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Christianattitud013214mbp.Pdf 261 Bl62c Cowl 14-75 Roland 1S94- Bainbon, Herbert, " Christian attitudes toward war and peace, Abingdon Press [1960] 299p. KANSAS CITY, M0 PUBLIC L BRARY i DATE DU'. MAR 10 6VI11/5 r#> MAY 8 'R<l DEC 1 i AUG 2870 tf J>Ej telj p$^;::^"jr,3 Christian Attitudes toward War anH Peace THE CHILDREN'S TRUCE PEACE: "I'M GLAD THAT THEY, AT LEAST, HAVE THEIR CHRISTMAS UNSPOILED." Copyright 1914 Punch, London "PUNCH" ON CHRISTMAS, 1914 ROLAND H. BAINTON Christian Attitudes Toward War and Peace A Historical Survey and Critical Re-evaluation Abingdon Press New York Nashville CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARD WAR AND PEACE Copyright 1960 by Abingdon Press All rights in this book are reserved. No part of the book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of the publishers except brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information address Abingdon Press, Nashville 2, Tennessee, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-12064 SET TTP, PRINTED, AND BOUND BV THE PARTHENON PRESS, AT NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To Cornelius Kruse COLLEAGUE IN COURSES AND COMRADE IN CAUSES Contents List of Illustrations 11 Introduction 13 1. Ideals o Peace in Antiquity 17 2. The Classical Origins of the Just War 83 3. The Origins of the Crusading Idea in the Old Testament 44 4. War and Peace in the New Testament 53 ,5. The Pacifism of the Early Church 66 6. The Theory of the Just War in the Christian Roman Empire 85 7. From the Just War to the Crusade and Sectarian Pacifism 101 8. The Renaissance Utopia and the Revival of the Just War 122 9. Wars of Religion 136 10. The Historic Peace Churches and War with the Aborigines 152 11. The Enlightenment 173 12. From Waterloo to Armageddon: A Century of Comparative Peace 190 9 CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARD WAR AND PEACE 13. From the Outlawry of War to the Atom Bomb 211 14. Past and Present 230 J5. What Then? 252 Notes 269 Guide to Literature 289 Index 291 10 List of Illustrations Frontispiece. Christmas number of Punch, 1914. The Stele o the Vultures, drawn from the photograph in Ernest de Dtcouvertes en Sarzec, Chaldee (Paris, 1900) , Plate 3 19 Greek Warfare, a detail from an Athenian vase, drawn from the reproduction in Gisela M. A. Richter, Red- Figures Athenian Vases in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New Haven, 1936), Plate 1 25 A coin of Tiberius from A.D. 22, drawn* from the photo- in graph Harold Mattingly, The Roman Imperial Coinage, 1 101 (London, 1923) , Plate VI, 58 Constantine's victory at the Milvian Bridge, from the earliest illustrated Church History, drawn from the repro- duction of the miniature in Henri Auguste Omont, Minia- tures des plus anciens manuscrits grecs de la Bibliotheque Nationale duVIe au XlVe siecle (Paris, 1929) 86 For the identification see Kurt Weitzmann, 'Illustration for the Chronicles of Sozomenos, Theodoret and Malalas," Byzantion, XVI, 1 (1942-43) The capture of Jerusalem in 1099 from a miniature of the thirteenth century, drawn from the reproduction in Maxime Weygand, Histoire de L'Armee fran$aise (Paris, 1938), p. 45. 113 11 CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARD WAR AND PEACE The Battle of Poitiers in 1346 from a miniature of the four- 118 teenth century in Weygand, op cit., p. 76 The Monk in Armor, Holbein's caricature for Erasmus' Praise of Folly from the facsimile of the Basel edition of the Encomium Moriae of 1515, 2 vols. (Basel, 1931) 134 Plundering in the Turkish War from Max Geisberg, Die deutsche Buchillustration in der ersten Halfte des XVI. 6 Breu Jahrhunderts. Jahrgang II, (Munich, 1931) , Jorg der Jungere, Skanderbeg Folge VI, Tafel 285 137 Horrors of the Thirty Years War from Jacques Callot, Grosse Schrecken des Krieges (1633) , from the reproduc- tion in Hermann von Nasse, Jacques Callot (Leipzig, 1919) 173 The Marseillaise in 1792 from the reproduction in Wey- gand, op. cit., p. 224 187 Opponents of War Pilloried: Ramsay Macdonald from Punch Almanack for 1915 208, 209 Senator Lafollette from Los Angeles Daily Times (April 6, 1917), reproduced in Peterson and Fite, Opponents of 191748 7. War, (Madison, 1957) , p. "What Did You Die For?" From The Nation (October 16, 1935), p. 428 213 Punch on Aerial Warfare. (March 25, 1914 and June 15, 1938) 226, 227 Magnitude by Casualties of the Wars of Europe (France, Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Russia) . Pitirim A. