GRANT No. 0235-LAO (SF) LAO PDR
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Planning
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project
Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject in Houayxai District of Bokeo province
March, 2013
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. in association with NIACONSULT, Inc. & Lao Consulting Group
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project
Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table of Contents
Subproject Location Map List of Abbreviations
1. SUBPROJECT SUMMARY ...... 1-1 1.1 Subproject Description ...... 1-1 (1) Output 1: Production and productivity enhancing rural infrastructure ...... 1-1 (2) Output 2: Productivity and Impact Enhancing Initiatives ...... 1-2 1.2 Socio-economic Conditions ...... 1-2 1.3 Subproject Cost ...... 1-2 1.4 Implementation Arrangement ...... 1-3 1.5 Subproject Impact ...... 1-3 1.6 Safeguard Considerations ...... 1-3
2. PRESENT SITUATION OF SUBPROJECT AREA ...... 2-1 2.1 Social Impact Assessment ...... 2-1 (1) Livelihood Sources ...... 2-1 (2) Poverty...... 2-1 (3) Gender ...... 2-2 (4) Indigenous Peoples...... 2-2 (5) Landless Households ...... 2-2 (6) Female-headed Households ...... 2-2 2.2 Present Agriculture ...... 2-2 (1) Land and Human Resources ...... 2-3 (2) Land Ownership and Average Land Sizes ...... 2-3 (3) Crop Production ...... 2-3 (4) Livestock Production ...... 2-3 2.3 Existing Irrigation System ...... 2-4 2.4 Other Development Agencies ...... 2-4 2.5 Subproject Justification ...... 2-4
3. SUBPROJECT DESIGN ...... 3-1 3.1 Subproject Development Plan ...... 3-1 (1) Irrigation Development Plan ...... 3-1 (2) Agriculture Development Plan ...... 3-1 (3) Associated Initiatives ...... 3-2 3.2 Social and Environmental Safeguards ...... 3-3 (1) Land Acquisition and Resettlement ...... 3-3 (2) Environment ...... 3-3 (3) Gender ...... 3-4 (4) Indigenous Peoples...... 3-4
4. INVESTMENT COSTS ...... 4-1 4.1 Methods of Cost Estimation ...... 4-1 4.2 Capital Costs...... 4-1 4.3 Operational Costs ...... 4-1
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5. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 5-1 5.1 Execution and Implementation Agencies ...... 5-1 5.2 Subproject Implementation Management ...... 5-1 (1) IA Capacities for Implementation ...... 5-2 5.3 Implementation Schedule ...... 5-2 5.4 Procurement ...... 5-2 5.5 Monitoring and Evaluation/Reporting ...... 5-2
6. IMPACT ...... 6-1 6.1 Social Impact ...... 6-1 6.2 Economic Evaluation ...... 6-1 6.3 Environmental Impact ...... 6-2
7. CRITICAL RISKS ...... 7-1 7.1 Main Risks ...... 7-1
List of Tables
Table 1 Implementing Agency Capacity Assessment ...... T -1
List of Figures
Figure 1 Summary of Subproject Implementation Management ...... F-1 Figure 2 Schematic Map of Nam Haad Left Bank Subproject ...... F-2 Figure 3 Implementation Schedule of Nam Haad Left Bank Subproject ...... F-3
Annexes
Annex-1 Subproject Design and Monitoring Framework ...... A1-1~2 Annex-2 Concept Engineering Design, Drawings and Bill of Quantities ...... A2-1~14 Annex-3 Present Agriculture and Agricultural Development Plan ...... A3-1~12 Annex-4 Associated Initiatives ...... A4-1~4 Annex-5 Subproject Investment Costs ...... A5-1~2 Annex-6 Economic Analysis ...... A6-1~12 Annex-7 Social Impact Assessment ...... A7-1~23 Annex-8 Initial Environmental Examination ...... A8-1~28 Annex-9 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan ...... A9-1~28
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- iii - Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
List of Abbreviation
ADB : Asian Development Bank DAFO : District Agriculture and Forestry Office DCO : District Coordination Office DLWU : District Lao Women’s Union DMU : District Management Unit DOI : Department o Irrigation DOP : Department of Planning EA : Executing Agency EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return EMP : Environmental Management Plan FS : Feasibility Study GAP : Gender Action Plan GIC : Grant Implementation Consultant GOL : Government of Lao PDR HH : Household HYV : High Yielding Variety IA : Implementing Agency IEE : Initial Environmental Examination IPP : Indigenous Peoples Plan ISA : Initial Social Assessment ISF : Irrigation Service Fee Lao PDR : Lao People’s Democratic Republic MAF : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry NAFRI : National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute NAFES : National Agriculture and Forestry Extension Service NCMI : Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project NRI : Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project NSC : National Steering Committee NPM : National Project Manager NPMO : National Project Management Office O&M : Operation and Maintenance PAM : Project Administration Manual PAFO : Provincial Agriculture Forestry Office PBME : Project Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation PLUP : Participatory Land Use Planning PPO : Provincial Project Office PPTA : Project Preparatory Technical Assistance RMC : Road Maintenance Committee SIR : Subproject Investment Report SRI : System of Rice Intensification TA : Technical Assistance TOR : Terms of Reference WUA : Water User Association WUG : Water User Group
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UNITS ha : Hectare kg : Kilogram km : Kilometer l : Liter m : Meter m2 : Square meter m3 : Cubic meter mm : Millimeter
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project
Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
1. SUBPROJECT SUMMARY
1. The Northern Rural Infrastructure Sector Project (NRI) main aim is to provide the rural community with access to and participation in the market economy. This is to be realized through the increase in incremental production in saleable commodities and promotion of agricultural productivity.
2. NRI has four main outputs: (i) production and productivity enhancing rural infrastructure constructed and/or rehabilitated; (ii) productivity and impact enhancing initiatives adopted; (iii) capacities of national, provincial and district agencies strengthened to enable a sector development approach; and (iv) efficient and effective delivery of subprojects and Project management.
3. This Feasibility Study for the Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject focuses on Outputs 1 and 2 as detailed below.
1.1 Subproject Description
4. Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject is located in the District of Pha Oudom, Bokeo Province. The scheme is located east of Bokeo Provincial Center, at a distance of approximately 84km by road. Most of the villagers originated from Bokeo with a few migrants from nearby provinces.
5. Nam Haad Left Bank existing irrigation system was constructed with funding from the Government in 1995/96. It is approximately 1.5 km from the Nam Haad Right Bank Subproject from Year 1 of the NRI Project. The Nam Haad Left Bank is divided into two groups: i) Nam Haad Left Irrigation (Pung Xieng Group) of about 25ha; and ii) Pung Hin Group with water supply from Nam Kha Irrigation System covering a total area of about 423ha.
6. The subproject beneficiaries reside in eleven (11) villages of Pha Oudom District, Bokeo Province: i) Pha Oudom; ii) Thinkeo; iii) Phonxay; iv) Pounglard; v) Sibounheuang; vi) Phiengkham; vii) Xaysavang; viii) Namkha; ix) Somsavang; x) Xayoudom; and xi) Donsavanh The subproject beneficiaries is composed of 1,389 households and a population of 7,849.
7. The existing irrigation system irrigates some 450 ha in the wet season and 100 ha in the dry.
(1) Output 1: Production and productivity enhancing rural infrastructure
8. The proposed irrigation development plan is composed of i) improvement of Nam Haad left main canal (LMC) and its related structures, and ii) improvement of Nam Kha weir, its main and secondary canals and related structures.
9. The proposed infrastructure works will contribute to the expansion of the dry season irrigated area from the existing 100 ha to 220 ha.
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(2) Output 2: Productivity and Impact Enhancing Initiatives
10. These initiatives will comprise of compulsory and optional initiatives. The compulsory initiatives will include (i) support for WUGs established to operate and maintain the rehabilitated facilities; and (ii) water catchment identification and zoning. Optional initiatives will need to be further discussed with the beneficiaries during detailed design stage and could be selected from production, post harvest handling, processing and the development of market linkage initiatives.
1.2 Socio-economic Conditions
11. The social environment of the proposed subproject is potentially very supportive to the implementation of the Subproject.
12. The proposed subproject involves improvement of an existing irrigation system and potentially will not require land acquisition for right-of-way nor will impact on existing crops and structures. The impact of the project construction on the environment, land crops and assets (if any) will be determined jointly with the villages and will be mitigated by the preparation and implementation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) during the detailed engineering phase of the subproject.
13. Agricultural crop production is a major source of income in the area. The subproject will provide improvements on the system which will promote better agricultural production within the village covered by the proposed subproject.
14. Informal Water Users’ Groups is existing in the area, composed of households using irrigation water. The organization and development of a formal Water Users’ Group to be registered as Water Users’ Association (WUA) will build upon these existing groups. The WUG capability will be developed for the MOM of the Irrigation System.
15. There is more than sufficient available labor in the eleven (11) villages. Contractors should hire local labour for their labour requirements. This is specified in the NRI Project Grant Agreement.
16. Significant number of households has rice deficits (34% of HHs) and poor (about 40%), LLHHs (13%), and FHHs (7%) in Nam Haad Left Irrigation subproject. Hiring of labor as well as the implementation of associated initiatives must prioritize these sectors.
17. The role of women in village administration units and organizations needs to be promoted as the leadership of these are still dominated by males. In support to the recognition on the role of women, extension services like livelihood programs for poor households particularly for women can be planned as one of the activities in the associated initiatives that will be implemented for the subproject.
18. Literacy is somewhat low. This will be a challenge in the conduct of village consultations, meetings and trainings. The use of adult training methods that promotes two- way communication is important. Visuals, plain simple language and local dialects must be utilized. Resource persons and/or facilitators must be those who can speak the dialects (language) in the area. There are village teachers who can be invited to help during subproject consultation, meetings and trainings to help in improving communication.
1.3 Subproject Cost
19. The civil works is estimated to cost US$490,810. The total cost of works to rehabilitate the system including indirect costs and associated initiatives is US$689,449. Summary costs are presented in the Table below.
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Summary of costs for Nam Haad Left Bank Subproject Description Amount % of Total (US$ ‘000s) Civil Works 490.81 71 Survey/design and construction supervision 58.89 9 Associated initiatives 45.00 6 Indirect investment cost (vehicles & 82.85 12 equipment, consulting services, & training/ studies) Physical contingency 11.89 2 Total Investment Cost 689.44 100%
1.4 Implementation Arrangement
20. The executing agency for the subproject will be the provincial governor’s office of Bokeo that will delegate responsibility for subproject implementation to its provincial agriculture and forestry office (PAFO). Bokeo’s PAFO will, in turn, designate responsibility for day to day implementation and monitoring of the subproject to the provincial project office (PPO) established within its premises. If external consultants are required for survey and design of the scheme, recruitment of consultants to prepare the detailed subproject design and construction supervision will be managed by the National Project Management Office (NPMO). Works contracts will be procured by the NPMO based on provincially and NPMO certified and approved designs. PAFO, through its PPO, will be involved both in project management of the subproject but also in confirming the technical specifications of the rehabilitated weir and canals for the schemes. The associated investments will be delivered by established district agriculture and forestry offices under a performance based contract to the PPO under the supervision of the NPMO.
1.5 Subproject Impact
21. The proposed subproject has the following potential impacts: (i) increased household income and hence reduction in poverty; (ii) improvement o the economic conditions of beneficiary households due to: (a) improved irrigation water availability in irrigated areas; (b) increase in irrigated area in both season; (c) increase rice yield and production; (d) promote production of high value crops during the dry season; and (e) increase in income; (iii) Generate additional demand for hired labour due to increase in crop production activities in the area for two seasons; and (iv) Promote a more active economy for the villages due to increased production of rice and other crops, increased household income, potential commercialization of rice surplus and high value crops, and demand for production inputs.
22. The Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject is expected to be economically viable with the calculated economic internal rate of return of 20 percent. The economic returns of the subproject are still viable if there is an increase of 20 percent in investment cost or a 20 percent decrease in project benefits which will reduce the EIRR to 17 percent and 15 percent respectively. Effective O&M, allowing for an acceptable life of the project, is a basic assumption for the profitability of this investment.
1.6 Safeguard Considerations
23. The Initial Environmental Examination found that the subproject will not cause significant negative environmental impacts and no further special study or an environmental impact assessment is required. Potential negative impacts relate to the construction phase and can be managed and reduced to acceptable levels through the implementation of an
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Environmental Management Plan. No further environmental assessment is therefore required. The subproject is therefore be categorized as Category B according to the ADB’s classification system - judged to have some adverse environmental impacts but of lesser degree or significance.
24. The expected resettlement impacts are minimal with a small loss of 208 m2 of productive land owned by two households representing 1.4% of their total landholdings.
25. To ensure equality of project benefits and opportunity sharing between ethnic groups in the area, the Ethnic Group Development Plan (EGDP) defines mechanisms for inclusion and benefits for all ethnic minority groups. Particular concern should be given to the villagers of Xay Chalern, which has the highest incidence of poor households and of the Hmong Iu- Mien ethnic minority. The main concern of the EGDP is to define and implement safeguards against employment of children, priority targeting of poor households in the hiring of labor for subproject construction works and associated initiatives, and coordination with local education offices for programs to improve adult literacy/numeracy.
26. A Gender Action Plan was developed for the subproject based on the Project-Wide Gender Action Plan. Women are found to play vital roles at home, in agricultural production works and in decision-making. Hence, the main concern of the plan is the promotion of the involvement of women in subproject activities and their representation in the village administration committees/units and village organizations. In the case of this Subproject, recommendations include: a) 30% women representation in the WUG/FPG and participation in subproject management committees; b) at least 30% women attendance in subproject consultation forums, meetings, trainings and study tours; c) development of programs to ease the burdens of women; c) Women assigned in financial related WUG/FPG positions; and d) coordination with local education offices for programs to improve the literacy/numeracy programs. The targeting of poor FHHs women in the hiring of labor as well as in the delivery of associated initiatives and livelihood programs for the subproject is recommended in the GAP.
27. The poor and landless households (LLHHs) especially of the ethnic minorities and female headed households (FHHs) must be made priority in the hiring of labour during the construction of the subproject. It is specified in the NRI Project Grant Agreement that bidding documents financed under the Project shall include provisions to ensure contractors' preferential hiring of local labour and to comply with the Recipient's Labour Law and labour regulations including guaranteeing equal opportunities for female workers to work with the principle of equal pay for work of equal value. Construction contracts must specify this as a provision. During the O&M stage of the subproject, the landless households will be benefited by the generation of additional demand for farm labor brought about by the increase in cropping activities in the area.
28. Regular consultation and/or coordination meetings between the Project and the Village Authorities and Stakeholders from the planning to implementation of the Subproject to determine and resolve issues and problems.
29. The organization and development of the WUG and FPG must promote women and ethnic minority representation in the WUG and FPG Executive Committee, and for women to represent the household in WUG meetings and trainings.
30. The equal involvement of men, women and ethnic minorities in subproject activities particularly during meetings and consultations should be promoted.
31. Literacy is somewhat low. During meetings, consultations and trainings, the use of visuals and local dialect must be promoted. Meeting and training facilitation must be
Page 1-4 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject conducted by Project Staff who can speak the local language. Teachers in the locality can be invited to help in improving communication during discussions. Study tours where sharing with other farmers and actual observation of improved technologies can be done must be adopted as a good training methodology. Particular concern must be given to Phaoudom which has the lowest literacy and composed of ethnic minorities. Coordination with local education office for programs to improve literacy/numeracy of adults/women, i.e., adult literacy classes utilizing teachers in local schools.
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2. PRESENT SITUATION OF SUBPROJECT AREA
2.1 Socio-Economic Analysis
32. There are 1,381 households (1,677 families) living in the eleven (11) villages with population of 7,800 comprised of 3,907 females and 3,893 males. Average household size is about 6 persons composed of 3 females and 3 males.
33. Results of the Village Consultation Meetings reveal that problems being experienced by households in the area includes: a) insufficient irrigation water and deterioriated/inefficient irrigation system; c) limited market and low price of agricultural products; d) low production and yield of rice; e) insufficient knowledge and experience on agriculture production; and f) low income.
34. Village and sample household interviews reveal that more than 40% of HHs are experiencing rice insufficiency and more than 30% are classified as poor having HH per capita income below 85,000 kips/person/month. Thirteen (13) percent of HHs in the area are landless and 7% are female-headed households.
35. The 11 beneficiary villages are inhabited by Lao- Tai (46%), Mone-Khmer (43%) and Hmong-Iu Mien (11%) a Literacy is at almost 50% of the total population.
36. The village administration structure and peoples organizations are dominated by men. Women are mainly performing households responsibilities and shares agriculture production and household decision-making responsibilities with men.
(1) Livelihood Sources
37. Based on the HHs Interview, average income per household is about 21,513,869 kips/HH/year. HH income is composed of 30% from agriculture sources and 70% from non- agriculture sources. This is understandable as the villages are located near the District Center where alternative sources of income other than agriculture are available. Data shows that 71% of sample HHs are involved in agriculture and 81% are involved in non-agriculture sources. The average per capita income is 302,504 kips/person/month which is above the poverty line of 180,000 kips/person/month. The lowest income (lower than the poverty line are observed in Xaysavang, Namkha Palao and Donsavanh.
38. Rice is the major crop grown with some corn and peanuts. Livestock, poultry and fish production are secondary agriculture source of income. Based on the HHs Interview, the main sources of agriculture income are rice and livestock/poultry/fish production. Sixty-nine (69) percent of sample HHs are involved in rice production, 24% in livestock/poultry/fish production and 13% in other crops. The average HH income from agriculture is more than 6.44 Million Kips/HH/year composed of 75% rice production, 24% livestock/poultry/fish production and 14% from other crops.
39. Sources of non-agriculture income include small businesses for 33%, HHs, farm labor 32% HHs, employment 22% HHs, sales of NTFP 16% HHs, handicraft 12% HHS, labor outside farm 6% HHs and other non-agriculture sources is 15% HHs. As mentioned earlier, 81% of HHs are involved in non-agriculture sources of income.
(2) Poverty
40. Based on the Village Household Masterlist, 33% of HHs are classified as poor having income below 85,000 kips/person/month. Sixty (60) percent are classified as having income between 85,000 and 180,000 kips per person per month and only 7% are having income above 180,000 kips per person per month, the 2009/2012 poverty line for rural areas.
