society|tools against discrimination Speaking up for your mother tongue

A number of Ukrainians successfully defend their language rights by using their knowledge of the law

Author: Valeria Burlakova

ccording to law, the lan- guage used by employees in government institu- Ations, stores, coffee shops, etc. has to be Ukrainian or some other language acceptable to both sides (see Expert opinion). “This means Ukrainian by default. And only if the client suddenly decides that he should be addressed in a different language – and if it is an acceptable option, say, for wait- ers – he can receive services in a foreign language,” Yuriy Far- tushny, lawyer for the Don’t Be Indifferent! mo­­vement, explains. He says that it is sometimes enough to simply ask the other person to switch to Ukrainian and thus assure your language rights are respected. Queuing for coffee A reporter of The Ukrainian Week asked five police officers in Kyiv for directions in Ukrainian and heard back in the same lan- guage from two of them. Salespeo- ple in randomly selected shops were not very disappointing, either. In contrast, eateries that have only Russian-language menus are on ev- ery corner in Kyiv, such as the Para- sol café on Pestel Str. However, a waitress there easily switched to Ukrainian. When asked to bring a menu in Ukrainian, she apologised and explained that they do not have any and offered her services as an interpreter. Volunteers of the Don’t Be Indifferent! movement have col- lected many such stories. The 30|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 tools against discrimination|society Speaking up for your mother tongue

movement has successfully mon- itored cafés, bars and restau- rants for the past two years to see if they keep the law on lan- guages. Hanna, a student volun- teer, returned to the Turgenef restaurant where language rights were earlier violated, as the movement found indicated in the customer feedback book. The ad- ministration had ignored the complaint and the restaurant’s menu is still in Russian. They promised to introduce a Ukrai- nian-language one after Euro 2012, saying that a number of foreigners are going to come for the championship who “don’t understand it.” The staff has yet to learn to speak Ukrainian. In contrast, the menu in the Fried Potatoes bistro is in Ukrai- nian, and the staff welcomes cli- ents also in Ukrainian. At the same time, a weird mixture of lan- guages is used in its bills. But they contain the name and surname of the person who served the client, so the latter can easily identify a staff member if he decides to complain. If the staff refuses to speak to you in Ukrainian and re- quests have no effect, there are other ways of putting on pressure. “You can simply talk to the owner of the café in question,” Fartushny continues. “About 60 per cent of eateries change the situation partly or completely af- ter our volunteer visits them or makes an entry in their customer feedback book. After all, there is protection of consumer rights. And there will be a reaction from relevant government bodies.” There is also the option of going to court… The Don’t Be Indifferent mo­­ vement inspected and monitored over 200 restaurants, and the re- sults show language legislation violations in 72 per cent of cases in 2010 and 64 per cent in 2011. In other words, the situation im- proved by 8 per cent. Fines against bureaucrats Ukrainian-speaking citizens often face linguistic discrimination. № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|31 society|tools against discrimination Ma­­­­ny of them defend their rights on their own. Anatoliy Ilchenko, an elderly man from Mykolaiv, won a number of lawsuits against local officials who refused to speak Ukrainian to him. They had to pay large fines. However, some- times judges ruled in their favour on absurd arguments, such as “Russian has a ‘special status’” or “it does not belong in the same company as other languages”. Ilchenko tells about one such case: “The city council held a mass event towards Mykolaiv Libera- tion Day. Everything was in Rus- sian there. I sued them, asking to refrain from speaking in public in a foreign language without inter- preting so that I could under-­­ stand what officials say. Judge Spinchevska turned down my lawsuit, because ‘there is no direct prohibition in legislation to use other languages’. But no such pro- hibition is needed, because Ukrai- nian is the working language of the central government and local governments.” He says it is quite difficult to fight for citizen rights in Myko- laiv: “Ukrainians have forgotten that they are Ukrainians. We do not respect ourselves, so who will respect us?” He recommends those who face linguistic discrimi- nation to “at least file a complaint to a prosecutor’s office.” Odesa-based journalist Vira Hruzova was told to go to “her Ukrainian-speaking Lviv” and heard other offensive language from another Odesa resident, blogger Vsevolod Nepohodin. But she believes that it is not that dif- ficult to be a speaker of Ukrainian in this city where even the munic- ipal authorities use only Russian. The problem is, she says, that “not every person you come across here is tolerant to language.” “Citizens outraged by the fact that officials in the city council speak to them exclusively in Rus- sian come to my office fairly of- ten,” says Odesa-based human 1Dmitri Tabachnik, rights activist Oleksandr Slavsky. A World Without ulty in Illia Mechnikov Odesa Na- Tetiana Ponomarenko, teach in “They also take exception to the Ukraine? tional University, says. “In other Russian as a matter of principle. fact that government officials re- Daria Dontsova, A words, they understand that they “You need to submit a writ- Lady With Stockings act in a bad way to the state lan- The Beast are supposed to deliver lectures ten complaint to the rector’s of- guage or speak disparagingly A Murder of KGB in the state language but are not fice of the education institution Agent about it.” The Quiet Nights of doing it. Their language some- and request that classes be “Teachers often teach in Rus- Siberia times sounds funny – we even taught in Ukrainian,” attorney sian but note: If the head of the prompt them. Sometimes they Antonina Krushynska recom- department comes, we will con- ask us ourselves: Now what’s this mends. “If there is no reaction, tinue in Ukrainian,” Hanna, a word?” Hanna says that two you need to write to a director- student at the Philological Fac- teachers, Halyna Yarotska and ate of the Ministry of Education 32|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 tools against discrimination|society expert opinion Nations don't die of a heart attack. How Ukrainian speakers can defend their They forget their language first linguistic rights Ukraine has sufficient legislation Lina Kostenko to enable an ordinary Ukrainian to defend his linguistic rights if need be. A Constitutional Court and say something to this effect: sian with bosses from Moscow, of Ukraine decision of 14 Decem- Classes are being taught in Rus- English with English customers ber 1999 says that Ukrainian as sian at our faculty, which con- and Ukrainian with Ukrainians the state language is a manda- tradicts Article 10 of the Consti- in the Kyiv office.” She did not tory means of communication tution. Please take measures in get the job. across the territory of the country order to influence the adminis- If you have problems with job for government bodies and local tration.” Liudmyla Klochko of placement because you speak self-government bodies in per- the Kharkiv Human Rights Ukrainian, a lawsuit is a feasible forming their functions, as well Group says a written complaint option. “This can be a civil case,” as in other public spheres of social life established by should also be filed to the prose- Klochko explains. “But I have to law. The services sector is one such public spheres and cutor’s office in such cases. note that every person who files a is governed by the laws “On the Protection of Con- Stories about job applicants lawsuit must also provide evi- sumer Rights” and “On Languages in the Ukrainian being rejected for speaking dence. You need to make an au- SSR” and other regulations. Under Article 17 of the Ukrainian rarely become public dio or video recording of you be- Law “On Languages in the Ukrainian SSR”, Ukrainian knowledge. Probably the only ing rejected precisely because of or another language acceptable to both sides is used high-profile exceptions are the the language you speak. Alterna- in all areas in which services are offered to citizens. cases of Olena Voronova, Yulia tively, you need to find witnesses In other words, under the law, employees in the ser- Skoroda and Dina Antoshchenko. who will be willing to come to the vices sector must use Ukrainian in talking to cus- However, there are many more court hearing.” More likely than tomers. When meeting and communicating with cli- ents, they must welcome them, offer dishes and menus, etc. in Ukrainian, and switch to a foreign language only upon request. But in this case they are not obliged to switch to a foreign language. They have the right to do so and may use it if doing so is acceptable to them. Moreover, under the Law “On the Protection of Con- sumer Rights”, when a client purchases, orders or uses products sold in the territory of Ukraine to meet his personal needs, he has the right to ade- quate quality. Services have adequate quality if they meet the demands contained in legal regulations. Services that violate effective laws cannot meet quality standards. Under the same law, consumers have the right to receive necessary, accessible, truthful and timely in- formation about products that will enable them to make informed and competent choices. This infor- mation must be provided to the consumer before he purchases a product or orders a service. It should be done according to the law on languages, i.e., in Ukrainian. In this way, the law establishes that a cli- ent in a restaurant must be welcomed in Ukrainian, attended to in Ukrainian and receive a Ukrainian- language menu and bill. If the above requirements are not met, the customer can make an entry to this effect in the customer feed- back book and request that violations be eliminated. such stories. Olha, who lives in not, an employer sued this way The administration of the institution then must look Kyiv, tells hers: “An HR woman will have to revise its position into the issue and take the necessary steps to remove in one company talked to me ex- and also pay you damages. violations. If this does not happen, the Directorate clusively in Russian and ex- However, the linguistic prob- for Consumer Right Protection is the agency to turn plained that this is the language lem in the corporate sector is, in to. Similar legal argumentation concerning the use to be used in their company be- fact, local. Many recruiting agen- of Ukrainian and the order of steps taken in cases cause its bosses are in Moscow. I cies note that most employers tol- when linguistic rights are violated can also be em- asked her whether there was any- erate Ukrainian and there is an ployed in other areas of social life. one from Moscow in their Kyiv increasing number of job descrip- Yuriy Fartushny, office. No, she said. Then I em- tions that indicate: “Fluency in lawyer of the Don’t Be Indifferent phasised that I would speak Rus- Ukrainian is a plus.” civic movement № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|33 society|how russification affects ukraine When Language Matters

