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Home , Auguste Chapdelaine, Carl Crow, Chen Yuanyuan, Clemens von Ketteler, Diarchy, Guangxu Emperor

Glossary Term Definition Those who follow the way of learning that was first discussed by Confucius in the Analects 論語 (Lunyu) and promoted in one form 儒 or another by his many admirers through history. Generally "Confucians" ( , rú) speaking, was concerned with making government serve moral purposes, the role of the individual and the family in society, and justice. 本地人 The local people in the south of . Tensions rose between "locals" (běndì rén) them and the Hakka. The war fought between the Qing and . The Qing 1788 Vietnam War lost in the war, which was a great humiliation for the court. 安祿山 Tang general (probably of Sogdian and Turkic descent) who led An Lushan (Ān Lùshān) the rebellion that shook the Tang from 755 through 763. 1856–1860; Sometimes known as the Second War. It was instigated in part by the Arrow Incident (when Qing officials had boarded the Arrow and arrested crew members on suspician of Arrow War piracy). The French joined the British instigated by the execution of French missionary, Father Auguste Chapdelaine (known as the Father Chapdalaine Incident). It resulted in the Treaties of Tientsin which opened more ports for trade. The system in which Manchu military forces were organized. Banners 八旗 (bā qí) There are with different color and design variations, created with allied forces of and eventually . 北京 The "Northern Capital"; known by many names throughout history, (Běijīng) now it is the capital of the PRC Benito Mussolini 1883 – 1945; fascist leader of Italy from 1922 to his death in 1943 Part of the Confucian cannon, the Book of Changes is a divination 易經 manual based on a set of 64 hexagrams or six-line symbols; the Book of Changes (Yì jīng) Book of Changes includes traditional commentaries about how to interpret the hexagrams (1899-1900) an anti-foreign popular movement of "magician" 義和團運動 (Yìhétuán fighters that began with the murder of Chinese Christians in Northern . A rebellious sect practicing forms of callisthenic military art and elaborate magical rituals which incited violence against foreigners 義和拳 and Chinese Christians in 1899. Some of its members even (Yìhéquán) believed themselves to be possessed by spirits and therefore immune to Western bullets. Also known as the "Band of Harmonious [Fists]" 義和團 (Yìhétuán). Canton 廣東 (Guǎngdōng) A province in Southern China. A province South of China, Also refers to the , a regulated system of trade between the Chinese Canton/ 廣東 （Guǎngdōng） state and foreign countries in Late Imperial China. All trade between the Qing Empire and Europe were restricted to Canton with approved Chinese merchants, called the . 1883-1945 CE. Famous journalist and businessman in China who built China's first advertising agency and wrote Four Hundred Carl Crow Million Customers, a book urging Western businesses to invest in China. Literally the "Teachings of the Lord of Heaven," the name Catholics used to refer to their Christian teachings in China; when Catholicism 天主教 (Tiānzhǔ jiào) mispronounced by the foreign tongue, is sometimes sounded like tiānzhū jiào, "the grunt of the heavenly pig," which was used by Chinese to ridicule Catholic missionaries. Celestial Court (Tiāncháo 天朝) An term for the 's palace 長春 (Chángchūn) A major city in . It is in today's province. Charoen Pokphland Group 正大集团 （Zhèn One of the world's largest -based agribusinesses. 陈东升 Chairman of the Taikang Insurance Company 泰康人寿保险股份有 Dongsheng (Chén Dōngshē 限公司 (Tàikāng rénshòu bǎoxiǎn gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī) fl. 1660s CE. A famous who lived during the 17th 陳圓圓 century. Allegedly, Sangui opened Shanhaiguan and (Chén Yuányuán) welcomed the Manchus because she was abducted and violated by Zicheng. 1888-1975 CE. A crucial political and military figure in the 20th century. As an influential figure of the Nationalist Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 (Jiāng Jièshí) Party, he was the commander of many military actions. After the Nationalist Party retreated to , he held presidency for thirty years. 