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41. Based on the HH income of sample HHs, 40% of HHs are poor, 8% are of the middle income category and 54% have income above the 2009/2012 poverty line for rural areas.
(3) Gender
42. Of the total population 7,800 people in 11 Villages under Nam Haad Left subproject, there are 3,907 female (50%) and 7,893 male (50%). Average of household size is 6 persons, 3 females and 3 males.
43. The heads/chiefs of the Village Administration Committees are headed by men except the Lao Women Union being an organization of women. There are a female representation in the Executive Committees of the village administration in one to two villages, for Lao National Front for Construction (LNFC), the Lao Youth Union (LYU) and Village Security. Similar situation exists for the village organizations such as WUG, Domestic Water Supply Group, Farmers’ Production Groups and Road Maintenance Committee.
44. The members of the Executive Committee of the existing WUG of the irrigation system are all men but the membership is composed of 72% men and 28% women.
45. Based on the results of the sample household interviews, most of the household works are dominantly performed by women except house repair which is considered as role of men. Earning money and fetching water are seen as more of a shared responsibility.
(4) Indigenous People
46. Two (Sibounheuang and Xaysavang) of the 11 beneficiary villages are inhabited purely by Lao-Tai Ethno-Liguistic Group, one is inhabited by Tibeto-Chinese Group and the other eight (8) villages are inhabited by two (2) different ethno-linguistic groups, Lao-Tai and Mone-Khmer. Overall, 46% of the HHs are Lao- Tai, 43% are Mone-Khmer and 11% are Hmong-Iu Mien.
(5) Landless Households
47. Based on the Village Household Masterlist, there are 180 LLHH or 13% of the total HHs. Somsavang has the highest incidence of LLHH at 27%, the lowest is Donsavanh at 3%.
(6) Female-headed Households
48. Of the total households in the 11 villages, there are 100 FHHs or 7% of the total households. In terms of rice sufficiency, about 47% of FHHs are rice sufficient or with surplus rice, the remaining 53% HHs are having rice deficit of less than one to more than 4 months. The villages with high percentage of HHs with rice deficits are Phiengkham (75%), Xaysavang (71%), Namkha Palao (71%), Somsavang (67%), Thinkeo (54%) and Phonxay (50%).
2.2 Present Agriculture
49. The strategy for Lao government, in which the proposed Project area is located, is to maintain and accelerate the pace of agricultural diversification and intensification with increased productivity per unit of land, improved value-added processing, and expanded marketing and sales for national and international trade and increased private sector investment, including that from foreign sources.
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(1) Land and Human Resources
50. Agriculture and agribusiness in Lao PDR remain characterized by (on the supply side) low productivity due to inefficient practices (e.g., traditional but out-dated planting, seed retention and water use systems), inadequate technology (especially in the rice, cash crops and tea planting, post harvest, processing and rice milling sectors), a lack of timely and adequate basic inputs (e.g., fertilizer and seeds), and (on the demand side) a lack of physical access to produce markets related to poor infrastructure.
51. Quantities of Lao agricultural commodities are exported through unofficial border trade mechanisms to Thailand, Viet Nam and China. The concerned commodities include maize, soybean, groundnut, cotton, sesame, red bean, cabbage, bananas, tamarind and water melon.
(2) Land Ownership and Average Land Sizes
52. The total landholding of Nam Haad Left Bank is roughly1,615 ha with the upland accounting for 338 ha and 912 ha to lowland. The remaining are allocated to home gardens, perennial crops, fish ponds and rubber trees that has been introduced by government agencies to promote industrial and fruit tree plantations.
(3) Crop Production
53. Rice farming Systems in this subproject are broadly 3 kinds of rice cultivation system, categorized by physical elevation above sea level, and by access to water.
54. Upland rainfed (wet season) rice, Upland areas are characterized by the farming systems of ethnic minority groups. Shifting cultivation is a common farming strategy, often found under a slopping land (under 15%) of agriculture, where areas have yields average less than 1 ton per hectare.
55. Lowland, rainfed (wet season) rice in areas away from rivers. These areas account for by far the largest portion of rice production in district. Individual plots are small, and the typical rice smallholder might have one or at the most two hectares of land that produce 2.0- 2.5 tons/ha. The most common variety of rice is khaonio or “sticky” (glutinous rice with a high starch content) that appeals to the local market.
56. Lowland, irrigated (dry season) rice in areas served by canals constructed for the purpose. In the irrigated areas, yields may exceed 3,2 tons per hectare and it is from these areas that the marketable surplus arises. However, the area under irrigation is relatively small compared with other lowland rice areas.
57. Other Crops: Yellow corn is considered a major crop in Nam Haad Left Bank because it is grown on a large scale on the upland and highly traded export to Thailand and China. Leaf vegetables, garlic, and chilli were planted only small parcels (about 500 to 1,600 square meters) whose ecosystems are generally favorable for the cultivation of such crops, mainly for home consumption and the rest for sale in markets near the village.
(4) Livestock Production
58. Large animals notably buffalo and cattle (population above 100 heads) are significant in most villages. Swine, chicken and ducks are generally reared as the most immediate source of food and household income. Yellow corn production in upland and lowland area is very important as a major source of feeds and the improvements in buffalo and cattle health and mortality would be an important way of increasing incomes.
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2.3 Existing Irrigation System
59. The Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation is divided into two irrigation system groups: i) Nam Haad Left Irrigation (Pung Xieng Group) covering about 25 ha; and ii) Pung Hin Group with water supply from Nam Kha irrigation system covering a total area of about 425 ha. Under NRI Year 2, Nam Haad Left Subproject will involve the development of the Left Main Canal of the Nam Haad NRI Year 1 Subproject to irrigate about 25 ha, combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the existing Nam Kha Weir estimated to irrigate about 425 ha.
60. The existing Nam Haad Left Main Canal (LMC) is earth canal with a total of 1,800 m, covering 25 ha. The upstream part of the LMC is running along the left bank of the Nam Haad river, some parts of which were eroded and damaged and are needed repairing with the bank protection.
61. The existing Nam Kha weir is a buttress type of concrete weir (W=24.3 m, H=3.0 m), constructed in 1992/94 financed by IFAD. There is one intake gate and sluice gate at the right bank but not operational because of missing of the operation steering wheels and spindle rods, thus the upstream of the weir is silted.
62. The Nam Kha weir has only one earthen main canal (MC) at the right bank of Nam Kha river, with a total length of 3,335 m. The existing earthen MC is eroded and high seepage is found at many locations, thus needs repairing.
63. Although the WUG is reported to be inactive/weak, they informed that they are practicing rotation of irrigated area during the dry season when the water from the river is low. Planting is rotated yearly by both sides of main canal, i.e., the left bank of MC area for 175 ha in 2012 and the right bank of MC are for 150 ha this year (2013).
2.4 Other Development Agencies
64. There are currently eight NGOs operating within Houayxai District covering a wide range of sectors from health, education, conservation, human trafficking and agriculture. Oxfam and German Agro Action (GAA) are the only two NGOs working in agriculture related sectors. Both Oxfam and GAA’s activities will cease at the end of 2012, so there is little scope for coordination. Government agencies such as the Lao Women’s Union and the Lao National Front for Construction are the potential development partners that can assist in the implementation of subproject activities in terms of facilitation particularly on gender mainstreamimg activities.
2.5 Subproject Justification
65. The subproject was initially proposed as part of the shortlist list of potential subprojects by the province through the provincial planning process which is based on the provincial five-year economic development plan.
66. As part of the feasibility study, several visits were also made to the subproject site to discuss the proposals with the villagers, village, district and provincial authorities. In all, three visits were made to the subproject as follows:
Village consultation meetings during feasibility preparation Date Villages Discussion represented 15 July 2012 ThinKeo, Pha Introductory visit to appraise the villagers of the Oudom, Xay project and proposed activities in the
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Date Villages Discussion represented Oudom, Xay subproject. Consultation with villagers on Savang, NamKha current issues and concerns. Palao
19 November 2012 ThinKeo, Pha Introduction/briefing/discussion on LARC Oudom, Xay aspects to village residents by provincial, Oudom, Xay district and consultant staff complementary to Savang, NamKha joint transect walks undertaken in the Palao subproject’s implementation area.
67. As reported in Annex 7 Social Impact Assessment, overall, the villagers support the proposed subproject. Technical and financial assessments have identified the subproject as both technically and economically feasible (see Annexes 2 and 6).
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3. SUBPROJECT DESIGN
3.1 Subproject Development Plan
(1) Irrigation Development Plan
68. The proposed irrigation development plan is composed of i) improvement of Nam Haad left main canal (LMC) and its related structures, and ii) improvement of Nam Kha weir, its main and secondary canals and related structures.
69. The improvement of Nam Haad LMC includes i) protection of the left bank of Ham Haad river with earthfill compaction and excavation at downstream, ii) concrete lining of LMC (1,800 m), and iii) construction of canal related structures such as division structure, drainage inlet, turnout, and end structure.
70. The improvement of Nam Kha irrigation system includes i) installation of intake and sluice gates, ii) concrete lining of main canal (2,550 m), iii) construction of main canal related structures such as farm inlet and downstream protection of drop structure, and iv) concrete lining of secondary canal (300 m) and its related structures such as farm turnout and end structure.
(2) Agriculture Development Plan
71. The extension process and marketing system to achieve the subproject will have activities. All activities will be carried out by the staff of the DCO with support from the PPO and project advisors.
72. Technologies will be introduced to farmers for their assessment similar to farmer field school approach. The project will provide limited quantities of agricultural inputs for rice and crop demonstration to transfer the new techniques to farmers and more important in this phase will be field based ‘follow-up’ by DAFO staff. During follow-up, the farmers will interact as a focus group to exchange experiences. At the end of the season this group will report their experiences back the large interest group, for expansion. The process of expansion within a village will be supported each year with village planning activities. Follow-up, in addition to supporting farmers in technical difficulties will focus on identifying cases where farmers begin to gain impacts at an early stage.
73. The use of improved varieties, particularly the early maturing and HYV offers the best potential to increase the yield of paddy rice. Demonstration farms will be established to showcase the growing of improved varieties with high yielding.
74. Rice seed multiplication is very important to produce the seed with uniform quality and yield. For paddy rice irrigated, the immediate intervention would be to use improved varieties. Early maturing and high yielding varieties, especially those resistant to pest and diseases would be promoted.
75. The paddy rice yield is projected to increase about 67% during wet season and 72% during dry season. Higher yield increase is projected in the dry season. With the project, total irrigable area (physical area) is 450 ha. Effective crop area, defined as the sum of the wet and dry season areas. The cropping intensity was projected to reach by 149% at full project development.
76. Crop diversification and high value crops on a modest scale would be demonstrated to supplement the income of the farmers. Demonstration farm of production
Page 3-1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject techniques would be established right in wet and dry season to improve the technical knowledge of farmers.
77. SRI: a technology based on labor intensive and controlled used of fertilizer and other farm inputs would be introduced to those subprojects whose farmers have achieved a modest level of technology in rice production and seed multiplication
78. Marketing and value added, farmers will begin to coordinate sale of their stock in villages through Farmer Production Group, which will improve their negotiation position with traders. Coordination between farmers within subproject for coordinated marketing will drive on-going networking. Along with networking for marketing, farmers will also exchange technical information on production technologies. Greater market knowledge will stimulate farmers to increase their production and as a result demand improved technologies in order to respond to the market.
79. Annex 3 shows detailed the present agricultural situation and agricultural development plan that will be support activities for subproject successfully after completion of irrigation rehabilitation.
(3) Associated Initiatives
80. Three associated investments are proposed to enhance the impact from the investment and ensure sustainability of its benefits and include: (i) support for WUGs /WUAs strengthening program and established to operate and maintain the rehabilitated facility, (ii) resourcing existing technical extension services to introduce modern production technologies, and (iii) catchment zoning and village land-use planning to ensure sustainability by limiting the extent of siltation in the reservoir.
81. Strengthening for WUG/WUA. Through the discussion of PAFO and DAFO, WUG/ WUA strengthening program should be undertaken during the project implementation period. The training of WUG/WUA for reorganization, election of WUA executive committee, role-rule and regulation, financial management, O&M of the irrigation system, establishing of Farmer Producer Groups (FPGs), management and participation in subproject implementation is very important to facilitate the work plan. The estimated cost is about US$ 11,000.
82. Land Use Planning. The land is divided into two parts by weir point, the upstream catchment and downstream irrigation land. The land use change detection and land use protection are important to upstream catchment for keeping sustainable water use in the future. On the downstream irrigation land, the tasks of Land Use Planning are to establish a GIS database through GPS survey for managing irrigation block. The GIS database can support and strengthen WUA for water fee collection and other management of water use matters. The estimated cost is about US$ 11,000.
83. Agricultural extension and marketing. According to the discussion with the villagers and their proposals is the training on crop production techniques and processing techniques, marketing study, value chain development plan very important to add value of products, in country study tours, field visits and farmer field school. The strengthening of farmer knowledge with their requirements will be possible to increase the crop yield, add value of commodities and receive more family income. The improving of agricultural product quality is the main opportunity for export marketing, so the post-harvest equipments and processing techniques in farmer level is very important and necessary to support with the estimated cost of US$ 23,000.
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84. Associated costs have been estimated based on specialist opinion from the design team in consultation with PAFO, DAFO agricultural staff and farmers. The total cost of associated activity development used in subproject is about US$ 45,000 detailed in Annex 4.
3.2 Social and Environmental Safeguards
(1) Land Acquisition and Resettlement
85. At feasibility study stage, the rehabilitation works of this subproject will result in:
• Loss of agricultural land of about 208sqm productive land owned by 2 households for whom this would represent a loss of 1.4% of their total productive land. There is no household severely affected by losing paddy fields; • No loss of trees; • No loss of residential land; • No loss of primary and secondary structures; • No relocation of households; • No loss of common property; • No cases of economic resettlement and vulnerable people caused by the subproject.
86. Thus the estimated cost for land acquisition, resettlement and compensation impacts and mitigation measures respectively are 2.3 million Kips.
(2) Environment
87. The IEE study for the subproject was carried out by the PPDO, DPO staffs and the NRI-GIC Environmental Consultants, following the Environment Policy, Environmental Assessment Guidelines, and Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and relevant environmental policies and guidelines of the Government of Lao PDR.
88. The Environmental Specialists in collaboration with the multi-disciplinary NRI Consultants preparing the Feasibility Report for the subproject were made aware of the environmental screening process using the ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and provided the PPO and DCO staffs with the checklists prepared in Lao Language for screening of the impacts. The NRI-GIC consultants and Environmental Specialists visited the subproject sites and also carried out public consultations prior to preparation of this report. Moreover, information provided by Consultants carrying out Feasibility Study was used in this exercise.
89. Thus the IEE Study involved the following activities in each of the subcomponents:
• Gathering and collation of baseline information available on the physical, biological, chemical, and socio-economic environment of the subproject area and subcomponent sites (i.e., main canal and secondary canals; and understanding the technical, social, and institutional aspects of the subprojects; this included public consultation meetings participation during the subproject field visits; • Screening of potential issues, concerns and impacts relative to siting, design, construction and operation to distinguish those that are likely to be significant for a particular subcomponent and warranting further study;
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• Recommending measures to mitigate adverse issues, concerns and impacts, particularly to the project design team • Preparation of an Environmental Management Plan indicating impact areas, recommended mitigation measures, method of monitoring the impacts and responsible persons ; and • Proposing an environmental monitoring plan (EMP) and the institutional set up for implementation of the above Environmental Management Plan.
(3) Gender
90. A Gender Action Plan was developed for the subproject based on the Project-Wide Gender Action Plan. The main concern of the plan is the promotion of the involvement of women in subproject activities and their representation in the village administration committees/units and village organizations. In the case of this Subproject, 30% women representation in the WUA Executive Committee is specified, as well as attendance in subproject consultation forums, meetings, trainings and study tours.
(4) Indigenous Peoples
91. An Indigenous People’s Plan (IPP) was developed for the subproject based on the Indigenous People Planning Framework (IPPF) for NRI. The main concern of the plan is the promotion of the involvement of ethnic minorities in subproject activities. The hiring of labor during the construction of the subproject is also specified to give priority to local people to include ethnic minorities and priority to members of poor and vulnerable households. For this Subproject, the representation of ethnic minorities in the WUG Executive Committee and membership is specified.
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4. INVESTMENT COSTS
92. The investment cost of Nam Haad Left Bank subproject totals US$689,449 and consists of:
• Survey, design and construction supervision; • Civil works; • Associated initiatives; and • In-direct investment costs including i) vehicles and equipment, ii) consulting services, and iii) training, studies, operating costs, etc. for project implementation. • Physical contingency
4.1 Methods of Cost Estimation
93. In line with normal practice, the survey and design cost is estimated at 12% of the total civil works costs.
94. Civil works requirements have been based on the need for rehabilitation/improvement determined through village consultations and discussions with PPO and DCO and site investigations. Proposed work items were identified through a review based on priority, urgency and economical effectiveness. Unit price used for the estimates are based on an average of recent unit rates used in similar schemes as recorded by the province.
95. Detailed requirements for associated initiatives are not yet available as the detailed requirements for associated will need to be developed with full participation from the villagers which will be carried out during subproject implementation. Preliminary budgets for both compulsory and optional initiatives are given in Annex 4.
4.2 Capital Costs
96. The capital costs of the subproject comprise of direct and indirect costs. The direct costs comprise of the survey and design, construction and associated initiatives that are designed are ensure full benefits of the investment. The civil works component account to 71% of the total subproject costs, while the total direct costs (civil works and associated initiatives) make up 86% of the total subproject costs.
97. Indirect costs associated with the implementation support to the project which includes consulting services provided by the grant implementation consultants (GIC); vehicles and equipment provided by the project and training and studies. The indirect costs amount to 12% of the total subproject costs. The remaining 2% of the subproject cost is allocated as physical contingency.
4.3 Operational Costs
98. The project aims to turn over the irrigation system to the water users group (WUG) when ready for operation. It is expected then that they will operate and maintained the physical facilities of the system. The cost for minor repairs and maintenance should be shouldered by them.