Interviewer: Hanna Trehub Slavist Yuri Shevchuk Photo: on conventional and Andriy Lomakin new scenarios of n late May, Yuri Shevchuk, a assimilation, well-known Slavist, lecturer in Russification and a Ukrainian at Columbia Uni- Iversity and Harvard Summer pretense statehood School, and the founder of Ukrai- nian Film Club at Columbia Uni- versity, currently the only perma- nent forum for Ukrainian films in North America, delivered open lectures on ‘Russification in Uk­­ raine: Traditions and Innova- tions’, at Lviv and Kyiv ‘Ye’ Book- stores under the ‘New Trends: So- ciety, Politics and Culture’ proj- ect. During his visit to Ukraine, Mr. Shevchuk found the time to talk to The Ukrainian Week. Imperialistic Heritage UW: Why, after the USSR col- lapsed, is Ukraine still undergo- ing the forced imposition of the Russian language as a dividing element? This is not happening in other post-soviet republics, other than maybe Belarus. – I would add Kazakhstan to Ukraine and Belarus. It also has a huge problem of Russified cul- ture, language and mindset. The imperialistic policy has been so successful in Ukraine and a fail- ure in virtually all other FSU countries for a number of reasons. Firstly, Ukraine spent much more time under Russian occupation and its assimilation policy was implemented on a massive scale, consistently and often violently. Secondly, Ukraine lacks a strong national elite with enough eco- nomic importance to conduct a cultural and language policy of its own, unlike Poland. Thirdly, the myth about how much Ukrainian and Belarusian language, civiliza- tion and mindset have in common with those of Russia was always widely promoted until it was so deeply entrenched in local’s minds it undermined the ability to resist the expansion. Russian imperialism used as- similation tools against the Ukrainian language that would 34|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 how russification affects ukraine|society never have worked with Baltic quired bureaucrats to learn Ukrai- feed us with slogans, such as “I and Caucasian languages. Yuri nian over the next 10 years. This like any language as long as it’s Sheveliov called them the ‘tools never happened because pretense Russian.” Bilingualism is pure of internal pressure’ on the lan- independence evolved instead, ac- assimilation, a way of speaking guage that penetrate its system, companied by a pretense language just one language, and Russifica- syntax, phonetics and vocabulary policy and pretense state. It had tion in the case of Ukraine. We’re which is the least resistant to as- all the necessary attributes, in- being imposed what I and many similation processes. He quali- cluding the national anthem, co- others call language Schizophre- fied the intrusion as the original lours, bureaucrats, president and nia, whereby Ukrainians hear invention of Russian imperial- the army, yet it was essentially people speak Ukrainian, and ism. Great Britain, Spain or ruled by Kravchuk and Kuchma, other languages, chaotically France had never thought of un- the old red communists. Red di- within just one minute of a TV dermining the languages of na- rectors see this culture and the show. As a result, each language tions they colonized from inside. statehood idea as something spoken is primitive and poor. The Russian imperialists are ex- deeply hostile and alien, not just host, who is a native speaker of tremely effective at this, causing strange. What they suddenly real- Russian, speaks it naturally, some far-reaching impacts. One ized, though, was that they could while Russian-speaking hosts is making many Ukrainians be- get windfall profits from this. who speak Ukrainian on TV look lieve that their language is just a All Western policy analysts I like they are turning their brain distorted, unoriginal and poor have heard or read said that the inside out trying to translate copy of the Russian language. Ukrainian political elite lacks the their Russian language thoughts ability to think in terms of the into Ukrainian. The result is a UW: What are the most popular hybrid, a simulacrum that dis- scenarios of cultural and lan- gusts and repulses the mass of guage assimilation in the old Ukrainian political elite the audience, rather than appeals empires: Great Britain, Spain lacks the ability to think in to it. That is the policy russifiers and France? How similar is the pursue on Ukrainian TV and ra- Russian model? terms of the state dio. Actually, they are brilliant at – External pressures on lan- it. Notably, people who would guages, including first and fore- state and has zero ambition to hardly qualify as cultural canni- most bans and punishment for leave something other than the bals participate in this Schizo- using the language. This is fol- statistics of their personal enrich- phrenia enthusiastically. They lowed by the shaping of a cultural ment in history. These are its two are the nation’s leading writers and language environment where key features and typical for each and intellectuals who agree to be- symbolic capital accumulates on and every Ukrainian president. ing spoken to in Russian on the basis of the dominating lan- Ukrainian media. I must say that guage alone. Knowing and speak- Language quasi-policy in other places where the lan- ing the language of the metropo- UW: How does the world see bi- guages of colonizers and the colo- lis opened ways to join the em- lingualism? Why is Ukrainian bi- nized are in tight contact with pire, get in the game and have lingualism that you call ‘Schizo- each other, such as Puerto-Rico, career growth (this was typical in phrenia’ dangerous for the na- Catalonia or Quebec, have no British India). No empire can tion? language Schizophrenia policy. survive without involving mem- – Ukraine is the only nation In dialogues with people who bers of the colonized community that doesn’t care what language it don’t speak Spanish, Catalonian in the mechanisms of oppression, speaks. Yet, it matters every- or Quebec French respectively, control and governance on a where else in the world, includ- their speech is dubbed into the massive scale, because the domi- ing Russia. And we are imposed a language spoken on the show. nant nation has no sufficient hu- sort of pervert internationalism The language Schizophrenia man resources to put administra- based on the wrong idea that the imposed on the entire country, in- tors everywhere. With Ukraine, language does not matter. The cluding the regions where less the tools of external pressure spin doctors of this fake interna- than 5% of the population speaks were identical to those used in tionalism which is, in fact, the Russian, leaves no Ukrainian-lan- Algeria or Morocco, by the concept of Moscow’s superiority, guage space for native speakers of French, or South Africa and India Ukrainian. The language grows by the British. BIO anemic when its native speakers Yuri Shevchuk earned his PhD in Germanic Philology at can no longer think in that lan- UW: Has Russian linguistic impe- Taras Shevchenko National University in 1987. He has been guage alone, as they do in any rialism evolved with time? What lecturing in Ukrainian at Columbia University since 2004 community that has language particular features did it develop and Harvard Summer School since 1990. He is member of freedom. With time, they lose the in the 21st century? the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian ability to create their native, not – Russifiers are definitely in- Studies; the American Association of Teachers of Slavic and translated, original neologisms East European Languages; Shevchenko Scientific Society; ventive as they keep adjusting the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences, and the National Soci- and slang, or generate their tools of assimilation and Russifi- ety of Cinematographers of Ukraine. Mr. Shevchuk pro- trendy spoken language, juicy, ap- cation to the situation in Ukraine, motes Ukrainian cinematography and culture in North pealing, exotic and unique. Yuri which has changed drastically. In America and Europe. He compiled Beginner’s Ukrainian Sheveliov once wrote that a lan- 1989, the Ukrainian SSR passed (Hippocrene Books, Inc. New York, 2011), the latest interac- guage without slang is doomed to the law on languages that re- tive textbook for American universities. die because slang is the zone in № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|35 society|how russification affects ukraine every language that generates new blood. Lesia Stavytska’s diction- ary of Ukrainian slang has 70- 80% of words borrowed or trans- lated from Russian. Ukrainians have no native slang that is as rich as that of Poles, Russians or Brits. In a situation where the nation’s government conducts a Ukraino- phobic and Russification policy in all areas of life, there is no lan- guage doctrine to resist this policy effectively on the scale of civil so- ciety and its cells, such as the me- dia, to create the Ukrainian-lan- guage environment that no assim- ilation could break through. Ukrainian media fails to catch new words from playgrounds, col- leges and schools, and turn them into commonly used language, unlike elsewhere in the world. I know no TV or radio channel that offers a purely Ukrainian-lan- guage product. UW: What is the difference in the policy of using a titular nation’s language in strategic areas, such as the media, the internet and books, which differs dramatically in Ukraine and the rest of the world? such as Sorbonne and the like. major in Ukrainian studies find – The policy in the West has Slavic studies in France still focus no moral or cultural support in reached the point where the state on Russian studies in the old im- anything that would signal no longer needs any mechanisms perialistic sense, wiping other cul- Ukraine’s growing importance of implementation, control, en- tures, including Ukraine’s, out of and prospects in science, diplo- couragement or sanctions for in- the interest field. The problem is macy or business careers for compliance. The USA has no law not as much in the French vision young people. on languages and no provision of of the Russian language as the Another aspect that tends to the Constitution declares English first Slavic language, as it is in the dilute the role of Ukrainian stud- as the official state language. Yet, outcome of this exceptional atten- ies is the field of studies articu- it feels reasonable in the state to tion to it that leaves all other lan- lated to present Ukrainians and not want to undermine its strate- their struggle for independence as gic role in public life or the web fascism and anti-Semitism. Some because these two aspects of a many Ukrainians are made historians and writers in the language affect each other. No to believe that their West, including those of Ukrai- one would think of placing an ad nian origin, who write on Ukrai- or a banner in French on an Eng- language is just a distorted, nian issues, oppose the study of lish-language website. People and poor copy of the ‘Holodomor’, the Famine. They just realize that it’s counterpro- claim that it cannot be compared ductive. Russian language to the Holocaust because this comparison makes the latter look Make it interesting guages behind and fuels no inter- trivial. This concept in Ukrainian UW: We often hear that Ukrai- est in them whatsoever. In this studies has much in common with nian studies are in a state of de- environment, Ukrainian studies the propaganda against the Ukrai- cline in the world right now. are pushed to the sidelines, even nian Diaspora in the West, which How true is that? though we’re talking of a 45-mil- was intensely promoted by soviet – Definitely, Ukrainian stud- lion strong nation in the country special services, where the Ukrai- ies in the West are not as impor- itself, plus another 10-15 million nian guerilla movement, the In- tant as they are in Ukraine, even people elsewhere. surgent Army or UPA, as well as though Ukraine is in Europe and Moreover, the latest political any other ways of the nation’s the world. They are in a decline. developments do not help pro- self-organization which were un- France does not have much re- mote Ukrainian studies and authorized by the Kremlin, were lated to Ukrainian studies. It has Ukrainians in the world. This is portrayed as fascist, anti-Semitic, no institutionalized research cen- not just about the lack of finan- anti-national and traitor-like ac- ters at its leading universities, cial support. Students who opt to tivities. 36|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 history|political elite Viacheslav Lypynsky: Champion of Conservatism He formulated the idea of a political nation and advocated an aristocratic path toward building a Ukrainian state Author: Ihor Hyrych

