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-"'SERVANTS OF INDIA SOCIETY'S LIBRARY. POONA 4. FOR INTERN AL C[RCULATION To be returned on or before the last date stamped below 2,"~ HAY 19&8 2 3 MAY 1968 13 JAN 1913 t.rr: 15 FEB /973

.' -----~" INDIAN ADVENTURERS SAILING OUT TO COLONIZE JA VA. (Reproduced froIn the Sculptures of Botobudur.) fFrontisjlZ~ce . INDIAN ADVENTURERS SAILING OUT TO COLONIZE JAVA. (Reproduced from the Sculptures of Borob\ldur.) INDIAN SHIPPING

A HISTORY OF THE SEA-BORNE TRADE AND MARITIME ACTIVITY OF THE INDIANS FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES

BY RADHAKUMUD MOOKERJI, M.A. Prtm,Aattd RoyeAattd Stllllltw, Calnllta University H.""Aattd"" Basu Mallik ProfusOI" fI IndUut HIStory in IIze Natiotull. C-aJ fI Edwatiotf, Bengal

WITH AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY BRAJENDRANATH SEAL, M.A., PH.D. hiwiJtll, AfdMtlja of C_j Bd.', CoIIqr, I ...

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. I, HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY 303, BOWBAZAR. STREET, CALCUTTA LONDON AND NEW YORK: X425" , ~odr ,/YlS­ E 2£..---

I?:> D f11ift o:n ~1ij

II Do Thou Whose countenance is turned to all sides send oft' our adversaries, as if in a ship to the opposite shore: do Thou convey us in a ship across the sea for 9'!r welfare." [Ri,go-Yeda, I., 97, 7 fUld8.] PREFACE.

ABOUT two years ago I submitted a thesis which was approved by the Carcutta University for my Premchand Roychand Studentship. It was sub­ sequently developed into the present work. As indicated by its title. it is an attew,pt to trace the history of the maritime activity of the Indians in all its forms from the earliest times. It deals with what is undoubtedly one of the most interesting. but at the same time often forgotten. chapters of Indian history. The subject. so far as my informa­ tion goes. has not been treated systematically by any writer. and has not received by any means the attention it deserves. This is my excuse for attempting this subject. but the attempt. from its very nature, is beset with difficulties. The field of work :is: new and almost unexplored. and one has to wqrk at it single­ handed. I have had to depend Chiefly on my own resources for the discovery. collection. and arrange­ ment of the materials. I have indicated fully. both in the Introduction and in the footnotes, all the sources of information I have drawn upon. The evidences used have been vii PREFACE both literary and monumental. For the collection of literary evidences I have had to be at great pains in ransacking the vast field of Sanskrit literature as well as Pali (especially the yiitakas) throughout which they are scattered, and then in piecing the evidences together. The Sanskrit texts, as well as the Pali, I have studied both in the original and in translations. Besides Sanskrit and Pali, I have been able to gather some very valuable evidences from old Tamil literature with the help of a book by the late Mr. Kanakasabhai Pillay, now unfortunately out of print, called The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago. I have had also to consider and use all the evidences bearing on my subject that are contained in classical literature, made accessible to Indian students by the translations of McCrindle. Old Bengali literature, too, has been laid under contribution in connection with the account of Bengali maritime activity. Further, I have, with the help of translations, found out all the evidences bearing on the history of Indian maritime ·activity that are furnished by Persian -works, most of which have been made accessible through Sir He~ry Elliot's History in eight volumes. Lastly, I have had to use the material supplied by such Chinese and Japanese works as are accessible through translations in giving an account of Indian. maritime intercourse with the Farther East. viii PREFACE I have had also to study MSS. of unpublished works, both Sanskrit and Bengali, in the originat. Much labour was involved in the search for these Sanskrit MSS., especially those which belong to the class of SiljJa Sash'as, a good number of which I found in the famous Tanjore Palace Library (con­ taining some 18,000 Sanskrit works), in the Adiyar Library, Madras, and in the possession of some old Indian artists at Kuinbakonam. I have also derived from local tradition and old folk-lore some very valuable materials for the, history of the once famous port of Gaur, the old capital of Bengal. Of the MSS. used, those specially noticeable are the Yuktikalpataru, and the ArthaSastra of Kautilya which has been recently published. These two important and interesting, but hitherto unknown and unutilized, Sanskrit works have great value as sources of economic history. The former gives an account of ancient Indian shipbuilding, the like of which cannot perhaps be found elsewhere in the entire range of Sanskrit literature, while the latter throws some new Ught 9tl the economic condition of Maurya India which will, I trust, materially advance our knowledge of that brilliant period of Indian history. I may also refer in this connection to the Sanskrit work BodItisathlavadtina Kalpalata of Kshemendra, which is being published under the auspices of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. This ix PREFACE work also throws light on some aspects of economic life in the Maurya epoch. I have also tried to discover and gather all the evidence derivable from archaeology. The many representations of ships and boats, and of scenes of naval activity, that are furnished by old Indian art have been brought together and adduced as evidence indicating Indian maritime enterprise. Some of these representations I have myself dis­ 'covered in the course of my travels, and these have not, I think, been previously published. To the kindness of some of my artist friends lowe the sketches of several representations of ships and boats that occur in old Indian sculpture and painting, such as those of Ajanta, and also on old Indian coins. My thanks are due to' Messrs. Bejoy Kumar Sarkar and Narendranath Sen Gupta, myoId pupils at the Bengal National College, Calcutta, and now students of the Harvard University, U.S.A., for their kind assistance; and also to Mr. Ramananda. Chatterji, M.A., editor of the Modern Review, for the courtesy of his permission to reprint those portions of my work which appeared in his Review. N or must I omit to express my obligation to my friend Mr. Benoy Kumar Sarkar, M.A., Lecturer, Bengal National College, Calcutta, whose constant help in manifold ways it is alike my pleasure and duty to gratefully acknowledge. x PREFACE I have also to express my gratitude to the Hon'ble Maharaja Manindrachandra N andy Baha­ dur of Cossimbazar, and Dr. Rashbehary Ghose, M.A., D.L., C.S.I., C.I.E., for the generous help they have accorded me in preparing and publishing this work. RAnHAKUMUD MOOKERJI.

BERHAMPORE, MURSHEDABAD, :lulU, 1910.

xi AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE

(By Principal BRAJENDRANATH SEAL, M.A., Ph.D.)

PROF. MOOKERJI'S monograph on Indian shipping and maritime activity, from the earliest times to the end of the Moghul period, gives a connected and comprehensive survey of a most fascinating topic of Indian history. The character of the work as a learned and up-to-date compilation from the most authoritative sources, indigenous and foreign, must not be allowed to throw into the background the originality and comprehensiveness of the conception. Here, for th(: first time, fragmentary and scattered records and evidences are collated and compared in a systematic survey of the entire field; and one broad historical generalization stands out clearly and convincingly, of which all histories of world culture will do well to take note, viz. the central position of India in the Orient world, for well-nigh two thousand years, not merely in a social, a moral, a spiritual, pr an artistic reference, but also and equally in respect of colonizing and maritime xiii INTRODUCTORY NOTE activity, and of commercial and manufacturing interests. A multitude of facts of special signifi­ cance also come out vividly, and, in several cases, for the first time, in the author's presentation, e.g. the teeming ports and harbours of India, the harbour and other maritime regulations of the Mauryan epoch, the indigenous shipbuilding craft, the Indian classification of vessels and their build, the paramount part played by indigenous Indian shipping in the expansion of Indian commerce and colonization from the shores of Mrica and Mada­ gascar to the farthest reaches of Malaysia and the Eastern Archipelago; the auxiliary character of the foreign intermediaries, whether Greek, Arabian, or Chinese; the sources of India's manufacturing supremacy for a thousand - years in her advances in applied chemistry, etc. In establishing these positions, the author, besides availing himself of the archaeological (including architectural and numis­ matic) as well as other historical evidence, has drawn upon hitherto unpublished manuscripts and other obscure sources. But the signal merit of the survey i~ that these facts of history are throughout accompanied by their political, social, or economic interpretation, so that the monograph is not a mere chronicle of facts, but a chapter of unwritten culture­ history, conceived and executed in a philosophical spirit. The author's style combines lucidity with terseness, compresses a large mass of facts into a xiv INTRODUCTORY NOTE small compass, and is equal alike to the enumeration' of details and ~he march and sweep of a rapid historical survey. One ,characteristic cannot escape the most casual reader of this volume: Prof. Mookerjitakes his materials as he finds them, and does not clip and pare them down, in the name of historical criticism, or handle them after the accredited methods of speculative chronology. By confining himself to settled landmarks, and traversing his ground by rapid strides, proceeding from epoch to epoch, he is able to avoid the quicksands of Indian chronology. As for the critical methods of sifting evidence, there is a great deal of misconception in the air, and it is best to point out that the methods which are im­ perative in testing an alleged fact or event are highly unsuitable in a review of the formative forces, agencies, movements, of a nation's history as pre­ served in the storehouse of national tradition. To take an example from the so-called Higher Criticism, to explode the Mosaic authorship is not to explode Moses in culture-history, In fact, whether in Semitic, Chinese, or Indian philology, the destructive (and explosive) criticism of the seventies and eighties of the last century is now itself exploded, and has been followed by a finer and more accurate sense of historic origins and national evolutions. For the rest, it must be recognized that, while accuracy and scientific criticism, in the measure in which they are xv INTRODUCTORY NOTE attainable in the social" sciences, must always essential to a right historical method, a first sketl or mapping of an entire province, th'e work of scout pioneers and conquer.ors, cannot usefully employ th. methods of a trigonometricai or a cadastral survey.