99. However, cost for major repairs of the structures should be the responsibility of the government. The annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost is estimated at 10% of the direct cost equivalent to US$59,471.
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5. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
5.1 Execution and Implementation Agencies
100. The executing agency for the subproject will be the provincial governor’s office of Bokeo that will delegate responsibility to PAFO for subproject implementation. Bokeo PAFO has designated the PPO established within its premises to maintain responsibility for day to day implementation and monitoring of the subproject. Recruitment of consultants for detailed subproject preparation will be carried out by the NPMO while works contracts will be procured by the NPMO based on provincially and NPMO certified designs. The Irrigation Section and the Planning Section of Bokeo PAFO will be involved in the technical aspects of design as well as in the approval for further processing of the subproject. Associated initiatives will be delivered by established DAFO offices under performance based contract to the PPO.
(1) Construction Phase
101. Subproject management will be carried out by the PPO with the assistance of the DCO in Houayxai. Although NPMO will be the Employer for the civil works contract, the PPO and DCO are expected to assist in implementation and management of the contract. Training will be provided to local staff at both provincial and district level in contract management to ensure quality control and timely delivery of outputs. Routine reporting will be maintained by the DCO and PPO to NPMO, MAF and ADB as part of its routine reporting responsibilities.
(2) Operational Phase
102. Upon completion of the works, the commissioned scheme will be handed over to Houayxai District where it will be registered as an asset of the District. At that stage, the District Governor’s Office will assume responsibility for scheme maintenance.
103. However, the formation of WUGs will provide an operational mechanism that will be managed by the beneficiaries and funded by beneficiary contribution through water user fees as is consistent with Lao PDR Irrigation Management and Transfer Strategies. The Project will also provide support in these functions in order to sustain the benefits from rehabilitated irrigation facilities. Periodic maintenance will require inputs from the province and, according to the Grant Agreement, the provincial authority is required to sign an MOU with the Project (Schedule 4, paragraph 21 of the Grant Agreement) to ensure sufficient funds for the periodic maintenance of the system.
5.2 Subproject Implementation Management
104. Overall Project implementation responsibility lies with the NPMO. The implementation of the subproject level, however, is with Bokeo PAFO. PAFO will supervise PPO in all project implementation activities including reviewing of workplans and budgets. PPO will directly monitor project implementation progress as well as project impacts and benefits. PPO will also support the survey and detailed design of the scheme and raise awareness and disseminate information regarding the project and subproject within the district and to all relevant stakeholders. DCO is responsible for working directly with the communities in development of the associated initiatives, coordination on safeguard activities, and direct monitoring of subproject implementation.
105. Figure 1 summarizes the implementation management arrangement for the subproject including responsibilities.
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(1) Implementing Agency Capacity for Implementation
106. As is the case with many district government staff, there is an overall shortage of relevant qualified staff. Many are appointed to positions to which they don’t have the relevant experience. Table 2 shows a summary of PPO and Houayxai DCO staff who have responded to questionnaires on capacity assessment.
107. For staff in Houayxai district, 50 percent have no relevant qualification and all staff have less than two years of relevant experience to the position in which they have been assigned. Only 1 of the district staff has a total general work experience of between 5 to 10 years. As such, it is unlikely that the majority of the staff would be familiar with management aspects of project implementation and safeguards issues for which training activities will be developed and implemented to match the needs.
5.3 Implementation Schedule
108. Following the approval of this Feasibility Study, it is envisaged that the detailed survey and design for the subproject can commence at the middle of the 2nd Quarter 2013 or later depending on the procurement process. Procurement for the construction works is expected to finalized by the end of 2013 and construction works to commence within the 1st Quarter of 2014. Construction works is estimated at 18 months.
5.4 Procurement
109. Based on the original procurement plan, three sets of packages will be required to implement the subproject: (i) national consultants for detailed design, bid document preparation, and supervision of construction, (ii) civil works construction contracts, and (iii) service contracts to implement associated initiatives. Procurement associated with the subproject will be recruited and/or managed by the NPMO.
110. Procurement methods will be in accordance with those specified in the Grant Agreement for the overall Project.
5.5 Monitoring and Evaluation Reporting
111. Three different kinds of monitoring will be carried out including: (i) implementation progress monitoring of the subproject, (ii) safeguards monitoring, and (iii) benefit monitoring and evaluation.
112. Implementation progress monitoring will be one of the main tasks of the PPO. This will be undertaken by a monitoring officer appointed to the PPO and activities will be based on the subproject implementation schedule (Figure 3).
113. Safeguard monitoring with associated grievance mechanisms will be developed to ensure that the required policies, procedures and plans for: (i) resettlement including land acquisition and compensation, (ii) EMP plan implementation, and (iii) that the GAP will be followed. A safeguard officer will be appointed to the PPO to undertake this task for internal monitoring purposes. In addition, an independent agency will be recruited to specifically monitor the implementation of land acquisition and resettlement activities to ensure full compliance with all laws, decrees, policies and plans and to review the grievance mechanism for affected persons as part of the external monitoring process. The independent agency will be required to include in their teams staff from institutions such as LWU in order to assist in the building of capacities at the local level.
114. The appointed staff for safeguards monitoring has a forestry background and no specific experience in safeguard issues except as related to forest environments. GIC staff
Page 5-2 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject will need to assist the staff in carrying out safeguard monitoring activities initially until the staff has gained sufficient experience. The staff will be required to attend two training sessions to cover topics related gender, indigenous peoples, resettlement and environmental issues and monitoring which are scheduled in the capacity building programs.
115. An overall Project benefit monitoring and evaluation system has been established and relevant subproject DCOs are tasked with the periodic monitoring of the benefits and impacts of the subproject.
116. All reporting will be submitted from the DCO to PPO and then form part of the routine reporting requirements of the PPO to the NPMO and provincial authorities. The NPMO will aggregate progress reporting of all the subprojects and submit routine quarterly reports to the national government and ADB.
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6. IMPACT
6.1 Social Impact
117. The proposed subproject has the following potential impacts:
a. increase household income and hence, reduce poverty;
b. improvement of the economic conditions of beneficiary households due to: a) improved irrigation water availability in irrigated areas; b) increase in irrigated area in both season; c) increase rice yield and production; d) promote production of high value crops during the dry season; and e) increase in income;
c. generate additional demand for hired labor due to increase in crop production activities in the area for two seasons; and
d. promote a more active economy for the villages due to increased production of rice and other crops, increased household income, potential commercialization of rice surplus and high value crops, and demand for production inputs.
6.2 Economic Evaluation
118. The Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject is economically feasible and a go project with an economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of 20% evaluated at 30 year period. By applying the interest rate of 12% as the opportunity cost of capital for Lao PDR, the net present value (NPV) in terms of dollar is US$434,202. The EIRR was further subjected to possible events that may adversely affect the project viability. Two possible changes in key variables include the following:
119. Investment Cost: Cost estimates are more or less computed accurately at present price levels however, it may vary in the actual cost and will rise higher. Thereby, a twenty percent increase in costs is assumed in the sensitivity analysis. With this increase the estimated EIRR is 17%.
120. Direct Irrigation Benefits: Sufficient irrigation water is available during the wet season and it can supply the crop water requirement for the whole command area. However, during the dry season irrigation water supply may not be enough to irrigate the whole command area thereby diversified crops is introduced. The present cropping intensity is 122% and the assumed cropping intensity in the future with the project is 149%. A 20% decrease of benefits is assumed to occur in the future because of no assurance of dependable water supply and other contributing factors like farmers adoption of modern farming practices, climatic condition in the area. The resulting EIRR is 15%.
121. The results of economic evaluation indicate its attractiveness for investment. However, if the basic assumption are not attained it may be at risk.
Table 6-1: Economic Returns for Irrigation Rehabilitation Particular Net Present Value EIRR @12 % Normal Scheme US$ 434,202 20% Sensitivity Case: 20 % increase in investment cost 17% 20 % decrease in benefits 15%
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6.3 Environmental Impact
122. This subproject is one of the Year 2 subprojects selected to contribute to poverty reduction and improve the quality of life and the environmental conditions of the rural population in the Province of Bokeo through sustainable improvement of the irrigation system.
123. Findings of site reconnaissance, results of social surveys, resettlement surveys subproject descriptions based on the engineering designs, available land use data and discussions with the subproject beneficiaries and Officers of the relevant MONRE, DARF officials were integrated into the IEE Report.
124. The potential environmental impacts identified to be associated with the irrigation system improvement were identified during the Pre-construction period mainly due to the proposed location and design of the weir. Most of the impacts will be generated during the construction period. Although they are considered to have minimal impacts however, without proper and timely implementation of the mitigation measures could possibly cause significant negative effects to the environment and to the overall sustainability of the subproject. The potential impacts of the subproject and its corresponding mitigation measures are proposed in the EMP to include the following:
125. Pre-construction phase (Impacts due to location and/or design): i) Inundation of existing paddy fields; ii) loss of access used farmers’ using hand tractors; iii) involuntary resettlement and compensation due to improvement of canal system; iv) Health and safety risks of workers.
126. During Construction (concrete weir and canal system): i) Soil erosion, silt and sediment deposition; ii) obstruction of water flows in the canals from sediment or other deposits; iii) dust nuisance; iv) inefficient use and distribution of irrigation water; v) use of land for storage and as works depots.
127. During Operation and Maintenance: i) Competition/disputes for use of irrigation water and with other water uses; ii) obstruction of water flows in the canals from sediment or other deposits; iii) effects of intensified use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
(1) Proposed recommendations/Solutions for the Potential Impacts
128. In general, the subproject will generate positive impacts to the environment. However, negative impacts cannot be avoided. As a result, in order to bring into full play positive impacts and minimize negative ones, following measures should be followed:
129. Pre-construction phase: i) Implement resettlement and compensation plan In accordance with the requirements of the ADB and the Government; ii) Provision of a raised embankment in the immediate area of the concrete weir; iii) Preparation of plans by the Contractor: allocating responsibilities for safety; health and welfare to senior staff; first aid and emergency procedures; satisfactory accommodation of workers; information and instruction dissemination to workers regarding risks of diseases.
130. During Construction: i) Provision of silt and sediment traps where needed; ii) Careful supervision of the works (confining excavation works to the dry months), (ii) reuse of surplus spoil, distribution to users in or near the subproject area, or disposal at a site approved by the PAFO / PPO; iii) wetting of excavation sites and stockpiled material during dry and windy weather, when within 50m of an occupied dwelling; iv) use of temporary diversions using pipes and pumps where necessary; involve WUGs in planning of the works; v) form agreements with the landowners, and restoration of land to former or better condition according to agreements with landowners.
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131. During Operation and Maintenance: i) reliable collection of information on water levels in the canal system, to enable sound planning and water use and distribution among WUGs; ii) provision for IEC program for the WUGs on the proper operation of the irrigation system and how to effectively regulate irrigation water use; iii) instruction in purchase and use of pesticides; iv) promotion of the informed use of mineral fertilizers; v) promotion of the concept of integrated pest management, and; vi) emphatic discouragement of the use of persistent pesticides.
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7. CRITICAL RISKS
7.1 Main Risks
132. Possibly the single greatest risk relates to sustainability of benefits from irrigation rehabilitation. If the local administration can ensure adequate levels of maintenance funding for the more significant items, the benefits should be assured as the lower routine maintenance costs will be recovered through water charges. Historically, this would appear unlikely. The actual situation with which the province and district is faced today is due, in part, to its inability to maintain the irrigation scheme in full working order. This situation is unlikely to change within the effective life of the investment. The implication from this fact is that there is an immediate need for cooperative action by the beneficiary farmers in the area to organize contributions to maintain the headworks in preparation for a catastrophic event. While farmers are obliged to pay water user charges to cover routine operations and maintenance costs, they are the ones to gain from joint action to ensure the operation of the system and even contribute to a longer term periodic maintenance fund after the scheme is operating successfully.
133. The sustainability of the investment is not only dependent upon the effectiveness of the WUGs to generate maintenance budget, but also on the stabilization of the land use in the catchment immediately above the weir will reduce the level of siltation in the weir and extend its economic life. There are some shifting cultivation lands in the catchment area, where stabilization of shifting cultivation should be practiced such as introduction of cover crops, contour planting and hedgerows.
134. In the associated initiatives, the WUG strengthening activities are intended to address the 1st critical risk while the catchment management plan will not directly contribute to the 2nd critical risk but indirectly contribute to the preparation of the district land use plan.
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Tables
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table 1 Implementing Agency Capacity Assessment Summary
DCO PPO Total Pha Oudom Paktha Houaysai Work experience ≤ 2 Years - - 2 - 2 2-5 Years 3 3 1 1 8 5-10 Years - 1 1 2 4 > 10 Years 1 - - 3 4 Qualification Degrees 1 - 2 2 5 High Diploma - 1 1 3 5 Diploma 3 3 - 1 7 Secondary education - - 1 - 1 Relevant qualification to appointment Yes 3 2 2 5 12 No 1 2 2 1 6 Relevant to experience to appointment ≤ 2 Years 3 3 4 - 10 2-5 Years 1 1 - 4 6 5-10 Years - - - - - > 10 Years - - - 2 2
T-1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Figures
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Bokeo Provincial Steering Committee Bokeo Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Grant Implementation Consultants chaired by Vice Governor Office (PAFO) (GIC) The PSC will meet annually to: PAFO as Implementing agency will be The GIC will: • review implementation progress, responsible for: • provide technical support • approve provincial work-plans and • supervision of PPO • screen activities for compliance with budgets, and • review workplans and budgets prepared by safeguard requirements • approve Feasibility Studies and PPO • capacity building Subproject Investment Reports (SIRs) • monitoring of implementation performance Survey design and construction of the PPO in respect of subproject supervision consultant implementation management, financial management, progress reporting, contract The consultant will: • carry out detailed survey and design of supervision the scheme • prepare bid documents and assist in bid process Provincial Project Office (PPO) • supervise construction contracts PPO will be responsible for: • awareness raising and dissemination of information about the subproject • support consulting firm to prepare the detailed design study and bid process • supervise and monitor project implementation progress
District Coordination Office (DCO)
DCO will be responsible for:
• awareness raising and dissemination of
Contractor(s) information about the subproject Beneficiaries • support consulting firm to prepare the Contractor(s) will: Beneficiaries shall: detailed design study and bid process • ensure works carried out to • participate fully in all project • supervise and monitor project specifications and industry standards consultation activities implementation progress • • compliance with environmental submit to trainings and agreed trials/pilots designed to enhance project safeguards benefits and sustainability
Figure 1 Summary of Subproject Implementation Management
F-1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Figure 2 Map of Nam Haad Left Bank Subproject
F-2 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 '17 Indicative Activities Remarks Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Component 1: Irrigation System Development 1 Identification of Subproject 2 Social and Environmental Safeguard Studies 3 Engineering Studies 4 Safeguard Study Report (SIA, IEE, EMP, GAP, IPP, RP) Submission to ADB 5 Feasibility Study Report (Economic and Financial Analysis) Submission to ADB 6 Stakeholder Meeting to present Preliminary Design 7 Preparation of SIR 8 Detailed Design Revised/ Updated RP 9 Stakeholder Meeting to present Detailed Design Concept 10 Bid Documents 11 Bidding and Bid Evaluation 12 Contract for Construction Works Approval of IEE, EMP by MNRE 13 Construction Works and Supervision 14 Initial Test Run and O&M Handover 15 Operation Component 2: Associated Initiatives Resource Person 1 Identification of Associated Initiatives 2 Cost Estimate of Associated Initiatives for Feasibility Studies 3 Implementation of Associated Initiatives 3-1 WUG Organization and Registration 1) Assessment of Existing WUG to identify needs/problems (SIA) CD 2) Identifying Irrigation Blocks & WUG Area Coverage & Farmers CD + Irrigation 3) Preparation/Updating of WUG Masterlist (irrigation beneficiaries) CD 4) Organization/Re-organization of Irrigation Blocks CD 5) Organization/Re-organization of WUG CD 6) Formulation Roles, Rules and Regulations of the WUG CD 7) Registration of WUG CD 3-2 Capability Development Training/ O&M of Irrigation System by WUA CD + Irrigation 1) Training on WUA Management and administration, and Follow up 2) Training on ISF Collection and Financial Management 3) Training on Irrigation Water Management 4) Training on Participatory O&M Assessment and Planning 5) Implementation of Participatory O&M Assessment and Planning at the end of each crop season 6) Registration of WUA 3-3 Catchment Management/Land Use Planning and Block Mapping Land use Planner 1) Preparation of Catchment Management/Land Use Plan 2) Preparation of Block Map + Irrigation 3-4 Agriculture Extension and Marketing Agronomist & Marketing 1) Preparation of Agriculture Extension and Marketing Action Plan 2) Agriculture Extension thorough Demonstration Activities 3) Establishment / or Strengthening of Farmer Production Group Component 3: Institutional Capacity Building : TOT (Training for PPO and DCO) is done at a representative subproject site, then followed by on-the-job training Resource Person 1 Training on WUA establishment and registration CD Consultant 2 Training on Financial Management CD Consultant 3 Training on Irrigation Water Management Irrigation +CD 4 Training on Participatory Assessment and Planning CD + Irrigation 5 Training on Catchment Management Land Use/GIS 6 Training on Block Mapping, Inventory of Irrigation Facilities Land Use/GIS + Irrigation 7 Training on Agriculture Extension thorough Demonstration Activities Agronomist 8 Training on Farmer Production Group Establishment/Strengthening Marketing 9 Training on Resettlement Plan during Detailed Design Resettlement 10 Training on EMP Environment Component 4: Project Implementation and Management (Monitoring) Resource Person 4-1 Project Performance Monitoring (On-the Job Training) PBME 4-2 Safeguards Implementation and Monitoring 1) Implementation of RP, EMP, GAP, IPP PPO, DCO 2) Safeguard Monitoring External Organization Note: : Project Activities : Rainy Season Figure 3 Implementation Schedule of Nam Haad Left Bank Subproject
F-3 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annexes Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Annexes
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 1 Feasibility Study on NamHaad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Annex-1 Subproject Design and Monitoring Framework
... Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 1 Feasibility Study on NamHaad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ANNEX 1- DESIGN AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK Design Performance Data Assumptions Summary Targets/Indicators Sources/Reporting and Risk Mechanisms Impact: Assumptions: Improved rural Average annual Baseline survey and The government household incomes in household income in subsequent annual continues to place a selected villages of Pha areas influenced by the impact surveys. high priority on Oudom district, Bokeo project increased from economic growth in the province. KN 21.5 million in the northern region. 2012 to KN 36.44 million by 2020. The benefit stream continues over the economic life of the improved infrastructure.