he 130th anniversary of Lypynsky’s birth went qui- etly unnoticed in Ukraine. ТMeanwhile, as a political thinker and historian, he is of par- amount importance and relevance to present-day Ukraine. Our politi- cal establishment would be well served by following his recipes for building the Ukrainian state and society. The Ukrainian revolution of 1917-18 showed that the local elite had insufficient state-building po- tential, evidenced by the collapse of Volodymyr Vynnychenko-style radical social demagoguery. Lypynsky offered a different recipe for constructing what he called a classocratic society, one of produc- ers (producer-owners) and cre- ators of settled European culture. Territorial patriotism Lypynsky contrasted social peace with class struggle, social revolu- tion, and the power of the crowd over the individual. “We lost the armed struggle but we will not lose Ukraine if we can recruit both the wealthy and poor to the idea of a successful Ukrainian sate,” Lypyn- sky stated. There is no irreconcil- able social antagonism between the poor and the rich. On the con- trary, there is common interest in the prosperity of their country. In contemporary terms, Lypynsky was a champion of the middle class. Ukrainians have been trapped with the image of themselves as a peasant nation since time imme- morial. Lypynsky formulated a postulate of territorial patriotism that served as the prototype for a political nation that unites people not so much by ethnicity as by common territory. Ukrainian ter- ritorial patriotism can be readily embraced by both indigenous Ukrainians and other ethnicities living in Ukraine such as Poles, Russians or Jews. According to 38|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 political elite|history Viacheslav Lypynsky: Champion of Conservatism