BRAJENDRANATH SEAL.

xvi CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION:. PAGE I. Isolation and Intercourse II. Evidences 6 III. Epochs • 9

BOOK I.-HINDU PERIOD.

PART I.-INDICATIONS OF MARITIME ACTIVITY IN INDIAN LITERATURE AND ART.

CHAPTER I.-Direct Evidences from Sanskrit and Pall Literature. 19 CHAPTER II.-Direct Evidences from Indian Sculpture, Painting, and Coins 32 CHAPTER III.-Indirect Evidences: References and Allusions to Indian Maritime Activity in Sanskrit and Pall . Literature • 53

PART II.-THB HISTORY OJ' INDIAN MARITIME ACTIVITY.

CHAPTER I.-The Pre-Mauryan Period 81

CHAPTER.II.-The Maurya.Period • 100 CHAPTER IU.-The Andhra·Kushan Period: Intercourse with Rome 116 CHAPTER IV.-The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northern India under the Guptas and Harshavardhana­ The Foundation of a Greater India: Intercourse with Farther India 14" xvii CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTllJt v. -The Period of Hindu Imperialism in N orthem India (fQtI/intutf): The Colonization of Java 148 CHAPTER Vr.-The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northem India (eontinuetf): The Maritime Activity of the Bengalis • ISS CHAPTER VII.-The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northem India (continua/): The Intercourse with China. 163 CHAPTER VIII.-The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Northem India (_littuetf): Maritime Activity on the West Coast. . 168 CHAPTER IX.-The Period of Hindu Imperialism in Southern India: The Rise of the ChaJukyas and the Cholas-from the Middle of the 7th Century to the Time of the Mahomedan Conquests in Northern India 170 CHAPTER X.-Retrospect J78

BOOK II.-MAHOMEDAN PERIOD.

CHAPTER I.-The Pre-Mogul Period 185 CHAPTER II.-The Mogul Period: The Reign of Akbar .05 CUAPTER IlI.-The Mogul Period (am/inud): From the Reign of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb 224 CHAPTI!!R N.-Later Times 243

CONCLUSION. 253 lNDItXES: L Subjects • 5 1 II. Proper Names .69

xviii ~ ILLUSTRATIONS.

Indian Adventurers Sailing . out to Colonize Java. (From the Sculptures of Borobudur.) . • FI',nlisfoee

Fat:inKlaK~ Sculptures fr

Some Indian ShipS and Boats of the 17th Century

Mahratta Grabs and Gallivats Attacking &II English Ship • 242 Some Indian Ships and Boats of the Earlier Part of the 19th Century : Pinnace Bangles Grab. Pattooa Donl' • Brick • View or BaIlasore Roads LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

Abulfeda.-Reinaud. Account of Shihab-ud-din Talish in MS. Bodleian 589. Al-Biliduri. Al-Biruni. Al-Idrisi. Anabasis. Analysis of the Finances of Bengal (Fifth Report).-Grant. Ancient Egyptians.-Wilkinson. Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature.-McCrindle. Ancient Ships.-Torr. Anecdota Oxoniensis. . Atchaeologica1 Survey of India (New Imperial Series) . ltV. Arthallistra.-Kautilya. Asiatic Nations (Bohn's edition). Asoka Rock Edicts, II. and XIII. Assam District Gazetteer, II. Ayeen-i-Akbari.-Abul-Fazl.

Bhikshuni Nidina. Bhilsa Topes, The.-Cunningham. Bible, The. Book of Ezekiel -- Genesis. --Kings. -- l'Ioverbs. Bodhisattvivadina Kalpa1ati...... Xshemendra. Bombay Guetteer. Bomba; Times (1839). I a LIST OF AUTHORITIES Buddhist India.-Rhys Davids. Buddhist Records of the Western World.-Beal.

Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts.-Aufrecht. Cathay and the Way Thither.-Yule. Chach-nama. Chemical Theories of the Hindlls.-Dr. Brajendranath Seal. Chilappathikaram. Chinese Buddhlsm.-Edkins. Christian Topography.-Cosmas. Chll-Fan-Chih.-Chao Jukua. Coins of Southern India.-5ir W. Elliot. Commerce of the Ancients.-Dr. Vincent. Considerations on the Affairs of India.-Lt.·CoI. Walk~r. Curtius.

DUakumaracharita.-Dandin. Das alte lndien. DeCoutto. De Vita Constant. Dharma Sutta. -- Baudbayana. --' Gautama. Diodoms Siculus. Disquisitions concerning Ancient lndia.-Robertson.

Early History of the Deccan.-Bhandarkar. --- India.-Vincent Smith. Early Records of British India.-J. T. Wheeler. Economic Review. Edicts of Asoka.-V. Smith. Epigraphla Indica, vol. iv. (1896-97). Epitome of Roman History.-F1orus. Erukkaddur.Thayan-Kannanar.AkallL

Fathiyyah·i-Ibriyyah (Blochmann's translation). Foe-koue·ki. Fragments.-Orme. xxii LIST OF AUTHORITIES GeograplUcal Account of Countries round the Bay of Bengal, A.-Thomas Bowrey. (Hakluyt Society publication.) Geography.-Ptolemy. Georgics.-Yirgil. Ghatakakiriki. Grammar of the Dravidian Languages.-Dr. Caldwell. Growth and Vicissitudes of Commerce.-Dr. Yeats. Gujarat.-Bayley. Gujarat.-Bird. Herodotus. Hist. Anc. Orient (English edition). History.-Orosius. History of Bengali Literature.-Dinesh Chander Sen. _ Burma.-5ir A. Phayre. --- India.-Elphinstone. --- India.-5ir H. Elliot. --- Indian Navy.-Lt.-Col. C. R. Low. --- Java.-Raffies. --- Konkan. --- Mahrattas.-DulF. --- Pegu.-Phayre. --- Plants.-Theophrastus. --- Puri.-Brojokishore Ghosh. Hisl. Rome.-Dion Cassius. HitopadC4a. Huang-hua-hsi-ta-chi.~Tau.. Ideals of the East.-Okakura. Imperial Gazetteer (New Edition), vol. ii. Ind. Alt., vol. ii. India and the Navy.-5ir C. Bridge. India in the Fifteenth Century. (Hakluyt Society publication.) Indian Antiquary. -- Architecture.-Fergusson. -- Literature.-Weber. --Sculpture and Painting.-E. B. HaYen. Indika.-Gtesias (McCrindle's trauslation). Industrial Competition at Asia.-c. DanielL uiii LIST OF AUTHORITIES I-Tsing.-Taka.-kusu.

Jatakas (Cowell's Cambridge Edition). -- Ajanna. -- Baveru. -- Bhojajanuya. -- Janaka. -- Kundaka·Kucchi-Slndhava. -- Mahijanaka. -- Samudda-Vanija. -- Siin!

KaJinga Huparani. Kathiisarit Sigara.-Somadeva. Kavikankan Cbandi. . Koch Bihar and Assam.-Blocbmann.·. Kwal-Yuen catalogue of the Chinese Tripitaka.

Les Hindous.-F. Baltazar Solvyns. Life in Ancient India.-Mrs. Spier. Life of Godama.-Bisbop Bigandet.

Madras Review (! 90%). Mabiibhirata. ---- Am parva. ----- ~ parva. ----- ~ti parva. ---- Savi parva. xxiv LIST OF AUTHORITIES MahiwaDso.-Tumour. Mal Fuzat·i.Timuri. Manasamangala

Natural History.-Pliny. .Nilion.ko-ki. Nitillataka.-Vartphari. Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts, vol. i. Numismata• Orientalia.-Sir Walter Elliot. Oaranara·Puram • . Old Bengali Manuscripts. 'origin and Growth of Religion among the Babylonians.­ Dr. Sayee's Hibbert Lectures, 1887. Origin of the Indian Brahma Alpbabet.-Bilhler. Orissa.-Hunter.

Paddinappa1ai. Paintings in the Buddhist Cave-Temples of Ajanta.- Griffiths. Paiichasiddhantiki. Papers relating to S1upping in tndia.-Phippa. Parthia.-Rawlinson. .. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Pitakas. -- Anguttara. -- Digba Nikaya. -- Wyuna Nikaya. -- Sutta. -- Vmaya. Portuguese Asia.-Stevenson. Portuguese in India.-Dan.ers. ProtApiditya.-Nikbilnath Roy. zn LIST OF AUTHORITffiS Provinces of the Roman Empire.-Mommsen. PllriiIJas. --, Bbagavata. -- Garu4-a. -- Mirw.deya. -- Padma. -- Varaha. -Vayu.