Risks: Economic development potential is limited in Pha Oudom district, Bokeo province.
Outcome: Assumption Increased agricultural Agriculture productivity Project generated Demand for agricultural productivity in in rice equivalent reports and impact products grown in the NamHaad Left Bank increased: studies. area remains strong. subproject area, Pha From 2.7 ton/ha in Oudom district, Bokeo 2015 to 4.5 ton/ha in Risks province 2020 for the wet Trading regulations and season and from 3.2 procedures are ton/ha in 2015 to 5.5 inefficient. ton/ha in 2020 for the dry season. Outputs: Assumption 1. Nam Haad Left Bank By 2015: An estimated Works Completion Priority infrastructure is main canal and Nam 450 hectares of wet Certificate from “The identified by Kha Irrigation system season and 220 Engineer”. beneficiaries and rehabilitated and hectares of dry season selected for the project irrigation distribution rice command area financing. canals established served by rehabilitated supplying secured gravity irrigation Risks water to existing structures Catastrophic climatic irrigated areas. events interrupt By 2015: protection of implementation. the left bank of Nam Haad river with earthfill Natural disasters compaction and damage infrastructure. excavation at downstream, concrete Low quality of local lining of LMC and canal women worker affected related structures are to lack of employment constructed. opportunity in the construction work By 2015: Nam Kha irrigation system includes of installation of intake and sluice gates, concrete lining of main canal, main canal related structures
A1-1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 1 Feasibility Study on NamHaad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Design Performance Data Assumptions Summary Targets/Indicators Sources/Reporting and Risk Mechanisms and concrete lining of secondary canal and its related structures are constructed.
Women are at least Monthly contractor’s 15% of those employed report and PPO report by contractors for construction with equal pay for equal work.
2. Water user groups WUG reformed with Minutes of WUG Assumption (WUGs) strengthened office bearers meetings. WUG Official approved and responsible for appointed and by district authority and scheme operations and maintenance schedule trainings conducted in maintenance. agreed. appropriate
WUG charges Governor’s formal Risks approved by the district approval of water The availability of governor’s office. charges. qualified women affected low About 30% of WUG Project generated percentage of female in executive committee progress reports. the WUG executive members appointed committee members are women. appointed
3. Extension Female focused Project generated trainings/livelihood extension services/ progress reports. programs livelihood programs designed for and delivered to women with at least 30% of extension training for women.
30% participation of women on all subproject manage- ment committees (marketing initiatives, producer groups and etc.)
At least 60% of women included in trainings on marketing and financial/budget management.
Women assigned in financial related responsibilities in WUG/FPG positions.
A1-2 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 1 Feasibility Study on NamHaad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Design Performance Data Assumptions Summary Targets/Indicators Sources/Reporting and Risk Mechanisms 4. Catchment Land zoning maps Registration records in Management: approved by the district district and province. (1) Land use planning governor’s office. in upstream Catchment Project generated Zone. Participatory meetings progress reports. (2) Irrigation Block conducted with Mapping in irrigation villagers to confirm new land. zoning and management thereof.
5. Efficient project and PPO and DCO issued NPMO issued subproject with operational guide- guidelines sighted and implementation and lines for the implement- approved by NPSC. management tation of the subproject.
Participation of relevant Training/capacity staff in 36 capacity building reports building training sessions.
Participation of Training/capacity safeguards officer in building reports two specific safeguards monitoring training sessions.
Status reports prepared Project generated for critical safeguard progress reports. activities including compensation under resettlement, gender and indigenous peoples’ plans.
Progress reporting Project generated completed in a timely progress reports. manner.
PPO staff in Bokeo with equally representation of women in both administrative and professional staff.
A1-3 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Annex-2 Concept Engineering Design, Drawings and Bill of Quantities
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ANNEX 2 – CONCEPT ENGINEERING DESIGN, DRAWINGS AND BILL OF QUANTITIES
1. EXISTING IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject is located in the District of Pha Oudom, Bokeo Province. The scheme is located east of Bokeo Provincial Center, travelling a distance of approximately 84 km by road. Most of the villagers originated from Bokeo with a few migrants from nearby provinces.
2. The subproject beneficiaries reside in eleven (11) villages of Pha Oudom District, Bokeo Province: 1) Pha Oudom; 2) Thinkeo; 3) Phonxay; 4) Pounglard; 5) Sibounheuang; 6) Phiengkham; 7) Xaysavang; 8) Namkha; 9) Somsavang; 10) Xayoudom; and 11) Donsavanh The subproject beneficiaries is composed of 1,389 households and a population of 7,849.
3. The Nam Haad Left is divided into two irrigation system groups: i) Nam Haad Left Irrigation (Pung Xieng Group) of about 25 ha); and ii) Pung Hin Group with water supply from Nam Kha Irrigation System covering a total area of about 425 ha. Under NRI Year 2, Nam Haad Left Subproject will involve the development of the Left Main Canal of the Nam Haad NRI Year 1 Subproject to irrigate about 25 ha, combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the existing Nam Kha Weir estimated to irrigate about 425 ha.
4. The above development concept is a change from the originally proposed concept during the NRI PPTA of constructing the Nam Haad Weir at 5 meters high, construct the Right Main Canal (RMC) and a headgate provision for the Left Main Canal (LMC). The Left Main Canal (LMC) was planned to be extended to connect with the Nam Kha Main Canal and irrigate the area of Nam Kha. However, it was decided that it is technically and economically better to reduce the Nam Haad Weir to 2.5 meters, construct the Nam Haad RMC as before under NRI Year 1 and construct the LMC under NRI Year 2 to be combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the Nam Kha Weir and will be referred to as the Nam Haad Left Subproject.
5. The existing Nam Haad Left Main Canal (LMC) is earth canal with a total of 1,800 m, covering 25 ha. The upstream part of the LMC is running along the left bank of the Nam Haad river, some parts of which were eroded and damaged and are needed repairing with the bank protection.
6. The existing Nam Kha weir is a buttress concrete type (W=24.3 m, H=3.0 m), constructed in 1992/94 financed by IFAD. There is one intake gate and sluice gate at the right bank but not operational because of missing of the operation steering wheels and spindle rods, thus the upstream of the weir is silted. In addition, there are two stop-log type of sluice gates in the center of the weir, which are also not operational due to difficult access to these gates.
7. The Nam Kha weir has only one earthen main canal (MC) at the right bank of Nam Kha river, with a total length of 3,335 m. The existing earthen MC is eroded and high seepage is found at many locations, thus needs repairing.
8. Although the command area is estimated at 425 ha, Nam Kha is presently irrigating about 325 ha during the wet season and about 150 to 175 ha during the dry season benefiting about 406 HHs with 2,669 HH members of 11 villages due to deteriorate irrigation facilities as well as poor management by WUG, according to the interview of the WUG head.
A2-1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
9. A WUG was organized in Nam Kha after its construction. However, the WUG now is inactive and the O&M of the system is mainly led by a WUG head with the supervision of the Village Chiefs and DAFO Staff.
10. The irrigated farmers do canal repair and clearing once every season with each benefited household contributing one labor per day of work. A HH which cannot send labor is required to pay 25,000 kips per day of work.
11. Irrigation Fee is collected from irrigated farmers at the rate of: i) 30,000 Kip per hectare during the wet season; ii) 60,000 Kip per hectare during the dry season. Irrigation Fee collection efficiency is reported at about 50%. The main reasons of farmers for not paying are unsatisfactory supply of irrigation water to their farms and low yield. Unpaid Fees are listed as back account but these are not charged with interest.
• Collected Fees are allocated as follows:
10% = WUG Administration Expenses 10% = WUG Executive Committee 10% = Remitted to DAFO 20% = Payment for the Finance/Collection Officer 50% = Allotted for O&M of the scheme
Current cash balance reported by the WUG is about 3.00 Million for O&M.
12. The cropping system is mainly rice-rice in the irrigated areas for both seasons and rice-peanut for some areas that can’t be irrigated during the dry season. The yield of rice is reported at about 3.8 to 4.20 tons/ha. Farmers are using traditional varieties sourced from their harvest. Rice are sold in the village to local traders at 2,000 Kip/kg. Peanut yield is reported at about 3 tons/ha and sold at 3,000 Kip/kg to local traders. Farmers usually do not use fertilizer and chemicals.
13. Although the WUG is reported to be inactive/weak, they informed that they are practicing rotation of irrigated area during the dry season when the water from the river is low. Planting is rotated yearly by both sides of main canal, i.e., the left bank of MC area for 175 ha in 2012 and the right bank of MC are for 150 ha this year (2013).
14. The villagers have strongly been requesting to the district/provincial government to improve the existing irrigation facilities in order to get sustainable agricultural production.
2. HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
2.1 Catchment Area
15. Through image process and GIS analysis, the catchment area is easy to delineate from the topographic map data such as river networks, contour lines and elevation point data. The 1:100,000 topographic map data are available in Lao National Geographic Department (LNGD).
16. Nam Kha catchment is located in Pha Oudom district of Bokeo province, covering 80.0 km2, with the elevation range is between 400 m and 1,400 m (see Figure A2-1). Nam Haad river and Nam Kha river, tributaries of Nam Tha river, joins Nam Tha river about 10 km downstream from Ban Tinkeo. Annual rainfall in the area varies from 1,403 mm to 2,436 mm per year in the past 10 years (2000 – 2009, see Table A2-3). No water level nor runoff measurement records are available at the Nam Haad and Nam Kha weir sites or nearby.
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
2.2 Peak Flow
17. A Q50-years is normally used for weir design in Lao PDR. Using a simplified Sokolov method, the PIS calculated a peak stream flow of Nam Kha river to be 130 m3/s for 25 years occurrence, and 160 m3/s for 50 years occurrence, which is applied for the weir design for this feasibility study.
2.3 Water Availability for Wet Season Rice Cultivation
18. No stream flow measurement records are available for Nam Kha river at near subproject sites. The GIS together with the staff of PIS and DCO observed a certain large flow, estimated at about 26 m3/sec as a normal flow during the wet season. Applying the same figure of 4.0 lit/sec/ha of water requirement for NCMI Project, the amount of 26 m3/sec can cover 6,500 ha of rice cultivation irrigation. Thus, the river flow is clearly large enough to provide sufficient supplemental irrigation to the entire Nam Kha irrigation command area during the wet season.
2.4 Minimum Flow
19. The Nam Kha is a river with a catchment of 80.0 km2, but has a certain discharge during the dry season. During the field visit on 22 November 2012, the GIC and the staff of PPO observed a certain flow in the stream, estimated at 1.2 m3/sec. Based on the observation and other information, the design minimum flow for this study is estimated at 900 lit/sec in the dry season.
2.5 Water Availability for Dry Season Rice Cultivation
20. Applying the same figure of 4.0 lit/sec/ha of water requirement for NCMI Project, the estimated minimum flow of Nam Kha stream (900 lit/sec) can cover a total of 225 ha of the dry season rice cultivation, and when applying a 50% of the water flow for the irrigation, 112 ha of rice cultivation can be irrigated in the dry season.
3. PRELIMINARY GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
21. From site visit observations, the stream bed of Nam Kha at the existing weir site is composed of stone, gravel, sand and soil. Stone and gravel are major composition of the stream bed. The stream is about 25~30 m wide, and 2.0~3.0 m deep. Since the existing weir is stable no specific issues are found for repairing the gates. As for the existing earthen main canal, no specific issues are found either for concrete lining and construction of canal related structures.
4. PROPOSED IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PLAN
22. The proposed irrigation development plan is composed of i) improvement of Nam Haad left main canal (LMC) and its related structures, and ii) improvement of Nam Kha weir, its main and secondary canals and related structures.
23. The improvement of Nam Haad LMC includes i) protection of the left bank of Nam Haad river with earthfill compaction and excavation at downstream, ii) concrete lining of LMC (1,800 m), and iii) construction of canal related structures such as division structure, drainage inlet, turnout, and end structure.
24. The improvement of Nam Kha irrigation system includes i) installation of intake and sluice gates, ii) concrete lining of main canal (2,550 m), iii) construction of main canal related structures such as farm inlet and downstream protection of drop structure, and iv) concrete
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject lining of secondary canal (300 m) and its related structures such as farm turnout and end structure.
25. Based on the study of the available water, labor availability, marketing situation of agricultural products, etc., the proposed cropping and land use plan of Nam Haad Left Bank and Nam Kha irrigation command area are prepared as presented in the following table.
Table A2-1 Nam Haad Left Bank and Nam Kha Command Area and Land Use for Wet and Dry Seasons Present Land Use Proposed Land Use Land Category Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) Rainfed Paddy - - - - Irrigated Paddy 450* 100** 450* 160*** Irrigated Diversified Crop - - - 60 Total 450 100 450 220 Crop Intensity 122% 149% Note: */ 25 ha in Nam Haad left bank, and 425 ha in Nam Kha command area. **/25 ha in Nam Haad left bank, and 75 ha in Nam Kha command area. ***/25 ha in Nam Haad left bank, and 135 ha in Nam Kha command area.
26. As described in the earlier section, Nam Haad river has a certain large flow and can cover 25 ha rice cultivation in both wet and dry seasons. Nam Kha river has also a certain flow, estimated at about 26 m3/sec as a normal flow during the wet season. Applying the same figure of 4.0 lit/sec/ha of water requirement for NCMI Project, the amount of 26 m3/sec can cover 6,500 ha of rice cultivation irrigation in the wet season, thus, the entire Nam Kha irrigation command area of 425 ha as well.
27. In a similar way, the water availability of Nam Kha river for the dry season was estimated at 900 lit/sec. For a total of 135 ha of rice cultivation in the proposed plan above, an amount of 675 lit/sec is needed, applying the same figure of 4.0 lit/sec/ha for NCMI. Further, when a half of the water requirement of rice cultivation (2.0 lit/sec) is applied, an amount of 120 lit/sec is needed for 60 ha of the diversified crop cultivation. Therefore a total of 795 lit/sec of water flow is needed for the proposed land use/cropping plan above. This indicates that 88% of the water flow of Nam Kha will be used for the full irrigation development of the Project in the dry season.
28. It will be more likely that the farmers will intend to grow more diversified crops such as soybeans and peanuts in order to avoid unreliable water in the dry season. Thus, the proposed cropping plan above is determined reasonable in terms of water availability in the dry season.
29. The feature of Nam Haad Left Bank irrigation development plan is summarized below.
Table A2-2 Feature of Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Development Plan Items Description 1 Present Land Use of Wet Season: Total 450 ha (irrigated rice) Existing Irrigation Area Dry Season: Total 100 ha of irrigated rice (Total = 450 ha) 2 Proposed Land Use of Wet Season: Total 450 ha (irrigated rice) Developed Irrigation Area Dry Season: Total 220 ha (160 ha of (Total = 450 ha) irrigated rice + 60 ha of diversified crops) 3 Proposed Civil Works Quantities 3.1 Nam Haad Left Bank (1) Head Works (sharing use of Nam Haad weir) - Earthfill compaction at downstream 772 m3
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
- Earth excavation 1,600 m3 (2) Canal (Nam Haad LMC, total length = 1,800 m) - Concrete lining of main canal 476 m (3) Canal Structures - Division structure 1 no. - Drainage inlet 1 no. - Turnout 6 nos. - End structure 1 no. 3.2 Nam Kha weir (1) Head Works - Installation of Intake and Sluice Gates 2 sets (2) Canal (total length = 3,325 m) - Concrete lining of main canal 2,550 m (3) Canal Structures - Farm inlet 17 nos. - Downstream protection of drop structure 2 nos. 3.3 Secondary canal - Concrete lining of secondary canal 300 m - Farm turnout 2 nos. - End structure with farm turnout 1 no. 4 Design discharge of canal 4.0 lit/sec 5 Catchment area 80.0 km2 6 50-year peak flow 90 m3/s 7 Minimum flow 900 lit/sec
5. TYPICAL DRAWINGS
30. Schematic Map of Nam Haad Left Irrigation System is presented in Figure A2-2. Typical drawings (cross section of lined canal, flume canal, drainage overpass lined canal, turnout, slide gate) are presented in Figures A2-3.1 to A2-3.5.