中國共 1921-the present CE. Communist party founded in 1921 and in Chinese Communist Party (CCP) control of mainland China since 1949 陳獨秀 1879-1942; one of the original founders of communist party in Chén Dúxiù China The highly competitve imperial civil service examination used to 科舉 recruit people from all over China for government positions Civil Service Examination (kējǔ) supposedly on the basis of merit. The preeminent examing degree was the "Presented Scholar" or 進士 degree. German foreign minister who was killed during the seige of foreign Clemens von embassies in Beijing by the Boxers as he attempted to negotiate with Qing's Foreign Ministry A system in Canton that conducted all import and export Cohong 公行 during the Qing prior to the opium war; sometimes referred to as the "Canton System" Socialist industrial enterprises introduced to China during the and brigade enterprise 社队企业 Great Leap Forward to produce steel and re-introduced in the (s 1970s to produce agricultural and repair tools. Coolie 苦力 (Kǔlì) Literally means bitter labor; refers to an manual laborer. 1966-1976 CE. A massive movement, institigated by , 文化大革命 that attacked much of the leadership of the Communist Party and (Wénhuà d called for the destruction of traditional modes of behavior and thought. (also spelled dyarchy) a system of dual rule 1612-1650 CE. He was appointed as and became a de 多爾袞 （Duō'ěrgǔn) facto ruler during the early years of Shunzhi reign (1643-1661 CE). 慈禧太后 1835 – 1908 CE. Manchu concubine of the who (Cíxǐ tàihòu unofficially controlled China as regent from 1861 to her death. Empress Dowager 皇太后 (Huáng tàihòu) Title given to the mother of an emperor. 1878 – 1966; German general who left to become adviser to Ernst Alexander Alfred Herrmann Freiherr v Chiang Kai-shkek Examination System 科舉制度 (Kējǔ zhìdù) A civil service recruitment system based on written examinations. When a foreigner is exempted from the jurisdiction of local law. In this case, British subjects did not have to answer to Chinese law Extraterritorality even with disputes with the Chinese; they only had to obey British law. A territory granted to male descendants of the imperial house or to Fiefdom generals as a war prize in the founding of a new . r. 221 BCE-210 BCE. Known as The First Emperor (始皇帝, ［ ］ 秦始皇 （ Shǐhuángdì); he founded the and unified China First Emperor of Qínshǐh through the institution of unified measurements, axel lengths, writing script, etc. 1840-1842 CE. The war fought between Great Britain and China 鴉片戰爭 (Yāpiàn zhàn over their conflicting viewpoints on international matters such as trade and diplomatic relationship. 紫禁城 ） Palace of Ming and Qing located in Beijing. Now the site (Zǐjìnchéng of the Palace Museum 故宮博物院 （Gùgōng Bówùyuàn） 1859 – 1939; third president of Johns Hopkins , acted as Frank Johnson Goodnow, Ph.D., LL.B. adviser to Chinese government under 1738-1820 CE. He was the of Great Britain and King of George III of the Ireland from 1760 to 1801. From 1802 to 1820, he was the King of the United and Ireland. Island country northeast of the European continent. The country Great Britain consists of England, Wales, Scotland, and . Britain was a key player in the two Opium Wars in 1839 and 1856. The Great Wall is a series of walls and fortifications built on the 長城 northern frontier with the intention of dividing the pastoral and (Chángchéng) sedentary economies.The earliest portions date back to as early as the 7th century BCE. 1871-1908 CE. Emperor of Qing Dynasty. Nephew of and puppet 光緒 emperor under the reign of Empress Dowager Cixi. Led the One Guangxu (Guāngxù) of reform with and in 1898, which Empress Cixi crushed. Guanyin 觀音菩薩 (Guānyīn púsà) The bodhisattva of compassion A "kingdom" in ancient China; in imperial China various refers to Guo 國 (Guó) fiefdom, country, land, or even an empire as in "The Great Qing Empire" (Da Qingguo 大清國) Literally "Guest People"; later migrants to the south of China who Hakka 客家 (Kèjiā) had distinct customs and dialect. Tensions rose between them and the "locals." It was devided into two periods: Western Han (206 BCE-9 CE) 漢 and Eastern Han (25-220 CE). It succeeded the first unified (Hàn) (202BEC-220AD) Chinese empire, the Qin (221 BCE- 207 BCE), and broke into various kingdoms upon its fall. In traditional Confucian terms, Heaven's 天 (Tian) legitimation that Heaven's Mandate 天命 (tiānmìng) an emperor is fit to rule; Heaven can send down its mandate, but it can also take it away. 