He formulated the idea of a political nation and advocated an aristocratic Lypynsky, the main thing was that the union be rooted in the Ukrai- path toward building a Ukrainian state nian cultural matrix. He was one of the first to pro- Diplomatic mote Ukrainian culture to a domi- service: nating position in the country. He Viacheslav started his career as a Polish- Lypynsky with members of speaking writer but wrote his first Ukrainian work in Ukrainian already in 1908 Embassy in and was recognized as one of the Vienna, 1918 most prominent Ukrainian politi- cal writers by the time the First World War began. His Lysty do brativ-khliborobiv (Letters to Ukraine) came out in 1912, the ed- champions of independence. Why? Brothers-Agrarians, 1926) alone ucated public learned that the Bo- Because all things Ukrainian were bear testament to his outstanding hdan Khmelnytsky movement was never alien to them. Moreover, talent as a thinker. spearheaded by the Ukrainian no- they remained an indispensable bility – it was the brains of the lib- part of their mentality. In the 19th An advocate eration struggle. Khmelnytsky, and early 20th centuries, the expe- of aristocratism Stanyslav Morozenko, Mykhailo rience of the Polonized nobility be- Lypynsky became a spokesman for Krychevsky and Ivan Vyhovsky came the most valuable asset of Ukrainian elitism. Here he con- were noblemen by their social ori- national political thought, consid- sciously went against the flow and gin, which, it turned out, did not ering that these people were stood nearly by himself in the cir- prevent them from sensing and ex- brought up in the spirit of state- cles of the democratic and people- pressing authentically Ukrainian hood-oriented thinking. loving intelligentsia that aban- political interests. They had a Lypynsky was the first to call doned its “landlordship” and for- much deeper understanding of so- on his fellow countrymen to ac- ever lost faith in the need for cial tasks than did rank-and-file cept, rather than reject, the con- higher social strata in the Ukrai- Cossacks who were not concerned tribution of the Polish-Ukrainian nian cause. He did follow the track about strategy and the fine nu- cultural environment in the bor- trodden by his predecessors, in- ances of political agreements. All der regions to the national cause. cluding his teacher and mentor these things were in the care of the He urged Ukrainians to integrate Volodymyr Antonovych. The latter Ukrainian nobility, which tradi- it and make it their own. He called on the Polonized Ukrainian tional Ukrainian historiography opened for Ukraine an entire At- nobility to return to the people and left outside the scope of the Ukrai- lantis of seemingly foreign, but become declassed. Lypynsky be- nian nation. However, its repre- actually Ukrainian, culture. Even lieved that it had to remain what it sentatives worked out policies for Hetman Mikolaj Potocki, a Uniate was but become Ukrainian, serve the Hetman State that maneu- and the biggest magnate in Right the cause of national revival and vered between two powers, Poland Bank Ukraine in the 18th century, participate in the political life of and Muscovy, in the second half of had certain Ukrainian sentiments. Ukrainian circles. the 17th century and were the mas- Lypynsky expanded the horizons Before Lypynsky, the image of terminds behind all agreements. of Ukrainian mentality and of- a nobleman had a clearly negative Lypynsky's They were great champions of fered Ukrainians a broader view connotation in the Ukrainian mi- parents. Ukraine’s political interests. on their political tasks. He consid- lieu. However, after his Z dziejów Kazymyr and The Polonized Ukrainian no- ered these tasks in primarily po- Ukrainy (From the History of Klara Lypynsky bility, rather than descendants of litical, rather than ethnographic- Ukrainian Cossack officers who cultural terms. BIO: joined the ranks of the Russian no- Viacheslav Lypynsky (1882-1931) was born in a noble Polish fam- bility in the late 18th century, The statehood instinct ily in Zaturka, a village in Volyn Oblast. He went to gymnasiums in launched the national revival in Lypynsky was among the first Zhytomyr, Lutsk and Kyiv, and studied at Jagellonian University the modern age by calling for a cul- champions of the idea of an inde- (Krakow) and the University of Geneva in 1903-1907. In October tural border between what was pendent Ukraine. Lypynsky, rather 1917, he co-founded Ukrainian Agrarian Democratic Party of and Russian and Ukrainian. Volody- than Mykola Mikhnovsky or Yu- worked as the Ambassador of Ukraine and Ukrainian People's Re- myr Antonovych, Tadei Rylsky, lian Bachynsky (who wrote the public (UNR) in Vienna over 1918-1919. After emigration, he es- Osyp Yurkevych and Kostiantyn first programs for the establish- tablished the Ukrainian Union of Agrarians and Politicians in 1920. Viacheslav Lypynsky died on 26 April 1931 in Austria. His Mykhalchuk, rather than ethnic ment of an independent Ukrainian works include "The Nobility in Ukraine: Its Role In the Life of Ukrai- Ukrainians that hailed from the state), created an ideology for a nian People and Its History" (Krakow, 1909), "The Calling of the former Hetman State (such as Ukrainian state, which he conclu- Varyags or the Union of Agrarians" (1925), "Religion and Church Vasyl Tarnavsky, Volodymyr Nau- sively formulated in his Letters to in the History of Ukraine" (1925) and "Letters to Brothers Agrari- menko, Oleksandr Lazarevsky and Brothers-Agrarians only in 1926, ans" (1926). Orest Levytsky), became the first № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|39 history|political elite quotes: Communism is not sistently affirmed its federalism the beginning of a and loyalty to the Russian state. new era, as some It never adopted a clear position tend to think. It is rather the end and of this “separatism” or defined the death of the old Ukrainian national priorities. era. “We need to train Ukrainians to Ukrainian democracy be independent and assert their had never been able normalcy, that is, if they want to to build anything af- ter its aristocracy remain Ukrainians rather than was ruined turn into ‘Rus’ people,” Lypynsky Nations emerge out wrote. of victories or disas- He was the ideological master- ters that are psycho- logically common for mind of the Young Ukrainian all of their members movement, when a number of so- cial democrats and social revolu- Nobody will build a state for us as long tionaries departed from social as we don't build one democratic ideology and set up a for ourselves. No- body will create a na- non-partisan separatist group tion for us as long as called Vilna Ukraina (Free we ourselves do not Ukraine) in 1911-12. It became the want to be a nation prototype of the later Union for Only those destroyed Ukrainian Liberation. nations can revive, and not kick in their Precisely this kind of non-par- xxxxxxxxxxx coffins helplessly, tisan understanding of liberation xxxxxxxxx which managed to efforts aimed first at establishing xxxxxxxx hide and keep their xxxxxxxx spirit alive, even if an independent state and then outside their country, solving other social problems was their body. lacking among the leadership of From Viacheslav the Ukrainian Revolution in 1917- Lypynsky's books 18, which led to its defeat by the invading Russian Bolsheviks. Lypynsky was one of the few Ukrainian politicians who viewed the problem of Ukrainian state building through a European, FAMILY ESTATE: Mr. Lypynsky with rather than Eurasian-Russian, his brother Stanislav lens. and his family, 1929 Lypynsky believed that when the liberation struggle had that made Ukraine permanently the state had to be built already ended. dependent on Russian Orthodoxy He became a spontaneous sep- and Russian autocratic rulers. not by a crowd but aratist back in his lyceum years Russia’s influence produced in primarily by wealthy when he cooperated with the Rev- them a theoretical dualism: Rus- olutionary Ukrainian Party and the sia’s longtime political domina- people Polish Socialist Party at educa- tion of Ukrainian lands versus tional institutions in Lutsk, Zhyto- the struggle to preserve local cul- A Ukrainian center-rightist myr and Kyiv. To Lypynsky, a man tural features. This doomed sym- Lypynsky’s social philosophy of Polish revolutionary milieu, biosis led one generation of should not be simplified or catego- nothing was taboo when it came to Ukrainians after another to rec- rized under specific ideological la- the issue of independence: it was a ognize the full victory of Russian bels as it is in most scholarly totally natural phenomenon to cultural space on Ukrainian terri- works. It is a mistake to identify him. The Poles had no illusions re- tory. To the “Polish” Lypynsky, garding autonomy and federalism this political division fortunately LEGACY in the Russian state: it was either did not exist. Several years prior In 1960s, V.K. Lypynsky East European Research Institute (EERI) an independent Poland or Russia to the First World War, he turned was established in Philadelphia. Initiated by the then director Ivan in its place. Lypynsky and his ideo- down Yevhen Chykalenko’s invi- Lysiak-Rudnytsky, the Institute launched the publication of Lypyn- logical followers possessed that tation to become the chief editor sky's works in 25 volumes. After Ukraine gained independence in same statehood instinct regarding of the Rada (The Council) news- the early 1990s, Professor Yaroslav Pelensky, the Institute's last -di Ukraine’s future. paper. The reason was that, al- rector, transferred it to Ukraine where it has been operating as the Intitute for European Studies under the National Academy of Sci- They viewed the subsidiary though a convinced separatist, ences wer since. During the past few years, the new administra- nature of the psyche of Ukraini- Chykalenko sought to deflect in tion has been ignoring the key objective of the Institute that is to ans living in Dnieper Ukraine every possible way public accusa- publish all of his works, correspondence and archive documents and the universalism of the Or- tions of separatism hurled by currently stored at the Ukrainian Catholic University in Rome and thodox world they inherited in an Russian politicians against the remain mostly unavailable for researchers. So far, only one third almost genetic fashion as factors Ukrainian movement. Rada con- of Lypynsky's legacy has been published. 40|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 political elite|history him only as a champion of the Het- man State and the mastermind be- hind the Hetman movement, even though he should be credited for the bright political image that Pavlo Skoropadsky enjoys. Lypyn- sky “Ukrainized” Skoropadsky po- litically when the latter was al- ready in emigration by editing his memoirs and creating an image of an enlightened Ukrainian mon- arch. Lypynsky was, above all, a conservative politician and pro- ducer of rightist and centrist social values. He left the Ukrainian Agrarian Democratic Party be- cause he disagreed with its narrow politics and instead set up a broth- erhood of statehood-minded clas- socrats. His later statements on social- ist parties earned him a reputation as an extreme opponent of the na- tional democratic movement. But in reality it was more complicated than that. He supported the gen- eral democratic movement before the revolution and viewed right- wing national forces as an integral component. He coordinated his actions with the national demo- cratic leadership (Mykhailo Hru- shevsky, Serhiy Yefremov and Bo- rys Hrinchenko) and was also friends with Levko Yurkevych and even Vynnychenko, trying but ulti- mately failing to change the latter’s political views. He had an original interpretation for the behavior of IN ACADEMIC Myron, the protagonist of Vynny- CIRCLES: At the Ukrainian nation, they had to believed. Friends had to be chenko’s scandalous work Shcha- the convention be recognized as Ukrainian citizens sought among the “disadvan- bli zhyttia (The Steps of Life), per- of Ukrainian to the same degree that peasants taged”. So the Russian proletariat ceiving him as a déclassé severed historians and were. Only then, he argued, would appeared to be much closer than from traditional society. But in painters in the territory they owned—and their Ukrainian peasantry. 1917-19, Lypynsky became deeply Zakopane, 1908 consciousness—become Ukrainian. This “medicine” was deadly disappointed with the Ukrainian “In order not to drown in Moscow for a nation without a statehood left when it failed miserably to es- by pulling ourselves away from Po- instinct. Red Moscow rid itself of tablish a Ukrainian state. This land or in Warsaw by separating the old elite but recruited its rep- caused him to level caustic criti- ourselves from Muscovy, we must resentatives to public service. The cism against them. show a different center of gravita- leading communist stratum was tion,” Lypynsky wrote. Kyiv was to made up of former members of A conservative alternative become such a center, he believed. the Russian nobility, bourgeoisie Unlike Ukrainian socialists, Lypyn- In contrast, Vynnychenko and Jews who were in strong op- sky believed that the state had to be position to the old regime. Raised built not by a crowd, an anarchic Lypynsky was in the spirit of respect for their revolutionary mass, but primarily state, they were Russian patriots by wealthy people who had eco- a conservative politician and adopted a condescending at- nomic leverage. At the time, this le- and producer of rightist titude toward non-Russian na- verage was held by the Russian no- tions. They prioritized the social bility, as well as Polish landlords and centrist social values over the national. Now, according and the bourgeoisie. Thus, Lypyn- to Lypynsky, one of the precondi- sky was convinced that landowners and the majority of Ukrainian so- tions for an independent state was and entrepreneurs had to be re- cialists followed the recipe writ- the will to have it and the willing- cruited to the Ukrainian cause and ten by the Russian Bolsheviks. ness for uncompromising struggle persuaded that an independent According to this approach, any to win it. These thoughts remain Ukrainian state was an advantage. union was class-based. A land- as relevant today as they were Rather than being estranged from lord was always an enemy, they during Lypynsky’s lifetime. № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|41 Society|Football hooliganism The Hools are Coming Dougie Brimson, co-author of the “Green Street Hooligans” script, tells The Ukrainian Week whether Ukrainians should be afraid of foreign football fans, coming for Euro 2012

