A connection is established between the Landis family of Switzerland and the "Landeis" family which emigrated to Neckarburken, Baden, in the seventeenth century, and later to Russia and North America.

The Grain-mill in Neckarburken: The Branching of the Landis Family in the Valley of Baden

by Roland M. Wagner

his article traces the missing years for one accompanied them since she later became married in branch of the Landis family that settled in Jebsheim in 1662. Their older son Rudolf (LS1213) also northern Baden, , during the late sev­ joined them later in Alsace. Caspar was a barber I surgeon T enteenth century. There, in the small village of by trade. These itinerant practitioners, known as Barbierer Neckarburken, the Landis family acquired ownership of or Landschiirer, wandered from town to town, unfettered the local grain-mill which anchored them in that locale for by the restrictions of a guild, and practiced a mix of bar­ several generations, well into the nineteenth century. bering combined wit}l rudimentary medical skills. Their descendants eventually lost knowledge of their ori­ During the following three decades Caspar appeared gins and the very spelling of their name changed under in the records of various villages near Jebsheim. In 1661 he the influence of local dialects. It is only recently that their was described as a "Hintersass" (non-citizen) in the vil­ original link with the broader family in Switzerland and lage of Diirrenentzen, which showed his lack of rooted­ in the U.S.A. has been rediscovered. ness at that time. In 1662 he was practicing his trade in During the last decade of the Thirty Years War (1618- Grussenheim. In 1668 he and his son, Rudolf, moved to 1648) the civil authorities of Zurich launched a relentless the mining town of Markirch (Ste-Marie-aux-Mines), campaign to break the spirit of resistance of the located high in the Vosges mountains above Ribeauville. Anabaptists, who had survived in small congregations in There they became house-holders and Rudolf established the remote areas of the canton. By mid-century a mass . a line of the family that persisted for several generations. exodus was underway. Most of the Anabaptists fled to the No documentary evidence has been found concerning north, following the natural corridor of trade and commu­ Caspar's other sons, Hans and Jacob, during these early nication through the Rhine valley. Many settled in the years in Alsace. Since they were young children when Alsatian plain, near Colmar, where they were welcomed Caspar departed from Switzerland, we may assume that by co-religionists who had earlier established themselves they grew up in the various villages in the lowlands of in villages such as Jebsheim, Grussenheim, Heidelsheim, Alsace where he resided. Their first appearance in the and Diirrenentzen. The Anabaptists left the canton in records occurs after they reached maturity and settled in small family groups, usually siblings with their wives and the lower Neckar River valley in northern Baden. There, children, but they soon drifted apart to pursue whatever in the small village of Neckarburken, an entry in the opportunities for livelihood were available. Some went Reformed churchbook3 states that on January 29, 1678, across the Rhine to the Kraichgau in Baden and others Hans "Landeiss" from Horgen in the district of Zurich, went further north to the Palatinate. The years between Switzerland4, the son of Caspar "Landeiss" the surgeon 1650 and 1700 are a grey period in the histories of most of (Wund Artzt), married (the Jungfrau) Rosina Catharina, the these Anabaptist families. Their appearances are spotty and often missing altogether in the official records of the I This story is covered in detail in a previous article by the author regions where they relocated. entitled "The Exodus of Anabaptists from Canton Zurich to Alsace, A Among these refugees were several members of the Case Study of the Landis Family," Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 18 Landis family.l Caspar Landis (LS121)2 was the grandson (Apr. 1995): 2-15. 2 The numerical identifications for Switzerland and Alsace are as of Hans Landis, the martyr who gave his life for the assigned by S. Michael Wilcox, "Landis Families of Canton Zurich, Anabaptist faith in 1614. In 1651 Caspar emigrated from Switzerland," Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 18 (Jan. 1995): 13-18. To Canton Zurich to Jebsheim, near Colmar, with his wife, avoid an overly long numerical sequence, a new system of annotation is Susanna Pfister, and three children- most likely their used for those in Neckarburken, beginning with "LNl." youngest, Hans (LS1214) age 5, Jagli (Jacob) (LS1215) age 3 Microfilm 1189215. All microfilms referred to in this article are available through the Genealogical Society of Utah, under the auspices 2, and Anna (LS1216), age 1. Their older daughter Barbali of the LDS church. (LS1211), who was age 18 at the time, also may have 4 "a us Horch in der Schweiz Ziiricher Gebiets"

Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 9 October 1995 daughter of Hans Bender, the deceased mill-m.aster of the village. Hans was a journeyman carpenter (Ztmmergesell) by profession, or more accurately a joiner of the large beams out of which houses were constructed in those days. A few months later, on November 26, 1678, the Reformed churchbook in the nearby village of Neckargerach5 reports that his brother, Jacob "Landeyss," married (the Jungfrau) Anna Barbara Lauer, the daughter of Philipp Lauer, a lawyer (Anwaldt) at Reichenbuch, about six miles down-river from . Jacob was also stated to be an apprentice carpenter and the son of Caspar from "Horchen" in the district of Zurich.6 A point of interest that can be gleaned from the mar­ riage entries is the unusual spellings of their surname - "Landeiss" ("Landeyss" is an equivalent form since "i" and "y" were interchangeable at that time). The spelling most likely reflects the Frankish regional dialects that are dominant in the Palatinate, in contrast with the Swiss Alemannic. The High German diphthong "ei" is typically The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) devastated the German shortened to "i" in Swiss dialects (e.g., the suffix "-lein" is principalities and other regions of Europe. One artist's con­ rendered as "-li," as shown in many Swiss surnames such ception of the siege (summer 1648) of Prague by the as Egli, Warffelli, Aberle, and so on). The Frankish dialect Protestant armies of Sweden illustrates the massive scale of elongates this sound into "ai" or "ei." This linguistic trans­ this fighting. Rulers whose realms had been depop~lated by wars and famine sought others to settle on theu lands, formation is also found at other points in the including Swiss immigrants such as Hans Landis (LS1214 Neckarburken churchbook. For example, pastor Wonlich and LN1) who was born in Switzerland, emigrated to Alsace, reports that another person originated in the Swiss town and then to Baden. of "Rappersweil" ("Rapperswil" in Swiss). Similarly, in the churchbook of Jebsheim, Alsace, married. In 1669 Caspar Landis in Markirch began sub­ where a variant of the Frankish dialect also is predomi­ mitting numerous claims against the estate, to the a~oy­ nant, the pastor at one point refers to the Swiss town of ance of the Zurich authorities. On the second occasiOn m Wii.denswil as "Wii.ttensweil." We might recall that 1670 they commented that money was given to him ?or although Hans and Jacob were born in Switzerla~d, they the last time, once and for all"! He continued pressmg were raised in Alsace and they probably acqmred the claims until 1676, when