太平天國 The Kingdom that Xiuquan founded in were the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace Taipings set up a government with Hong Xiuquan as King. Henry Pu Yi 溥儀 (Pǔ Yí) 1906-1967 CE. The last Chinese emperor. Modern standard examination system for placement into and (replacing the much older official examination Higher Examination 高考（Gāokǎo） system). It tests for political correctness as well as for math, science, and composition to determine admission to China’s universities 1769－1843; a great and wealthy merchant who controlloed the 伍秉鉴 (Wǔbǐngjiàn) Cohong system during the Qing dynasty before the Opium War A Hakka religious leader who failed the civil service examination multiple times. He had visions of a beared old man and a middle Hóng Xiùquán 洪秀全 (1814-1864) age man that he believed was God and Jesus. He thought he was Jesus's younger brother and declared himself the king of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping Tianguo). Ilha Formaosa (Beautiful Isle) The name Portuguese traders gave to Taiwan in the 16th century. Part of the Chinese world view: tributary tribes and states of Inner Asian zone nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples in Inner Asia—ethnically and culturally non-Chinese, but still within Chinese power sphere. 日本 (Rìběn) Island nation in East Asia east of the mainland of China. 嘉慶皇帝 r. 1796-1820; the seventh emperor of the Manchu-QIng dynasty, (Jiāqìng huángdì) and the son of the . Jiǎng Wěiguó 蔣緯國 1916 – 1997; adopted son of Chiang Kai-shek 1866 – 1936; German military adviser, worked with Chiang Kai- Johannes Friedrich "Hans" von Seeckt shek 1878-1953; premier of Soviet Union who held power by eliminating Joseph Stalin critics 女真 Inhabited Manchuria () until 17th century, at which Jurchen (nǚzhen) point they became known as the Manchu (滿族, Manzu) 1859-1941 CE. King of who ruled over Empire of Kaiser Wilhelm II and from 1888 to 1918. 1858-1927 CE. One of the most influential Chinese thinkers of the late . Known for his views on constitutional , 康有為 he played a major role in the failed Hundred Days Reform under Kang Youwei (Kāng Yǒuwéi) the . Kang is known for his utopian work, , 大同 (Dàtóng), and a book on Confucius' progressive vision of society, Confucius as Reformer (Kongzi Gaizhi Kao). 康熙皇帝 1654-1722 CE. He reigned China for more than sixty years, (Kāngxī huángdì) solidified the rule of the empire and created an age of prosperity. 1818 – 1883; political theorist and economist who came up with an influential theory of the evolution of society and forecasted a communist future of the dictator of the proletariat 磕頭 A ritual custom of bowing on the knees and "knocking one's head" Kowtow (Kētóu) on the ground in respect of one's superior. 1624-1662 CE. He was a Ming loyalist who resisted Manchu's 鄭成功 (Zhèng Chénggōng) conquest of China after the fall of the . He took over Taiwan to support his campain against the Qing dynasty. 忽必烈汗 1260-1294 CE. Grandson of Chinggis who conquered the (Hū Bì Liè Hàn) Song and established the in 1271. 李自成 1606-1645 CE. A peasant rebellion leader who overthrew the (Lǐ Zìchéng) Ming dynasty and established a short-lived Shun dynasty. 1785-1850; A Chinese scholar and official, commisioned by the Zexu 林則徐 (Lín Zéxú) Guangxu emperor to put an end to the opium trade in Canton; also known as "commisioner Lin" It was imposed by Qianlong emperor who intended to purge anti- 1770s Manchu texts by burning and surppressing "dangerous" works. A collection of Mao's speeches and writings, which became the ／ most widely sold book in the Cultural Revolution period in China Little Red Book Quotations fro and also gained popularity in the world among students and radicals 247-195 BCE. Gaozu 高祖. Originally from a modest Liu Bang 劉邦 (Liú Bāng) background, he became the founder of the Han Dynasty by defeating his rival, Xiang Yu, reunifying China. 1737-1806 CE. He was an Irish-born British statesman, colonial Lord George Macartney administrator and diplomat. He led the Macartney Embassy to Beijing in 1792 with a large British delegation Lu Guanqiu 鲁冠球 (Lǔ Guānqiú) Chairman of Wanxiang Group 萬向集團（Wàn xiàng jítuán） 李大釗 1888-1927; one of the original founders of communist party in Lǐ Dàzhāo China 澳門 Southern Chinese territory that was colonized by the Portuguese Macao (Àomén) in the mid-16th century Historical name for the geographical region in Northeast Asia that was Manchuria 滿洲 (Mǎnzhōu) home to the (鮮卑, Xianbei), Jurchen (女真, Nüzhen), Khitan (契丹, Qidan), and Manchu (滿族). Comprised, at various points in history, the three provinces of (黑龍江, Heilongjiang), Jilin (吉林, Jilin), and (遼寧, Liaoning) in Northeast China (華北, Huabei); and parts of Inner (內蒙古, Nei Menggu); parts of the Primorshy Krai, , Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Oblast in . It is the birthplace of the Jurchens who twice invaded China and founded , the Jin and the Qing. The region became a puppet regime under the Japanese from 1932 to 1945. Tungusic people originating in Manchuria (see "Manchuria"); descendents Manchus 滿族 (Mǎnzú) of the (see "Jurchens") and founding rulers of QIng Dynasty (清, Qing, 1644-1912 CE) 毛澤東 1893-1976 CE. Leader of the People's Republic of China from Mao Zedong (Máozédōng) 1949 until his death. Max Hermann Bauer 1869 – 1929; German military adviser to Chiang Kai-shek 1884 – 1951; member of the Comintern who helped unite the Mikkhail Borodin communists with republicans in China 1368-1644 CE; the last unified empire ruled by Han Chinese. It succeded Ming Dynasty 明 (Míng) the Yuan Dynasty and was followed by the Qing Dynasty (1664- 1911 CE). 1328-1398 CE. Better known by his imperial , Taizu, Ming Taizu 明太祖 (Míng Taìzǔ) Yuanzhang 朱元璋 was the founder of the Ming dynasty. 蒙古帝國 (Ménggǔ dìguó) 1206-1368 CE. Great Mongolian Nation (Ikh Mongol Uls) Inner Asian people sharing a common language and existing primarily as various tribes in the early , but unified Mongols 蒙古人 (Ménggǔ rén) under the Mongol Empire of Temüjin (Chinggis Khan) in the late 12th Century and early 13th Century. Founded the Yuan dynasty in 1271. (1) Inner Asian people sharing a common language and existing Mongols 蒙古族 (Ménggǔ zú) primarily as various tribes in the early 12th Century, but unified under the Mongol Empire of Temüjin (Chinggis Khan) in the late 12th Century and early 13th Century. (2) First of the four ethnic categories under the Yuan Ethnic Hierearchy System (see "Yuan Ethnic Hierarchy System") 毛澤東 1893-1976 CE. Leader of the People's Republic of China from Máozédōng 1949 until his death. 南京十年 1927-1937; decade when Chiang Kai-shek ruled from Nanjing as Nanjing Decade (Nánjīng shí nián) capitol 南京 A city in China that was occupied during the and Nanking (Nánjīng) known as the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. 1910 CE. Representative body established by the Qing Dynasty during its New Policy reforms period for local representation in the National Assembly 國民大會 (Guómín Dàhuì reformed Qing government. When the National Assembly finally met in Peking in 1910, it aimed to constitute a new government no longer beholden to the Qing. 內亂外患 Disasters within and without. (Literally: Internal disorder, external neìluàn waìhuàn ( ) disasters). Northeastern China. It is the geographical region of Manchuria Northeastern China 東北 (Dōngbeǐ) during the Qing dynasty. Today it consists of three provinces: Heilong jiang, Liaoning and Jilin. 1839–1842; The war fought between Great Britain and China over Opium War 鴉片戰爭 (Yāpiàn zhànzhēng) their conflicting viewpoints on international matters such as trade and diplomatic relationships. 鴉片戰爭 1839–1842 In Britain, commercial interests pushed for war with Opium War (Yāpiàn Zhànzhēng) China, in response to 's policies on the opium trade. Part of the Chinese world view: consisting of the ‘outer barbarians’ at further distance, including eventually Japan and other states of Outer Zone Southeast Asian and (in theory) Europe, which were supposed to send tribute when trading. Peking 北京 (Beǐjīng) The Capital of the Qing 清 Empire Nine geographic regions of China (Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, Upper , Middle Yangtze, Lower Physiographic macroregions Yangtze, Southeast Coast, Lingnan, and Yungui) that constitute major areas of movement and local life. proletariat the collective working or laboring class in a capitalist society 1906-1967 CE. Last . Abdicated in 1912 and Pu Yi 溥儀 (Pǔyí) became the emperor of the from 1934- 1945. Qianlong Emperor 乾隆皇帝 (Qiánlóng hu 1711-1799 CE. 秦 221 BCE-210 BCE. First dynasty to unify imperial China. Founded Qin (Qín) by the First Emperor (Shǐhuángdì). 1636-1911 CE. It took Beijing in 1644, and from then on Qing 清 (Qīng) established a great empire which ruled China for about three centuries. It was the last imperial dynasty of China. 