Interviewer: UW: What problems can come up UW: How different are hooligans Valeria Burlakova in Ukraine during the tourna- in different countries? Can you ment? How can we expect Eng- tell a Ukrainian or a Polish fan by ougie Brimson is known lish fans to behave? Many people just looking at him/her? as the best expert in foot- think of them as hooligans... – I do not know that much ball fan movements. A – I think fear will be the big about Ukrainian hooligans, other Done-time ultra himself, he problem for all sides. There seems than some of the history which is wrote many books including to be a lot of worry about English written in my book “Eurotrashed: Barmy Army: The Changing Face hooligans, for example, but the The Rise and Rise of Europe's of Football Violence, The Crew, truth is, that there is nothing for Football Hooligans”. However, if and England, My England: The anyone to worry about. The hooli- they are anything like some of the Trouble with the National Foot- gans have been mostly removed other hooligans from countries in ball Team, and co-wrote the from our support-base now and the former Soviet Union, they will script for the cult Green Street we will be coming to enjoy your be strongly influenced by English Aooligans movie. In his interview country and have fun. hooligans from the 80’s and films for The Ukrainian Week, Mr. They will drink alcohol and such as “Green Street Hooligans”. Brimson comments on the claims make some noise but that’s not As for Polish hooligans, they about Ukrainian fans being rac- dangerous. In many countries, are widely regarded as being some ists spread by the British media, people are friendly towards them of the worst in Europe and I know which countries have the most and I hope that the Ukrainian po- that it is one place that even hard aggressive ultras, and how to lice will treat them this way too, core English hooligans worry avoid disorders at Euro 2012. and the UK police that will be in about visiting. That should tell you Ukraine for the tournament will all you need to know. UW: What did you think when I USED TO BE share their experience with their you first heard that Ukraine and JUST LIKE Ukrainian colleagues. English UW: Football hooligans rarely use Poland would host Euro 2012? THEM: fans think that the Ukrainian po- weapons in Ukraine. They prefer – I have to be honest and say Dougie Brimson lice is not only corrupt, but also fair play. How about the fans was a football coming to Euro 2012 from else- that I was surprised that the tour- hooligan not uncontrollable. Hence the never- nament would be taking place too long ago. ending talks of boycotting Uk­­ where? Will they use knives in there, but now I think it will be He was part of raine. If the police treat English street fights? very good for both countries. I the FC Watford fans as hooligans, this may well – I think hooligan groups in hope so anyway. fan group cause problems. The same thing most countries follow the fair play could happen if Ukrainian or Pol- rule, as it is part of the unwritten ish fans go looking for trouble code. Only Turkish hooligans with England supporters. This don’t, and the use of knives by will not be good for anyone. some Ultra groups who follow Ital- ian clubs is standard. My own UW: How would you comment on opinion is that anyone who uses the claims in the British media weapons in a fight is a coward. that Ukrainians are racists? – The British press is free to UW: Which hooligan group is cur- say whatever it wants to. Sadly, rently the strongest in the world? though, journalists sometimes – This is an impossible ques- make mistakes. I find it embar- tion to answer because all hooli- rassing that the whole scandal la- gans are dangerous in their own belling Ukrainians as racists has way. A punch in the face hurts just damaged the image of Ukraine. the same, whether it comes from The British media has been buzz- an Arsenal fan from London or an ing with stories of racism and Arsenal fan from Kyiv. other scary things in Euro 2012 host countries, even if most of UW: An unpleasant accident oc- them are far from the truth. But curred in 2006 when Scotland’s I’m sure more stories like this will football team played against a come up soon. Ukrainian team. Ukrainian hooli- 42|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 Football hooliganism|Society was one of the signals of the fu- ture war for Croatia’s indepen- dence – ed.). It is very sad when this happens. UW: As a one-time ultra, do you see any difference between the football hooligans of your gener- ation and those of today? – I can’t criticize them, be- cause I was just like they are to- day. But you guys should realize that whatever you do has conse- quences. If you take part in a fight, you can end up in jail. If you beat someone up or use weapons, your opponent can end up in a hospital or a coffin. You might end up there as well. If that hap- pens, your mother will no longer have a son, your wife will no lon- ger have a husband and your kids will no longer have a father. If you realize all this and still want to fight, that’s your choice. UW: What would you like to see changed in modern football? – I would take the game away from the money men and give gans beat up regular fans from Episodes of UW: These days, Ukrainian fans some control back to the fans. Scotland, not hooligans. Those Green Street often shout out their dissatisfac- Without us, it would not exist, yet people were just having fun Hooligans, a tion with the president in the sta- we are never asked for anything downtown. How is it possible to film co-written diums. but money. avoid such incidents during the by Dougie – Football grounds are natu- Brimson tournament? ral places for people to gather and UW: You’ve mentioned that every – Sadly, similar things hap- express their views. Politicians character in your books has a real pen all the time. I think that di- know that, which is why they try prototype. How about “Green rect discussions with the hooli- so hard to be part of the football Street Hooligans”? Could you tell gan groups should be taking culture during elections because us more about the real Matt place right now in both Ukraine they try to win the fans’ support. Buckner and Pete Dunham? and Poland, warning them that But sadly, there are times when – Green Street Hooligans has any hooligan activity during the things become so bad politically lots of basis in fact and that in- tournament is not acceptable. that the terraces explode. Look at cludes most of the characters. But They must be made to under- what happened in Egypt (on 1 I cannot tell you much about the stand that the world will be February 2012, 73 people died real life Pete or Matt because they watching them and if there is are still my friends! hooliganism, it reflects very badly on both their football and Football grounds are UW: What are you working on their country. Fans often insult natural places for people now? the locals and break laws without – I am always working! At the even knowing that they’re doing to gather and voice their moment I am writing a new com- something wrong. It’s too late views, something that edy novel about football and a film now. But I think the champion- based on the same story. I am also ship will be fine if the Ukrainian politicians are very much working on a film about British police treat fans with respect. aware of soldiers in Afghanistan.