he received his seventh and final local dialect. It is possible that their marriage entries payment. Caspar may have dispensed some of these record their surnames as they had come to pronounce it. funds to his sons. Surely it is no coincidence that both The spelling "Landeis" (sometimes with a doubl~ "-ss" at Hans and Jacob became married within but a few months the end) has been retained by descendants of this branch of each other in 1678, and in addition their older brother of the family from the Neckar valley for over three hun­ Rudolf, who remained behind in Markirch, also remarried dred years, both in Europe and the U.S.A. that same year. What drew these two young men into the Neckar val­ Yet another factor that undoubtedly played some role ley at that time? There were several likely .factors. B~th, in the appearance of the two young men in the Neckar we note, were journeymen carpenters and It was typical valley at that time was the turmoil of the "Dutch War" for young men of that standing to travel abo?t until the,Y (1672-1677). The population in the Rhine valley had could establish residency and become Metster of theu scarcely begun to recover from the devasta.tion of the trade. Another factor is that they may have been staying Thirty Years' War when this new war, followmg so soo.n with relatives in the Kraichgau, just a few kilometers upon its heels, once again caused widespread econo~c away, before moving on to Neckarburken and collapse. The lower Neckar valley was owned at ~hat time Reichenbuch. Hans Jacob Landis (LS241), their cousin, set­ by the KurfUrst of the Palatinate, whose landholdmgs (the tled near Sinsheim about 1655 and several of his descen­ Kurpfalz) straddled both sides of the Rhine. His realm ha? dants remained in the area. It is also possible that there been decimated during the Thirty Years' War and It was a link between the pastors in the home village of remained so for decades afterward. General estimates are Hirzel in Switzerland and Neckarburken. In 1678 both that as much as forty percent of the population of south- pastors were named "Wonlich," and the Neckarburken churchbook refers to him as Helvetium Ligura? They may have been relatives, or indeed perhaps the same person. s Microfilm 1189214. 6 Jacob may have remained in Reichenbuch for the remainder of his Several members of the Landis family in Alsace life, although no offspring from his marriage with Anna Barbara Lauer returned to Zurich at various points after 1660 to press have been found. The death (d. Feb. 22, 1728, age 80) entry states that he claims for their share of the estate of Hans Landis and was a "Zimmermeister," indicating that he had succeeded in establishing Elizabeth Erzinger, which had been confiscated by the himself in his profession over the years. authorities since 1640.8 The money was held in trust until 7 This may indicate that the pastor was a Swiss en.voy ?f th.e Zwinglian Reformed church, or perhaps that he was ordamed m this the heirs gave testimony that they had returned to the church. Reformed Church. Funds were typically released when s "Tauferamt, Wiedertauferen Gut," FIII, 36b.l, Archives of Canton the children and grandchildren reached adulthood and Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 10 October 1995 ern Germany was lost through warfare, starvation, dis­ ''Miillermeister," Hans soon became a person of influence. ease, or flight away from the carnage. Before the war the At various times he is listed as the administrator of parish Palatinate had a population of 500,000, but afterward only finances and the charity fund (Allmosenpfleger) and a 43,000 people remained. Most villages near the Neckar member of the town council (aus dem Gericht). between Wimpfen and Wiesloch had less than twenty res­ The grain-mill proved to be a very significant idents, and some were depopulated. resource for the family through the following generations. The Dutch War simply added to the misery. After In German villages the miller was usually one of the Louis XIV's attempt to invade the Low countries failed in wealthier and more influential citizens. These mills were 1674, his armies retreated through the Palatinate into of great economic importance and the local authorities Alsace, leaving a trail of ruin in their wake. The military carefully regulated and licensed their operation. campaigns spilled across the Rhine into the Neckar. Although the mill buildings and machinery could be Sinsheim, in the heart of the Kraichgau, about twenty kilo­ legally owned as private property, the right to operate the meters from the Neckar, was burned in 1674.9 There was facility was subject to permission. The mill license, stating massive displacement of the population, and they fled the rights and duties of ownership, was elaborately fes­ wherever they could for safety. tooned with seals and ribbons and it was bestowed upon Kurfiirst Karl Ludwig (1648-1680) was faced with the the mill-master with much pomp and ceremony. He daunting task of restoring the population and the economy enjoyed special privileges and securities. The community in his territories. To facilitate this, he declared a moratori­ paid the miller's wages (the Mahllohn) for his services with um on taxes.lO By 1652 representatives of the von a measure of grain referred to as the "Malter." He was Gemrningen, von Venningen, and other noble families in supplied with free wood (the so-called Beholzigungsrecht). the Kraichgau, near the Neckar, had also begun recruiting He was also exempt from paying gate-fees when he Anabaptists as tenants on their estates, which at that time entered or exited a city, nor did he have to perform com­ were largely deserted. II These areas became magnets for munity service (Frondiensten). Frequently he was exempt new settlers throughout the latter half of the seventeenth from paying taxes (Beeth or Steuer), or had them greatly century. There was great opportunity for young men seek­ reduced. ing to establish themselves in their trade, gain local citizen­ Perhaps most importantly, the miller was exempt ship and become married. Not only Anabaptists, but many from competition since local families were not free to use other young Swiss families flocked east of the Rhine. After the grain-mill of their choice, but rather had to use the mill the Dutch war ended with the Treaty of Nymwegen in that was assigned to them in their area.16 This often was a 1678, the pace of resettlement quickened. The Swiss immi­ matter of contention among the local farmers. The peas­ grants ultimately came to comprise between thirty-five ants of Stiihlingen in 1525 filed a complaint that they were percent to forty-five percent of the population of the forced to grind their grain in "distant and inconveniently Kraichgau and the lower Neckar valley.12 Their influx was located mills." Although there were several closer mills so strong at this time that it has been compared to the available, they had to take their grain to a more distant implantation of Scots in northern Ireland.13 It has been esti­ mill in the feudal lord's domain to ensure that he would mated that about one-third of the modern population of collect his due.17 the Palatinate as a whole may ultimately stem from Swiss Hans and Rosina had five recorded children. The immigrants during this period.14 major progenitor in that generation was Nicolaus (LN12)18, the first surviving son, who inherited the grain­ Community of Neckarburken mill. Over the course of three marriages he produced many offspring. In 1705 he married Anna Barbara, the Neckarburken (often referred to simply as "Burken" daughter of Veit Bacher, a tailor and member of the town or "Burkheim" in old records) is four kilometers north of council in Neckarburken. Anna was the widow of Hans Mosbach, on a small tributary of the Neckar known as the Peter Heinrich, from the neighboring village of Trienz to Eltz. Some sense of what life was like in the village in the late seventeenth century can be gleaned from the entries in the parish chronicle, the Altestesten Chronik, which 9 Heinz Schuchmann, "Schweizer Einwanderer in fruheren extends back to 1661. In 1663 pastor Wonlich recorded the kurpfi:ilzischen Streubesitz des Kraichgaues (1650-1750)," Schriften zur Wanderungsgeschichte der Pfiilzer. Kaiserslautern: Heimatstelle Pfalz, 1963. names of the major parishioners, and the list shows only 10 Werner Hacker, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer vom Unterern Neckar. 