RaghuvAllsam.-KiUdlisa. lUja.-Tu.mgini. Rijavalliya. RirniYal}a. --- Ayodhyi kandarn. -'-'-, Kiskindhyi kandam. Ra.tnavali.-King Harsha. Register of Ships Built on the HugH. Report on the Old Records of the India Office.-Birdwood ~ig-Veda. Rise of the Portuguese Power in India.-Whiteway. Roman Empire.-Gibbon. Ruijukokushi.

Sacred Books of Ceylou.-Upbam. Sakuntali.-Kilidisa. SanhitL -- Manu. -- Vrihat. -- Yijiiava1lr.ya. Sanchi and its Remains.-MaisIey. ~igupiila.badba.-Magh. Si-yu-ki. Spectator. Statistical Account of BengaL-Hunter. Strabo. Sungshih. Suysboo. Takmilla.-i-Akbar-nima. xxvi LIST OF AUTHORITIES Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago, The.-V. K. Pillay. Tarikh-i-Firozshahi.-Burni. Tarikh-i-Masumi. Technical History ofCommerce.-Dr. Yeats. Thirty Years in India.-Major Bevan. Topography of Dacca.-Taylor. Travels of De Barros. -r-- Hiuen Tsat;!g. ~ Marco Polo (Marsden's translation). i--Varthema.-Badger.

Voyages.-Kerr, edited by Stevenson. V!'iksba-Ayurveda.

Wassaf. Western Origin of Chinese Civilization.

Yiitritattva.-Raghunandan. Yuktikalpataru (manuscript).

Z.D.M.G.

xxvii INDEX I.-SUBJECTS.

A Activity, maritime, evidences of, wherefrom to be-dl:tived, 6 foreign evidences of, 6, 7 Indian evidences of, 6, 7 .. .. real historical narrative of, how to be built up, 8 Adaptations from Tamil words, 89 Admiralty Board of Akbar, '05, 206, 208, no ...... Chandra Gupta, 104-110, 206 Age, Golden, of maritime activity, 40 Alexandrian Heet, 100 Anchors, marble, .03 Antonine period, II7 Applied chemistry, achievements in, in ancient India, 180 u It discoveries in, 180, 181 Arabians, monopoly of commerce by, 94, 95 Art of shipbuilding in India, treatise on, 19 Articles of merchandise stamped with royal stamp, 136 .. .. Roman trade, 103-105 Aryans, migrations of, II Augustan period, II7 B Jlakla, centre of naval strength in Bengal, 216, 217 Banias of Western India trading on Persian coast, 87 Bengal, home of shipbuilding, 205 Benga1 Marine, 247 Bengali art, in1luence of, on Nepalese art, 157 artists, I 57 characters on Japanese sculptures, ISS, 156 literature, oldest record of maritime activity in, 159, 160 reformers, ISS ·57 s INDEX r.-SUBJECTS Bhikshuni Order, establishment of, in China, 166 Birds in vessels used to show which way the wind lay, 13 Board of Admiralty, 104 Boat-hire, custom of, 6 I Boats, registty of, 2 II " trailer, 192, 193 Bodyguard of Tamil kings, 128 Bombay-built ships, cheapness of, 246 .. .. durability of, 246 Bombay Marine, 244 Bottomry, custom of lending money on, 6 I Broach, distributing centre of India, 131 Buddhism, extension of, 3 .. the first oOpe world-religions, 2, 3 Byzantine emperors, 121"

C Cabins of ships, .6 Calcutta-built ship, first, '41 Calcutta, shipping centre in, 198 Cane used for masts and oars, 204 Canoe, 32 Centre of naval strength, Bakla, 216 .. .. shipbuilding in Aurangzeb's time, .29 Cities which flourished on Indian trade in Solomon's period, 94 Civilization, spread of, in Java, 49 Classes of wood, .0 Classification of ships, • I, 22 n " wood,20 Coins, Andhra, 51 Kurumbar,5I It Roman, JI9, 120, 1 2 7 Colonies, Indian, in Java, Sumatra, etc., 4. 111, 163 .. of Romans in India, I2 9 Colonization of Ceylon, 42, 43, 10, 157 Colony, Bengali, in Cochin China, 151 Colours recommended for painting vessels, '5 Commerce, relation of, to shipping, 8 Commercial activity of India, n, 23 n . centre at Gaur, 221 Connection of India with foreign countries, 59 Cotton, in Japan, introduction of, through Indians, 114 INDEX I.-SUBJECTS

D Damascus swords, 181 Deal in birds between Babylon and Benares, 77 unhorses, 77 Decline of Occidental trade, 126 Decorations of ships, '5 Dependence on foreign shipping, '53 Depository of metallic wealth, India, 84 Devices of Indian sculpture to indicate water, 48 Docks in Calcutta, '48 " of Mahrattas, '39 Dockyard in Agashi, '00 at Bombay, "43 of Kedar Roy, or 6 at Narsapore, '3' " of Protapaditya, u8 Drain of gold into India, 83, 84, In Dravidian words in Hebrew text, 90 Duties payable by shipowners to the king, 61, 198, 100, '08, "33

E Economic system of ancient India, 179 Edict, marine, of Asoka, 1[4 Egyptians with Arabians hold monopoly of commerce for 900 years, 95 Embassy from and to Persia, 40 " to Cbina, 177, 195, 197 European alliance !irst entered into, 138 " intluence on India, 3 Evidences of Indian maritime activity, literary and monumental, India and foreign, how arranged, 6 . Expansion of India, n closing years oC, 39

F Ferry fees, 106 Fish, iron, 48 Fishing license, 106 Fleet of Ahmed Shah, 100 » Alexander, 100-102 " Angrio, "39 II the Cheros destroyed, 175 -59 INDEX I.-SUBJECTS Fleet of the Cholas, 175 " .. Dhanapati, IS3 u Gujarat. ::Ot .. Imperial, organization of, 40 .. of Mahmud, ,"01 " Portuguese, 201 It hja orVishalgad, 200 " Sbaista Khan, 028, 219 " "Sivaji, 238, '39 Flower-scents, artificial imitation of, 181 Foreign influence on India, 3 .. travellers. provision for, in Maurya Empire. II. Fringuan or Portuguese.. sailors, 209 G Gaur, commercial centre at, 2 I 9, ..0 Gold-digging ants of Tibet, 96, 91 Golden Age of maritime activity. 40 Graeco-Roman inftuence on India, 3 Greater India, 43 H Harbour regulations ullder the Mauryas, 106-111 Hebrew text, Dravidian words in, 92 Hellenic influence on India, 3 Hides, dressing of, 191 .. trade in, 191 Hindu compass, 47 Hindu element in Java and Sumatra, 201 Hindu-Javanese ship, 45-48 Hindu settlement, 133

India, art of shipbuilding in, treatise on, 19 a single country, r cQlonies of, in Madagascar, etc., 4 cOllllllerdal activity of, 4, 5 connection of, Ivith foreign countries, 59 depository of metsllic wealth, 85 European influence on, 5 eltpansion at, 11 .. " " dosing yeatS at, 39 foreign influences on, 3 INDEX I.-SUBJECTS India, geographical unity of, , Graeco-Roman influence on, 3 heart ofthe Old World, 4 intercourse the making of, 2 Iranian infiuence on, 3 . " mistress of the Eastern seas, 5 normal trade route from Persian Gulf to, 89 region by itself, , " trading establishments. of, 4 Indian civilization, transplantation of, 39 commerce with Arabia, 90 " Babylon, 74, 86-92 " II Egypt, 91 contingent in Xerxes' army, 95 exports and imports, 82, '79 Marine, abolition of, 250 " decline of, 250 missionary activity in China, 166, ,67 Ocean, navigation of, '3' precious stones highly valued in Mosaic period, 91 rice, peacocks, sandal-wood, exported to Greece, 88 ships, description of, in the 15th century, 46 ships superior to the Portuguese, 000 " teak in Ur, 85, 87 " tribute to Darius paid in gold, 96 India's intercourse with foreign countries, 40 monopoly of spices, 83 " supply of gold through commeree, 83 Indigotin, extraction of, 18, Insurance, marine, 61 Intercourse as much a potent factor in the making of Iodia as isolation. 3, 4 Invasion, naval, of Puri, 40 Iron not to be used in the build of sea-going vessels, ax Iron fish, 48 (oote) Islands, conquests of, by the P&"davas, 57

Jaigeer, N owwara, 110 J Java, Indian colooy in, 163 Era, fouodation of, 149 K Kalinga people, traces of, in Singapore.. 14g-IS1 .61 INDEX I.-SUBJECTS

