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Male Social Participation and Violence in Urban Belize: an Examination of Their Experience with Goals, Guns, Gangs, Gender, God, and Governance

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Male Social Participation and Violence in Urban Belize: an Examination of Their Experience with Goals, Guns, Gangs, Gender, God, and Governance Male Social Participation and Violence in Urban Belize: An Examination of Their Experience with Goals, Guns, Gangs, Gender, God, and Governance Herbert Gayle, PhD Anthropologist of Social Violence, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica AND Nelma Mortis, MEd. Ministry of Education, Belize City, Belize With Jamuna Vasquez Raymond James Mossiah, MSc. Melvin Hewlett, BSc. Alindy Amaya, MA October, 2010 Dedicated to all the youth of Belize and the social service providers who understand them and their importance to the development of the country. Excerpt from an Interview with a Gang Executive that Inspired the Shaping of the Title of the Report. “Boss it’s all about the Gs that we love but they don’t love us back…You know what Gs mean right? It’s about money but it’s more than that. Money is not we ballie; you know that. Sometimes I go out to hustle and nothing. I have goals like everybody else and I try hard in school to get the tools to achieve them legally. I did very well and got my CXCs and all that, but that did not guarantee me anything. The last time I went to look fu wahn job they employ a girl over me ‘cause I don’t have a punani; so I use what I have access to – guns and gang-banging. Yes I am the brain of the {gang name omitted}. Yes, that is what they leave for my gender! A sociologist, I think ih name is Merton, yes, well he says, ‘If by conforming you fail it is natural that you are going to innovate as one option of survival.’ Funny, there is no real way out for young men; for I innovate and they did not catch me for years and so I relax a bit and feel good and then Bingo! They create a fictitious charge for me. But I bear it for what they charge me for it is light compared to what I do. Listen, for poor youth like me all the gs are effed up. Think of any of the gs and it is either absent or against young men who poor and grow up in the ghetto. It is a shitsim. Your goals – screwed; guns and gangs – kill you while you killing; your gender – that means you on your own, cause pum-pum rule; God and the Government – I don’t even understand those. Everybody use God name fi screw you. But wherever ih be me still call on him. Maybe one day ih will answer. The Government is mostly there when it is time to punish me! They don’t even have a Ministry of Youth. Why? I feel they ‘frayd we may actually come to something if they try help us. Notice they stop your schooling at fourteen and then when you struggle and make it they don’t give you a job. I hurting and every day I wish I could hurt them back. But tomorrow is another day – maybe I will hurt someone, get hurt or die trying to be good. You feel me! Yeh! Cheer up man, you look sad more than me. Never worry too much for me, there is always a light at the end of the tunnel – either it is sunlight that marks the end of your suffering, or the last light you see on this earth, and that too marks the end of your suffering.” Page 2 of 400 Acknowledgement There are a number of individuals and groups of persons without whom this study would not be realized. We wish to use this medium to publicly thank them for investing their time and money. God bless you all: First, the Respondents: the youth of urban Belize who were happy to tell their stories; the teachers and administration of the many schools that allowed us to interrogate them and the children in their care; the parents who gave us permission to interview their children and who spoke to us truthfully about their family situations; the police officers of varying ranks who helped us to understand their challenges; members of the judiciary who helped us demystify matters of the law; the merchants who explained to us how economic development is possible in the Belizean environment; the social providers that pointed to us some of the missing links in the social systems of Belize; the staff and selected inmates (and former inmates) of the Belize Central Prison; and even the turf protectors of colours red and blue who decided that they would confide in the team principal, Herbert Gayle, and explain why they were involved in the game of war. Second, the Research Team: Herbert Gayle, Nelma Mortis, Jamuna Vasquez, Raymond Mossiah, Melvin Hewlett, Alindy Amaya, and Miguel Segura who formed the research core and carried the research to fruition; the 44 PERs youth researchers, and the many teachers who helped to collect data. Special thanks also to Douglas Hyde, Kevin Cadle, Lorna McKay and Nicole Haylock who had to leave the team due to other commitments. Third, the Financial Support Team: The Ministry of Education, Ministry of National Security, Youth for the Future, Office of the Prime Minister, Belize Social Security Board, Crimes Control Council of Belize, Crime Stoppers Belize, Conscious Youth Development Programme, National Committee for Families and Children, Old Belize, Banana Enterprises Ltd., Belize Natural Energy Trust, Belize Telemedia Ltd., Belize Electricity Ltd., Atlantic Group of Companies, Belize Tourism Board, Fort Street Tourism Village Ltd., Joseph and Taylor Ltd., MNM Hardware and Service Station, Belize Dry Cleaners, St. Catherine Academy, Hummingbird Elementary, John Woods, Cisco Woods, Brigadier General Lloyd Gillett, Michael Young & Young’s Law Firm, Jacqueline Locke, Sean Feinstein, Shari Williams, Dora and Allan Duncker, Evan ‘Mose’ Hyde, Eliane Bou-Nahra, Kevin Herrera, Yolanda Schakron, Yasser Musa, and Yvonne Moore. Page 3 of 400 Fourth, but not least important, Media Support: Krem Television, Krem Radio, Amandala Newspaper, Chanel 7, Chanel 5, Love Television, Love FM, Belizean to the Bone, and Plus Television. Abstract Using a cocktail of traditional quantitative and qualitative with newly constructed integrated methodologies, a team of 11 persons (assisted by secondary researchers) carried out a comprehensive study of male social participation in Belize, with a focus on social violence. Over 2000 persons were interviewed with the core or focus being young males ranging from age 6 to 34 years, with females as a comparative point, and mature adults comprising of service providers as points of triangulation. As soon as researchers initiated a discussion with youth on their lives they would begin to lament about the bad relationship they have with the police. However, the study found that the police are but the face of the state and a hostile social system – and therefore it is the entire human ecology in which these youth participate and attempt to survive that must be addressed. Core among the human ecological or environmental problems are vulnerable resource-poor families, social isolation, social neglect, lack of educational opportunities, stigma and prejudice against communities, and a nightmare of social boundaries, including political tribalism and gang turfs. The study found that these social boundaries helped to create what is termed as a social organization of violence as they become people’s frame of social identity and become passed on within family frames. The study also found that most urban youth, especially of Belize City, have been exposed to very graphic violence, ranging from extreme domestic violence to seeing persons shot, stabbed or beaten to death. The tremendously positive findings are that while families are large in size, their composition allows for greater stability than that of many Caribbean states; and that gang war in Belize City is not well organized and can be fractured to effect reduction in murders within short to medium time frames. The study suggests that in order to reduce violence Belize must immediately embark on a programme of social intervention driven by cold sterile facts. Page 4 of 400 Table of Content Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Preface …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 - Critical Note ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 - Rationale …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 12 SECTION I: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Research Design 16 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 16 Research Population ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Research Sites ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20 The Confidence Level: Sample and Triangulation …………………………………………………………………. 21 The Research Frame ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 The Research Tools and Rationale for Choice ………………………………………………………………………… 24 - Animated Life Histories ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 - Participatory Ethnographic Evaluation Research (PEER) …………………………………………….. 33 - Integrated Trauma Survey …………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 - PLA-assisted Focus Group ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36 - Community Forum …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38 - In-depth Interviews ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38 - Casual Interviews ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39 - Quantitative Household Composition and Aggression Survey ……………………………………. 39 - Secondary Research Tools ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42 Ethical Concern: Use of Data ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43 Chapter 2: Critical Background 45 Studying Urban Violence ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50 Basic Forms of Violence …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53 Gendered Violence .....................................................................................................................
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