36 persons. This probably included most of the adult men (Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag, 1983). in the parish. As late as 1774 Neckarburken had only 50 11 Guth, Hermann and Gertrud Guth, "Where Our Ancestors Came families, with 190 people.15 It remains an extremely small From," Mennonite Family History 2 (Apr. 1983): 55-56. 12 Heinz Schuchmann, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer ... , op. cit. village to this day. 13 Klaus Wust, "One of America's Roots- 18th Century German Hans Landeis first appears in the Chronik in 1678, the Immigration" The Palatine Immigrant 18: 2 (1993). year of his marriage, and his name appears regularly 14 Guth and Guth, op. cit. · thereafter in various parish roles. This suggests that he 15 Hacker, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer, op. cit. did not settle in the village before this date. Hans Bender, 16 R. D. Opel, "Die Muhlen und die Muller in Muhlhausen und Rotenberg" in Heinz Treichert (ed.) Kraichgau, Beitriige zur Landschaft und his father-in-law, was born in 1591 and he died in 1673 at Heimatforschung, Folge 8, Heimatverein Kraichgau, 1983. the ripe old age of 82, five years before Hans arrived as a 17 Gunther Franz, "Articles of the Peasants of Stiihlingen and Lupfen Zimmergesell in Neckarburken. Since the management of (1525)," in Gerald Strauss (ed.) Manifestions of Discontent in Germany on the grain-mill was vacant after Hans Bender's death, Hans the Eve of the Reformation, Bloomington, Indiana: Univ. of Indiana Press, 1971; orig. pub. in Gunther Franz, Quellen zur Geschichte des Landeis acquired the mill upon his marriage and there­ Bauernkrieges, Munich, 1963, pp. 101-123. after was referred to as the new village mill-master. 18 See footnote 2 for explanation of the Neckarburken numerical Bolstered by his status as a married citizen and annotation.

Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 11 October 1995 the north. She already had four children by him when he early years, by the third generation the chance factor of died in 1704 at the age of 35. After Nicolaus and Anna birth order began to remove certain members of the fami­ Barbara married, they had three additional children of ly further and further from this resource. The core mem­ their own. In 1714 Anna Barbara died at the age of 38, and bers of the family who remained in the village were the two years later Nicolaus remarried to Anna Eva, the eldest sons who inherited the mill and who had large fam­ daughter of Hans Peter Loeber in Neckarburken. Nicolaus ilies. The baptisms of their younger siblings were record­ and Anna Eva produced nine children, born between 1710 ed in the churchbook, but they often disappeared after­ and 1729. Unfortunately tragedy struck him again when ward from the records. They had to join the nomadic Anna Eva died in 1730, at the age of 34. Nicolaus married work-force, along with thousands of other young men in yet a third time to a woman named Appollonia. This third similar circumstances throughout southwestern Germany. marriage was undoubtedly necessary considering the At this point our narrative will shift to one of these large number of young children that Nicolaus was left to collateral lines of the Landeis family that left care for. He lived a long and fruitful life as citizen, miller, Neckarburken and eventually gave rise to those persons and member of the town council, as did his father before bearing this surname in the U.S.A. Johann Nicolaus him. Nicolaus died in Neckarburken in 1751, at the age of Landeis (LN127), the fourth-born child of Nicolaus and 71. He left behind 12 children and four step-children. Anna Eva, is the progenitor of this line. In 1748 he married Anna Maria Barbara Schmidt (more commonly referred to Fissioning of the Family in Neckarburken simply as "Barbara Schmitt" in the records), from the Inheritance patterns varied in different regions of neighboring village of Sattelbach. Although Barbara's par­ Germany. In Thuringia it was customary for the youngest ents were of the Reformed religious group, as was Johann brother to inherit the farm and the family estate; in other Nicolaus, Barbara herself had converted to Roman areas the oldest brother was the heir. In some towns the Catholicism at some point. Their marriage entry in the council restricted citizenship (Burger status) to the first Reformed church book of Neckarburken is a classic exam­ born sons.19 In southwestern Germany the custom of part­ ple of the complexity of the religious situation in Germany ible inheritance was common, which over time resulted in at that point in history. It states that Nicolaus and Barbara fragmentation of the land into numerous small holdings. were of different religious denominations, and that they If one sibling was the heir, a share of the family estate was made a nuptial agreement (Ehepact) that the children often paid to the others (daughters usually received would be alternately baptized, the first in the denomina­ dowries). The male siblings could remain as hired hands, tion of the father, the second in that of the mother, and so or more commonly strike out on their own seeking oppor­ on.20 tunity elsewhere. Perhaps they could marry into another True to their agreement, since Nicolaus was family with resources, as Hans Landeis did when he ini­ Reformed, their first-born child, Rosina Barbara (LN1271) tially settled in Neckarburken. There was always a sizable was baptized by the Reformed minister (as recorded in class of young men who were disinherited by virtue of the Reformed churchbook). Their second child, Maria birth-order who had to join the ranks of migrant laborers Magdalena, (LN1272), was baptized by the Catholic seeking an economic niche outside their home villages. priest as recorded in the Roman Catholic churchbook of Such was the case with the Landeis family in Dallau. The baptismal entry (in Latin) elaborates on the Neckarburken. As the generations unfolded, a pivotal terms of the Ehepact.21 It states that in accordance with the decision determining each person's fate revolved around matrimonial pact, this child would be raised (educanda) as the inheritance of the grain-mill. Although the mill had a Catholic. After the death of the Catholic mother, the provided general economic security for the family in the child would be allowed to repudiate her Catholic religion (if desired). This pattern of religious alternation in the baptismal ritual was followed for all of their children. Religion in the Kurpfalz The Ehepact, which stipulated details such as the reli­ gious denomination of the minister officiating at the bap­ tism of the children and the faith in which they would be raised, may seem particularly alien to the modern reader. We are the beneficiaries of centuries of struggle for free­ dom of conscience, which many now take for granted.