L Lead coins of the Andhras, 5 [ Lighthouses for ships, [37 M Machcba-yantra or fish-machine, 48 (note) Madagascar, Indian colony in, 4 Madapollum, iron manufactory at, '33 Magnet, 48 (note) Malnitta fleet, under Angria, '39 Malabu, Key of Hind, [88 Man-of-war built at Sural, '44 Manuscripts, Catalogue of Sanskrit, 19 (note) Muble anchors, '03 Marine edict of Asoka, 1[4 Marine insurance, 6 J Muitime activity, evidences of, whence derived, 9-" foreign evidences of, 6 Golden Age of, 40 Indian evidences of, 6 in the days of Nero and Augustine, II9-I2. main evidences of, I I oldest evidence in the l!ig.Ytda, 53 proofs of, 8 the real historical nurative of, how to be built up, 8 .. oldest record of, in Bengali literature, [57-[60 cities to pay special taxes, [06 trade alluded to in astronomical works, 6, U II in wool and animals, 60 MaIls of Bengal, II 6, II 7 Maurya royal monopoly in shipbuilding, 100 Meer Baree, ::z I I .. Behry, functions of, .06-.08

II JJ office of, 205 Metals for decorative purposes, • 5 Monastic system in China, foundation of, 166 Monopoly, India's, in spices, 83 .. in shipbuilding, Maurya royal, 10. Monsoon, discovery ofregularity of, by Hippalus, 123 Mosaic period, 91 Mummies wrapped in Indian muslin, 9 I Municipal commission, rules framed by, for foreigners, II. Mystical Buddhism in China, foundation of, [7' .6. INDEX I.-8UB]ECTS

N Names of classes of Indian ships and boats :­ Agramandiri, a6 Bacbhari. 230 Bajra, u8, a35 Balam. 028, 23! Bangles,25! Bbar,228 Boora, 235 Budgaroo, 235 Capel, 204 Catamaran, 234 Cbaturi, 204 Dirgba (Vishesa), 23 Dony, '51 Frigate, 244 Gallivats, 240 Gbrabs, U4, 227 Jalbah, 227, 230, 23 1 Jangi, '31 Kbalu, 231 Kosab, 021, 230 Madbyamandiri, 26,' 31, 42 Mahalgiri,u8 Man-of-war prow, .35 Massoola, 134 Mobrpunkee, 213 Muggutehera, II3 Oloalco, '35 Palwara, 128 Parinda, •• 8, 230 Paros,204 Panl, uS Patila, •• 8 Pattooas, aS2 Pinnace,lIS1 Purgoo, 235 Rhatgiri, uS Salb, ..8, 130 SAmlnya, II Sambuchi, 1103 Sarbamandirli, .6 INDEX I.-SUBJECTS Names of classes of Indian ships and boats (conti/ll/d):­ Schooner, 251 Unnatit (Vishesa), 23 Vishesa, 22 Names of Indian ships and boats ,­ Chandrapina, 160 Chandapata, 160 Chotamukhi, 160 Derby, 240 Durgavara, 160 Futteh Mahmood, '37 Gangiiprasiid, 159 . Godolphln, '40 Gooariikhi. 160 Gunj-Suwaie, 238 Hansarava, 159 Madhukara, 160 Nandi, 16s Ockham,240 Otter, 240 Riijavallava, 159 Riimpura, 238 Restoration, 241 Siigarafeni, 159 Saiiksbachura, 160 Siftbamukhi, 160 Sir Edward Hughes, 46 Success, 240 Names of the officers of ships ,­ Bhandaree. 207 Darya-Saranga, 239 Ditra-rasmi-griihaka, 109 Goomtee, 207 Gunners, 201 Keranee. 207 Kherwah, .07 Maullim (the mate). 207 Meer Behry, 206 Nacquedhah (shipmaster), 207, 237 Nakhoda-khesheb. 207 Niyamaka. 109 Punjeree• • 07 Shasaka (captain of a ship). 109 .64 INDEX L-5UBJECTS Names of the officers of ships (tontinued) :­ Sirheng, .07 Sukangeer (helmsman), .07 Tindal (hoatswain), '37 Tundeil (chief of sailors), .07 Utsechaka, [09 Names of Indian voyagers to China, [65-[ 67 Narsapore, dockyard, etc., at, '3" Nautical instruments of the Hindus, .O[ Naval activity ofthe Cholas, ns .. .. in Eastern Bengal, n6-..8 architecture, Hindu, imitated by English, 25 [ battle in i!ig- Yeda, Riimiiyapa, and Rag"uvaNa, 53-60 of Ahmed Shah of Gujarat, '00 .. Balban, 190 .. Babar, .05 .. Firoz Shah Tuglak, 196 .. .. Shaista Khan, •• 8 .. Sultan Mahmud, 187 n "Timur, 196 Department, organization of, 105 engagements in Akbars reign, n4-2[9 establishment at Dacca, no expedition against Kuch Behar, ..5 .. to Assam, ..6 headquarters at Dacca, no invasion of Puri, 40 .. power of the Angrias, '39 Navigation, art of, forming part of education ofKalinga princes, [44 .. in Indian Ocean, proof of, 8 Number of passengers in old Indian ships, .8, 29,42, 69, 70, 7[ o Ocean-going vessels, '3, 40, 73, 88 Officers in ships, .07 Ordinary ships, .. Outrigger ship, 48 P Palace of Chola king, 137 .. .. Nebuchadneuar,87 Parsis as master shipbuilders at Surat, "44 Peacocks exported by Hindu merchants to Baveru, 740 93 265 INDEX I.-SUBJECTS Pearl, artificial manufacture of, 68 fishery, 64, 68, 123, 190, 194 II II chief centres of, 68 Persian influence on India, 3 Piracy, 169, 185, 186, 187 action taken against, by Shaista Khan, 228 " in Asoka's time, 113 Porcelain, Indian, 197 Ports of Bengal, 218 II old Indian, 131, 132, 134 II South Indian, 135, 136 Port-taxes, 106 Prehistoric trade relations of India, 85-95 Prows of vessels, 25 Puri, naval invasion of, 40 Q Queen of the Eastern seas, India, S r

R Rajput sailors, 194 Registiy of boats, • I 1 Regulations, harbour, ro6-1 II Revival of Occidental trade, 12 7 Rising Sun, the Land of the, 156 River-tolls, 208 Rocking-seats as prevention against sea-sickness, 36 Roman coins, 119, 120, 127 Roman soldiers as guards, 128 Rome, political connection with, 137 references to, in Sanskrit and Pali literature, 130 intercourse with, how explained, 139

S Sanchi, earliest evidence in sculpture of shipbuilding in,' 3' Sanskrit Manuscripts, Catalogue of, 19 II origin of words in Malaya language, 146 Scents, flower, artificial imitation of, ISr Sea-gulls, 47 Sea-route between Indian and Persian coasts, 7" Sea-voyage, oldest representation of, 36 Selling of captured men by Portuguese pirates, 211 .66 INDEX I.-SUBJECfS Settlement, Hindu, 133 Shipbuilders, salaried servants of Maurya Government, 102 Shipbuilding, capital invested in, 255 centres of, 206 in Bengal, '46 materials for, at Bassein, '0' U It It Sylhet, 212 monopoly of, by the Maurya kings, 10. .. treatise on the art of, J 9 Ship-coins, description of, 49-51 Ship-commerce, art of, forming part of the education of Kalinga princes, J 44 Ship-w, .00 Ship-money imposed by Shaista Khan, '33 Shipping centre at Agashi, .0. at Bakla, 216, 217 in Bengal, Kashmir, and Tatta, '46 at Calicut, 198 .. Masulipatam, '37 .. Narsapoxe, '3' D Saugar Island, ..8 n Sindh, 113 .. Sripur, .. 6 » .. Mahratta, '39 Indian, proofs of, 8 in the Aodhra-Kushan period, 13' " It" Maurya period, 100 Ships, construction of, 19' guidance of, .01 , Indian, classification of;ax, •• sailing as far as Zanguebar, 191 .. used in naval warfare, .6_ names of, 103 ordinary, 13 protection of, 198 repair of, 193 size of, 19", 193 .. .. in Pall works, 18 II It in Sanskrit works, 19. 10, II special,I3 .. varieties of, described by Bowxey, 131 Ship-yards of Maggs, I II Silk, supply of, from China, 56 .. weighed with gold, 83 INDEX I.-SUBJECTS Streamers, use of, 48 Superintendent of ships under the Mauryas, 105-112

T Tamil kings, bodyguards of, 128 .. words, adaptations from, 89 Tantrism, Buddhistic, 173 Taxes, port. t06 .. for building of boats, ~ II Teak for shipbuilding, excellence of, 249 " Indian, io Ur, 85, 87 Temple dedicated to Augustus, 129 Tolls, .08 Tonnage of ancient Indian vessels, 103 Trade in jewels with West-Asiatic and European countries, 8. Occidental, decline of, 126 " revival of, 127 ' " route from Persian Gulf to India, 89 Trading centres of Bengal, 161, 218-222 Treatise on the art of shipbuilding in India, 19 Tribute to Darius, in gold, by India, 96 Tungkia (silver money), 194 Turkish vessels built at Sandwipa, U 2

U Ur, Indian teak in, 85, 87 Use of Gupta and White-Huna coins in Madagascar, etc., J89

v Vessels built at Dacca, 212, 213 " used in naval warfare. kind of, .6 Voyage, trading, undertaken by Hindu merchants, 8 Voyages made by Indian merchants to Babylon, 83, 89

W Woods, classification of, 20 Woodwrights, village of, 14 Y Yavana colony, 128 original significance of, 121 soldiers as bodyguards to Tamil kings, 128 .68 INDEX H.-PROPER NAMES.