辮子 The haircut mandated by the Manchu Qing dynasty designed to (Biànzi) signify Qing dominance; all males were required to wear a queue 1912-1949; Republican China attempted to rule China as a 中華民國 constitutional republic, although in fact it was divided by local Republican China (Zhōnghuá mí warlords; later it was secured by the Kuomintang, who retreated to Taiwan in 1949, after the victory of communist forces. 1912-1949; Republican China attempted to rule China as a 中華民國 constitutional republic, although in fact it was divided by local Republican China (Zhōnghuá mí warlords; later it was secured by the Kuomintang, who retreated to Taiwan in 1949, after the victory of communist forces. It overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of Revolution of 1911 China. 琉球國 An independent kingdom that ruled the Ryukyu islands south of Ryukyu (Liúqiú guó) Japan. The movement focuses on “zhongxue wei ti...” which is Chinese 自強 learning for the foundation, and western learning for practical Self-Strengthening Movement (zìqiáng) purposes, to appropriate Western technology while saving the essence of the Confucian state. It is located at the juncture of and Liaoning Provinces, being Shanhaiguan 山海關 (Shānhaǐguān) regarded as the starting point of the . It is a critical geographical site where millitary forces competed for in history. 順 1643－1644 CE. The brief dynasty established by Li Zicheng after Shun Dynasty (Shùn) his army overthrew the Ming dynasty. 順治皇帝 1638-1661 CE. The second emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was, Shunzhi Emperor (Shùnzhì huá however, the first Qing emperor to rule over the Qing empire. Part of the Chinese world view: the most nearby and culturally Sinic Zone similar tributaries, , Vietnam, Ryukus, and (at brief times) Japan 220-589 CE. Commonly used to refer to the dynasties established 六朝 in the South after the fall of the Han, including the Wu (吳), Jin (晋 Six Dynasties (Liùcháo) ), Liu-Song 劉宋, 齊, Liang 粱, and Chen 陳. Also known as the Period of Division. 1037-1101 CE. Also known as Su Dongpo (東坡, Dongpo). 蘇軾 Polymath (poet, calligrapher, essayist, commentator, art critic) and Su Shi (Sū Shì) statesman in ; opponent of Wang Anshi's New Laws and defender of the national literary examinations 隋 （ ） 589-618 CE. dynasty that reunified China after the period of Sui Suí Dynasty division and before the Tang. 960–1279; Chinese dynasty led by the Zhào 趙 dynastic family, Sòng 宋 divided between Northern (960-1127) and Southern Song (1127- 1279) 1866 – 1925; known as the father of modern China, founder of the Sūn Zhōngshān 孫中山 Republic of China, and innovator in state- and city-planning in China 1850-1864 CE. A great peasant uprising that that spread over 太平叛亂 sixteen provinces and led to the destruction of six hundred cities Taiping Rebellion (Taìpíng and the deaths of twenty million people led by the charismatic religious leader Hong Xiuquan. Island off the coast of mainland China in the southeast; Koxinga continued his campaign against the Qing in the mid-17th century, Taiwan 台灣 (Táiwān) and later Chiang Kai-shek continued the Republic of China there where it still exists today; also known as Isle Formaosa "the beautiful island," the name it was given by Dutch traders. Tang 唐 (Táng) Dynasty 618-907 CE. An expansive and cosmopolitan empire. 1636-1911 CE. It took Beijing in 1644, and from then on The "Great Qing Empire" 大清國 (Dà Qīng g established a great empire which ruled China for about three centuries. It was the last imperial dynasty of China. (755-762 CE) Rebellion led by An Lushan; resulted in the flight of The An Lushan Rebellion 安史之亂 (Ān Shǐ Emperor Xuanzong from Chang'an; ended in 762 CE, but resulted zh in a weakened central power of later Tang emperors. (r. 202 BCE-195 BCE). d.256BCE-195BCE, posthumous name 漢高祖 Gaozu 高祖. Originally from a modest background, he became the The First Han Emperor (Hàn Gāozǔ founder of the Han Dynasty by defeating his main rival, Xiang Yu, reunifying China. 1949- Present. After the Communist Party's victory in the civil war, Mao The People's Republic of China 中華 Zedong and other leaders of the Communist Party built a new China according to their socialist and egalitarian visions. The "scholar official" class, the educated elite of China who The shi 士 (shì) particpated in cultural and literary production throughout Chinese history Trade routes across Central Asia from China to Europe. Already in existence during the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), it served as The Silk Road 絲綢之路 (Sīchóu zhīlù) a way to connect the East and the West over land at various points in history. Named for the lucrative Silk trade that was carried out through the routes starting in the Han Dynasty. 