19 Steve Hochstadt, "Migration in Preindustrial Germany," Central European History 16 (Sept., 1983): 195-224. 20 "Ehepacten: der Kind halb auf der Vatter, halb auf d. Mutter Religion, das Erst d. Vatters." 21 "NB: vi pactoru[m] matrimonialium in religione Catholica edu­ canda, et post mortem matris Catholica in religione Catholica etiam relinquenda. Vide pact. matrim. in act. paroch. de apud praetorem The Treaty of Westfalia in 1648 brought a meaningful but Nicroburckae et similiter in cellaria Lohrbacensis protocollo." The word "relinquenda" is usually translated as "remaining," "left behind," or short-lived end to the Thirty Years War. The civil authorities "left free," which suggests that the children were left free to choose who drafted he treaty agreed to grant full civil status to the their religion after the death of their mother. The final sentence in the three major religious groups-Roman Catholic, Lutheran, entry refers to the matrimonal pact being recorded in N eckarburken · Reformed-but not to the Anabaptist or Separatist groups. and in the neighboring "Kellerei" of Lohrbach.

Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 12 October 1995 Our modern nuptial contracts are more likely to focus on property rights (no doubt reflecting a fundamental shift in our values). However, such extreme concern with the bal­ ance of religious denominations was not unusual in the eighteenth century. The religious wars had been fought to a stalemate by that point, but it remained a period of awk­ ward adjustment to religious coexistence. Intense political competition between the denominations remained the basic order of the day. Many of the churchbooks from that era reflect the peculiar jostling for religious preeminence that had occurred in the Kurpfalz for well over a century. With each change of reign, there was a dizzying switch in the denomination that was favored by the new Kurfiirst - from Catholic, to Lutheran, to Reformed. Karl Ludwig (1649-1680), who was Reformed, brought the jockeying temporarily to a halt when he announced that The War of the Palatinate (1688-1697) began when the Elector all three of the major confessions stipulated in the Treaty Karl died in 1685 without an heir. Since his sister Elisabeth of Westphalia would be tolerated throughout the Kurpfalz, Charlotte had married a member of the French royal family, and he further announced in 1662 that religious minorities the French pressed their claims to the Palatinate by invading such as the Anabaptists and the Jews would no longer be the region. In 1689 and 1693 the city of Heidelberg was plun­ persecuted.22 Such was the situation when Hans Landeis dered by the French, as pictured in this etching. initially settled in Neckarburken in 1678. The religious situation did not remain stable for long. Children's religious affiliations were literally being After the Zweibriicken-Neuburg line inherited the determined by lottery, based on gender or birth order. Palatine electorship, Johann Wilhelm (1690-1716) began to There are other examples similar to the bizarre marriage re-Catholicize the Kurpfalz. In 1698 he declared that the contract between Nicolaus Landeis and Barbara Schmidt. Simultaneum would be practiced throughout his realm, At Lohrbach, north of Neckarburken, a marriage contract which meant that one church building would be shared was approved in 1762 in accordance with which the by both Catholic and Reformed congregations. Karl Philip groom promised to raise his children as Reformed, but to (1716-1742) proclaimed that only Catholic priests were have them baptized, married, and buried by Catholic allowed to perform baptisms, marriages or burials. He priests. If any his children went to a Lutheran minister for also began confiscating Protestant church properties, these services, they were to be punished.24 especially targeting those of the Lutherans. The properties were reallocated to each denomination according to a rig­ Emigration Fever in the Kurpfalz orous formula (the "Palatine Church Division"): 5/7 of A fascinating nugget of information about the life of the parishes would be Reformed, 2/7 would be Catholic, Nicolaus Landeis was found by Werner Hacker,25 who and none were reserved for the Lutherans. Twenty-seven combed the archives in and Heidelberg for the congregations on the right bank of the Rhine became names of persons who emigrated from the Kurpfalz in the Catholic to achieve the quota. In some churches the eighteenth century. He reports that "Nikol Landeys" from Protestants circumvented the Simultaneum by reserving "Burken" attempted to emigrate to "Cayenne," but he the main body of the building for use by the Protestants returned and swore that the necessary citizenship papers and relagating the Catholics to the choir loft! The were withheld from him. The date given for this incident Lutherans were the major target during these years. A few was April 23, 1766. The bare facts of this report do not congregations managed to survive with difficulty, but it reveal the immense turmoil that this incident must have was not until the nineteenth century that the Lutheran had on Nicolaus and his family. and Reformed churches eventually united to formed the The abortive attempt by thousands of people to emi­ "Evangelical Protestant" church.23 grate to Cayenne (the capital today of French Guyana) is The common people were placed in an awkward situ­ one of the lesser known waves of emigration fever which ation by these rules governing the practice of religion, gripped the German people in the latter half of the eigh­ especially in those cases involving interdominational mar­ teenth century. In 1763 at the conclusion of the French and riage. In 1757 Karl Theodor removed these decisions from Indian war, France ceded to England all its holdings east of the realm of conscience by decreeing some explicit rules. the Mississippi river, amounting to about one-half of the so­ Marriages were to take place according to the husband's called "Louisiana territory." France attempted to compen- religious creed. In order to oversee this process, pastors were not allowed to perform marriages without official permission, under threat of having their salary withheld. 22 Werner Hacker, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer ..., op. cit. See also his Auswanderungen aus Rheinpfalz und Saarland im 18. Jahrhundert, Stuttgart: In the event of a mixed marriage, the male offspring were Konrad Theiss Verlag, 1987. to be baptized in the father's creed and the females in the 23 Werner Hacker, Kurpftilzische Auswanderer ..., op . cit. See also mother's creed (Nicolaus Landeis' marriage contract was a Annette Kunselman Burgert, Eighteenth Century Emigrants from German­ variation on this pattern). That same year it was "clarified" Speaking Lands to North America, Vol. 1: the Northern Kraichgau, Proceedings of The Pennsylvania German Society, vol. 16. Breinigsville, that in the event of a mixed marriage, not all the children Pa., 1983. could be raised in the Lutheran faith (presumably this 24 Werner Hacker, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer . .., op. cit. could happen if all the children were of the same gender). 25 Werner Hacker, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer . .., op. cit.

Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 13 October 1995 capable of serving in the military were conscripted, and those unable to serve were placed in a work-house.26 The emigration fever which gripped the German pop­ ulation in the eighteenth century was due to several fac­ tors. Probably the single most important factor was the series of wars which continued to plague southern Germany. The devastation of the Thirty Years War was soon followed by the Dutch War (1672-1677), the Palatinate War (1688-1697), the Spanish War of Succession (1701-1714), the Austrian War of Succession (1740-1748), and the Seven Years War (1756-1763). The Kurpfalz was a central theater for several of the military clashes. It was also plagued by periodic crop failures and famines. The By 1709 war and famine had taken a terrible toll on the winters of 1708 and 1709 were very harsh, and crop fail­ Palatinate and many sought to escape through emigration. ures in those years sent a flood of impoverished people Some fled to England and later to the British colonies in out of the Pfalz to Rotterdam, then on to England and North America. This 1710 woodcut is from a book published in London entitled The State of the Palatines for FifttJ Years North America. Past to the Present Time. The book was written to highlight The entire Oberamt of Mosbach was economically the plight of the Palatines and increase support for their devastated in 1740 and 1741 from bad weather. The disas­ immigration. It illustrates the tents where the Palatines lived ter was repeated in 1767, and also in the nearby Kraichgau and in the foreground their cooking over open fires. villages of Hilsbach, Richen, Sinsheim, Elsenz, Schluchtern, Kirchhart, and Steinsfurt. The years 1770, sate for this loss by expanding colonial settlements in South 1771, 1776 and 1789 were recorded as major "hunger America, most notably in its coastal settlement known as years" from crop failures throughout southern Germany. Cayenne. From Landau in the Pfalz, which at that time was Some areas were so severely effected that the people were owned by the French, recruiters were commissioned to lure reduced to begging, going from village to village for German settlers to the new colony. They circulated posters whatever scraps they could find. When the charity funds in French and German describing the fantastic opportuni­ were exhausted, the local nobility allowed the people to ties that awaited those willing to undertake such a venture. strip tree bark and to grind it into meal for bread. Each family was promised 50 livres travel money, free pas­ The eighteenth century was also marked by a pro­ sage across the ocean, and an allowance for at least two longed structural and agricultural depression. In some years upon their arrival. regions all the available land had been taken and farms Soon thousands of people converged on Landau. The could not be subdivided to accommodate all the sons. By French government found itself totally unprepared for the 1750 only twenty-five percent of the peasants owned land volume of the response. The territorial governments in large enough to support a family, and over half of the southwestern Germany reacted sharply against these population was landless.27 A report from 1751 stated that recruiting efforts. They forbade their subjects to leave for "Mosbach is full of people without means" (unvermogen­ Cayenne and they issued a warning that any who later den Leuten), that is, landless people without livelihood.28 attempted to return would be treated as fugitives and After his unsuccessful attempt to leave for Cayenne, expelled. The people continued arriving, most without Nicolaus Landeis returned to Neckarburken in 1766 and permission, and they simply crossed the border into "swore" that the necessary citizenship papers had been Landau wherever they could. Very few made it to their withheld from him. This probably indicates that he was destination. The French government sent police to stem not granted permission by the French government to emi­ the influx, driving the would-be immigrants back out of grate. He also may have claimed that he never gave up his Landau. Thousands of people were encamped around the citizenship rights in Neckarburken in order to avoid hav­ city, hungry, confused, and not knowing where to turn. ing to pay the 400 florins fee, which was a staggering Kurfiirst Karl Theodor (1724-1799) was finally per­ amount of money for most of the common people. suaded to relax his decree and to allow the unfortunate Nicolaus was 45 years old at this time. The records of people to resettle in his territory, or to pass through to set­ other emigrants usually contain details of the family tle in Prussia, Hungary and Russia. He had little choice, members who departed with them. Since there is no refer­ otherwise the people would have become vagabonds and ence to other members of his family in the record, it beggars, increasing problems throughout the realm. appears that Nicolaus departed by himself. It is unknown Persons with "good reputations" were allowed to return whether he abandoned his family, or more likely whether to their home villages and to repurchase their citizenship he planned to send for them after he had established him­ rights (Biirgerrecht), if they were financially able. Those self in the new land. who resided in the smaller villages could do so for 400 An important clue concerning the economic status of florins, and those who resided in the cities had to pay 800 Nicolaus Landeis and his family is found in the records florins (to gauge the size of these sums, a day-laborer at concerning his daughter, Maria Magdalena (LN1272). On that time earned just over one florin per day, so this was March 7, 1781 the fee was paid to release her from inden- equivalent to well over one year's wages). Those who were single when they left but who had married outside 26 Werner Hacker, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer . . ., op. cit. the village had to pay a double fee to purchase citizenship 27 Eda Sagarra, A Social History of Germany, 1648 - 1914. London: rights for themselves and for their spouses. Those who Methuen and Co., 1977. were single but unable to pay and who were physically 28 Werner Hacker, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer . .., op. cit. Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 14 October 1995 tureship29 (Leibeigenschaft), after which she departed from Bender, Heinrich, and Ludwig, which married into the Neckarburken.3D No further official information is avail­ Landeis family at various points, continue well into the able in the church or state archives, but her eventual fate 1830s until the records cease. Their descendants remain in was recorded in an ancient family bible that was passed the village to this day. down through the generations in Germany.31 This Bible The Landeis name was carried outside Neckarburken records that on April 24, 1781, Maria Magdalena Landeis and passed on to following generations through Johann married Josef Anton Kirschgessner, a blacksmith in Jacob Landeis (LN1274), the only recorded son of Hettingen, a few kilometers north of Neckarburken. Nicolaus. Jacob Landeis was a pivotal person in the family Comparing the dates of these two records, we note that chronicle, just as his great-grandfather Hans Landeis had her marriage occurred 48 days after she purchased her been before him. Two major transitions occurred in his "Leibfrei" status. It is likely that Josef provided the money lifetime that were of fundamental importance in deter­ so that she could leave the village for marriage. mining the life-course of the following generations: his The fact that Nicolaus Landeis' daughter had fallen move away from Neckarburken, and his later emigration into Leibeigen status shows the dire financial straits of his to the Ukraine. family. He may have indentured her out of economic In 1789, nine years after his father's death, Jacob necessity. Little additional information is available on Landeis appears in the records on the west side of the their circumstances in Neckarburken. Nicolaus' occupa­ Rhine in the Palatinate. His decision to leave tion is not stated in any of the birth records of his children. Neckarburken seems almost inevitable, considering the It is quite likely that he was a day-laborer. After his limited economic circumstances of his father, and the fact unhappy attempt to emigrate ended in