A America, 83, 98 Amitodana, 165 Abanindranath Tagore, ISO Ammianus Marcellinus, 139 Abd-er-Razzak, 13, 198 Anahilavada Patan, 169 Abu Baler, 195 Andaman, 176 Abw-Fau, 14,105,113 Andhra, 10,50. 116, 119, 179 Abw-Feda, 189 Andhrabhritya, 35, 38 Achaemenides,3 Anga,l44 Aden, 191 Angria, "39-24" Adreitta, 7I ADguttara Nikaya, 73 Afghanistan, 84 Aijanabel, 239 Africa, 40 5, 89, 97, 133, 101 Antonio. 158 Agashi,IOI Antony, Mark, 139 Agastya,68 Aniirddhvi, "4 Agatharcides, II, 131. 194 Arabia, 40 68, 78, 81, 89. 90. 120, Agni.55 . 133, 163, 191 Agra. 113. 114 Arachosia, III Agramandiri, 16, 41 Arehipelago, 5 Ahmad Shah. 000 Aria, III Ahmedabad, 100 Ariake, 134 Ajanna-Jiitaka. 78 Arjuna,S7 Ajanti. 37, 39. 40, 41, 4". 43 Aromal&, 134 Aji Saka. 151 Arrakan, 150, Oil, 014 Akbar, 14. aos, 208. 109. 114. 214 Arrian. 100, 101, 102, J86 Akbar-nima, "5 ArthaAistra, 10, 1040 206 Alaric, 127 Aryappadai-Kadantha-Nedunj -Chil- Al-Biruni, 13, 56. 187 \iyam, 128 Albuquerque, 801 Asia, 4. 5, 13r, 151 Al-Billduri. 13, 185 Asoka, 10, 113. 114. 116, 120. 161, Aleaander. 3. 9, 8., 95,100, 153. 186 16., 178 Aleaandria, 95, 110, 186, au Assaconi. 101 AI-Idrisi, 13, 188 ! Assam, a21, liS. 117 Allahabad, 106 Asvins, '7, 54 Amaravati,I49 I Athens, 88, 138 .69 INDEX n.-PROPER NAMES

Aufrecht, Prof.• 19 Bassein, 69. 13". 202 Augustus. XIS. 1I9. IU, a6. 129, BaudbAyana, 59 137. J38 Bavero. 74, 78. 90 Aurangzeb. 14. IS. 2'4. 226. "31 Baveru-Jiitaka. 74, 81, 88 Ausi! Toomar Jumma. 14. 209 Bawarij, 188 Australasia, 253 Bay of Bengal, IS, 30, 71, 12. 142. Australia. 5. 98 143. 145. 146, IS0. 116,117, 231 Avanti.137 Begini,24 Awaji,I74 Behar, I7S, .15 Ayeen-i-Akbari. 14. 205, 208 Benares, 77, 78, 21' Bengal, II. 14. 65. 14', 143, 150, B 155, 159, 175, 189. 195 ••06,;tIS Baalbek. 94, 180 Berenica. I20, 134 Babar. 2 °5 Bevan. Major R., 236 Babylon, 74. 77. 82. 85. 86, 81, 88, Bhagalpur, 30, 157 89.94 Bhandaree, 207 Babylonia, 86, 87 Bhandarkar, Dr., 117. 133, IS0 Backergunj, 216 Bbars, ••8 Bacbhari, 230 Bham,75 Bactria. 139 Bbarukacbcbha, 29. 74, 75. 77. 88, Bagdad, 186, 233 89 Bahmani. 200 Bhayi.22 Bahrein Gulf, 168 Bhik.2zx Baira.188 Bhikshuni-Nidina. 165 Bajra. 228, 235 Bhima.22 Bakare, 122. 124. 134 Bhim Narain, 227 Bakla, 216, 211 Bhoja, 19. 20. 2I. 68 Balams. 228. 231 Bbojajanuya-Jataka, 78 BaJasore. aro. 2I I, 233 Bhojapara. 171 Batban.190 Bbubanesbwara, 31 Baldeo.225 Bhujyu, • 7, S4 Bali. 145. 171 Bible. 9, 91• 92. 95, Jl9 Ball, Prof. V., 91. 97. 98 Birs Nimrud, 87 Bamian.153 Bitpal. '51 Bandru.201 Black Sea. 120 Banga, ;« Blocbmann. IS. Jal Banghella. 221 Bodhidharma, 166. 173 Bailgiya 5ahitya Parishat, 2U Bodhisattva, 39.78 Bangles, 251 Bodbisattvavadina KaIpalatii, 10, Banksball.248 Il3 Bansl Dasa, 159 Bodbisena. '13 Barendra, 157 Bodleian. IS Barygaza, 13". J33. 134, J38 Bombay. 35. 200, 338. 245, 246 210. INDEX H.-PROPER NAMES Booras, 23$ ChakaAri. 218 Borneo,4, z7z Cbaldaea. 85 Borobudur, 12,45,49, lSI, 157 Cbalukya, Z47 Bowrer, T., 15, 231 Cbamban Ali, 223 Brahmaputra, "5, 230 Chimpa, 30, 76, 157 Brajakishora Ghosha, 145. Chil].akya, 105 Brajendranatb Seal, Dr., 181 Chandeun, 219 Bridge, Sir Cyprian, 245 CbaJ).dl, zS8 Broacb,I88 Chandikan, .. 6, 218 Buddha, 29, 33, 71, 72, 143 Chandradwipa, .. 6 Buddhagat, 145 Chandra Gupta, 104, III, li4, 116, Budgaroo, 235 152, 178, 182, 206 Buhler, Dr., 8, 53, 58, 74, 87 ChandrapiDa, 160 Burgess, 69 Chandrasvimf,67 Burma, II, 30, 76, 97, 137, 142 Chand Saodigara, 158, 159, .13 Bussora, 186 Chaio Jukua, 170 Byzantium, 56 Chapa, 169 ChapaJi, .2 C Chatgaon, 210, 230 Caesars, 117 Chaturi, "'4 Cairo, 199 Chaul, 131, 101 Calcutta, III, "47 Chavada, 169 Caldwell, Dr., 93, 98, 134 Chavakam, 143 Calient, 14, 195, 197, 198 Chembur,132. Cambaet, 191 Cheng-Ho, 1~7 Cambar, 191, 195, 100 Cheng-Kuan, 170 Cambodia, 4, 39. 149. 169. 182 Chera, '35, 175 Canton. 166 Cberala, 135 Capel. 104 Chersonese, 30, 168 Caracalla, 116. 117 Cbia-Tau, 166 Carnafuli. 231 Chilappathikaram, 118, 136 . Camatic, 147 Chilka Lake, 145 Carvalius... 6 Chilmari, I29 Caspian Sea. 110 China,4t II, 13,39. So, 56, 65, 830 Cassius. 138 89, i40, '41, 'SS, 162, 110, 1730 Catamaran. 135 177, 195 Cathay, II, 163 Chittagong, 247 Cesare eli Fedrici. III Chola, 13, 137, 143, 17St 177 Ceylon. 190 30, 34. 41. 44t 67. 70, Chotamukhl, 160 103. 113. 133. 140, 14", 145. 161, Cbrist,I44 185, 195 Chu-fIUKbih, 170 Cbacb, 153 Chula Puooa, 71 Cbacb-nima, 13t 14 Chyrse Cbersonesu5, 78 27 1 INDEX H.-PROPER NAMES