UW: What do you think of politics and more than 1,000 were injured UW: Which book of yours is the in stadiums? during the football riot following most important to you? – This has always been the a match between two Egyptian – In the football sense, my book case. Football stadiums are teams – ed.) and in former Yugo- “Kicking Off: Why Hooliganism places where working class men slavia (a clash erupted between and Racism are Killing Football”, gather not just to watch the game the local Dynamo FC and Red Star which looks at the subject of racism but to talk and discuss life. Poli- Belgrade, involving fans and foot- in football, is probably the most im- tics is a natural subject for the ball players, after the Yugoslavia portant. On a personal level, it is terraces, especially when things Cup game in 1990; the game was my novel “Billy’s Log” because it is are not so good. later called the Death Match. It a comedy about men like me! № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|43 culture & arts|your daily dose of fun Interviewer: Liubomyr Krupnytskyi

ame came to Los Colorados from abroad, as it is often the case for Ukrainian mu- F sicians. Their cover of Katy Perry’s “Hot N Cold”, posted on the web, made the Ternopil- based band known worldwide. The upcoming football tourna- ment appears to have given the band a great opportunity to con- quer European stages, radio and television. ZDF, one of the most popular TV channels in Ger- many, is going to play their cover of “I Like to Move It” dur- ing football matches. Los Colo- rados have already signed a con- tract with Motor Music, a record label known for working with Rammstein, recorded their first album and several videos. The Ukrainian Week asks guitar- ist Rostyslav Fuk and drummer Oleksandr Drachuk how they feel about their unexpected suc- cess. UW: At first glance, your breakthrough looks like pure luck. To some extent it is, but luck still had to have fallen into the fertile soil of years in music Los Colorados talk about their schools and rehearsals? recent breakthrough in music RF: That’s true. We all played in many bands before coming together in this one. Each of us went to music school or took music courses. OD: Each of us is lucky to have an individual musical tal- ent. Serhiy, the bassist, for in- stance, knows electronics and They Like To Move It rents the studio. I’m better with earned. I guess everyone should RF: I think it was our posi- sound engineering. Rostyk does go through a hungry spring of tive attitude and humor. We try arrangements and translates lyr- sorts, to gather a harvest in au- to keep our personal negativity ics from English. Ruslan, the tumn. People started to invite us inside, even if it is considerable lead singer, has a good ear - he is to play gigs for money in 2009 at times, and not bring it out to Los Colorados the one who selects the reper- after our “Hot N Cold” cover be- our audience. In fact, people toire. This is how everything Band members came popular on the Internet. also like the flavor of Ukrainian comes together and makes it (left to right) We used to play for money be- folk music. Folk music is almost easy for us to work together. Ruslan Prystupa fore, but that was more of a extinct in Germany, for instance. (vocals, accordeon) hobby - just to pay for guitar One day, we were drinking tea Oleksandr Drachuk UW: When did music become a (drums) strings or equipment for sound with our sound producer at the job rather than just a hobby for Rostyslav Fuk (guitar) effects. Now, we are professional studio and he asked us to play you? Serhiy Masyk (bass) musicians, because that’s what something Ukrainian. We picked RF: In the unhappy times we do for a living. up a guitar and sang a song in when the crisis hit Ukraine and three- or four-part harmony. “I we ended up without jobs, we UW: Love for Los Colorados in don’t get it, how did you do that? decided to focus on music, the Ukraine seems natural, as the Did you memorize this song?” he only thing we were actually good audience understands the lyrics wondered. In fact, we played it at. Sometimes we would take and knows the tunes. What just once before. It must be in any offers, even ones where we was it that captured the the blood. That’s what they had to spend more than we international audience? want. It would be nice and cool 44|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 your daily dose of fun|culture & arts known bands. Eventually, they OD: In Germany, they clas- had this idea to get some un- sified our style as polka-punk. known guys rather than celebri- We actually have two reper- ties. That’s when Los Colorados toires. One is in rock and the came to their minds – one of other is acoustic. Together, they them had seen our video on You- are polka-punk. That’s the clos- tube. The record deal and the est definition of what we play. studio followed. UW: You also do rap and a UW: You started your capella, don’t you? European tour with a concert OD: We simply listen to to celebrate your 5th many genres of music. We never anniversary. Where will you be stop looking for something new. performing and how long will RF: That’s right. Everyone it last? And how do you work in our band likes different mu- with Motor Music? sic. We used to argue about that RF: We were promised at at one point, but later realized least 50 gigs over a period of that we needed to compromise. four months. That makes one concert per two and a half days. UW: You make nice and The countries include Austria, interesting cover songs but this Switzerland and Germany. We is possibly not enough, after signed a three-year contract all, they are remakes. Do you which includes making at least have your own songs? two records. We’ve already re- OD: We have 30 or more corded one, which was released songs of our own. Of course, on 1 June, in conjunction with people noticed us because of our the championship. This is a cover songs. The first album has great jump-start because the both covers and our original ZDF will be playing the “I Like to songs. The initial idea was to Move It” video five-six times a promote Los Colorados as a day. cover band. Luckily, we had some good songs of our own and UW: Ukraine is still a terra the German audience was the incognita for many foreigners. first to hear and like them. We What do you tell people abroad can do both cover and original about your country? songs.

