Glossary Term Definition Those who follow the way of learning that was first discussed by Confucius in the Analects 論語 (Lunyu) and promoted in one form 儒 or another by his many admirers through history. Generally "Confucians" ( , rú) speaking, Confucianism was concerned with making government serve moral purposes, the role of the individual and the family in society, and justice. 本地人 The local people in the south of China. Tensions rose between "locals" (běndì rén) them and the Hakka. The war fought between the Qing empire and Vietnam. The Qing 1788 Vietnam War lost in the war, which was a great humiliation for the court. 安祿山 Tang general (probably of Sogdian and Turkic descent) who led An Lushan (Ān Lùshān) the rebellion that shook the Tang from 755 through 763. 1856–1860; Sometimes known as the Second Opium War. It was instigated in part by the Arrow Incident (when Qing officials had boarded the Arrow and arrested crew members on suspician of Arrow War piracy). The French joined the British instigated by the execution of French missionary, Father Auguste Chapdelaine (known as the Father Chapdalaine Incident). It resulted in the Treaties of Tientsin which opened more ports for trade. The system in which Manchu military forces were organized. Banners 八旗 (bā qí) There are eight banners with different color and design variations, created with allied forces of Mongols and eventually Han Chinese. 北京 The "Northern Capital"; known by many names throughout history, Beijing (Běijīng) now it is the capital of the PRC Benito Mussolini 1883 – 1945; fascist leader of Italy from 1922 to his death in 1943 Part of the Confucian cannon, the Book of Changes is a divination 易經 manual based on a set of 64 hexagrams or six-line symbols; the Book of Changes (Yì jīng) Book of Changes includes traditional commentaries about how to interpret the hexagrams (1899-1900) an anti-foreign popular movement of "magician" Boxer Rebellion 義和團運動 (Yìhétuán fighters that began with the murder of Chinese Christians in Northern Shandong. A rebellious sect practicing forms of callisthenic military art and elaborate magical rituals which incited violence against foreigners 義和拳 and Chinese Christians in 1899. Some of its members even Boxers (Yìhéquán) believed themselves to be possessed by spirits and therefore immune to Western bullets. Also known as the "Band of Harmonious [Fists]" 義和團 (Yìhétuán). Canton 廣東 (Guǎngdōng) A province in Southern China. A province South of China, Also refers to the Canton System, a regulated system of trade between the Chinese Canton/Guangdong 廣東 （Guǎngdōng） state and foreign countries in Late Imperial China. All trade between the Qing Empire and Europe were restricted to Canton with approved Chinese merchants, called the Cohong. 1883-1945 CE. Famous journalist and businessman in China who built China's first advertising agency and wrote Four Hundred Carl Crow Million Customers, a book urging Western businesses to invest in China. Literally the "Teachings of the Lord of Heaven," the name Catholics used to refer to their Christian teachings in China; when Catholicism 天主教 (Tiānzhǔ jiào) mispronounced by the foreign tongue, is sometimes sounded like tiānzhū jiào, "the grunt of the heavenly pig," which was used by Chinese to ridicule Catholic missionaries. Celestial Court (Tiāncháo 天朝) An old Chinese term for the emperor's palace Changchun 長春 (Chángchūn) A major city in Manchuria. It is in today's Jilin province. Charoen Pokphland Group 正大集团 （Zhèn One of the world's largest Thailand-based agribusinesses. 陈东升 Chairman of the Taikang Insurance Company 泰康人寿保险股份有 Chen Dongsheng (Chén Dōngshē 限公司 (Tàikāng rénshòu bǎoxiǎn gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī) fl. 1660s CE. A famous courtesan who lived during the 17th 陳圓圓 century. Allegedly, Wu Sangui opened Shanhaiguan and Chen Yuanyuan (Chén Yuányuán) welcomed the Manchus because she was abducted and violated by Li Zicheng. 1888-1975 CE. A crucial political and military figure in the 20th century. As an influential figure of the Nationalist Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 (Jiāng Jièshí) Party, he was the commander of many military actions. After the Nationalist Party retreated to Taiwan, he held presidency for thirty years. 中國共 1921-the present CE. Communist party founded in 1921 and in Chinese Communist Party (CCP) control of mainland China since 1949 陳獨秀 1879-1942; one of the original founders of communist party in Chén Dúxiù China The highly competitve imperial civil service examination used to 科舉 recruit people from all over China for government positions Civil Service Examination (kējǔ) supposedly on the basis of merit. The preeminent examing degree was the "Presented Scholar" or Jinshi 進士 degree. German foreign minister who was killed during the seige of foreign Clemens von Ketteler embassies in Beijing by the Boxers as he attempted to negotiate with Qing's Foreign Ministry A guild system in Canton that conducted all import and export Cohong 公行 during the Qing prior to the opium war; sometimes referred to as the "Canton System" Socialist industrial enterprises introduced to China during the commune and brigade enterprise 社队企业 Great Leap Forward to produce steel and re-introduced in the (s 1970s to produce agricultural and repair tools. Coolie 苦力 (Kǔlì) Literally means bitter labor; refers to an manual laborer. 