Claudius, 120 De Coutto, 14 Cochln,241 Dehli, 189, IgO, 2U, 226 Cochin China, 'So, 157 Deir-el-Bahari, 90 Coilum, 191 Delmar, 84 Coimbatore, II 9, 124, 12 5 De Souza, 22 I Coje Zofar, 201 Deval, 168, 185 Colandiophonta, 133 Dhanavriddhi, 65 Comorin, Cape, 203 Dhanapati; 158, 159. 221 Constantinople, 2 U Dhapa, 230 Constantine, 139 Dhar,19 Conti, Nicolo, 46, 199 DbarID.r, '4 Corbulo, 139 Dharmakrama, 166 Corea, 155 Dharmapaladeva, 220 Coromandel, II, SO, 51, 131, 133, Dharur, 13' 14', '31 DbIma.n, IS7 Cosir, 199 Digha Nikaya, 73, 88 Cosmas, 13, 168 Dilawwar, 230 Cosmas Indicopleustes, 140 Dineschander Sen, 156 Cossipore, 249 . Diodorus, 10. Crawford, 149 Drpavansa,7" Ctesias, 9, 98, 99 DIrgbii, 22, 23 Ctesiphon, 94 DIrghika, 23 Cunningbam, '33 Diu, 169, 201 Cursetjee, 245 Dony, 251 Curtius) 100, 101 Dows, 133 CUlch, 168, 169 Drakes, 40 Cyrene, 113 Dravidian, 60, 89, 92, 98 Dudhali,218 D Duff, '39 Dabhol,202 Dulva, 145 Dacca, 14, 209, 211, 213, 224, 225, Durgivara, 160 ..8 Dvarakii,66 Dakhan,94 Dwarka, 169 Damascus, 120, 181, 190 Damodar, 210 E Dandi,66 Edom,94 Danuj Roy, 190 Egypt, So, 78, 83, 85. 90, 91, 94. Darius, 3, 84, 96, 91, 180 95, 1I3. 134 Da6akumaracharitaj 66 EkdaJa, 196 Daud,21S Elam, 137 Davids, Rhys, 78, 88, 89 Elliot, 13. 14, 15,51, 146 De Barros,'15, 221 Elolh, 92, 94 Deccan, 40) 70, 1 J 9, :1 I 1 Elpbinstone, 142. 148 '7· INDEX II.-PROPER NAMES Emodus, 101 Gatvara, '3 England,ls8 Gaur, aZ9, ~20t 2;12 Epiphania. 94 Gautama, 60' Erukkaddur - Thayan - Kannanar • Gedrosia..89 Akam, 135 Germanae, 138 Erythraean Sea, tI, 131, 119 Ghatakakariki, 15 Ethiopia.. 141 Ghiyas-ud-din Azam Shah, 197 Eudaimon. Arabia, 134 Ghiyas-ud-din Balban, 189 Euphrates, 120, 168 Ghtab, 314, "7 Europe, 56, 8a, 83, 95, 125,20'. 246 Glouc~ter, Fort, 249 Eusebius Pampbeli, 139 Goa, 202 Erion-Geher, 9'. 94 Gobi,97 Godavari, 149, 23' F Gogra, 189, .05 Gokafl)a,64 Fadai Khan, 216 Golconda, Fa-Hien. II. 46, 48, 161, 165, 172 .3' Gonzales, Sebastian. uS Fatbiyyah-j-jbriyyah. 15. 138 GooariUdU, 160 . Fergusson. 149 Goomtee, 207 Feringhi, IS. 2U, 226 Gotamiputta, 35 Firoz Shab Tughlak. 196 Grabs, .51 Fitch, Ralph, IS, ..8 Grant.20g FiotuS,I38 Great Bear, 103 Foulkes, Rev, T., 72. 94 Greece, So, 8&· Framjee, 245 99 Framjee. Manseckjee, 244 Griffins, Griffiths, 38, 41 Fringuan, ,og Guardafui, 134 FrobishetS.4° Gujadhar... s Fryer, Dr., IS. '36 GujaTat, 40. 45, 49, '34. ISO, 169. 194. ,01 G Gunabbadra, 166 Galbats, .55 Gunavannan, 165 GaUvats, 140 Gupta, 11, 39. 163 Gambhirl, UI Guzjjaras, IS" 169 GAmil}!,13 Glndblra., II7, lSI H Galigiptaslda.159 Hadrian, 117 Gangaikonda-dlo\a, 175 Haimadesha, 68 Ganges, t, IS, 65. 70, 75. Il3. 177, Hajipur. liS 161, 144. 134. 137. 10$ Hajjai. 18s Gatbbari, ,.. Hakluyt, 199 Garbhit\l, I. Hamza, 168 Garu~~68 Hasarava, 159 '13 T INDEX II.-PROPER NAMES lIaridasi Palit, u 3 Dam, 175. 176 Harsha, 12, 65 India, 1, '. 3. 4, 5. 6, " 9. 10. 34. Harsbavardhana, II. 40. 163, 110 59,40 , 55, 58, 68, 7a. S,., 8;h 8S, Hastiniipur. 66 86. 88, 89, go, 91, 92, 94,95, 96, Hatasu.90 97, 99, 10', I u. Hj-1t9, 120, Haven. 45. 47, IS7 uS. 129, 130, 134. 137, 139, 14f, Heeren, go, 97 144, '45, 1 55,161,168, frO, 1 73, Heliopolis, 94 118, ISO, 205, '31 Herodotus, 9, 95. 96, 91, 99 India, South, ll, 36 Hewitt, 3S, 86 Indi'lJl Archipelago 3. IS .. Hieronimo di ~ro Stefalio.I4, 199 Indian Ocean, 8, 55, 68, 133, t4z, Himalaya, 2 143 Hind, 18S Indies, 158 Hindustban, I go Indo-AryallS, ~ Hippalus, US Indo-Chinese, 164 Hira, 168 Indo-Scythians, 139 Hiram, 9~, 93 Indraprastba, 130 Hitopadeba, 6, Indus, 2, 3. 49,86,93,97.100, tOI, Hiuen Tsang, It, 12, 38, 16z, 168, 131.134, 139,153. ISS, 196, #13 169 Irak, ISS Biwan\:i, t64 lxawaddy, 143 Holland, ~46 Islam Khan, a24, uS Horiuzi, 156 Ispaban, 168 Hormuz, 120, 134, I SO Issamuttr. 0%1 HOU,164 Italy,56 Rotton, Christopber. 232 I·'l'sing, IZ, 162, 170, 11' Howrah,248 Huang-hua-hsl·ta-cbi, 16, J Hughes, Sir Edward, ~46 Jagajjlbana, #23 Hugli, 210. u9. 248 ]agannatb, 36 Humboldt, S6 Jagnagar, 189 HUllaS, IS". 168 Jiihij"'ghata, 2t8 Hunter, J44. 145 Jabangir. 224. z30 HmSl>in Shah. 220 Jaipur, ~15 Hydaspes, lOa, 101 Jalbah, Sl1, 330, 2,11 Hyder Ali. 247 Jambudvipa,29 Hyrcanian, 139 Jamse\jee,2# jl\msetjee ilomllDjee, 244 JanaIcs-Jatalta. 29 Iaones, Ul Jangbala, 24 Ibn llatuta, 194 Jangi, 2 31 Ibn Hussain, 230 Japall, 3.4.39. ISS. ISO. 110• 113. Ibrahim lCban. 2.38 114 274 INDEX II.-PROPER NAMES

Jiitaka, 34, 69, 73, 74, 87 Kasbmir, 67, 84 Java, 4, 6, 12, 39, 41, 45, 46, 49, Katbasarit Sigara, 67 56, 148, 149, ISO, lSI, lS", Kathiawar, 152 189 Kau,I66 Jaygad,I31 Kausambi, 66 Jedda, 138 Kautilya, 10, 104 Jessore, 217, 218, 229 Kaveri, 129, 136, 144 Jhelum, 196 Kavika.ilkaJ).a, 159, 221 Jiiiinabhadra, 170 Kaviripaddinam, 129, 135, 137, 143 Jogue, 138 Kedar Roy, 216, 217 Julian, 139 Keith, Major J. B., 179 Jumna, 189 Kennedy, 86, 81, 88 Junks, ~33 Keranee, 207 Junnar, 13" Ketakadiisa, 159 Justinian, 139 Kewmo-Io, 167 Jyo, 174 Khaberis, 136 Khafi Khan, 238 K Khalu, 231 Kabul,II8 Khan A1am, 215 Kadaram, 176, 177 Khan-i-Khanan, 114 Kaddaram, 143 Kharid,20S Kadphises, 118, 138 Khegan, 138 Kaivarta, .7, 57 Khegas, 138 Kakasu Okakura, 163 Kherwah, I07 Kalakam, 137, 143 Khurasan, 188 Kilidiisa, 64, 65 KhuSIU II., King of Persia, 40 Ka1inga, 11,71, 1440 145, 171, 177 Kiao-tchoa, 164 Kalinga Huparani, 177 Kidderpur, 248 Kalingapatan, 144 Kil,I74 Kalliena, 13" Kilmak,II7 Kalyan, 132, 140, 147 Kirtini.rii.~ II 7 Kamara, 135 Kishora Das, 229 Kanakasabhai, V., 177 Kishtiha-i-handakshan, 196 Kanaraka, 36 K1ings, 145, 146 Kanauj, 40, 105 Kolaba,I39 Kandalur, 175 Koppenes, 101 Kandarpaketu, 67 Kosala, 71 Kane,Il4 Kosah, "7, 231 Kanhery Caves, 35, 131 Kotumb&, 134 Kanishka, 117 Kounagara, 134 Kankan, 169 K!ishiia, 37, 66, 1440 149 KaAsa, 37 Krishnaswami Aiyangar, 177 Karibari,809 Kshatrapa, 164 ·75 INDEX H.-PROPER NAMES