photo: y u rko zelenyi photo: OD: It is possible to say many things, but we immedi- UW: One of your recent videos ately invite them to visit was shot in Lviv about Lviv. Do Ukraine. Let them see it for you think that the people of themselves and form their own Ternopil will be offended? impressions. No matter how RF: Well, we also have to much you tell people, nobody help our brothers. They asked can tell what is the truth, and us to do the video, so we fig- They Like To Move It what is a subjective impression. ured, why not? Moreover, we to export something Ukrainian, RF: We brought people from know many musicians and have such as music, or see Germans the ZDF to Ruslan’s village and many friends in Lviv, so we wearing vyshyvanky (embroi- they took photos of all the pot- wanted to do something nice for dered shirts – ed.). Their pop holes there. We apologized for the city. We received an invita- music is in no better shape, it’s the quality of our roads and they tion from the Lviv City Council too sweet and refined, and the just said, “It’s okay, we’re all and the visitlviv.net portal. videos on their music channels from Eastern Germany, we had They wanted to make a catchy look like a primitive Ukrainian the same thing 15 years ago”. song to invite foreigners to Lviv. music show from the 1990s. OD: We just showed them The video we shot is a remake of everything as it is. They have to an old hooligan song called UW: How come a German Los form their own opinion, and I Tilky u Lvovi (Only in Lviv). It record company and TV channel Colorados' think it will be a positive one. was a originally a waltz, but we is so interested in your music? debut album turned it into a rockabilly or RF: The ZDF wanted to called UW: How do you see your rock song. We added the accor- shoot a video for Euro 2012, so MOVE IT! music? dion and electric guitar to the they were looking for a Ukrai- RF: We are rockers. tune and it turned out to be an nian or Polish band to do it. interesting song and in our When we talked to the people in UW: I wouldn’t venture to say style. The plotline of the video charge of the auditions in Berlin, that your music is pure rock. It is also interesting – as if each of we learned that they had about has so many different elements us is using different means to 20 options, many of them well- to it. get to Lviv. № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|45 navigator|reviews & event calendar sculpture Kyiv’s Contemporary Sculpture Festival:M onuments to the Everyday The city has been buzzing with big art shows these days. Following Arsenale 2012, the 1st Kyiv International Biennale for Contemporary Art open through 31 July, the First Contemporary Sculpture Festival runs from 2 June through 2 July

Author: he festival features interna- world is viewed through a prism stance, will gradually transform. Yevhenia tional and Ukrainian artists, of symbols. The Spanish sculptor The Laws of Nature featuring old Kozlovska the latter presenting 9 out of has had a penchant for text since broken cell phones, tapes, key- T15 pieces from the main col- his early childhood, which he boards and computer screens lection. They will compete for a spent reading books. Magdalena made of clay will be ruined by the grand prize worth EUR 6,000. Abakanowicz’s Seated Figure elements. However, the sculptors Five masterpieces by world-re- shows how helpless an individual promise to touch them up so that nowned sculptors including is in a crowd. they will last until the end of the Jaume Plensa, Nigel Hall, Eva Oleksiy Sai’s Abandoned Site festival. Rothschild, Magdalena Abakano- of Corporate Nomads displays a The CREVIS art group offers wicz and Sui Jianguo, are also on sense of humor and straightfor- an interesting interpretation of display. Sui Jianguo presented his wardness uncommon in contem- nostalgic childhood memories. landmark Legacy Mantle, a sculp- porary art. The artist encourages Their Button sculpture tells the HOW TO GET THERE ture of Mao Zedong’s hollow, dis- the audience to contemplate the small story of a little thing lost in a Take bus 62 or embodied jacket symbolizing the daily routines of office employees birch lane that stayed there and trolleybus 14 to Botanichnyi Sad leader’s ideas that failed to stand from a different perspective. The grew with the trees. The soil must (Botanical Garden) the test of time. white-collar workspace looks have been good, as the Button from Pecherska Another must-see sculpture is more like a pre-historic settle- eventually grew 3 meters. Peering metro station Jaume Plensa’s The House of ment. Wigwams are crammed through the buttonhole provides a Knowledge. Eight meters high, with computer parts and a totem view of the Mother Motherland the giant statue is composed en- pole of scanners and printers tow- statue from one side and the Pech- tirely of huge aluminum letters of ers over the middle of the site. ersk Lavra bell tower from another, the alphabet combined in a form Some sculptures will change adding another layer of meaning. resembling the human body. over the course of the month. The Dr. Helen Febi, the festival’s From inside the sculpture, the rusty metal of Wind Rose, for in- curator, believes that art helps

Events 22-23 June, 5 p.m. 10-14 July 20-22 July Krayina Mriy (Dreamland) Ukraine Jazz Summer 2012 Fort.Missia Spivoche Pole Club 44, Club Bernadazzi, World War I defense forts (Sichnevoho Povstannia vul.,K yiv) Oblast Palace of Culture, (Popovychi, Lviv Oblast) Authentic and natural, the interna- Crimean Tatar Theater Everyone will have the opportunity tional ethnic festival indeed creates (44b, Khreshchatyk St., Kyiv; to see the international art festival. a dreamland where music and live 15, Bunina St., Odesa; 3, This year’s Fort.Missia will expand communication take over state- Ploshcha Sudobudivnykiv, to the Polish section of unique of-the-art technologies. The huge Mykolayiv; 5/1, Mendeleeva fortifications and the Borek Fort. space of ethnic and world music St., Simferopol) The programme includes land art, unites people into one stream of The festival will take place in Kyiv, performances by Ukrainian and Pol- energy bringing positive thinking Simferopol, Odesa and Mykolayiv, ish musicians, jazz improvisation, and a good mood. Apart from featuring Roy Assaf on piano, Ofer literature experiments, fire shows music, guests will see arts and Assaf on sax and Jonathan Voltzok and more surprises. According to crafts, folk dance on trombone (Israel- the organizers, Fort. workshops and all USA), the Kiev Big Missia is not an kinds of literature Band (Kyiv), Volody- simply a festival. It and theater per- myr Alekseev’s Big stimulates deeper formances. For Band (Mykolayiv), thoughts, inspiration the first time ever, Ark Ovrutski on and ideas. the festival will double bass (Ukraine- be an official part USA) and Serhiy of the Euro 2012 Manukian on vocals programme. (Russia). 46|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 reviews & event calendar|navigator Kyiv’s Contemporary Sculpture Festival:M onuments to the Everyday change the way people treat their environment. Sally Kidall created an installation with a table and chairs with green grass growing on top of them to symbolize the way people treat nature. The key element of the installation was the plastic on top of it as a symbol of greenhouse effect. The first visitors to the world- famous Yorkshire Sculpture Park did not understand contemporary sculpture well, but much has changed since then. The purpose of art festivals in Ukraine is to shape the aesthetic taste of the lo- cal audience. The festival is located at the Hryshko Botanical Gar­ den at 1 vul. Timiriazievska. The garden entrance fee is UAH 20 for adults and UAH 10 for children over 7.

24, 25 July, 8 p.m. 25 July, 7 p.m. 26-29 July Swan Lake Red Hot Chili Peppers Wiz-Art 2012 Odesa National Academic NSK Olimpiysky Lviv Palace of Arts Opera and Ballet Theater (55,Velyka Vasylkivska St., Kyiv) (17, Kopernika St., Lviv) (1, prov. Tchaikovskoho, Odesa) In the heat of summer, Red Hot Chili Ukraine’s arts capital will soon host The well-known ballet will be Peppers will add a fiery mood in the 5th International Short Film performed by The Russian Ballet Kyiv. The US rock band will pres- Festival. The four-day marathon Theater, directed by Viacheslav ent their new album “I’m With will feature many films, workshops, Gordeev. The dancers’ plastic and You”, their tenth record, released music and art performances at refined moves prove in August 2011. Revolutionary in different sites throughout Lviv, the skillful and master- the band’s history, the release was although the Palace of Arts will still ful technique that the broadcast online in the biggest be the heart of the festival. Guests group is renowned for in movie theaters of the world. The include Vincent Moon, a well-known the world. The ballet is UK-based Kasabian and The Vac- French director and traveler, and comprised of 50 artists, 4 cines will perform Ilia Gladstein, set changes and beautiful as a warm-up act the coordinator costumes. The Russian for the US rockers. of Kyiv Molodist Ballet is always a firework festival. of dance mastery, charm and simply a spectacular event.