1966-1976 CE. A massive movement, institigated by Mao Zedong, 文化大革命 that attacked much of the leadership of the Communist Party and Cultural Revolution (Wénhuà d called for the destruction of traditional modes of behavior and thought. Diarchy (also spelled dyarchy) a system of dual rule 1612-1650 CE. He was appointed as regent and became a de Dorgon 多爾袞 （Duō'ěrgǔn) facto ruler during the early years of Shunzhi reign (1643-1661 CE). 慈禧太后 1835 – 1908 CE. Manchu concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor who Empress Dowager Cixi (Cíxǐ tàihòu unofficially controlled China as regent from 1861 to her death. Empress Dowager 皇太后 (Huáng tàihòu) Title given to the mother of an emperor. 1878 – 1966; German general who left to become adviser to Ernst Alexander Alfred Herrmann Freiherr v Chiang Kai-shkek Examination System 科舉制度 (Kējǔ zhìdù) A civil service recruitment system based on written examinations. When a foreigner is exempted from the jurisdiction of local law. In this case, British subjects did not have to answer to Chinese law Extraterritorality even with disputes with the Chinese; they only had to obey British law. A territory granted to male descendants of the imperial house or to Fiefdom generals as a war prize in the founding of a new dynasty. r. 221 BCE-210 BCE. Known as The First Emperor (始皇帝, ［ ］ 秦始皇 （ Shǐhuángdì); he founded the Qing dynasty and unified China First Emperor of Qin Qínshǐh through the institution of unified measurements, axel lengths, writing script, etc. 1840-1842 CE. The war fought between Great Britain and China First Opium War 鴉片戰爭 (Yāpiàn zhàn over their conflicting viewpoints on international matters such as trade and diplomatic relationship. 紫禁城 ） Palace of Ming and Qing emperors located in Beijing. Now the site Forbidden City (Zǐjìnchéng of the Palace Museum 故宮博物院 （Gùgōng Bówùyuàn） 1859 – 1939; third president of Johns Hopkins University, acted as Frank Johnson Goodnow, Ph.D., LL.B. adviser to Chinese government under Yuan Shikai 1738-1820 CE. He was the King of Great Britain and King of George III of the United Kingdom Ireland from 1760 to 1801. From 1802 to 1820, he was the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Island country northeast of the European continent. The country Great Britain consists of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Britain was a key player in the two Opium Wars in 1839 and 1856. The Great Wall is a series of walls and fortifications built on the 長城 northern frontier with the intention of dividing the pastoral and Great Wall of China (Chángchéng) sedentary economies.The earliest portions date back to as early as the 7th century BCE. 1871-1908 CE. Emperor of Qing Dynasty. Nephew of and puppet 光緒 emperor under the reign of Empress Dowager Cixi. Led the One Guangxu (Guāngxù) Hundred Days of reform with Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in 1898, which Empress Cixi crushed. Guanyin 觀音菩薩 (Guānyīn púsà) The bodhisattva of compassion A "kingdom" in ancient China; in imperial China various refers to Guo 國 (Guó) fiefdom, country, land, or even an empire as in "The Great Qing Empire" (Da Qingguo 大清國) Literally "Guest People"; later migrants to the south of China who Hakka 客家 (Kèjiā) had distinct customs and dialect. Tensions rose between them and the "locals." It was devided into two periods: Western Han (206 BCE-9 CE) 漢 and Eastern Han (25-220 CE). It succeeded the first unified Han Dynasty (Hàn) (202BEC-220AD) Chinese empire, the Qin (221 BCE- 207 BCE), and broke into various kingdoms upon its fall. In traditional Confucian terms, Heaven's 天 (Tian) legitimation that Heaven's Mandate 天命 (tiānmìng) an emperor is fit to rule; Heaven can send down its mandate, but it can also take it away. 太平天國 The Kingdom that Hong Xiuquan founded in Nanjing were the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace Taipings set up a government with Hong Xiuquan as King. Henry Pu Yi 溥儀 (Pǔ Yí) 1906-1967 CE. The last Chinese emperor. Modern standard examination system for placement into colleges and universities (replacing the much older official examination Higher Examination 高考（Gāokǎo） system). It tests for political correctness as well as for math, science, and composition to determine admission to China’s universities 1769－1843; a great and wealthy merchant who controlloed the Howqua 伍秉鉴 (Wǔbǐngjiàn) Cantonese Cohong system during the Qing dynasty before the Opium War A Hakka religious leader who failed the civil service examination multiple times. He had visions of a beared old man and a middle Hóng Xiùquán 洪秀全 (1814-1864) age man that he believed was God and Jesus.