failure, he that Nicolaus himself had attempted to emigrate as well. remained in Neckarburken for the remainder of his life. There is good reason to suspect that Jacob had worked in He died there in 1780, at the age of 58, from dropsy the grain-mill in Neckarburken for his uncle, Johann Jacob (Wassersucht).32 In his death entry Nicolaus was referred (LN124), and that he had become familiar with mill opera­ to as a Gemeindsmann. He had succeeded, at least, in tions, which enabled him to parlay these skills into a new reclaiming his citizenship before his demise. profession. The Palatinate had begun taking measures already in 1771 to stockpile grain reserves for relief during Final Chapter of the Landeis Family in Neckarburken poor harvest years. In 1789 state granaries were estab­ As Nicolaus Landeis struggled to rise from poverty, lished in the wheat growing area of the Pfalz in response the more fortunate members of the family continued to to the critical shortages that had resulted from bad har­ enjoy economic security through ownership of the grain­ vests and from the increased demand for grain from mill in Neckarburken. Nicolaus' eldest brother, Johann France.34 That same year, in the village of Leimersheim, Jacob (LN124) inherited the mill. He married Maria Jacob Landeis married Anna Maria Messmann, the adopt­ Elizabeth Bartholomae, and they had seven children. The ed daughter of the deceased citizen Joseph Messmann and mill was passed down to his son, Johann David (LN1245), his wife Margaret Heid. The marriage entry states that and then finally to David's son, Georg Ludwig Landeis Jacob was in charge of grain measurement at the nearby (LN12455). Georg was the last male in the Landeis family village of Hardt. He appears to have been an official at the to own the grain-mill. He had only three recorded chil­ dren, two of whom died in childhood, and the surviving 29 The term Leibeigenschaft is usually translated as "serfdom," but one was a daughter, Carolina (LN124551). After being this is not a totally accurate description of the status. The medieval serf owned by Landeis persons for 150 years, the mill finally was indentured to the estate of a Lord. Serfs had to labor a set number passed out of their hands in 1829 when Carolina married of days per year for the master, to gain his permission for marriage, and they had no freedom for travel or emigration. By the seventeenth centu­ Georg Andreas Ludwig (LN124711).33 In the marriage ry the obligations and restrictions were milder than before and entry Carolina's father is referred to as the mill-master. Leibeige nschaft had become a form of second-class status. The Two years later, in the birth entry of the first child from Leibeigenen could own property, marry whom they chose, and they were this marriage, Georg Andreas Ludwig is referred to as entitled to due-process of law. The primary disadvantage was that they mill-master, and he carries this title from that point owed fees for certain legal transactions and they could not leave the political jurisdiction in which they were indentured without purchasing onward. Within a few years, the Landeis surname disap­ manumission from the status. See Werner Hacker, Kurpfiilzische peared from Neckarburken. Other names, such as Bacher, Auswanderer . .., op. cit. 30 Werner Hacker, Kurpfiilzische Auswanderer . .., op. cit. 31 Microfilm 0884956. 32 "Dropsy" is an archaic medical term denoting an accumulation of fluids in various parts of the body. In those days (indeed, until the late nineteenth century) it was believed that dropsy was caused by an excess of water in the bloodstream, which resulted in "stagnant" blood. The water could accumulate in various places - in the heart ("heart dropsy"), the skin ("skin dropsy," which is marked by swelling of por­ tions of the body), the thorax, the bowels, and so on. Dropsy often accompanied diseases, such as scarlet fever, so it undoubtedly was a symptom of infection during the terminal stages of illness, when the kidneys and other organs began to cease functioning. When the symp­ toms of dropsy appeared, the attending physician knew that death was Written in London in 1710 to inspire sympathy for the soon to occur. 33 It should be noted that the mother of Georg Andreas Ludwig was Palatines, The State of the Palatines for Fifty Years Past to the a Landeis, and that he was the third cousin to his wife, Carolina Present Time includes a woodcut depicting the burning of Landeis, so in fact the mill stayed "within the family." Speyer by French troops along with the torture of its inhabi­ 34 T.C.W. Blanning, The French Revolution in Germany. Oxford: tants (right) and forced evacuation (left). Clarendon Press, 1983.

Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 15 October 1995 grain storage warehouse in Hardt, which was the adminis­ Dec. 5, 1654; d . Dec. 20, 1707, Neckarburken; dau. of trative center for the Kellerei.35 Hans Bender and Anna__ . Jacob and Anna had eight children, all born in Hardt LNll Nicolaus Landeis, b. Jan. 12, 1679; d. soon after birth. between 1790 and 1804. However, he and his family were LN12 Nicolaus Landeis, Mar. 28, 1680-Jan. 14, 1751; mill-master. not fated to remain long on the west side of the Rhine. m.(l) Feb. 10, 1705, Anna Barbara Bacher; Oct. 3, 1675-July 5, 1714;dau. of Veit Bacher (b. ca. 1643; d. July 19, 1711, Their lives, as well as those of thousands of other "age 68," prob. son of Hans Bacher); Anna was widow Germans, were changed forever when a French mob of Hans Peter Heinrich from Trie11Z (b. ca. 1669; d. June stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789, and unleashed the 14, 1704 "age 35"), with whom she had 4 ch. prior tom. forces of the French Revolution on the continent. By 1792 to Nicolaus. the Palatinate had fallen under the grip of the French once m.(2) Sept. 1, 1716, Anna Eva Loeber; b. ca. 1696; dau. of again, but this time they intended to make the occupation Hans Peter Loeber (son of Hans Peter Loeber) and permanent. The Germans were transformed into citizens Margaret Bacher (b. April 4, 1669; d. Nov. 8, 1730, "age of the newly annexed Department Mont-Tonnere. They 61"; dau. of Hans Bacher and Barbara __). were subjected to ruinous taxation, confiscation of their m.(3) Appollonia __, b. ca. 1682; d. Jan. 17, 1746, "age property, disruption of their economy and their social 61." no ch. institutions, and perhaps worst of all, the conscription of Children of m.(1) of LN12: their sons into the French military. LN121 Rosina Catharina Landeis, b. Feb. 16, 1706 Inevitably emigration fever swept the populace once m. May 7, 1726, Johann Jacob Degroot again. Thousands accepted the offer of free homestead LN122 Eva Catharina Landeis, b. July 14, 1709 m. Nov. 8, 1729, Christian Ille land in the Ukraine from the Russian government. LN123 Johann Caspar Landeis, b. Sept. 20, 1713 Numerous wagon-trains and river barges soon began wending their way eastward. In 1809 Jacob Landeis, his Children of m.(2) of LN12: wife and children, and his mother-in-law joined these LN124 Johann Jacob Landeis, Dec. 6, 1716-Jan. 16, 1772; mill emigres and helped found the village of Karlsruhe, one of master. m. July 14, 1739, Maria Eliz. Bartholomae; b. ca. 1714; d. Jan. many new German colonies near Odessa, named after the 11, 1787; dau. of Matthias Bartholomae from city in their mother country. Unterschefflenz. Thus began still another chapter for the Landeis fami­ LN1241 Maria Eliz. Landeis, May 8, 1742-May 30, 1743 ly, which ended late in the nineteenth century when thou­ LN1242 Johann Jacob Landeis, Apr. 12, 1744-Mar. 4, 1800 sands of these Germans colonists emigrated from the LN1243 Johann Georg Landeis, b. Jan. 6,1746 - Russian empire to the North American Midwest. Such LN1244 Catherine Eliz. Landeis, Jan. 24, 1748-Dec. 17, 1772 details are beyond the scope of the present article, which LN1245 Johann David Landeis, Jan. 28, 1750-Nov. 19, 1824; mill has focused on Neckarburken. The author visited master. Neckarburken for the first time in the summer of 1992. It m. June 6, 1784 in Neckargerach, Eva Catherine Neuer; b. Oct. 16, 1763; d. July 7, 1823; dau. of Wilhelm Neuer from was nostalgic to discover that none of the older people in N eckargerach. the local inn had heard of the name "Landeis" and they LN12451 Catherine Eliz. Landeis, Aug. 7, 1785-0ct. 7, 1786 did not think that anyone of that name had ever lived in LN12452 Catherine Eliz. Landeis, b. Nov. 20, 1786 the village.