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics. Boston: (Porter Sargent, 1957) , p. 548, table 15 237 12 Introduction IN our time when the atomic bomb threatens to end the atomic era, the ethical problems of war and peace cry urgently for re-examina- tion. For the Christian this must mean a restudy of the implications of the Christian gospel. For Christian behavior this will suffice, but as a basis for world peace it is not adequate, because all peoples and religions of the earth are involved. When we seek for an inter- national ethos, the inquiry must be broadened. This question will engage us at the end of this book, but our primary concern is with the stand to be taken by the Christian. The obvious point of beginning is the New Testament. Yet the New Testament has so little to say specifically on the subject that from its pages can be derived only principles rather than precepts. How those principles are to be applied the Christian must discover for himself in the light of changing circumstances. A knowledge of how they have been applied in the past should be of help in the present because the essential human situation has not altered. Admiral Mahan in his work on sea power declared that a history of naval strategy should begin with the days of sailing vessels, because all the technological advances of modern times have not fundamen- tally changed the lines which any naval encounter must assume. Similarly the moral problem of killing masses of men to vindicate justice and restore peace is not basically different from what it was in the time of Joshua or Jesus. There is, of course, this difference, that the destructiveness of war is today greater and less discriminating, and this difference may invalidate ancient codes. The study of history IS CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARD WAR AND PEACE old rules no may thus prove emancipating if it shows that longer time if it discloses a apply. It may at the same provide guidance thread of principle running through divergent applications. For the Christian the New Testament is the natural point o of the New Testament. beginning, but there is reason for going back in Otherwise one will not appreciate that which is distinctive New Testament attitudes. An even more important reason is that when the Christian Church, after three hundred years of abstension from to the of tasks, politics, came under Constantine assumption political of was the gap in the New Testament ethic at the point politics supplied by borrowings from Judaism and the classical world, notably Stoicism. The Christian ethic of war was not specifically Christian, but either Hebrew or Greek with Christian accommodations, For this reason, the present sketch of Christian attitudes commences with the ideals of peace and war in classical antiquity and in the Old Testament. Broadly speaking, three attitudes to war and peace were to appear in the Christian ethic: pacifism, the just war, and the crusade. Chronologically they emerged in just this order. The early Church was pacifist to the time of Constantine. Then, partly as a result of the close association of Church and state under this emperor and partly by reason of the threat of barbarian invasions, Christians in the fourth and fifth centuries took over from the classical world the doctrine of the just war, whose object should be to vindicate justice and restore peace. The just war had to be fought under the authority of the state and must observe a code of good faith and humanity. The Christian elements added by Augustine were that the motive must be love and that monks and priests were to be exempted. The crusade arose in the high Middle Ages, a holy war fought under the auspices of the Church or of some inspired religious leader, not on behalf of justice conceived in terms of life and property, but on behalf of an ideal, the Christian faith. Since the enemy was without the pale, the code tended to break down. These three attitudes were not rooted in different views of God and only to a degree in different views of man, because all Christians 14 INTRODUCTION was to treat his recognized the depravity of man. The question how to be an of the depravity and the problem came aspect relationship of the Church and the world. Pacifism has commonly despaired of the world and dissociated itself either from society altogether, or from from war. The advocates of the war political life, and especially just the theory have taken the position that evil can be restrained by coercive power of the state. The Church should support the state in this endeavor and individual Christians as citizens should fight under to a theocratic view the auspices of the state. The crusade belongs that the Church, even though it be a minority, should impose its will upon a recalcitrant world. Pacifism is thus often associated with and the crusade withdrawal, the just war with qualified participation, with dominance of the Church over the world. These three views had already taken shape before the close of the various Middle Ages. Thereafter they were to reappear in configura- the sects.
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