6. BILL OF QUANTITIES
31. Bill of Quantities for the proposed civil works for irrigation development is presented in Table A2-4.
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
TABLE A2-3: RAINFALL DATA OF BOKEO PROVINCE
Total Rainfall in mm Station : Bokeo ( Bokeo Province) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total 2000 2.9 113.8 40.2 60.9 339.7 216.5 436.2 335.6 205.1 106.1 0.1 8.0 1865.1 2001 6.6 0.5 125.7 74.7 425.9 135.4 443.8 345.2 352.9 145.1 0.9 21.7 2078.4 2002 23.3 19.9 0.8 112.0 245.5 166.2 455.2 451.8 82.7 124.7 192.8 85.6 1960.5 2003 40.9 72.2 4.1 137.8 50.3 207.9 427.2 243.0 194.8 54.8 1.8 0.0 1434.8 2004 1.0 7.2 6.4 184.0 268.0 287.3 294.2 392.2 224.9 54.7 29.7 0.0 1749.6 2005 1.4 0.0 67.6 136.0 205.9 180.5 300.9 381.9 199.8 117.4 16.7 19.9 1628.0 2006 0.0 29.5 187.7 134.9 254.6 187.7 417.8 447.0 217.4 252.9 0.0 0.0 2129.5 2007 6.3 2.6 4.3 120.0 247.8 334.5 173.8 287.7 373.1 180.5 38.9 0.0 1769.5 2008 43.6 46.1 64.9 127.0 268.5 280.4 652.9 608.1 223.3 54.7 60.4 7.0 2436.9 2009 0.0 0.0 54.0 174.0 205.6 170.2 326.0 161.6 235.4 56.0 19.9 0.7 1403.4 Mean 12.6 29.2 55.6 126.1 251.2 216.7 392.8 365.4 230.9 114.7 36.1 14.3 1845.6
A2-6 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
TABLE A2-4: BILL OF QUANTITIES OF NAM HAAD LEFT BANK SUBPROJECT
Unit Price Item No. Work Description Unit Quantity Amount (USD) (USD) I. Nam Haad Left (share with Nam Haad Right Bank) 1.1 Weir (share use with namhaad rigth bank) (1) Site clearing m2 0.00 0.59 0.00 (2) Earth fill compaction at downstream of we m3 772.20 5.18 4,000.00 (3) Earth excavation m3 1,600.00 2.50 4,000.00 1.2 Canal (1,800m) 1.2.1 Eearth canal 1100 m (0+700-0+1800) (1) Site clearing m3 140.00 0.59 83.13 (2) Earth excavation m3 4,010.00 2.50 10,025.00 (3) Rock excavation m3 0.00 6.05 0.00 (4) Earth fill compaction m3 700.00 5.18 3,626.00 1.2.2 Lining concrete (0+000-0+700) 0.00 (1) Excavation m3 1,610.00 2.50 4,025.00 (2) Stone riprap m3 0.00 25.41 0.00 (3) Stone masonry #150 m3 0.00 51.06 0.00 (4) Reinforce concrete#300 m3 0.00 331.33 0.00 (5) Reinforce Concrete#200 (476 m) m3 253.71 314.37 79,758.62 (6) Concrete #175 m3 0.00 127.52 0.00 (7) Sand m3 126.00 15.00 1,890.00 1.3 Structure 1.3.1 Division structure(1+100) (1) Soil excavation m3 3.50 2.50 8.75 (2) Compact back fill m3 3.00 5.18 15.54 (3) Reinforce concrete #200 m3 2.50 314.37 785.92 (4) Concrete #175 m3 1.20 127.52 153.03 (5) Hard wood 0.03 700.00 23.10 (6) Steel U-shape 50x50x3 ml 2.60 6.00 15.60 1.3.2 Drainage inlet 1no.(0+266) width of stream =8m, river bed rock mass) (1) Soil excavation b=0.6m H=1m) m3 3.20 2.50 8.00 (2) Rock excavation m3 1.60 5.88 9.40 (3) Compact back fill m3 0.00 5.18 0.00 (4) Reinforce concrete#200 m3 8.50 314.37 2,672.13 (5) Wooden stop log m3 0.02 700.00 14.70 (6) Steel U-shape (40x40x3) ml 1.40 10.00 14.00 1.3.3 Turnout 6No. (1) Soil excavation m3 2.88 2.50 7.20 (2) Compact back fill m3 7.00 5.18 36.26 (3) Reinforce concrete#200 m3 3.00 314.37 943.10 (4) Concrete#175 m3 1.80 127.54 229.57 (5) PVC pipe dia 150 No. 12.00 20.00 240.00 (6) Slie gate 20X20 SET 6.00 500.00 3,000.00 1.3.4 End structure(1+800) 0.00 (1) Soil excavation m3 0.60 2.50 1.50 (2) Compact fill m3 0.96 5.18 4.97 (3) Reinforce concrete#200 m3 1.30 314.37 408.68 (4) Concrete 175 m3 0.40 127.54 51.01 (5) Hard wood stoplog 5x15 m3 0.02 700.00 14.70 (6) Steel U-shape 40x40x3 ml 1.30 10.00 13.00
A2-7 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Unit Price Item No. Work Description Unit Quantity Amount (USD) (USD)
II. Nam Kha weir irrigation system 2.1 Weir (1) Site clearing m2 0.00 0.59 0.00 (2) Earth excavation 1 m3 840.00 2.50 2,100.00 (3) Concrete excavation(remove) m3 0.15 25.00 3.75 (4) Earth fill compaction(dist.30m) m3 5.00 5.18 25.90 (5) Stone riprap m3 0.00 25.41 0.00 (6) Stone masonry m3 0.00 51.06 0.00 (7) Reinforce concrete#300(plate form for opem3 4.00 331.33 1,325.33 (8) Reinforce concrete#200 m3 314.37 0.00 (9) Concrete #175 m3 0.00 127.52 0.00 (10) Replace control gate at Intake gate(0.9x0. set 1.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 (11) Replace control sluice gate(1x1x5) set 1.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 (12) Staff gauge m 4.00 50.00 200.00 (13) Galvanise iron pipe dia.50 m 30.00 10.00 300.00 2.2 Main canal (3,325 m) 2.2.1 Lining canal (3,325m) (1) Site clearing m2 1,400.00 0.59 831.25 (2) Earth excavation dredging and shaping m3 2,070.00 2.50 5,175.00 (3) Back fill m3 1,200.00 5.18 6,216.00 (4) Earth fill compaction m3 1,200.00 6.27 7,522.95 (5) Stone riprap m3 0.00 25.41 0.00 (6) Stone masonry#150 m3 98.00 51.06 5,004.09 (7) Reinforce concrete#300 m3 0.00 331.33 0.00 (8) Reinforce Concrete#200 (2,550 m) m3 942.04 314.37 296,147.19 (9) Concrete #175 m3 0.00 127.52 0.00 (10) Sand bedding(0+00[- 1+800) 450.00 15.00 6,750.00 2.2.2 Structure 2.2.2.1 Farm inlet (17 nos.) (1) Soil excavation m3 18.00 2.50 45.00 (2) Compact back fill m3 7.00 5.18 36.26 (3) Reinforce concrete#200 m3 7.65 314.37 2,404.91 (4) Concrete #175 m3 0.35 127.52 44.63 (5) PVC dia.150 ml 34.00 10.00 340.00 (6) Slide gate (20x20) set 17.00 500.00 8,500.00 2.2.2.2 Downstream protection Structure (2No.) (1) Soil excavation m3 4.50 2.50 11.25 (2) Compact back fill m3 0.00 5.18 0.00 (3) Reinforce concrete#200 m3 0.00 314.37 0.00 (4) Concrete #175 m3 3.50 127.52 446.34 2.3 Secondary Canal (300m) 2.3.1 Canal lining with concrete(300) (1) Canal dredging m3 60.00 2.50 150.00 (2) Compact back fill m3 234.00 5.18 1,212.12 (3) Reinforce concrete #200 m3 73.44 314.37 23,087.18 (4) Concrete#175 m3 0.00 127.54 0.00 (5) Sand 36.00 15.00 540.00 2.3.2 End structure with farm turnout both sides (1) Soil excavation m3 0.60 2.50 1.50 (2) Compact back fill m3 0.96 5.18 4.97 (3) Reinforce concrete#200 m3 1.30 314.37 408.68 (4) Concrete#175 m3 0.40 127.54 51.01 (5) Wooden stop log m3 0.02 700.00 14.70 (6) Steel U-shape (50x50x3) ml 1.30 10.00 13.00 2.3.3 Farm turnout (2 nos.) (0+150 & 0+200) (1) Soil excavation m3 1.00 2.50 2.50 (2) Compact back fill m3 0.80 5.18 4.14 (3) Reinforce concrete#200 m3 0.86 314.37 270.36 (4) Concrete#175 m3 0.02 127.54 3.06 (5) PVC dia 150 ml 4.00 10.00 40.00 (6) Farm slide gate (20x20) set 2.00 500.00 1,000.00 Total Cost (USD) 490,810.98
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
FIGURE A2-1: CATCHMENT AREA OF NAM HAAD LEFT BANK SUBPROJECT (NAM KHA WATER SOURCE)
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FIGURE A2-2: SCHEMATIC MAP OF NAM HAAD LEFT BANK IRRIGATION SYSTEM (NAM KHA WATER SOURCE)
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
FIGURE A2-3.1: TYPICAL DRAWING OF CROSS SECTION (LINED CANAL)
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
FIGURE A2-3.2: TYPICAL DRAWING OF FLUME CANAL
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
FIGURE A2-3.3: TYPICAL DRAWING OF DRAINAGE OVERPASS LINED CANAL
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
FIGURE A2-3.4: TYPICAL DRAWING OF TURNOUT
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
FIGURE A2-3.5: TYPICAL DRAWING OF SLIDE GATE
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Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Annex-3 Present Agriculture and Agricultural Development Plan
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ANNEX 3 – PRESENT AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
1. PRESENT AGRICULTURE
1. The strategy for Lao government, in which the proposed Project area is located, is to maintain and accelerate the pace of agricultural diversification and intensification with increased productivity per unit of land, improved value-added processing, expanded marketing and sales for national and international trade and increased private sector investment, including that from foreign sources.
2. Nam Haad Left Bank subproject comprises 11 villages with the number of farm households of 1,381, comprising of 7,800 members. The average household size is about 6 members, which is typical of farm families living in the rural areas.
3. The total cultivated landholding based on the Village Household Master List 2012 is1,615 ha, with the upland accounting for 338 ha of the total land area and 912 ha to lowland. Land devoted for home garden and perennial crops are accounting for 118 ha, fish pond 14 ha and rubber tree for 233 ha of the total land area and it has been introduced through interventions from the government authorities promoting industrial and fruit tree plantations.
1.1 Crop production
(1) Paddy rice
4. Paddy rice is a major crop and generally grown in the wet season. The farmers can produce surplus rice, more than their requirement for home consumption. In the wet season, the farmers generally grow local varieties with longer growing period of 140 to 150 days. The farmers can not grow rice in a full command area in the dry season because of limited and unstable irrigation water, which has been caused by poor functioning existing weirs, main and secondary canals for long time. In general, the existing weirs have been used for rice production in the wet season for supplemental irrigation, and for the dry season irrigation for some parcels of command areas. The average yield of rainfed paddy rice is about 2.50 tons/ha in the wet season and 3.20 tons/ha in the dry season. It is very rare to get over 4.0 tons/ha because of the non-use of improved varieties, limited amount of fertilizer application, lack of technical advice, insufficient irrigation water due to poor water management.
5. Rice production based on Village Agro Socio Economic survey shows that village is presently producing more than the rice requirement of the villages. Average rice requirement (2008 to 2010) 2,856 tons grown in the area of 1022.5 ha and estimated rice requirement 2,767 tons only and rice surplus around year estimated a around 89 tons per year (the national per capita paddy production - 360 kg). The rehabilitation of irrigation system is very important for rice and other crop cultivation in the dry season to sell and increase the farmer family incomes.
(2) Other Crops
6. The production of crops besides rice is important in Nam Haad Left Bank subproject area. Yellow corn is considered a major crop in Nam Haad Left Bank because it is grown on a large scale on the upland and highly traded for export to Thailand and China. Vegetables such as garlic, Chilli and leaf vegetables are grown only in small parcels (less than 100 square meters) whose ecosystems are generally favorable for the cultivation of such crops, mainly for home consumption and the rest for sale in markets near the village. A checklist of these crops grown is indicated in the following table.
A3-1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table A3-1 List of Other Crops Grown Crops Subproject Soy- Yellow Job's Water Vege- peanut Garlic Chili bean corn tear melon tables Nam Haad O O O O Left Bank O : Symbol indicating that the crops is cultivated; Source of Basis Data : Village and Farm Household Survey, 2012
7. The limited cultivation of crops besides rice could be due to the farmers’ lack of farm inputs and knowledge about production technology. The establishment of demo farms to try the growing of alternative crops, for home consumption initially and eventually for sale in the domestic market could be a significant step to improve the livelihood conditions of the project beneficiaries.
1.2 Livestock and Poultry Production
8. Total population of livestock and poultry in 2012 is given detailed in the table below. These animals are reared mainly as supplementary source of income and/or source of food. Large animals notably cattle (population above 300 heads) are significant in most villages. Bufflo, swine, chicken and duck are generally reared as the most immediate source of food and household income. Yellow corn production in upland and lowland area is very important as a major source of feeds.
Table A3-2 Livestock and Poultry Population, 2012 (in heads) Subproject/Village Livestock Buffalo Cattle Swine Goat Chicken Duck Turkey Nam Haad Left Bank 1. Pounglard 138 76 173 0 1,500 1,000 82 2. Xayoudom 0 50 100 30 1,000 450 50 3. Namkha Palao 10 20 75 0 680 450 0 4. Somsavang 100 300 100 0 400 100 0 5. Sibounheuang 104 374 110 45 425 1,275 0 6. Xaysavang 30 10 50 0 550 1,000 0 7. Donsavanh 9 60 200 8 1,004 34 10 8. Phaoudom 85 146 367 30 2,163 2,163 0 9. ThinKeo 172 80 286 0 3,500 4,000 0 10. Phiengkham 140 115 238 48 730 595 15 11. Phonxay 30 35 125 20 980 80 0 Total 818 1,266 1,824 181 12,932 11,147 157 Source of Basis Data : Village and Farm Household Survey, 2012
2. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
2.1 Lowland Irrigated
9. The proposed irrigation development plan includes i) Installation of Intake and sluice gates of Nam Kha and Nam Haad weir, and ii) rehabilitation of main canals and its related structures.
10. With the proposed irrigation development, the farmers will be able to grow crops using full irrigation water in the wet season (supplemental irrigation), as well as to extend cropping areas using more stable irrigation water in the dry season. Households will get
A3-2 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject additional income from irrigation in comparison to farmers who can only grow crops during the wet season.
11. The condition of the existing irrigated land by traditional weirs and canals will be much improved by the new rehabilitated irrigation system. It is estimated that the water will be sufficient for dry season cropping of paddy rice, cash crops and vegetables based on the water availability analysis and actual measurement of the river flow. Dry season cropping of paddy rice, yellow corn, soybean, peanut, cabbage and water melon is adapted and cultivated in the project area.
(1) Paddy rice
12. Rice is the main agricultural commodity. Rainfed paddy rice has an average yield of 2.5 tons/ha. Irrigated paddy rice using existing weir(s) recorded an average yield of about 2.7 tons/ha, mostly in the wet season. Dry season yield is very low because of very limited and unstable of irrigation water, even with the presence of traditional weirs. The major cause of this low yield is mainly the use of non-improved varieties with traditional techniques, in addition to limited and unstable irrigation water.
13. The use of improved varieties, particularly the early maturing and HYV offers the best potential to increase the yield of paddy rice. Demonstration farms will be established as a showcase of the growing of improved varieties with high yielding. This approach will gradually convince farmers to use these improved varieties instead of the local variety with low yield.
14. While there is optimism for farmers to adopt these improved varieties, the projected increase in paddy rice yields with the project is conservative. The use of fertilizers as complimentary factor to increase yield will be likely minimum given the limited cash flow of the farmers. Furthermore, the change in the increase of fertilizer prices is moving faster vis- à-vis price increases of paddy rice. The price of paddy rice has remained stable at slightly over 2,500 kip/kg.
15. The paddy rice yield is projected to increase about 67% during the wet season and 72% during the dry season. Higher yield increase is projected in the dry season. Table below shows the projected paddy rice yields for both the with and without project situations.
Table A3-3 With and Without Project, Irrigated Paddy Rice Yield Subproject Project Situation Paddy Rice Yield (ton/ha) Wet season Dry season Without Project/a 2.70 3.20 Nam Haad Left Bank With Project 4.50 5.50 Change (%) 67 72 Note: /a Without project situation assumes that intervention would still occur even in the absence of the project although it would be minimal.
(2) Yellow Corn (Feed Corn)
16. Yellow corn has a strong international market demand. It is non-perishable and quite ideal as an alternative crop during the dry season. Yellow corn is used in more ways than any other cereal in Lao PDR, for human consumption and as a feed crop and other industrial purposes. As a feed crop, it can likewise complement the rearing of livestock such as cattle, swine and, poultry.
A3-3 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
17. China, Thailand and Vietnam are importing a sizable volume of yellow corn from Lao PDR. In addition, farmers at subproject sites near the Thai and China borders can produce yellow corn for private traders along these borders.
18. Nam Haad Left Bank subproject has been planned for the cultivation of yellow corn. The proposal yield assumptions are given in Table below. With project yield proposes to use high-breed yellow corn with high yielding.
Table A3-4 With and Without Project, Corn Yield Subproject Corn Yield (ton/ha) Without Project With Project Change (%) Nam Haad Left Bank 2.40 4.00 60
(3) Soybean
19. Government policy encourages to increase soybean production and utilization. Soybean is recommended due to its strong international market demand and domestic consumption. It is relatively a new crop to most farmers at the Nam Haad Left Bank subproject site. In the past, farmers have grown soybean only in a small scale in upland area for home consumption. Hence, convincing farmers to grow soybean can only be promoted through the technical demonstration farms, which will be established by the Project during the dry season, under irrigated area.
20. In the past, the marketing of soybean is limited. The soybean preparation and processing techniques are not widely publicized development. Contract growing of soybean is fairly practiced in all provinces. The possibility of forging an alliance with this contract growing company, which will provide agricultural extension service and marketing support to farmers could be an option to facilitate commercial production of the crop as soon as the farmer producer groups have been established at the subproject site. From an agronomic standpoint, soybean is an ideal alternative crop for paddy rice during the dry season due to its nitrogen-fixing capability, which could augment the indigenous supply of nitrogen in the soil. it is rotation crop for improvement the soil fertility before or after rice growing, particularly adapted in irrigated area in dry season.
21. Nam Haad Left Bank subproject has been planned for the cultivation of soybean. The main considerations are proximity to markets and suitability of the ecosystem. The proposal yield assumptions are given in Table below.
Table A3-5 With and Without Project, Soybean Yield Subproject Soybean Yield (ton/ha) Without Project With Project Change (%) Nam Haad Left Bank 0.80 1.70 90 Note: Without project yield is based on existing soybean cultivation in Nam Pouk village, Nam Tin subproject, Houayxay district, Bokeo province (dry season 2011-12)
(4) Vegetables and Other Field Crops
22. In the past, farmers cultivated a wide variety of vegetables, either in small plots or in fenced gardens near ponds and streams. Fruit and leaf vegetables, notably peanut, cabbage, and watermelon are recommended as alternative crops during the dry season primarily because of their strong demand in the neighbor, local markets and for home consumptions. The production of these crops is beneficial to the farmers in view of the crops’ high earning potential. Earnings from these crops could significantly augment farmers’ income in the dry season.
