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Protecting Honey Bees from Pesticides

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ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES Protecting Honey Bees ANR-1088 From Pesticides Pesticide Problems can be reduced by applying pes- as fumigants. Pyrethroids, oney bees and other insect ticides in the evening or early organophosphates, and carba- Hpollinators play an impor- morning when the air is calm. mates vary in their toxicity to tant role in the production of Time of Application. bees from relatively non-haz- many crops in Alabama. How- Ideally, pesticides should be ap- ardous to very hazardous, de- ever, since most crops must be plied when there is no wind and pending upon the individual ma- protected from insect pests and when bees are not visiting plants terial or combination of diseases, pesticide poisoning is in the area. The time and intensi- materials. Some bacteria, proto- the most serious problem for ty of bee visitation to a given crop zoans, and viruses that are cur- pollinating insects in agricultural depends on the abundance and rently recommended for biologi- areas. Protecting pollinators, es- attractiveness of the bloom. For cal control pose a serious hazard pecially honey bees, from pesti- example, apple trees or clover in to bees. cide poisoning should be part of bloom may be attractive to bees Herbicides, defoliants, and any pesticide program. The fol- all day while cucumbers and corn desiccants such as paraquat, lowing recommendations can are usually attractive in the morn- MAA, and MSMA reportedly help minimize bee kills. ing and early afternoon hours. In were extremely toxic when fed Pesticides on Blossoms. general, evening or early night to newly emerged worker honey The blossom is usually the only applications are the least harmful bees or when sprayed onto part of a plant that bees visit. to bees. older bees in field tests. Most To avoid killing bees, do not Formulation of Pesticides. tests have shown other materials apply pesticides hazardous to Dusts are usually more haz- in this class to be nonhazardous bees during the blooming peri- ardous to bees than sprays. to bees, except that they kill or od. When the treated area con- Wettable powders often have a damage nectar- or pollen-pro- tains the only attractive plants in longer residual effect than emul- ducing plants. bloom within flight range, injury sifiable concentrates. Granular Fungicides seem to cause lit- may occur to colonies several pesticides seem to present very tle trouble for bees. Captan at miles away. Treating non- little hazard. Ultra-low volume field dosages has caused brood blooming crops with a haz- (ULV) formulations of some pes- damage. ardous pesticide when cover ticides are much more toxic than Sex Lures, Attractants, and crops, weeds, or wild flowers regular sprays. No effective re- other Hormones usually cause are in bloom within (or near) pellent has been developed that no problem for bees. Occas- the treated field may also cause can be added to pesticides to ionally, a few honey bees and heavy bee losses. keep bees from treated areas. bumblebees have been found in Drift of Pesticides. Drift Toxicity of Pesticides. Most traps containing Japanese beetle occurs from nearly all spray or agricultural pesticides have been lures. dust applications of pesticides tested for their toxicity to honey ARCHIVEbees. However, laboratory and from a short distance to miles Precautions for Farmers field results do not always coin- downwind. Pesticide dusts drift and Applicators farther than sprays. Pesticides cide, due to peculiarities of bee applied by plane usually drift behavior, length of residual life of • Apply pesticides only farther then those applied by the pesticide, or the effects of dif- when needed. ground equipment. Generally, it ferent formulations. • Use the recommended is less hazardous to apply pesti- Insecticides affect bees in pesticides at the lowest effective cides near apiaries with ground one or more ways: as stomach rate. equipment than by plane. Drift poisons, as contact poisons, and Visit our Web site at: www.aces.edu • Use the pesticide least haz- Bee Kill Estimations label while the common name ardous to bees that will control and chemical ingredients follow 0 - 100 dead bees per day the pest involved. If all recom- in the section called “Active Normal Die-off mended pesticides are equally Ingredients”. For example, the hazardous to bees, use the one 200 - 400 dead bees per day Chevron Chemical Company that has the shortest residual ef- Low Kill manufactures Orthonex (brand fect. name). In the “Active • Use sprays or granules in- 500 - 900 dead bees per day Ingredients” section of the label, stead of dusts. Moderate Kill the name acephate (common • Use ground equipment in- name), is followed by the chemi- 1,000 or more dead bees per cal name. stead of aerial application to day High Kill apply pesticides near bee hives. The following partial list of • Apply pesticides in late af- pesticides represents groups of ternoon or at night when bees The Insecticide materials ranked by toxicity to are not working the blooms. Container Label honey bees and is presented for general information only. • Avoid drift of pesticides Though not a long docu- Toxicity ranking may vary de- onto plants that are attractive to ment, the insecticide label repre- pending on the formulation of a bees. sents vast amounts of research, pesticide. For specific informa- • Notify beekeepers several legal regulations, and instruc- tion on the effects of a specific days before applying any pesti- tions. There are thousands of pesticide on honey bees, contact cide that is hazardous to honey registered pesticide formulations. your county Extension office. bees. This will give them a Each label clearly gives a brand chance to protect their colonies. name in bold letters across the However, notifications are not a release of responsibility. Pesticides Grouped According to Their Relative Degree of Hazard to Honey Bees. (Common name first, followed by a brand name example) Precautions for Group I. Beekeepers Hazardous: Generally, these materials kill bees on contact dur- • Place colonies where they ing application and for one or more days after application. will be away from fields that are routinely treated with hazardous Highly Toxic pesticides and will not be sub- jected to pesticide drifts. 2, 4-D (Weed-B-Gone*) flucythrinate (Pay-Off*) abamectin (Zephyr*) fonofos (Dyfonate*) • Identify your apiary. Post acephate (Orthene*) heptachlor your name, address, and phone azinphos-methyl (Guthion*) lindane (Lindane) number in a conspicuous place bifenthrin (Capture*) malathion (Malathion 50*, Malathion near your apiary. Let farmers carbaryl (Sevin*) ULV) and custom applicators in your carbosulfan (Advantage*) methamidophos (Monitor*, Tamaron*) area know where your apiaries chlormephos (Dotan*) methidathion (Supracide*) are located so they will not un- chlorpyrifos (Lorsban*, Dursban*) methiocarb (Mesurol*) knowingly poison them. cyfluthrin (Baythroid*) methyl parathion (Penncap-M*) d-phenothrin (Sumithrin*) mevinphos (tech) (Phosdrin*) • Be familiar with pesticides demeton-s-methyl (Metasystox (i)* monocrotophos (Azodrin*) commonly used in your area and (50-% Premix)) naled (Dibrom*) what their application dates are. diazinon (Spectracide*) omethoate (Folimat*) • Relocate colonies that are dichlorvos (DDVP) oxydemethon-methyl (Metasystox-R*) exposed repeatedly toARCHIVE hazardous dicrotophos (Bibrin*) oxydisulfoton (Disyston S*) pesticides. Also, remember that dimethoate (Cygon*, De-Fend*) parathion (Bladan*) soon after colonies are moved to esfenvalerate (Asana* XL) permethrin (Ambush*, Pounce*) a new location, foraging bees ethion (tech) (Ethanox*) phosmet (Imidan*) search for water. They may col- etrimfos (Ekamet*) phosphamidon (Dimecron*) fenitrothion (Sumithion*) propoxur (Baygon*) lect water that has been contam- fenpropathrin (Farmatox*) pryazophos (Afugan*) inated with pesticides. To re- fensulfothion (Dasanit*) resmethrin (Chrysron*) duce the chance of bee losses, fenthion (Baytex*) tetrachlorvinphos (Gardona*) provide clean water near the fenvalerate (DSMO) (Belmark*) tralomethrin (Scout X-TRA*) hives. 2 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Group II. Moderately Hazardous: These materials can be used with limited damage to bees if not applied on bees in the field or on hives near the field. Correct application rate, timing, and method of ap- plication are factors that can reduce pesticide kills. Moderately Toxic acetochlor (Acenit*) fluvalinate (tau-fluvalinate) (Mavrik*, endosulfan (Thiodan*) aclonifen (Challenge*) Spur*) terbufos (Counter*) allethrin (Pynamin*) formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol*) endrin (Hexadrin*) alphacypermethrin (Fastac*) mancozeb (Manzate*, Dithane*, Fore*) thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate ametryn (Evik*) methanearsonic acid (MAA) (Evisect*) bromopropylate (Acarol*) neburon (Granurex*, Propuron*) ethoprop (Mocap*) cinmethylin (Argold*) pebulate (Tillam*) thiodicarb (Larvin*, Nivral*) crotoxyphos (Ciodrin, Decrotox*) phorate (Geomet*, Thimet*) flufenoxuron (Cascade*) DCPA (Dacthal*) pirimiphos-methyl (Acetellic*) triforine (Denarin*, Funginex*) diphenamid (Dymid*) sethoxydim (Poast*) disulfoton (DiSyston*, Ekanon*) sulfosate (Touchdown*) Group III. Relatively Nonhazardous: These materials can be applied with little harm to bees. Regardless, follow label instructions. Relatively Non-Toxic chloramben (Amniben*) diflubenzuron (Dimilin*) chloranil (Chloranil) dikegulac sodium (Atrimmec*) 2, 4-D butoxyethyl ester (Aqua- chlorbromuron (Maloran*) dimethirimol (Milcurb*) Kleen*) chlordimeform (Chlordimeform) diniconazole-M (Spotless*) 2, 3, 5-T
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  • Developmental Ramifications of Dithiocarbamate Pesticide Exposure in Zebrafish