Kshemananda, 159 Luchmi Narayan, ..s Kshemendxa, 10, I13, II4 Luckia, "7 Kshudra, •• Kuch Behar, "1, "5, "7 M Kuch Rajo, "5 Macedonia, II 3 Kudduvan, 135 Machin, 188 Kuen-lum, 174 Madagascar, ISO, 189 Kufa, 168 Madapollum, '33 Kulotunga, 177 Madhukara, 16o Kumedera, 173 Madhyama, ., Kundaka-Kucchi -Sindhava-J ataka, Madhyamandira, .6, 37, 4' 77 Madras, 142, 149, '36, '47 Kurumbar, 5 I Madura, 49, II9, 126, 127 Kusai, "3 Magadha, 71, 137, IS' ·Kusban,3, 10, I16, 139, 140, 179 Maggs, 210, 211, 212, 224, :126 Kwai-Yuen, 12, 165 Miigha,66 Kyd, J., '48 Mahabhiirata, 57, 58, 130 Kyd, R., '48 Mahiijanaka-Jataka, 30, 75, 77 Kyushu, 174 Mahalgiris, ..8 Mahiinandii, 2'3 L Mabapuri, 130 Laccadives, 176 Maharastra, 39, 134 Lacouperie, Prof.,: 163 Mabavairochanabhisambodhi Sutra, Ladakh,97 173 Lahore, ·206 Mahavallipore, 37 Labori Bandar, 213 MahawaDso, '9, 69, 70,71, 156 Lakhnauti, 189, 196 Mahi·sasaka-Vinaya, 165 Lambert, Antony, 248 Mahmud, 10', 153, 187, '01, .21 Lang-ga, 164 Mahratra, 238, 239 Lailka, 130, 164 Mahuan, 13, 196 Lassen, got9I, 97 Maisley, General F. C., 33 Latas, IS' Maisolia, 134 Lenormant, 90 Malabar, 86, 93, II7, 123, 131, 133, Levant, 120 134. 188 Limurike, 133 Malacca, II, 133, 134, 146 Lindsay, Mr., 247 Malava, IS' Lohita 5agara, 56 Malaya, 149, 17' Lo-hu-na, 17' Malaya Archipelago, 56, 143, 163, Lolli, '3 17 1, 189,235 London, '49 Malayan Peninsular, 4 Low, Lieut., '45 Maldab, ••• Lowjee Nassaranjee, '44 Maldives, 176, 200, '3' Lo-yang, 167 Manasii,Is8 '76 INDEX n.-PROPER NAMES Manaslmatigaia, 159, 223 Mesopotamia, 94 Mandagora, 13' Mexico, ISS Manda, 147 Middleton, Sir H., 10. Manda Roy, 1I7 Mikwa, 174 Mangarouth, 140 Milinda Panha, 164 Mangulura, 124 Minayef,74 ManilJas, 150 Ming,I97 Manipa1lavam, 143 Ming-shih, 197 Manjanik, IS6 . Mir Jumla, •• 6, ~17, ..S Manjistha, lSI Mirz..Jalli Beg, .14 Manju ~rI, 17', 173 Mlechchhas, 57,. ~"S, 129 Mannai,177 Moca,':'3" Man Singh, 215, 217 Mocha, 23", 238 Mansura, ISg Mogaiianna, 167 Mantharl, u, '4 Moghul, 224, "5, 230 Manu, 60, 61 Mohr Punkee, .13 Manuel de Faria y Souza, ... 1 Mokha, 134 Manusaflhita, 57 Molesworth, 48 Marcellinus, Ammianus, 139 Mommsen, 124 Marco Polo, 13, 133, 190 Mongols,3 Mirk~deya Purl",a, 64 Monoglosson, 134 Marsden, 146 Moor, Capt., 230 Martaban, 146, 176 Morapura, 70 Maruvar·Pakkam, 136 Morris,23" Massoola, 234 Mouza, 134 Master, Strenysham, 13 Muchiris, II, 135 Matama, 176 Muggen:hera, 2I3 Matsya,34 . Muhammad Hussain, Hakim, 22g Maullim, 207 Muhammad ibn Kasim, 186 Mauryas, 9, 10, 100, 102, lOS, Muktipura, 67 III Multan, IS7, Ig6 McCrindle,9,I40 Munawwar Khan, ..S Mecca, 19S, 202, 137 Mundelgaut, 210 Mediterranean Sea, 9S Munim Beg, 227 Meds, ISS Munim Khan, uS Meer Behry, lOS Murshidabad, Ill, 213 Meer Bundar, "4 Muscat,lgS Megasthenes, g2, 10', 104 Musulipatam, ISO, 132 Meghna, u8, ..s Muyirikolu, 113 Meberan, ISg Muairis, lIa, 113, 1140 liS, IIg, Meli&eigara, 131 13", 134 Mendang Kumulan, 151 Myos Harmos, 110 Merivale, 116 Mysore, 175 an T. INDEX IL-PROPER NAMES

N Orissa, 36, 145, 175,215 Nabonidus, 81 Ormuz, 19S N~uedah. 237 Orosius, 138 N agas, 34, 114 Ossis, 94 Nagapuram, 143 Ouang-h-wuentse. 153 N akhoda., 207 Oudh, 145, 189 Nakhoda·khesheb, t07 OXUS,lZO

Nakltavaram, 116 < Nakkinlr, 121 P Nakula,57 Paddinappalai, 136 Nalopatana. J4Q Padisbanama, 225 Nandi,165 Padiyur. u40 12 5 Nanking, 166 l'admapani. 35 Nan-Maran,I21 Padma Pwilja. J 58 Narayanadeva, IS8 Paitimaba, J 30 Narsapur, 23. Paithan, 132 Nearchus, 100 Pala. no Nebuchadneozar, 87 1'ala Kings, uo Nelltynda, 124, 132 PalaJ,51 Nepal, 153, 1ST Pa1ekat, 30 , 71 Nero, 122 12,3, [26 PaIemne,94 Nicobar, 172, 176 Pall,9 Nico)o Conti, 46,133,199 Palla"", 10. 51. 114 Nihon*ki. '74 Palmyra. 120, 180 Nikhilnatb Roy, 2J 1 Palwarahs, 201 Nileswar, 124 1'&lyan. 110 NiIgiri, 129 Paichadddhiintika, 130 Nilltantba, U4 Pandava, '7. 57, 59 NitiAataka. 67 Pandion. J 38 Nivediti. 246 Pandua,u3 Nizamuddin Ahmed. 187 Pandya, 70, u8, 137 Norway, 246 Pandyan. 29, 70, J2 r Nowrojee, 245 Pandyaviitaka, 68 Nowwara, 14.209. 2U, 227 Pang-kola, 197 Nur Jehan. 226 1'anje-ab, 101 Pan-JIl. 167 o Paralaukika, 68 Oaranar·Puram, 135 Paramati, 167 Oderia, Friar. 194 Parameswua, 201 Okdis, 134 Parasava. 68 Oloako, 235 Paricha.t, uS Ophir, 92, 93 l'arlndab ....S Orhel.168 PariS.82 2 78 INDEX II.-PROPER NAMES

Paropanisadai, "I I I Prome. 146. 176 Parti, 140 PrOripiditya. 217 ,Patala, .., 131 Ptolemy, 11. 101. 121, 134, 135. Pataliputra, 114 139. 140, 161 Patil,",8 Ptolemy Philadelphus. 110 Patila, ..8, 135 Pukar. n. 129, 135 Patna, 66, 78, II 5 l'wr.90 Patraputa, .. Pundra.144 Pattooas, "51 Punjab) 3,84,\11, 140 Paulisa, 130 Punjeree, 007 ' Pegu, 4, 144, 146, 147, 176 Punna.'30.7t , : Pencose, 219 Punya-U pachaya, 170 Pennar,51 Purchas, 218 Periplus, II, 91, 116, 121, 129, 131, Purgoos, '35 139, 140 Puri.36,40 Periyar, 135 Pyard, .01 Persia, 40 40, 65, 68, 120, 141, 163, 169,101 Persian Gulf, 8, 68, 7', 74, 87, 89, R 94, 100, 131 Raghu•• 8. 64, 65 Peshwas, IS Raghunandana, S5 Pesbwar, '40 Raghuvaflsa, .8, 64, 65 Petra, 95 RAjavallava, 159 Pelt, W., 143 Rajamandri. 147 Phayre, Sir A. P., II, 145, 146 Rija-rAja, 175 Philadelphia, 48 RAjavalUya, .8. 69 PhilUps, G., 163 Rljendra. 175 Phipps, John, 145 Rajendralal Mitra, Dr•• 19 Phoenicia, 78, 95 RAjmahal. "'4 Pillay, Ill, u8, 143 Rijtanuiginl. 68 PipU, '34 Raksbasis, 44 Pitaka, 73 Ralph Fitch. 15. 118 Pithan, '131 Romaka, 130 Pliny, II, 84, 97, 103, 116, 121, RAmiya ..... "7. 55. 57. 145 <14,131,140 RAmchandra Roy. 117 Pooma, 73 Raphael, 44 Portugal, 10' Rassam, 86. 87 Porus, 138 Ratnagiri. 139 Poudopatana. 140 Ratnivali. 65, 7' Praams. 134 Ratnodbhava, 66 Prabhikaravardhana. IS' Riyqa, 55 Prambanan. 151 Rea, Alexander. SO Prithri Rij, 67 Red sanden, 71 "79 INDEX H.-PROPER NAMES