A3-4 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
23. Farmers can store peanut for a considerable period of time as long as the nut is properly dried and free from aflatoxin contamination. Proper post-harvest technique is thus important to prolong its shelf life. Peanut production through the contract farming between farmers and buyers, who are supported the agricultural inputs and guaranteed the minimum price to farmers, is necessary to increase the family income. Table below shows the projected yields for peanut, cabbage, and watermelon for with and without project situations.
Table A3-6 With and Without Project, vegetables and other field crops Subproject Cabbage Water melon Peanut Nam Haad Left Bank Without Project/a 8.00 9.00 0.90 With Project 15.00 22.00 1.80 Change (%) 88 144 100
(5) Proposed Irrigated Area Development Plan
24. It is estimated that the irrigation water in the wet season is more than enough for irrigating full command area for rice cultivation. T As for the dry season, the maximum irrigated area was conservatively estimated based on a fixed water requirement of 4 liters/second/ha, as specified standard for the NRI Project. The proposed irrigated area development plan is given in table below.
Table A3-7 Proposed Irrigated Area Development Plan Subproject/ Season Without Project With Project Nam Haad Left Bank (1) Wet season - Rainfed paddy 44 - Irrigated paddy 406 450 - Undevelop area (Sub-total) 450 450 (2) Dry season - Irrigated paddy 100 160 - Yellow corn 10 - Soybean 20 - Peanut 5 - Cabbage 10 - Watermelon 15 (Sub-total) 100 220 Total 550 670 Cropping Intensity (%) 122 149
25. The extent of irrigable service area defines the difference between the wet season with project area and without project area dependent on available water supply, elevation of paddy rice land and soil structures. Table below presents the physical and effective area for both the with and without project situations.
A3-5 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table A3-8 Summary of Physical and Effective Crop Area (ha) Subproject Without Project With Project Nam Haad Left Bank - Wet Season 450 450 - Dry Season 100 220 Total Physical Area 450 450 Total Effective Area 550 670 Cropping Intensity (%) 122 149 Note: Physical area is the wet season area Effective area is the sum of wet and dry season area.
26. With the project, total irrigable area (physical area) is 450 ha. Effective crop area, defined as the sum of the wet and dry season areas. The cropping intensity was projected to reach by 149% at full project development.
27. The establishing of demo farms on crop diversification is very important to produce the progress in terms of proving that crops other than rice can be technically grown in the dry season. The demo farms will prove that commercialization is technically feasible, but the adoption by farmers may take a longer period, if the agricultural extension support under the project is not continued and supported by the farmer-cooperators who are envisioned to become the village extension agents. This factor is important in making assumption about the overall feasibility of crop diversification.
(6) Proposed Cropping Patterns
28. Figure A3-1 shows the proposed cropping patterns for Nam Haad Left Bank subproject. Table A3-12 shows the rainfall and temperature data of the province, and was considered in the cultivation of the crops being recommended. The Provincial data is the best available information that could be used as proxy for the subproject.
29. With the project, early maturing and improved varieties are recommended for paddy rice cultivation in the wet (135-day) and dry seasons (125-130day). The early maturing variety planted in the wet season may pose a slight problem during the harvest period, particularly before the month of October. Some rains are still coming in, and this constraint is expected to be overcome by scheduling the harvesting and threshing of paddy. Sun drying would be done immediately after threshing if considerable sunlight is available. The growing of early maturing paddy rice permits the cultivation of other seasonal crops during the dry season.
30. Appropriate variety, short maturing and resistant to cool temperature, will be introduced so that the farmers will have greater flexibility to plant other seasonal crops. Delayed planting of these crops will render poor crop growth and susceptibility to pest and disease, and thus low yields are expected to be the outcome.
(7) Paddy Rice at Full Project Development
31. The production of paddy rice at full project development, including estimates of the per capita production is given in the following table.
A3-6 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table A3-9 Paddy Rice Production at Full Project Development Subproject Wet Season Dry Season Total Per capita Production paddy rice Area Yield Production Area Yield Produc- (ton) production (ha) (ton) (ton) (ha) (ton) tion (ton) (kg) Nam Haad 450 4.50 2,025 160 5.50 880 2,905 372 Left Bank Source of Basic Data: Crop budgets and Proposed Irrigated Area Development Plan, With Project
32. These estimates are production mainly from the irrigated areas. This subproject will more than surpass the national per capita paddy of about 360 kg. The population is 7,800 people and this subproject will have marketable rice surpluses and will become net suppliers at full project development.
33. Nam Haad Left Bank Subproject has high population and farmers should grow in the dry season seasonal crops and some vegetables with high price and according to the need of marketing.
(8) Crop Budgets
34. The crop budgets provide the basis for estimating the net income derived from the cultivation of the crops. A summary of the crop budgets is given detailed in table below.
Table A3-10 Summary of Financial Crop Budgets Per Ha (In Kip) Constant 2012 Prices Subproject Without Project With Project Gross Production Net Gross Production Net Income Cost Income Income Cost Income Nam Haad Left Bank (Wet Season) Irrigated Rice 5,343,462 4,453,435 890,027 8,905,770 5,592,395 3,313,375 Rainfed Rice 4,947,650 4,849,477 98,174 (Dry Season) Irrigated Rice 6,332,992 4,863,330 1,469,662 10,884,830 6,215,522 4,669,308 Yellow Corn 7,010,000 4,820,100 ,189,900 1,776,800 ,520,029 5,256,771 Soybean 4,187,200 4,041,872 145,328 8,897,800 5,535,313 3,362,487 Peanut 5,400,000 4,954,000 446,000 10,800,000 6,121,270 4,678,730 Watermelon 9,000,000 5,996,674 3,003,326 22,000,000 7,782,833 14,217,167 Cabbage 8,800,000 6,444,674 2,355,326 16,500,000 8,221,783 8,278,217
(9) Upland
35. The upland areas are mainly for growing yellow corn. The continuous cultivation of these upland areas would likely cause the removal of the topsoil unless proper prevention counter measures are applied in the near term. The introduce of fruit tree planting on the upper portion and food crops at the lower portion of the land is a better prospect for the villagers to sustain their incomes.
2.2 Agricultural Extension
(1) Seed Multiplication of Improved Rice Varieties
36. Rice seed multiplication is very important to produce the seed with uniform quality and yield. In the past, farmers used only local varieties with low yielding. For paddy rice
A3-7 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject irrigated, the immediate intervention would be to use improved varieties. Early maturing and high yielding varieties, especially those resistant to pest and diseases would be promoted. Demonstration activities would focus on the multiplication of improved rice varieties or HYVs seeds so that the farmers would generate sufficient volume for subsequent use. Seed multiplication would be initiated as soon as possible so that by the time the irrigation project is completed farmers have already been introduced to the use of improved rice varieties or HYVs.
37. To the extent that increase in paddy yield is contingent on several factors, foremost of which is proper cultural management practice, a series of training and demonstration farms would be conducted and established, respectively in the subproject to teach proper cultural farm practices. Farmer-cooperators and skilled DAFO extension agents would serve as trainers. Demonstration farms would be used as field laboratories and farmer-leaders would be employed to become village extension agents.
(2) Crop Diversification in Lowland Irrigated
38. Crop diversification on a modest scale would be demonstrated to supplement the income of the farmers. Demonstration farm of production techniques would be established right in wet and dry season to improve the technical knowledge of farmers and to showcase the importance of taking advantage of available water for better plant germination and growth. The growing of cash crops liked yellow corn, soybean and peanut during the dry season, even on a limited scale can increase significantly the income of the farmers. During the dry season, observance of proper planting calendar is important to avail of any available moisture and source of irrigation water. This practice is expected to enhance crop rotation, which can greatly improve soil fertility and texture.
(3) System Rice Intensification (SRI)
39. SRI, a technology based on labor intensive and controlled use of fertilizer and other farm inputs would be introduced to those subprojects whose farmers have achieved a modest level of technology in rice seed multiplication. SRI requires close attention and proper application of farm inputs, notably fertilizer and water, and only those farmers who have the passion to undertake such activity are likely to succeed. The demonstration farms would be restricted on sites whose supply of irrigation water is stable. Integrated water resources management is vital for producing more rice with less water. There is a range of options to increase the productivity and efficiency of water consumption in surface irrigated rice. With economic incentives and irrigation services, farmers can adopt substantial changes in their water management practices.
(4) Farm Income
40. To quantify the impact of the project from the farmer’s viewpoint, a typical farm model based on the existing and projected resources of the project at full development was assumed to estimate the farm income. It is to be specified that the calculated farm income is crop-based, meaning that only farm incomes derived from improved crop production at full project development was considered. Income from upland crops, livestock and other sources were excluded in the estimates.
41. The farm model assumes primarily intensification of the irrigated land, resulting from the improvement or replacement of existing weirs. However, despite with irrigation, the degree of growing paddy rice and other seasonal crops during the dry season is still limited. It is projected that intensified cultivation of lowland would be achieved within 4 to 5-year period.
A3-8 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
42. The net farm income per annum at full project development is given in the table below.
Table A3-11 Annual Net Farm Incomes, With and Without Project Financial Prices at Constant 2012 Prices Without Project With Project Sub- Average Crop- Total Net Farm Crop- Total Net Farm project Farm ping Annual Income/ ping Annual Net Income/h Size Intensity Net Farm ha (kip) Intensity Farm a (kip) (ha) (%) Incomes (%) Incomes (kip) (kip) Nam Haad Left 1.33 122 1,059,250 796,428 149 5,384,544 4,084,530 Bank Source of Basic Data: Farm Income Analysis Per Subproject
43. There are significant increases in net farm incomes with the project. The increase is mainly dependent on the crop mix and cropping intensity. The net farm income per hectare will show that smaller farms planted with high value crops during dry season will give higher incomes. Net farm income/ha of Nam Haad Left Bank in with project was estimated at 4.09 million kip.
44. In the formulation of the development plan, the cultivation of high value crops was only recommended to the extent that this subproject is suitable and free from any agro- climatic constraints. This factor should be considered in assessing the net farm income.
A3-9 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Present Cropping Pattern
Raifeded Paddy Wet Season (135-day local variety, 44 ha)
Irrigated Paddy Wet Season (135-day irrigated paddy, 100 ha (130 located variety, 406 ha) days, improved variety)
Proposed Cropping Pattern
Irrigigated Paddy Wet Season (135-day irrigated paddy, 160 ha (130 improved variety, 450 ha) days, improved variety)
YellowPeanut, corn, ha 10 ha Wet Season
Soybean, 20 ha
Peanut, 5 ha
Cabbage, 10 ha
Water melon, 15 ha
61.3 115.4 117.2 185.1 53.1 97.3 53.1 18.8 5.9 6.2 16.6 22.4
Average Annual Rainfall in Bokeo (mm)(Year 1996-2010) 1) Analysis Report on Rainfall pattern in Lao PDR, December 2010 (JICA) Figure A3-1 Proposed Cropping Pattern of Nam Haad Left Bank Subproject
A3-10 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 3 Feasibility Study on NamHaad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table A3-12 Rainfall and Temperature in Bokeo Province Total Rainfall in mm Station : Bokeo ( Bokeo Province) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total 2000 2.9 113.8 40.2 60.9 339.7 216.5 436.2 335.6 205.1 106.1 0.1 8.0 1865.1 2001 6.6 0.5 125.7 74.7 425.9 135.4 443.8 345.2 352.9 145.1 0.9 21.7 2078.4 2002 23.3 19.9 0.8 112.0 245.5 166.2 455.2 451.8 82.7 124.7 192.8 85.6 1960.5 2003 40.9 72.2 4.1 137.8 50.3 207.9 427.2 243.0 194.8 54.8 1.8 0.0 1434.8 2004 1.0 7.2 6.4 184.0 268.0 287.3 294.2 392.2 224.9 54.7 29.7 0.0 1749.6 2005 1.4 0.0 67.6 136.0 205.9 180.5 300.9 381.9 199.8 117.4 16.7 19.9 1628.0 2006 0.0 29.5 187.7 134.9 254.6 187.7 417.8 447.0 217.4 252.9 0.0 0.0 2129.5 2007 6.3 2.6 4.3 120.0 247.8 334.5 173.8 287.7 373.1 180.5 38.9 0.0 1769.5 2008 43.6 46.1 64.9 127.0 268.5 280.4 652.9 608.1 223.3 54.7 60.4 7.0 2436.9 2009 0.0 0.0 54.0 174.0 205.6 170.2 326.0 161.6 235.4 56.0 19.9 0.7 1403.4 Mean 12.6 29.2 55.6 126.1 251.2 216.7 392.8 365.4 230.9 114.7 36.1 14.3 1845.6
Mean Maxi Temperature of Air in °c Station : Bokeo ( Bokeo Province) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual 2000 29.3 28.8 30.5 32.0 29.7 29.8 29.2 29.8 29.7 30.2 28.8 27.9 29.7 2001 29.7 31.6 30.3 35.1 29.8 30.6 28.6 30.3 30.1 29.6 27.0 26.8 30.0 2002 26.5 30.4 32.4 34.5 30.9 30.6 28.4 29.1 29.9 29.9 27.6 28.0 29.9 2003 27.0 30.5 32.5 34.1 34.0 31.4 31.1 31.1 31.4 31.0 30.4 27.6 31.0 2004 29.0 29.8 35.7 33.8 31.7 31.0 30.3 30.1 30.3 30.6 28.8 26.7 30.6 2005 28.9 33.9 32.7 34.8 33.4 31.7 31.6 29.7 31.1 30.8 29.1 25.3 31.1 2006 29.1 31.6 34.5 33.7 31.3 32.4 30.1 30.2 30.9 30.8 30.4 28.1 31.1 2007 28.4 31.1 34.8 34.0 31.3 32.0 30.9 31.0 31.1 30.2 27.1 28.9 30.9 2008 28.6 28.4 31.8 33.7 31.3 31.5 30.2 29.8 31.9 31.1 28.2 26.6 30.3 2009 27.9 32.9 33.6 32.7 32.7 31.5 31.1 32.0 32.1 32.0 29.2 28.3 31.3 Mean 28.4 30.9 32.9 33.8 31.6 31.3 30.1 30.3 30.8 30.6 28.7 27.4 30.6
Mean Mini Temperature of Air in °c Station : Bokeo ( Bokeo Province) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual 2000 14.8 15.7 18.0 21.5 22.7 24.2 23.7 23.6 22.7 21.8 17.2 17.2 20.3 2001 15.8 17.5 20.5 23.3 23.0 24.4 23.9 24.2 23.8 22.4 16.9 17.1 21.1 2002 15.5 16.7 19.0 21.3 22.9 24.4 23.9 23.4 22.8 20.7 18.3 17.2 20.5 2003 15.6 15.8 18.1 21.1 22.3 23.2 23.1 23.2 22.4 21.4 17.2 14.6 19.8 2004 14.0 15.2 19.0 20.4 22.6 23.0 22.9 23.2 22.3 20.5 17.8 12.8 19.5 2005 14.7 15.5 17.8 21.2 22.3 23.8 23.4 23.1 22.4 20.8 18.4 15.0 19.9 2006 13.8 16.5 18.6 21.2 21.5 23.2 23.2 22.6 22.1 20.9 16.8 14.8 19.6 2007 13.9 13.9 17.0 20.9 22.5 23.2 23.4 22.9 21.8 20.2 16.7 14.8 19.3 2008 14.2 16.2 18.6 21.5 22.6 23.2 23.0 22.9 22.5 21.5 16.8 13.6 19.7 2009 13.5 16.2 18.5 21.3 22.7 23.4 23.6 23.3 22.6 21.7 17.5 14.7 19.9 Mean 14.6 15.9 18.5 21.4 22.5 23.6 23.4 23.2 22.5 21.2 17.4 15.2 19.9 Source : PAFO Bokeo
A3-11 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 4 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Annex-4 Associated Initiatives
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 4 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ANNEX 4 – ASSOCIATED INITIATIVES
1. INTRODUCTION
1. Investments in associated initiatives are necessary to enhance the impact and ensure the sustainability of infrastructure investment and socio-economic development. Associated initiatives are closely linked to infrastructure investments and are included in the investment costs for each subproject. Two types of initiatives are proposed- compulsory initiatives and optional initiatives. The investment composes i) support for WUGs established to operate and maintain the rehabilitated facilities, ii) catchment zoning and village land-use planning to ensure sustainability by limiting the extent of siltation at the weir sites, and iii) resourcing existing technical extension services to introduce modern production technologies liked increasing agricultural productivity, developing new products, improving marketing and adding value to farmers’ products.
2. PROPOSED INITIATIVES
2.1 Compulsory Initiatives
(1) WUG/WUA establishment and operating modalities
2. This will include training of beneficiaries and selected DAFO staff in procedures for establishing WUGs/WUAs (with at least 30 percent of members of WUGs/WUAs being women) outlining the roles and responsibilities for officials appointed to management positions therein. Training will cover essential steps needed but will also develop communications skills, ensure gender equity, address participation of disadvantaged households and be inclusive of all ethnic groups.
(2) Operation and maintenance training for scheme managers and operators.
3. While essentially simple to operate, there will remain issues of water management, gate management, water release, reservoir cleaning etc. that need to be programmed and agreed to by all beneficiaries. Practical training will ensure those responsible for these functions are fully competent. All users need to understand and agree to water allocations so that downstream users have access to agreed water flows. 4. Only about 3% of women are directly involved in irrigation activities at the present time and about 13% assisting their husbands. The subproject will aim to increase women’s involvement through trainings in irrigation management and ensuring that women form part of the WUG committees. This will be quite a challenge for this subproject as there is low average literacy of only 49%.