However, on a return trip to Neckarburken in 1994, I 35 Leimersheim microfilm 0367703. The entry in Latin states Jacob's did locate the old grain-mill (at the end of Miihlegasse, just occupation as "Messor Frugum in Praepositura Hardensi." The phrase off the main road which runs through the village). The mill "in praepositura" is a variant of the Latin "in praepositus," which has remained in the hands of the Ludwig family since means "in charge of," or "administrator." In Latin the word "Messor" means "mower," so one possible interpretation is that Jacob was in 1829. Three generations of the family currently reside in charge of the harvesting crews for the nearby village of Hardt. the building, and they graciously provided a tour of the However, in the opinion of the staff at the Rheinisch-Pfalzisch Institut in old structure. The water-wheel is still intact, although it is Kaiserslautern, the Latin phrase "messor frugum" is a rendering from no longer used. Emma Ludwig, 94 years old, resided on the German "Frucht Messer," which means "crop measurer." The bap­ tismal entry for their third son, Anton, on October 5, 1794 describes the second floor, and her nephew and his family resided Jacob's profession in slightly different terms: "Jacob Landeiss on the upper floor. She was revered as the oldest resident Administrations Miiltterer in der Schatsserei Hardt." The word in Neckarburken. Although her memory of the details had "Miiltterer" is ambiguous, but in the context of the previous entries in faded, Emma recalled hearing of the Landeis family in her which Jacob is referred to as a "crop measurer" its meaning can be youth, and she stated emphatically that they were indeed determined with some reliability. "Miiltterer'' is probably an alternative form for the word "Miilter," which simply means "miller." Another pos­ related to the Ludwigs and the Kellenbergers. Her testimo­ sibility is "Mitterer," a village official who helped administer the local ny for this family, once so important in Neckarburken, is treasury. The regional finance officer (the "Gefiillverweser") was in the sole remaining faint echo from the past. charge of all the districts (Amter) in the Kurpfalz. He had responsibility for the collection of taxes (both in money and in produce), the transmis­ Outline of the "Landeis" Family in Neckarburken, sion of funds to the central bureaucracy of the Kurfiirst, and disburse­ ment of funds to pay field-workers. Beneath him was the "Keller," who Baden, and Nearby Villages was assisted by the "Mitterer." The Mitterer supervised the actual deliv­ LNl Hans Landeis (LS1214), 36 b. ca. 1646; age 3 in 1649 census ery of produce by the farmers and certified the amounts that were of Hirzel, Canton Zurich, Switzerland; emigrated ca. 1651 placed in storage in the warehouse (see Stefan Marz, with parents to Jebsheim, Alsace, then to Neckar valley "Verwaltungsstruktur der Kurpfalz zum Zeitpunkt des Bayrischen Erbfalls," Mitteilungen des Historischen Vereins der Pfalz, Band 84, Speyer: with younger brother Hans Jacob (LS1215, see LN2 Verlag des Historischen Vereins der Pfalz E.V., 1986, p. 461). The below); carpenter; son of "Caspar Landeis (LS121) the Mitterer may well have also served as coordinator of the harvesting Wundartzt from Horgen, district of Zurich, Switzerland" crews. All these possible interpretations ("Mitterer," "Miilterer/Miiller") [and Susanna Pfister]. obviously have closely related meanings. m. Jan. 29, 1678, Neckarburken, Rosina Catharina Bender; b. 36 See footnote 2 for explanation of numerical notation.

Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 16 October 1995 Germans-from-Russia Landeis family in U.S.A. LN12741 Maria Elizabeth Petronilla Landeis, b. Apr. 15, 1790, Hordt LN12742 Maria Appollonia Landeis, b. July 12, 1791, Hordt LN12743 Adam Franz Georg Landeis, b. Apr. 19, 1793, Hordt m. ca. 1818 in Ukraine, Maria Antonia Iluy; b. ca. 1791; dau. of Jakob Ihly from Maisch, Baden; both d. Karlsruhe, Ukraine. LN12744 Anton Landeis, b. Oct. 5, 1794, Hordt; d. before 1840, Karlsruhe. m. ca. 1821, in Ukraine, Magdalena Humel; dau. of Franz Humel and Barbara Meckler from Birkenau, Baden. LN12745 Maria Catherine Landeis, b. Apr. 13, 1796; d. May 26, 1797,Hordt LN12746 Franziska Landeis, b. Oct. 10, 1798, Hordt LN12747 Daniel Landeis, b. ca. 1801/2, pro b. Hordt; d. Karlsruhe, Ukraine. The grain-mill at Neckarburken in Baden, Germany. Hans m. ca. 1829, Katharina Jungmann, b. ca. 1816; dau. of George Landeis (LNl) became mill master after his father-in-law, Adam Jungmann from Spechbach, Baden; possibly Hans Bender, died in 1673. This position provided wealth Daniel's m.(2). and status for Hans Landeis; he became a member of the LN12748 Margaretha Landeis, b. Aug. 2, 1804, Hordt town council and administrator of the church charity fund. LN1275 Maria Eliz. Landeis, Nov. 29, 1762-Feb. 10, 1769 LN128 Johann Georg Landeis, b. Feb. 8, 1724, a twin LN12453 Johann Peter Landeis, Nov. 22, 1787-Sept. 8,1788 LN129 Johann Peter Landeis, b. Feb. 8, 1724, a twin LN12454 Anna Catherine Landeis, Jan. 24, 1790-Dec. 12, 1805 LN12a Rosina Barbara Landeis, b. Dec. 5, 1727 LN12455 Georg Ludwig Landeis, b. July 19, 1794; alive in 1829. m. June 14, 1746, Johann Jacob Frey m.(l) Mar. 27, 1814, Anna Margaret Kellenberger; d. Jan. 13, LN12b Ann Barbara Landeis, b. Dec. 5,1728. 1818. LN12c Hans George Landeis, Dec. 2, 1729-June 24, 1737 m.(2) Apr. 30, 1818, Maria Eliz. Kellenberger; b. 1791; sister LN13 Hans Caspar Landeis, b. Mar. 30, 1682 to Anna Margaret Kellenberger. m.(1) Sept. 14, 1700, Anna Maria Hauser; d. 1720-1723; dau. Children of m.(1) of LN12455: of Hans Hauser from Mittelschefflenz. LN124551 Carolina Landeis, b. July 19, 1812 m.(2) Sept. 14,1724, Catherine Bender, a widow; no ch. m. Aug. 1, 1829, Georg Andreas Ludwig (LN124711, her Children from m. (1) of LN13: cousin); son of Georg Ludwig and Catherine Eliz. LN131 Matheus Landeis, b. Dec. 8, 1700; d. soon after b. Landeis (LN12471). LN132 Johann Caspar Landeis, June 1, 1703-Aug. 19, 1710 LN124552 Johann Ludwig Landeis, June, 1815-Sept. 22, 1815 LN133 Johann Heinrich Landeis, Sept. 22, 1705-May 21, 1709 Children of m.(2) of LN12455: LN134 Johann Jacob Landeis, July 6, 1708-Mar. 27, 1709 LN124553 Louisa Landeis, Feb. 18, 1819-Sept. 22, 1825 LN135 Nicolaus Landeis, Feb. 12, 1710-Nov. 30, 1767 LN12456 Maria Eliz. Landeis, Mar. 17, 1797-Apr. 11, 1797 m. Anna Catherine _, b. ca. 1719; d. Dec. 23, 1786, "of LN12457 Johann Georg Landeis, Oct. 1, 1798-0ct. 7,1798 frost and snow, age 67." LN1246 Maria Eva Landeis, b. Mar. 17, 1752 LN1351 Anna Eliz. Landeis, b. May 20, 1742 LN1247 Johann Peter Landeis, Mar. 13, 1755-Feb. 17, 1819 LN1352 Eva Catherine Landeis, b. Mar. 12, 1745 m. July 6, 1784, Catherine Eliz. Wolf; d. Mar. 11, 1827. LN1353 Eva Eliz. Landeis, b. May 15, 1748 LN12471 Catherine Eliz. Landeis, July 4, 1781-July 1, 1826 [?LN1354 Anna Maria Landeis, b. ca. 1751; d. Mar. 30, m. Johann Georg Ludwig 1788,"age 37, dau. of Nicolaus Landeis," probably an error LN124711 Georg Andreas Ludwig, b. Aug. 25, 1803; mill master. in the churchbook, dau. of Johann Nicolaus Kellenberger, m. Carolina Landeis (LN124551) not Landeis]. LN12472 Christine Barbara Landeis, May 14, 1786-Mar. 30, 1787 LN1355 Maria Catherine Landeis, June 28, 1752-June 9, 1759 LN12473 Christine Barbara Landeis, Mar. 6, 1788-Sept. 4, 1846 LN1356 Christina Barbara Landeis, Nov. 16, 1756-Aug. 7,1759 LN12474 Peter Landeis, Sept. 1791-Nov. 12, 1799 LN1357 Philippina Landeis, May 21, 1759-May 14, 1770 LN125 Johann David Landeis, b. Jan. 2, 1719 LN135x Maria Eliz. Landeis; "dau. of Nicolaus," perhaps same LN126 Anna Eva Landeis, b. Sept. 2, 1720 as LN1353. LN127 Johann Nicolaus Landeis, b. Aug. 1, 1721; d. Aug. 29, m. Feb. 28,1767, Sebastian Kavist 1780 "age 58." LN136 Johann Caspar Landeis, Oct. 13, 1712-Aug. 2, 1713 m. July 8, 1748, Anna Maria Barbara Schmidt; Catholic dau. LN137 Anna Elizabeth Landeis, b. June 23, 1714 of Hans Adam Schmidt (from Sattelbach, b. ca. 1681; d. LN138 Johann Caspar Landeis, b. Jan. 3, 1717 April 15, 1765, "age 84") and Maria Magdalena Catherine LN14 Johann Jacob Landeis, Aug. 6, 1683-Aug. 12, 1683 Schmidt (b. ca. 1683; d. Mar. 2, 1754, "age 71"). LN15 Anna Barbara Landeis, b. May 9, 1687; confirmed 1701. LN1271 Rosina Barbara Landeis, Dec. 15, 1748-Sept. 26, 1749 m. Feb. 14, 1714, Joseph Stamler LN1272 Maria Magdalena Landeis, b. Aug. 19, 1750 LN2 Jacob Landeis (LS1215), bap. Aug. 1, 1647, in Hirzel, m. Apr. 24, 1781, Josef Anton Kirschgessner in Hettingen Switzerland; d . Feb. 22, 1728, Reichenbuch, "age 80 [?] LN1273 Eva Catherine Landeis, b. Mar. 29, 1753 years"; son of Caspar Landis (LS121) and Susanna Pfister; LN1274 Johann Jacob Landeis, b. Apr. 22, 1756; emigrated to emigrated ca. 1652 to Jebsheim with parents and elder broth­ Pfalz ca. 1788, then in 1809 to Karlsruhe, Ukraine, with er Hans Landis (LS1214, see LN1 above). family; d. before 1816. m. Nov. 26, 1673, Anna Barbara Lauer; dau. of Philipp m. Nov. 4, 1789, Anna Maria Catherine Messmann; adopted Lauer, lawyer in Neckargerach; m. entry states Jacob was d au . of Joseph Messmann and Margaret Heid, in apprentice carpenter, son of "Caspar Landeis from Leimersheim, Pfalz; Jacob was chief administrator of Horgen in the district of Zurich." Zurich"; no known grain harvest and storage in Hordt; progenitors of the ch.D

Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 17 October 1995