1673-1681 CE. Kangxi Emperor declared war against the three The War of the Three Feudatories 三藩之亂 feudatories in southeast China. Eventually, he abolished the ( system of feudatory. 220–280 CE. Period following the end of the Han dynasty when 三國 (Sānguó) China was divided between the kingdoms of Wei (魏, Wèi), Shu (蜀, Shǔ), and Wu (吳, Wú). 1870. Rumors had spread about activities (especially their dealing with orphans) which led to riots against Massacre 天津教案 (Tiānjīn jiàoàn) the french. The riot resulted in a number of foreign buildings being burnt as well as Priests, nuns, Chinese christians and French officials being killed. 天下 "all under heaven", was sometimes used to mean the whole world, (Tiānxià) often refers to the Chinese Empire Tianzi 天子 (Tiānzǐ) "", the Emperor 西藏 (Xīzàng) Plateau west of China bordering the Himalayas to the South. one of the so-called "unequal treaties" imposed by foreign powers 南京條約 in Qing China; the was levied against the Qing Treat of Nanking (Nánjīng tiáoyuē) after its humiliation at the end of the Opium War, and it granted special "extra-territorial" status to Westerners in China. 1842 CE when the British took up position outside Nanjing, the Chinese were forced to sue for peace, resulting in this treaty, which is considered the first in what came to be called the 南京條約 "unequal treaties." The treaty called for the an indemnity of 21 Treaty of Nanjing (Nánjīng tiáoyuē million ounces of silver, abolishing the Co-hong, the opening of Five treaty ports (, , , Ningbo and ), a decrease in tariff and 'extraterritorality' for British citizens. 唐朝 618-907; of the ruling house of the Li 李 family, Táng which probably was of Turkic origin. Uighur People 維吾爾 (Weíwú'ěr) Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia 1870-1924; early communist political theorist and premier of the Soviet Union until his death 万向集团 （ China's largest automobile parts manufacturer and is now a global Wanxiang Group Wànxiàng Jítu company with ownership of at least fifteen North American firms. 1612-1678 CE. A Ming general on the northeastern frontier. After 吳三桂 the last Ming emperor hanged himself in Beijing, Wu Sangui (Wú Sānguì) opened Shanhaiguan and let the Qing troops into the capital to chase out the military force of Li Zicheng. 咸豐 1831-1861 CE. Emperor of Qing Dynasty. Presided over the two Xianfeng (Xiánfēng) Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion. 辛亥革命 1911; the revolution that finally overthrew the Qing dynasty and Xinhai Revolution (Xīnhài gémìng) forced the of 匈奴 (Xiōngnú) Nomadic people of the north-western frontier A government agency undertaken by the Qing government to Conservancy regulate the Yellow River and the basin areas. 1271-1368 CE. Also known as the Great Yuan (大元, Dayuan). It was the Yuan Dynasty 元 (Yuán) first empire created by non-Han people that unified and ruled China. 1859-1915 CE. He was an influential figure at the end of the Qing 袁世凱 dynasty, and was elected as the first official president of the Yuan Shikai (Yuán Shìkaǐ) Republic of China. Very briefly, he tried to restore monarchy in China but failed. 1828-1912 CE. , the first Chinese graduate of an 容閎 American University, implemented the first full educational mission Yung Wing (Róng Hóng) aboard, in the 1870's, consisting of 120 Chinese students -- boys 12-14 years old -- to Hartford, Connecticut. 1859-1916 CE. He was an influential figure at the end of the Qing 袁世凱 dynasty, and was elected as the first official president of the Yuán Shìkaǐ Republic of China. Very briefly, he tried to restore monarchy in China but failed. 1847-1918 CE. One of the first Chinese students to study foreign 張德彜 languages in the newly established Tongwen Guan 同文馆 Zhang Deyi (Zhāng Déyí) (Tóngwén Guǎn) and to travel abroad in 1866. He became ambassador to Great Britain in 1902. 浙江 （Zhèjiāng）Province Province in eastern coastal China, known for its 1377-1431 CE. Eunuch who led a Chinese fleet into Southeast Zheng He 鄭和 (Zhènghé) Asia and the Indian Ocean in the early 15th Century during the reign of the Ming Dynasty . 1963 CE. Samuel Bronson Production film on Beijing's seige of “Fifty-five Days at Peking” the foreign legations, starring Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner. 大清國 (Dàqīngguó) The "Great Qing Empire" (1644-1911)