(3) Land Use Planning and Management
5. Land Use Planning. The land is divided into two parts by weir point, the upstream catchment and downstream irrigation land. The land use change detection and land use protection are important to upstream catchment for keeping sustainable water use in the future. On the downstream irrigation land, the tasks of Land Use Planning are to establish a GIS database through GPS survey for managing irrigation block. The GIS database can support and strengthen WUA for water fee collection and other management of water use matters. Women will also be targeted as all female-headed households are upland land owners who are most likely to be affected. 6. Water catchment identification and zoning. Initiatives will be carried out to stabilize water catchments from which water drains towards the rehabilitated irrigation scheme, to ensure the sustainable provision of environmental catchment services and to secure the
A4-1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 4 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject investment. the water catchment can be delineated from topographic map data, such as contour lines, elevation points and rivers. The water catchment can be delineated from topographic map data, such as contour lines, elevation points and rivers. 7. Participatory land use planning will be conducted in PPO, DCO, WUA and the villages/ kumbans within the water catchment to translate catchment zoning into applicable and community based land and natural resource management including appropriate land-use practices and land use problem finding to protect environment functions and to ensure sustainable livelihoods. At first, the three seasons' land use data will be prepared, the data can be collected from NAFRI and FIPD,which adopted as 2002 land use, 2010 land use and 2020 land use planning data. the through a series GIS analysis, the land use changes will be detected in catchment zoning and in each Kumban which located in the catchment zone. through above GIS analysis, it is easy to find the development activity zone that land use are significantly changed in such area. take an instances, the main road buffer zone, Finally, using the land use policy to the development activity zone to check those land use development activity generate conflicting to the land use planning or not. for examples, if the land slope great then 25 degrees, it will caused surface erosion when the land is changed from forest to agriculture use. 8. Irrigation Block Mapping will be conducted for the irrigation land parcels within the rehabilitated or extended irrigation scheme to ensure land tenure security for involved villagers and to secure the investment. Land securities will be encouraged to be registered under both husband’s and wife’s names. Awareness raising will be conducted in all PPO, DCO, WUA and villages in the water catchment, to raise awareness on environmental functions and land management, also on rights and responsibilities of villagers related to different land uses. In the Irrigation Block Mapping, the irrigation canals, cadastral data, and WUA text data will be linked together in a GIS database. Finally, through a series of survey and public consultation, the data should be confirmed by farmers and WUAs, it becomes a high quality data base for land registration. 9. Training in the enforcement of land-use plans and related regulation will be conducted in PPO, DCO, WUA and all villages of the catchment after PLUP initiatives have been implemented and results were approved by authorities, to enforce agreed land use zones and related regulations. In the training activity, a series of technical training combined with on the job exercises and public consultation will be implemented. for examples, catchment management for land use planning training, irrigation block mapping and land registration training. 10. The above activities will include women, who as members of WUAs/WUGs will have the role of implementation and enforcement of rules and regulations.
2.2 Agriculture, Marketing and Value Adding initiatives
11. Activities can be selected from production, post harvest handling, processing and the development of market linkage initiatives outlined below: • Support for technical extension services and farmer cross-visits to introduce SRI and other improved production techniques. • Promotion of contract farming arrangements for both WS and DS rice based on single varieties. • Pilot certified seed to demonstrate yield/quality gains and promote 3 year seed replacement. • Support for registered and certified seed production with Luang Namtha Seed Multiplication Centre including possible extension of certified seed multiplication by using SRI technique. • Develop quality standards and on-farm quality assessment including use of moisture meters and train producers and buyers in application of standards.
A4-2 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 4 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
• Pilot use of drying facilities, bulk storage and transport loading facilities at village level. • Development of supply contracts with quality specifications/price incentives and associated contractual obligation training. • Support evolution of Water User Groups to formally registered Water User Associations. • Support evolution of the existing farmer production groups to play more effective functions • Support processors / traders to undertake export market assessments to identify price / quality relationship and new market opportunities. • Support organic / green food market assessment in current export market destinations and, if warranted, certification or chemical residue free status on pilot basis.
(1) Yield Improvement
12. Rice is by far the most important crop in Nam Haad (Left Bank) irrigation subproject with production area of about 450ha in the wet season and over 160ha in the dry season. Yield of rice can be significantly improved through better farming technologies. Initial results of the Lao-IRRI Rice Research Project show that the use of improved seed alone can increase yield by 20-30% while chemical fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphate) could increase yield by 30-40%. In addition, there is scope to increase cropping intensity. The yield improvement through increased use of agro-inputs is an obvious opportunity. Support from extension services in undertaking on-farm trials, cross visits, use of farmer-to-farmer training methods all have potential in contributing to yield increases. Currently, only about 3 percent of women are solely responsible for fertilizer application whilst 40% carry out the task jointly with the men. Training activities could focus on women’s involvement in the use of fertilizers.
13. The simplest way of increasing yields is through increased adoption of improved varieties and the use of certified seed produced by the seed multiplication centre in Luang Namtha (and other private seed multipliers as this industry develops). Supporting the use of high quality certified seed through Water User Groups/Water Use Association (WUGs/WUA) forward contracting the multiplication centre for seed supply should both enable a significant expansion in seed production by using the SRI technique and guaranteed supply of required volumes for WUG/WUA members.
14. The System for Rice Intensification (SRI) has been promoted by NCMI project in some areas with good results of yields increasing more than 40-50%. The success in development of rice production with use SRI technique opens up an effective way to increase the improved rice yields on a large scale. Through the project activities for 5 crop seasons in NCMI project, it was confirmed that the concept of SRI technique and its effect are acceptable by Lao farmers, thus the “Irrigated SRI” above is basically suitable for Lao natural condition.
(2) Single Variety Production
15. Millers face problems associated with milling of multiple varieties within a single milling batch as a result of different grain size resulting in higher milling losses (broken grain) with millers in central Laos report milling of single variety enables grain yields from paddy milling to rise by some 5%. Mixed grain types also limits sales to lower value market segments in both domestic and international markets. Supply contracts with millers associated with single variety production, and possibly production of specific higher value varieties.
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(3) Contract Farming for Rice and Crop Production
16. Opportunities for contract farming for rice and crop production have been demonstrated in northern provinces. Such approaches can incorporate: (i) consistent seed use across a specific production zone, and (ii) yield maximization through provision of new planting techniques, improved seed and other inputs, in particular fertilizer. The contracts will be the development of objectively verifiable quality standards for crops and price incentives for products of higher standards. In addition to quality standards, a facilitated process between communities and buyers associated with the obligations of each party associated with contract farming could be usefully undertaken to mitigate current risks of contract breaking by both farmers and buyers. The development of such standards and training of producers and traders is necessary.
17. Survey responses indicate that 35% of the women are directly responsible for trade in the household, and 59% are jointly reponsible. By focusing on the improving the villagers’ knowledge of contractual standards and issues the communities can benefit through better implementation and adherence to farming contracts.
(4) Improved Drying and Storage
18. Limited drying facilities result in the bulk of Lao PDR rice exports being made in the form of paddy rather than milled rice reducing the opportunity for adding value to the commodity. Larger millers report a willingness to pay a price margin for well dried paddy if available in adequate volumes and could be facilitated through construction of concrete drying floors. Community level storage facilities could be constructed on a pilot basis for well dried grain and WUGs/WUAs trained in paddy storage process as applicable. Opportunities may exist for producer-private sector partnerships in this regard with larger scale millers and rice exporters where warehouse management is, initially at least, the responsibility of the exporter.
(5) Poultry raising
19. Small livestock are generally the responsibility of women. By including this activity, women will be the key beneficiary in providing additional income to households through better techniques in poultry raising.
20. Activities will include financial support in the form of revolving funds particularly for poor, indigenous and female-headed households.
3. MAIN INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS
21. There are constraints to improved rice productivity at the producer level and these include:
• Limited qualified technical staff in rice production at the DAFO level. • Limited access to production credit, especially associated with fertilizer purchase. • Limited use of improved varieties, particularly in the major wet season varieties. • Relatively high post harvest losses. • Limited supply of improved variety certified seed with the seed multiplication centre.
3.1 Marketing constraints
22. Marketing constraints in the northern region include: • One of the major factors limiting the access to international markets is that Lao PDR rice is predominantly glutinous rice (80-90%), most of which is consumed
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domestically while export demand is mainly for non-glutinous rice. Trade in glutinous rice is limited mainly to the area bordering Thailand, China and Viet Nam. • Quality of the final product is low because of: (i) high moisture content, (ii) generally poor milling technologies, and (iii) mixed varieties. • Storage facilities of rice in the four northern provinces and at cross border locations (Boten-Luang Namtha District, Boten and Ban Mom-Sing District; Houayxai-Houayxai District) are limited.
4. BUDGET FOR ASSOCIATED INITIATIVES
23. Associated initiatives will be financed under the subproject. These may be further developed during detailed design but should be restricted to the maximum budget figure provided in Table A4-1:
Table A4-1: Cost Estimate for Associated Initiatives- Nam Haad Left Bank irrigation No Item Estimated Costs ($) 1 O&M (WUG/WUA/PG) Development and Support Initiatives 11,000 1.1 WUG/WUA/PG support (Election of WUA Executive committee; roles, responsibilities and regulation; registration; participation of WUG in construction; producer group organization and administration 1.2 WUG / WUA financial management training 1.3 Operation and Maintenance training for WUG
2 Land Use Planning, Catchment Management Initiatives 11,000 2.1 Catchment Zoning, Land Use Problem Finding 2.2 Village consultations and participatory mapping 2.3 Irrigation Block Mapping, Plot Mapping 2.4 Training in the enforcement of land-use plans and related regulation 2.5 Awareness raising, Land Use Change Monitoring
3 Agriculture Extension, Marketing and Value Adding Initiatives 23,000 3.1 On farm demonstration/field trials 3.2 Farmer training in crop production techniques, producer group formation, post-harvest and processing technologies, participatory marketing studies and value chain development planning 3.3 In-country study tours, field visits and farmer field schools for farmers 3.4 Training for DAFO extension staff 3.5 In-country study tours, field visits for DAFO extension staff 3.6 Training in poultry raising Total 45,000
A4-5 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 5 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Annex-5 Subproject Investment Costs
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 5 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ANNEX 5 – SUBPROJECT INVESTMENT COST
1. SUBPROJECT COST
1. The investment cost of Nam Haad-Left Bank subproject consists of: • Survey, design and construction supervision; • Civil works; • Associated initiatives; and • In-direct investment costs including i) vehicles and equipment, ii) consulting services, and iii) training, studies, operating costs, etc. for project implementation.
1.1 Survey, Design and Construction Supervision
2. These works are originally planned to be done by a national consulting firm, which will be procured under CQS. However, in terms of project ownership and capacity building of the staff of PPO and DCO, the NPMO is planning to propose to carry out such works through direct management system by the staff of PPO and DCO, when it is confirmed that they have enough capacity and resources to complete such works. 3. The cost for such works is estimated at 12% of the total civil work cost, amount at US$58,897.
1.2 Civil Works
4. The needs for rehabilitation/ or improvement of the existing irrigation facilities were confirmed through the village consultations, and discussions with the relevant authorities of the villages, district and province, and site investigations. The proposed work items by the relevant authorities have been reviewed by the GIC together with the PPO and NPMO based on its priority, urgency and economical effectiveness, etc. 5. Based on the results of the review above, the GIC and the NPMO prepared a preliminary design of the works. Further, in order to get a consensus among the stakeholders, the NPMO and the GIC organized a stakeholders meeting at Ban Thinkeo on 22 to 28 October 2012 with representatives of 11 beneficiary villages, DCO and PPO staff, totaling at 78 persons including 28 women. Through the discussions at the meeting, the proposed preliminary design/improvement plan was basically agreed with all the stakeholders. 6. Based on the preliminary design, the work items, its quantities and its costs were estimated by GIC applying the unit cost of each work item of the province. 7. The total civil work cost is estimated at US$490,810, as summarized in the table below.
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Estimated Civil Work Cost
Nam Haad Left Bank Subproject (Phaoudom district, Bokeo province) Amount Work Description Q'ty (US$) 1. Head Works (Sharing Use with Nam Haad Weir) 1-1 Earthfill Compaction at downstream 772 m3 4,000 1-2 Earth Excavation 1,600 m3 4,000 2. Canal (Nam Haad Left Main Canal) (Total=1,800 m) 2-1 Construction of Concrete Lining Canal 476 m 99,407 3. Canal Structure (Nam Haad LMC) 3-1 Division Structure 1 no. 1,002 3-2 Drainage Inlet 1 no. 2,718 3-3 Turnout 6 nos. 4,456 3-4 End Structure 1 no. 494 4. Head Works (Nam Kha Weir) 4-1 Installation of Intake & Sluice Gates 2 sets 8,455 5. Main Canal (Nam Kha Weir)(Total=3,325 m) 5-1 Concrete Lining of Main Canal 2,550 m 327,646 6. Main Canal Structure (Nam Kha Weir) 6-1 Farm Inlet 17 nos. 11,371 Downstream Protection of Drop 6-2 Structure 2 nos. 458 7. Secondary Canal (Nam Kha Weir) 7-1 Concrete Lining of Secondary Canal 300 m 24,989 7-2 Farm Turnout 2 nos. 1,320 End Structure with Farm Turnout 7-3 (both sides) 1 no. 494
Total 490,810
1.3 Associated Initiatives
8. Associated Initiatives are described in Annex 4 in detail, the total cost of which is estimated at US$45,000 per subproject.
1.4 Indirect Investment Costs
9. The indirect investment costs include i) vehicles & equipment, ii) consulting services, and iii) training, studies, operating costs, etc. for capacity building and overall project implementation, as estimated as follows. i) Vehicles & Equipment: a 30% of the total allocated amount of $0.65 million ($6,290 per subproject) is applied as investment costs of vehicles & equipment for this economic evaluation purpose.
ii) Consulting Services: a 30% of the contract amount of $3.61 million ($34,945 per subproject) is applied as investment costs of the consulting services for this economic evaluation purpose.
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iii) Training, Studies, Operating Costs: a 30% of the total allocated amount of $4.30 million ($41,613 per subproject) is applied as investment costs of training, studies, and project operation for this economic evaluation purpose.
A5-3 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Annex-6 Economic Analysis
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ANNEX 6 – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
1. INTRODUCTION
1. All projects to be implemented by the government must undergo economic evaluation aside from the technical feasibility and environmentally friendly to determine whether the government resources that will be invested, the internal economic rate of return must exceed the opportunity cost of capital of the country. Irrigation projects in particular are conceived to alleviate the standard of living among the poor farmers living in the countryside particularly in the northern provinces of Lao. However, before the project implementation, it is a pre- requisite then to determine the economic viability of the project in order to decide whether the project is go or no go.
2. METHODOLOGY
2. The economic analysis involves the assessment of the all the benefits as well as the costs in the command area. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the subproject two scenarios is applied first is the future “without” the project condition which we assume that to be the same as that to the present situation. Although, there may be little difference but considered insignificant. The second would be future “with” project condition. A simplified cost and return analysis for each crop grown in the command area for both scenarios is applied. Crop budget per hectare per season was prepared to determine the net income. The derivation of the incremental benefits was based on the crop budget net income for crops grown during the wet and dry season respectively from both scenarios. Valuation of inputs and outputs are based on the physical inputs multiplied by the farm gate prices derive from the price structure prepared.
3. The basic assumptions adopted in the economic evaluation for the project are as follows:
a. Prices of internationally traded commodities like rice, corn, soy beans and fertilizers were based on the world market (World Bank Commodity Price Forecast dated January 15, 2013) and adjusted taking into account the freight and handling charges. b. Prices of non tradable goods were priced at the prevailing market in the project area. c. All Prices are at constant 2013 level. d. The average exchange rate of 8,000 kip per US $ was applied. e. World price numerare is adopted f. Standard Conversion factor of 0.9 was adopted for traded commodities, while 0.8 was used as shadow wage rate factor for rural unskilled labor to convert the financial wage rate into its economic equivalent. g. Full Agricultural Development of the project is attained in in (6) year. h. Full O&M cost is estimated to be on the 7th year. i. Economic life of the project to reach 30 years.
3. SUBPROJECT BENEFITS
4. Only direct and quantifiable benefits attributable mainly to irrigation development were considered in the economic evaluation. The direct incremental benefits are derived from the difference between the “future without project” and the “future with project” situations. Benefits are attributed mainly to improved system performance due to the construction of line main canals, and de-silting the upstream basin of the weir and installation of control gates. The savings on O&M cost “with” the project is not included as benefits of the project.
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5. For the determination of the benefits, first, price structure of the internationally traded commodities are prepared to determine the farm gate price as shown in Table A6-1 to A6-2. The farm gate price then is applied in the valuation of farm inputs like fertilizer and for outputs like rice, corn and soybeans. Farm gate price of non-internationally traded commodities are based on the prevailing market price in the subproject area. Table A6-3 shows the summary of the financial and economic prices of commodities. Economic crop budget per hectare per cropping period for each crop grown was prepared in two scenarios, the “future without “project, and the future “with project” conditions as shown in Table A6-4 to A6-6. Secondly, from these, the net income per hectare per crop per season from both the without and with project were multiplied by the corresponding area to arrive at the total net income from the project. The incremental benefit is derived by taking the difference between the” with project” and the” without project” conditions total income. The derivation of incremental benefit is exhibited in Table A6-7. The computed incremental benefit is 1,848,239,517 Kip which is equivalent to US$ 231,037.
6. The attainment of incremental benefits will initially start on the 2nd year and the full benefit attainment would be reached on year 6th and continue until the thirtieth year. The distribution of benefits by year is 20 %, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% respectively.
4. SUBPROJECT COST
7. The project cost consists the following; a) civil works, which include construction materials and labor b) Detailed designed, detailed survey, construction supervision c) associated cost comprising, development and support initiatives, land use planning management initiatives agricultural extension, marketing and value added initiatives. d) Equipment and materials, e) consultant services and, f) physical contingency. Civil works account to 71% of the total project costs. The estimated total financial cost for the project is US$689,449 and its economic equivalent is US$662,175 as shown in Table A6-8. This financial cost was converted to economic equivalent by applying the corresponding conversion factors for the traded and non-traded items. For traded items the border price is used while the non- traded items, the standard conversion factor of 0.9 is applied. For the unskilled labor component shadow wage rate factor of 0.8 is applied to financial wage rate to convert to economic terms.
8. Another important item of cost is the replacement cost of steel gates. It is assumed that the economic life of these gates is 15 years and be replaced once during the evaluation period. Preventive maintenance cost is allotted for the steel gates and has a four (4) years interval. The assumed cost is 10% of the acquisition cost. The acquisition cost of steel gates is $US11,610 thereby the preventive maintenance cost is $US1,161.