№ 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|47 navigator|crimea

From Goths to Natives Mangup Kale has become a home for ancient peoples and some of our contemporaries

Author: f all the cave towns in times of ancient Greece), this land flourished and monasteries and Olena Crimea, Mangup has a was extremely popular with the churches were built. Maksymenko unique energy and folk- representatives of various cultures The Ottoman army tore apart lore. Only here can one that settled nearby as early as in the “golden age” of the even-tem- O rd th Photo: meet people who left their apart- the 3 -4 century until the pres- pered Byzantine Empire with their Ivan ments in multistoried buildings ent. Today, the surrounding ra- swords and fire in 1475. They com- Liubysh-Kirdey for stone homes in natural rock vines are filled with the remnants pletely rebuilt the fortification and formations, some of them really of the burial catacombs of Gothic called it Mangup Kale, a name that comfortable with several “rooms”, tribes. Having established their has remained until the present. By “windows” and “balconies”. The first settlement, they built the first the 18th century, Mangup became town has two water springs unlike fortifications in the late 5th cen- the capital of kadylyk, the smallest the ancient citizens of a neigh- tury, while the town was called administrative and territorial unit bouring cave town, Eski-Kermen, Doros, and had the status of the of the Ottoman Empire. In 1774, who had to walk down steps into a Crimean Goths’ capital. In the 6th the Turks left the fortress. The city scary 40-meter deep well to get century, a monumental basilica gradually fell into decay and its water. One cave even served as was built on the plateau and Doros last residents, a Karaite commu- premises for a monastery. became the centre of the Goths’ nity, moved out, leaving an old diocese in Crimea. cemetery with their typical tomb- WHERE TO STAY In the late 7th century, the Kha- stones and inscriptions. The caves of the medieval fortress zar Kaganate took over the city, town were seldom used as homes. where its garrison was temporarily THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS They largely served as refrigera- located. The occupation of Doros Despite its official status as a res- tors and storerooms, workshops or fueled a revolt against Khazars led ervation and the ban on pitching prisons (some suggest they were by St. John of the Goths. tents or lighting fires on the terri- used as churches). People lived in The next and probably best- tory, Mangup Kale has become one houses built above ground. These known transformation of Man- of the most popular destinations did not survive, unlike the under- gup was into the city of The- for “free wanderers” and “flower grounds caves. odoro, the capital of the princi- children”. Those who stay here for Just like any area suitable for pality formed during the latter months, or even years, are often life (close to natural springs and phase of the Byzantine Empire. called “the natives”. A baby was crags – perfect protection against As South-Western Crimea was even born to one such cave family. enemies, a mild climate and prox- under the control of the city from Many traditionally celebrate the imity to key trade routes since the the 8th till the 15th century, crafts New Year or watch eclipses at 48|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012 crimea|navigator

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Mangup Kale. The territory is be- on the very edge of one of the four teries that used to stand there. The lieved to be a place of energy and Mangup “palaces” (photo 3). It water in one spring contains silver, power. Regardless of the legends, offers breathtaking views. The giving it healing properties. The even fit people sometimes find it temperature in the caves barely other, by the nature of its form, more difficult to manage the mea- changes, regardless of the season. makes a perfect natural shower. sly 300 meters above the sea level For this reason, it is possible to live than climb to the summit of Hov- in them comfortably, even in win- A PASS INTO WONDERLAND erla, the highest peak in Ukraine. ter, providing that the drafts have Mangup has long since formed its They say that this is how Mangup been taken care of. own infrastructure, mythology and tests people and cleans them of Two springs, one male and one lifestyle. “Make sure you visit Bo- their urban dust. Even the local female, provide pure water for rys Ivanovych!” experienced Man- Crimeans who don’t really believe both locals and visitors, reminding gul travelers tell their friends be- in the supernatural, warn people everyone of the medieval monas- fore a trip to Crimea. Any local or that they should be particularly Mangup “native” can show you the Mangup legends careful in Mangup. This land does house of the man who sells fantas- not tolerate physical or spiritual The story they tell around the fire at nights is about a tic wine. An amateur archeologist low-down behaviour, which is why Mangup Boy, the last heir to the Principality of Theodoro and collector of ancient artifacts crown. According to one story, the boy was ugly, so he it stays surprisingly clean, at least became a laughingstock for the town and people and wines, Borys often gives grand compared to the lowlands, which pushed him off the cliff. Another story suggests that the presentations of his collections. A tourists have turned into a dump. loyal son of his country, the boy rejected an offer to take short lecture on the history of Acoustic Cave owes its name to a high position from the Turks who conquered Theodoro wine-drinking and different bou- the fantastic sound it generates. and jumped off the cliff himself, even though historical quets is followed by the tasting of People come here with guitars, vi- data proves that the prince actually accepted the offer wines from his collection. He is a olins, flutes and Tibetan singing and made a successful career. Ever since, everyone who generous and friendly host, so bowls to sing mantras or listen to gets lost in the mountains or the woods around the old tourists can’t help buying a few the unique silence. The cave walls town or is in danger over the local cliffs meets the Man- bottles of the fragrant drink, or are adorned with Rastafarian gup Boy. He has thin pale face and long arms after souvenirs, such as a replica of a hanging on to the cliff for as long as he managed to. deco­­rations (photo 1), which Some say that the Boy lures people to an abyss and oth- Scythian arrow, etc. arouse the indignation of archeol- ers say he rescues people and guides them out of the The residents of the lowlands ogists as the layers of paint cover mist. Perhaps, he does both based on whom he likes or at the foot of Mangup Kale are a up the remaining fragments of me- doesn’t like. The fact is that a lot of people disappeared surprising combination of classical dieval markings on the walls. A in Mangup, though nobody knows whether that was the resort greed and unprecedented cave known as the Holey Thumb is legendary prince or some psychedelic herbs. generosity: while waiters in one № 10 (33) june 2012|the ukrainian week|49 navigator|crimea clear. At the end of the day, people come around and sit silently on the cliffs watching the sunset. It is amazing how the 90-hect- are plateau has room for so many worlds that do not interfere with one another, including official tourist paths along the remnants of a grand citadel (photo 2) and Byzantine stone winery and the “reservation” territory of archeol- ogists extracting mysteries from ancient layers of earth (a tourists could happen upon a scary pile of skulls neatly stacked by archeolo- gists after days of excavations, when wandering there in the dark). Bushes conceal barely no- ticeable paths to the comfortable caves of the barefoot, long-haired “natives”. The trails on the south- ern slope take visitors to the An- nunciation Monastery – needless to say, located in caves. overpriced café can be outra- The Annunciation Mangup Kale is a wonderland geously rude, the owners of the Monastery, once a secret on the reverse of a mirror and in one next door, Crimean Tartars, place where a few chosen another dimension. It can only be give generous portions at a ridicu- people could get, welcomes reached after overcoming obsta- lously low price, offer you a plate everyone not intimidated by cles and tests. There is no sense of of sweets to go with your tea free of the steep cliffs today time. At nights, the area vibrates charge, have a friendly chat with with the sounds of gongs and you and offer recommendations as singing bowls and the scents of to where you should go and what herbal teas. Meanwhile, the ivy- you should see, making you feel covered tombstones, the walls like a guest rather than a tourist. Karaite cemetery. that were once a fortification and Local forest rangers are also Karaites were the last the rocks keep silent on things worth mentioning. On the one residents of the plateau known only to them. hand, the place is a reservation and tents are banned. On the other hand, they offer everyone tickets for a number of days and allow people to stay there as long as they want. The ticket actually means a certain amount paid to the ranger but no confirmation on paper is provided. The place now has its own lan- guage. For example, the phrase “to go to the store” means to acciden- tally fall off the cliff. Unfortu- nately, such accidents are frequent here. Mangup soil has lavish amounts of “bells” – psychedelic plants, which many boil for better effect. In addition to bells, the pla- teau has a vast amount of healthy and healing herbs, hence the re- cent introduction of tours and workshops on medical herbs, where visitors learn the names and properties of each plant. Unofficially, Mangup is di- vided into districts and sites. A vil- lage called Zakatnik is known for its beautiful sunsets. When the sun falls closer to the horizon, the view of the sea becomes particularly 50|the ukrainian week|№ 10 (33) june 2012