    Developmental Ramifications of Dithiocarbamate Pesticide Exposure in Zebrafish

    AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Fred Tilton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Toxicology presented on May 24, 2006. Title:Developmental Ramifications of Dithiocarbamate Pesticide Exposure in Zebrafish. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved Robert Dithiocarbamates are widely used agricultural pesticides, industrial chemicals and effluent additives. DTCs and their related compounds have historical and current relevance in clinical and experimental medicine. DTC developmental toxicity is well established, but poorly understood. Dithiocarbamates according to the U.S. EPA have a mechanism of action involving, "the inhibition of metal-dependent and sulfhydryl enzyme systems in fungi, bacteria, plants, as well as mammals." We hypothesized that by using the zebrafish development model we could better define the mechanism of action of DTCs and for the first time establish a molecular understanding of DTC developmental toxicity in vertebrates. We have established that all types of dithiocarbamate pesticides and some degradation products have the potential to elicit a common toxic effect on development resulting in a distorted notochord and a significant impact to the body axis. We provide evidence to support the hypothesis that metal chelation is not the primary mechanism of action by which DTCs impact the developing vertebrate. By manipulating the exposure window of zebrafish we hypothesized that somitogenesis was the targeted developmental process. We tested this by using the Affymetrix microarray to observe gene expression induced by the N-methyl dithiocarbamate, metam sodium (NaM). Throughout this process it is clear that genes related to muscle development are perturbed. These gene signatures are consistent with the morphological changes observed in larval and adult animals and that somitogenesis is the developmental target.