Red Sea, 9', 94, '3', '34, '40, '0., Sancharam, 39 '3' Sandwipa, 216, "5 Reid, J., 47 Sanghabhadra, 166 Reina'ld, 56 SaDghavarman, 166 Rhatgiris, ..8 Sangriima Vijayottunga Varman, Rhinocolura, 95 176 Rig-Veda, 9, 53, 85, 9' SaiIgriimgara, '30 Robertson, Dr., IOi, 102 Sailkshachiira, 160 Robinson, Sir H., 96 Siinkha-Jiitaka, 30 Romaka, '0, '30 Sanyukta-iigama, 166 Romaka.Jiitaka, '30. Sa yutta Nikaya, 73 Rome, 10, 50, 82, 116, 118, 126, Sanuki, 174 127, 129, '37, '38, ,'39, '79 Saraju, 189 R. Shyiima !§astri, '04 Sarbamandirii, .6 Rudradiiman, 164 Sardar-i-Sairal, .:18 Ruijukokushi, '74 Saris, Capt., .03 Rum, 188 Sarmanes, 138 Rupnarayan, '10 Sassanians, 139, IS' Russia, 221 Satakarni, 35, 38 Ruttonjee, '45 Satgaon, 161, 219 Saurastra, 68 Sayee, Dr., 85, 86 S Schiern,96 Saddhammanagara, 146 Scotland, '46 Sagal, .70 Scythian, 49 Siigarafena, 159 Sebastian Gonzales, .. 5 Sagara Island, .,6, .,8 Seleucia, 96 Sahadeva, 57 Semiramis, 102 Sahara, '53 Semulla, '3" Saif-ud-din Hamza Shah, 197 . Sen Kings, '20 Saka, '39, 150, '5' Septuagint, 78 Sakuntala, 65 Serendip, 140, 187 Sakya, 165 Sevemdoorg, '40 Salabham, 69 Sewell, 50, II6 Salbs, ..8 Shahabuddin, 196 Salem, 124 Shah Jehan, 225 Salopatana, '40 Shakespeare, 158 Siimantapasadika, 166 Shaista Khan, 2.8, 229, '33 Sambuchi, '03 Shihab-ud-din Talish, '12, 2'4 Samudda-Vanija-Jiitaka, '9, 74 Shiva, '"4 Samudrasura,67 . Shuja, Prince, ..6 Samurai, 202 Siam, 39, 150 Sanchi, 32, 33, 34. 35 Sicily, 56 .80 INDEX II.-PROPER NAMES ~i1abhadra, 156 Suleiman, 187 SiJlhaviihu or SiJlhaba, 69 Sulkea,248 Sinae-Roman Cbina, 140 Sumatra, 4, 56. 143, ISO, 171 Sindabad, 186 Sumena,I94 Sindb, 3, 13, '4, 78, 140, 15-, ,83 Sunga,I6s Sindbu, ,68 Sungsbib, 13, 177 Sindbuvarga, '39 Supara, 69, 88, 90, 13' Singapore, 146 Supparaka, 30, 7', 89 SiJlhala, '9, 31, 44, 7', 157, ... Supparaka-Bodbisal, '9 Si6hamukbi, 160 Supparnka-Ji~,7S SiI1bapura, 69 Surat, 134,,140, '0', '37 Sirbeng, .07 Silryya;'13'" " Sister Nivediti, '46 Sussondi-Jitaka, 77 ~i6upalavadba, 66 Sulta Pitaka, 73, 88 Sit&, 55, 56 Suvama,71 ~ivaji, IS, '38 Suvan;tabbilmi, 30, 145, 161, 171 Smith, Vincent, "3, uS, 127, 129, Suvarna Island, 56 143 Suvamdrug, '39 Sobira,78 Suy, I67 Socotra, 133, 190 Suysboo, 167 Solomon, 89, 91, 9', 93 Suvan;ta DVipa, 56 Solvyns, F. Baltazar, '50 Sylbet, .12, '47 Somadeva, 67 Syrastra, 134 Somnalb, 153, 169, 187 Syria, 9', "3, 188 Sonargaon, 16, 219 Sopbir, 78 Soratba, ,68 T Srivasti, 7 I, 7', 73 Tabakat-i-Akbari, 187 ~ri-Bboja, 17' Tadmor,94 ~-Harsba, 15', 169 Taka-kusu, u, 171 ~ri-Visbaya, 176 Takkolam, 176 ~rimanta, 158, ••• Tw,;iIIa-i-Akbarnima, IS Srinagara, 1 I 7 TakOla,176 Slipur, 116, 1'9 Talaing, 144 ~ri RAja Indra Cbola, 177 Tami\akam, 1I8, '35 Stanhope, 143 Tamolitta, 16, St. John, R. F. SI. Andrew, 146 Tamo, 167 Strabo, ll, 101, 103, 104, 120, 131, Tamralipta, 31, 7', 161, ,6., '7' '37 Timrapan;tl, 68 Strenysbam Master, "3' Tana, '9' Subanu-JAtaka, 77 Tanda, "'9 Suimiani,I14 Tandulanali-Jitaka, 77 Sukangeer, a07 Tao-liu, ~7' .8, INDEX H.-PROPER NAMES Tapoosa, 30, 71 Tsi-chao, 197 Taprobane, 103 TughriJ Khan, 189 Tarani, a3 Tugra, 26, 54 Tari,23 Tundeil,20 7 Tarik,uo Tung-Ida, 197 Tarikb-i-Firozsbahi, 13, 196 Turnour, 29, 70, 71 Tarikb-i-Tabiri, uS Tyndis, 124, 13" Tamasari, 133 Tyre, 56, ga, 95 Tarshis, 93 Tata, 206 U Ta.tcheng-teng, 17' Ujjaini, 167 Tatta, la' Uman, 188. Tavernier, ISO, 180 Unnata, 23 Trudia, 101 Ur, 85, 81 Taylor, 87 UrBagas,8s Tcbaritrapoura, 161 Urdha,24 Tenjiku, 174 Usnisa Vijaya Dharrni, 156 Tennassaree, 232 Thana, 153, 191 Tharakhetra, 145, 176 v Thatta,196, 213 Vaita! DeuI, 37 Thebes, 90 Vajrabodhi,17· Theophrastus, 9a Vilahassa-Jitaka, 29, 75 Tiberius, u8, 125 Varaha,17' Tibet, 3, 97, 153 Varihamihira, 68, 130, 180, 181 Tien-shon, 173 Variha Puri\la, 63 Tientes, 164 Varthema, 14, IS, 133.203, .18 Tigris, 153, 186 Vartpharl,67 Timur.196 VaI1l\la. 53, S4 TinneveUy, 190 Vasco de GaIDa, .01 Tiperrah, I go VilBishtha, 35, 54, 130 T'JSsara, 166 Vajralepa, 180 Tittagarh, .49 Veraval, 168 Todannall,209,·15 Vespasian,u7 TOsa.174 Vidura, 27, 59 Trajan, 138 Vihar, 39, 7 I Trankee, 134 Vijaya, 28, 42, 44. 6g. 10, 151 Trapagga, 134 Vijaya D\Il'ga, .39 Tripitaka, 165 Vikramavihu 65 Tripitak Acharyya, 166 Vinaya (pitalu), 13 Tripitak. Chinese, .. Vincent, Dr., 101, 133 TripoJy, 158 Vincent Smith, So, 95, II., 138 Tsang, 16. Vindhya,119 .s. INDEX H,-PROPER NAMES Vindusarovara,37 Y Virgil,92 Vishalgad, 200 Yajiiavalkya SlmhitA, 6, Vishnu, 34 Yajiia Sri, 50 Von Bohlen, 90 Yamato, 173 Vrihat-SanhitA, 62, 130, 180 Yitritattva, 5S V!'iksha• .Ayurveda, 20 Vanna, II, 66, In, 128, 119 Yavana Dvipa, S6 Yeats,.Dr. J., S6 W Yemen, go Waddle, Mr. A., 248 Yudhisthira, 130 Walker, Lt.·Col. A., 245 Yuktikalpataru, 19, II, 24, IS, 35, Wassaf, 13,188, 19S 37, 41• 4', 164 Wellesley, Lord, 249 Yule, 12, 168, 194 Wheeler, J. T., '36 Yung.hsi, 17' Wilkinson, 9 I Yung.lo, 197 Wu, 167 Wun, I65 z X Zanguebar, 191 Xathroi, 102 Zannan-Khegas, 138 Xerxes, 9S Zend.86

183