9. The project aims to turn over the irrigation system to the water users group (WUG) when ready for operation. It is expected then that they will operate and maintained the physical facilities of the system. The cost for minor repairs and maintenance should be shouldered by them. However, cost for major repairs of the structures should be the responsibility of the government. The annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost is estimated at 10% of the direct cost equivalent to US$59,471.
5. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PERIOD
10. Full agricultural development is assumed to be attained on the sixth year after the project construction and would be constant till the end of the economic life. This is so because the adoption of modern farm technology would be gradual taking into consideration the absorptive capacity and financial capability of the farmer beneficiaries. Furthermore,
A6-2 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject farmer beneficiaries are also depending on the support from the project and other local institutions.
6. ECONOMIC INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
11. The measures of project worth used to determine the economic viability include the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) and the net present value (NPV). Based on the assumptions and by discounting the costs and benefit streams over a 30 year period the EIRR is estimated at 20% and the net present value at 12% discount rate is US$434,202 as shown in Table A6-9. The EIRR and the NPV indicate that the project is economically viable at the cut off rate of 12%.
7. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
12. Two possible conditions may affect the subproject economic viability these are; a) 20% increase in the investment cost and, b) 20% decrease in benefits. Based on a 20% increase in cost the resulting EIRR is rounded to 17%, while the corresponding 20% decrease in benefits, the EIRR is reduced to 15%.
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Table A6-1 Price Structure for Rice, Yellow Corn and Soybean by Province (Import Parity) (Constant 2013 Prices) Rice Bokeo Items Economic Financial $US/ton kip/ton kip/ton 1. FOB Bangkok (Thai 5% broken constant 2012 prices)/a 540 2. Adjustment to Lao PDR quality/b 108 3. Adjustment to Lao PDR variety/c 54 4. Freight and insurance ( Bangkok-Thanalaeng) 35 5. CIF value, Thanalaeng port 413 6. Conversion to Kip ($ US 1= 8,000 kip in Jan. 2013) 3,304,000 3,304,000 7. Port handling charges and bagging/d 108,000 120,000 8. Transport cost (Thanalaeng to wholesaler)/e 47,500 50,000 9. Transport cost (Wholesaler to project site)/e 161,500 170,000 10. Ex-mill price 2,987,000 2,964,000 11. Conversion to paddy (63% recovery) 1,881,810 1,867,320 12. Milling charges/e 142,500 150,000 13. Value of by-products (20% of paddy) 150,000 150,000 14. Handling and transport (farm to mill)/e 47,500 50,000 15. Farmgate price of paddy 1,936,810 1,917,320 16. Farmgate price of paddy (kip/kg) 1,937 1,917 a/ World Bank Estimate as of January 15, 2013 b/ 20% of the FOB price c/ Non-glutinous rice (10% of the FOB price) d/ Financial price multiplied by SCF (0.9) e/ 50% of the financial price as non-tradeable multiplied by SCF plus 50% of the remaining cost
Yellow Corn Bokeo Items Economic Financial $US/ton Kip/ton Kip/ton 1. FOB Price, Gulf Port, Constant 2013/1 290 2. Freight and insurance Gulf Port to Bangkok to Thanalaeng 40 3. CIF value, Thanalaeng 330 4. Conversion to kip (1$US=8,000kip) 2,640,000 2,640,000 5. Port handling and bagging/2 108,000 120,000 6. Transport cost (Thanalaeng to wholesaler)/3 47,500 50,000 7. Ex-wholesale price 2,795,500 2,810,000 8. Transport cost (Wholesale to project site)/3 161,500 170,000 9. Wholesale price 2,634,000 2,640,000 10. Handling and transport (farm to mill)/3 47,500 50,000 11. Economic farm gate price 2,681,500 2,690,000 12 Farmgate price (kip/kg) 2,682 2,690
Soybean Bokeo Items Economic Financial $US/ton Kip/ton Kip/ton 1. FOB Price, Gulf Port, Constant 2013/1 570 2. Freight and insurance Gulf Port to Bangkok to Thanalaeng 40 3. CIF value, Thanalaeng 610 4. Conversion to kip (1$US=8000kip) 4,880,000 4,880,000 5. Port handling and bagging/2 108,000 120,000 6. Transport cost (Thanalaeng to wholesaler)/3 47,500 50,000 7. Ex-wholesale price 5,035,500 5,050,000 8. Transport cost (Wholesale to project site)/3 161,500 170,000 9. Wholesale price 4,874,000 4,880,000 10. Handling and transport (farm to mill)/3 47,500 50,000 11. Economic farm gate price 4,921,500 4,930,000 12 Farmgate price (kip/kg) 4,922 4,930 1/ World Bank Estimate as of January 15, 2013 2/ Financial multiplied by SCF (0.9) 3/ 50% of the financial price as non-tradeable multiplied by SCF (0.9) plus 50% of the remaining cost
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Table A6-2 Price Structure for Urea, Triple superphosphate and Muriate of Potash by Province( Import Parity) (Constant 2012 Prices) Urea Bokeo Items Economic Financial $US/ton Kip/ton Kip/ton 1. FOB Price, Gulf Port, Constant 2013/1 390 2. Freight and insurance Euro Port to Bangkok to Thanalaeng 40 3. CIF value, Thanalaeng 430 4. Conversion to kip (1$US=8000kip) 3,440,000 3,440,000 5. Port handling and bagging/2 90,000 100,000 6. Transport cost (Thanalaeng to wholesaler)/3 47,500 50,000 7. Average wholesale price 3,577,500 3,590,000 8. Transport cost (Wholesale to project site)/3 161,500 170,000 9. Handling and transport (dealer to farm)/3 47,500 50,000 10. Economic farm gate price 3,786,500 3,810,000 11. Farmgate price (kip/kg, nutrient) 8,232 8,283
Triple Superphosphate Bokeo Items Economic Financial $US/ton Kip/ton Kip/ton 1. FOB Price, Euro Port, Constant 2013/1 430 2. Freight and insurance Euro Port to Bangkok to Thanalaeng 40 3. CIF value, Thanalaeng 470 4. Conversion to kip (1$US=8000 kip) 3,760,000 3,760,000 5. Port handling and bagging/2 90,000 100,000 6. Transport cost (Thanalaeng to wholesaler)/3 47,500 50,000 7. Average wholesale price 3,897,500 3,910,000 8. Transport cost (Wholesale to project site)/3 161,500 170,000 9. Handling and transport (dealer to farm)/3 47,500 50,000 10. Economic farm gate price 4,106,500 4,130,000 11. Farmgate price (kip/kg, nutrient) 8,927 8,978
Muriate of Potash Bokeo Items Economic Financial $US/ton Kip/ton Kip/ton 1. FOB Price, Euro Port, Constant 2013/1 430 2. Freight and insurance Euro Port to Bangkok to Thanalaeng 40 3. CIF value, Thanalaeng 470 4. Conversion to kip (1$US=8000 kip) 3,760,000 3,760,000 5. Port handling and bagging/2 90,000 100,000 6. Transport cost (Thanalaeng to wholesaler)/3 47,500 50,000 7. Average wholesale price 3,897,500 3,910,000 8. Transport cost (Wholesale to project site)/3 161,500 170,000 9. Handling and transport (dealer to farm)/3 47,500 50,000 10. Economic farm gate price 4,106,500 4,130,000 11. Farmgate price (kip/kg, nutrient) 6,844 6,883 1/ World Bank Estimate as of January 15, 2013 2/ Financial multiplied by SCF (0.9) 3/ 50% of the financial price as non-tradeable multiplied by SCF (0.9) plus 50% of the remaining cost
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Table A6-3 Summary of Financial and Economical Prices, (2013 Constant Lao PDR Kip) Financial Prices Nam Haad Outputsa/ Paddy Kip/kg 1,979 Maize Kip/kg 2,804 Peanuts Kip/kg 6,000 Soybeans Kip/kg 5,234 Green bean Kip/kg Water melon Kip/kg 1,000 Pumpkin Kip/kg 650 Cabbage Kip/kg 1,100 Garlic Kip/kg
Inputsa/ Rice Seed improved Kip/kg 5,000 Maize Seed hybrid Kip/kg 25,000 Peanut Seed improved Kip/kg 10,000 Soybean Seed improved Kip/kg 10,000 Green bean improved Kip/kg - Water melon hybrid Kip/kg 600,000 Pumpkin hybrid Kip/kg 500,000 Cabbage hybrid Kip/kg 1,300,000 Garlic Kip/kg Urea Kip/kg 8,552 Complete fertilizer Kip/kg 9,785 Organic Fertilizer Kip/t 7,434 Agro-chemicals Kip/l 100,000 Bags Kip/bag 2,000 Farm labor Kip/day 40,000 Land preparation kip/ha 1,200,000 a/ Financial output and inputs prices are supplemented by on-farm interviews.
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Table A6-4 Crop Budget for Paddy Rice Per Hectare (Economic Prices at Constant 2013) Irrigated Paddy Rice (Wet Season) Items Without Project With Project Unit Oty Price/unit Value Unit Qty Price/unit Value Production Paddy Yield kg 2,700 kg 4,500 Paddy Price kip 1,937 kip 1,937 Gross Income kip 5,229,387 kip 8,715,645 Production Cost Seeds kg 80 4,500 360,000 kg 60 4,500 270,000 Fertilizer N kg 0 8,232 kg 30 8,232 246,946 P kg 0 8,927 kg 15 8,927 133,908 K kg 0 6,844 kg 0 6,844 Pesticides kip 0 kip 0 Human labor man-day 70 32,000 2,240,000 man-day 90 32,000 2,880,000 Animal labor kg-paddy - kg-paddy - Tractor/machine kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000 kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000 Other costs a/ kip 52,294 kip 87,156 Total Production Cost kip 3,852,294 kip 4,818,010 Net Income kip 1,377,093 kip 3,897,635 a/ 1 % of gross income Irrigated Paddy Rice (Dry Season) Items Without Project With Project Unit Oty Price/unit Value Unit Qty Price/unit Value Production Paddy Yield kg 3,200 kg 5,500 Paddy Price kip 1,937 kip 1,937 Gross Income kip 6,197,792 kip 10,652,455 Production Cost Seeds kg 80 4,500 360,000 kg 60 4,500 270,000 Fertilizer N kg 0 8,232 kg 60 8,232 493,891 P kg 0 8,927 kg 30 8,927 267,815 K kg 0 6,844 kg 0 6,844 Pesticides kip 0 kip 0 Human labor man-day 90 32,000 2,880,000 man-day 95 32,000 3,040,000 Animal labor kg-paddy - kg-paddy - Tractor/machine kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000 kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000 Other costs a/ kip 61,978 kip 106,525 Total Production Cost kip 4,501,978 kip 5,378,231 Net Income kip 1,695,814 kip 5,274,224 a/ 1 % of gross income Rainfed Paddy Rice (Wet season) Items Without Project Unit Oty Price/unit Value Production Paddy Yield kg 2,500 Paddy Price kip 1,937 Gross Income kip 4,842,025 Production Cost Seeds kg 80 4,500 360,000 Fertilizer N kg 0 8,232 P kg 0 8,927 K kg 0 6,844 Pesticides kip 0 Human labor man-day 80 32,000 2,560,000 Animal labor kg-paddy - Tractor/machine kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000 Other costs a/ kip 48,420 Total Production Cost kip 4,168,420 Net Income kip 673,605 a/ 1 % of gross income
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Table A6-5 Crop Budget for Yellow corn, Soybean and Peanut (Economic Prices at Constant 2013) Yellow Corn Items Without Project With Project Unit Oty Price/unit Value Unit Qty Price/unit Value Production Corn Yield kg kg 4,200 Corn Price kip kip 2,682 Gross Income kip kip 11,262,300 Production Cost Seeds kg kg 30 22,500 675,000 Fertilizer N kg kg 30 8,232 246,946 P kg kg 20 8,927 178,543 K kg kg Pesticides liter liter 2 100,000 200,000 Human labor man-day man-day 100 32,000 3,200,000 Animal labor kg-paddy kg-paddy - Tractor/machine Kip-ha Kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000.00 Other costs a/ kip kip 112,623 Total Production Cost kip kip 5,813,112 Net Income kip kip 5,449,188 a/ 1 % of gross income Soybean Items Without Project With Project Unit Qty Price/unit Value Unit Qty Price/unit Value Production Soybean Yield kg kg 1,700 Soybean Price kip kip 4,922 Gross Income kip kip 8,366,550 Production Cost Seeds kg kg 40 9,000 360,000 Fertilizer N kg kg 41 8,232 337,492 P kg kg 20 8,927 178,543 K kg kg Pesticides liter liter 1 100,000 100,000 Human labor man-day man-day 80 32,000 2,560,000 Animal labor kg-paddy - kg-paddy - Tractor/machine Kip-ha Kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000.00 Other costs a/ kip kip 83,666 Total Production Cost kip kip 4,819,701 Net Income kip kip 3,546,849 a/ 1 % of gross income
Peanut Items Without Project With Project Unit Oty Price/unit Value Unit Qty Price/unit Value Production Peanut Yield kg kg 1,800 Peanut Price kip kip 4,922 Gross Income kip kip 8,858,700 Production Cost Seeds kg kg 60 5,400 324,000 Fertilizer N kg kg 20 8,159 163,185 P kg kg 30 8,855 265,647 K kg kg 20 6,844 Pesticides liter liter Human labor man-day man-day 90 32,000 2,880,000 Animal labor kg-paddy - kg-paddy - Tractor/machine Kip-ha Kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000.00 Other costs a/ kip kip 88,587 Total Production Cost kip kip 4,921,419 Net Income kip kip 3,937,281 a/ 1 % of gross income
A6-8 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table A6-6 Crop Budget for Watermelon and Cabbage (Economic Prices at Constant 2013) Water melon Items Without Project With Project Unit Qty Price/unit Value Unit Qty Price/unit Value Production Water melon Yield kg kg 22,000 Water melon Price kip kip 900 Gross Income kip kip 19,800,000 Production Cost Seeds kg kg 1 540,000 324,000 Fertilizer N kg kg 90 8,232 740,837 P kg kg 60 8,927 535,630 K kg kg 60 6,844 410,650 Pesticides liter liter 2 100,000 200,000 Human labor man-day man-day 100 32,000 3,200,000 Animal labor kg-paddy kg-paddy - Tractor/machine kip-ha kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000 Other costs a/ kip kip 198,000 Total Production Cost kip kip 6,809,117 Net Income kip kip 12,990,883 a/ 1 % of gross income Cabbage Items Without Project With Project Unit Oty Price/unit Value Unit Qty Price/unit Value Production CabbageYield kg kg 15,000 Cabbage Price kip kip 1,100 Gross Income kip kip 16,500,000 Production Cost Seeds kg kg 1 1,170,000 1,170,000 Fertilizer N kg kg 90 8,159 734,332 P kg kg 60 8,855 531,293 K kg kg 0 Pesticides liter liter 2 100,000 200,000 Human labor man-day man-day 100 32,000 3,200,000 Animal labor kg-paddy - kg-paddy - Tractor/machine Kip-ha Kip-ha 1 1,100,000 1,100,000.00 Other costs a/ kip kip 165,000 Total Production Cost kip kip 7,100,625 Net Income kip kip 9,399,375 a/ 1 % of gross income Peanut Items Without Project With Project Unit Oty Price/unit Value Unit Qty Price/unit Value Production Peanut Yield kg kg 1,800 Peanut Price kip kip 4,922 Gross Income kip kip 8,858,700 Production Cost Seeds kg kg 60 5,400 324,000 Fertilizer N kg kg 20 8,159 163,185 P kg kg 30 8,855 265,647 K kg kg 20 6,844 Pesticides liter liter Human labor man-day man-day 90 32,000 2,880,000 Animal labor kg-paddy - kg-paddy - Tractor/machine Kip-ha Kip-ha 1 1,200,000 1,200,000.00 Other costs a/ kip kip 88,587 Total Production Cost kip kip 4,921,419 Net Income kip kip 3,937,281 a/ 1 % of gross income
A6-9 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table A6-7 Derivation of Incremental Benefits (Economic) Without Project With Project Particular Area Net Total Net Area Net Total Net Planted Income Income Planted Income Income (ha) (Kip/ha) (Kip) (ha) (Kip/ha) (Kip) Wet Season: Irrigated paddy 406 1,377,093 559,099,811 450 3,897,635 1,753,935,880 Rainfed paddy 44 48,420 2,130,491 Yellow corn Soybean Peanut Undevelop area Sub total 450 1,425,513 561,230,302 450 3,897,635 1,753,935,880 Dry Season: Irrigated paddy 100 4,501,978 450,197,792 160 5,378,231 860,516,971 Yellow corn 10 5,449,188 54,491,879 Soybean 20 3,546,849 70,936,973 Peanut 5 3,937,281 19,686,407 Green bean Water melon 15 410,650 6,159,750 Garlic Cabbage 10 9,399,375 93,993,750 Pumkin Undevelop area Sub total 100 4,501,978 450,197,792 220 28,121,574 1,105,785,730 Total cropped area 550 5,927,491 1,011,428,094 670 32,019,209 2,859,721,610 Cropping Intensity (%) 122 149 Incremental Benefit 1,848,293,517 US$ 231,037
Table A6-8 Summary of Investment Cost (Financial and Economic) Nam Haad Left Bank Cost Item Financial Economic Survey Design and supervision*1 58,897 53,007 Civil Works *2 490,810 478,540 Associated cost *1 45,000 40,500 Total Direct Cost 594,707 572,047 Vehicles & Equipment *3 6,290 6,290 Consulting Services *3 34,945 34,945 Training, Studies and other operating Cost *1 41,613 37,452 Sub-Total Indirect Cost 82,848 78,687 Physical Contingency *4 11,894 11,441 Total Cost 689,449 662,175 *1 SCF of 0.9 was used to convert from financial to economic value *2 SCF of 0.9 was applied to 25 % of the financial cost, while 75% was multiplied by 1 *3 Convertion of 1 is applied to the financial cost to arrive at economic value *4 2 % of the total direct cost was converted to economic value by applying the SCF of 0.9
A6-10 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table A6-9 Project Economic costs, Benefits and EIRR Nam Haad-Left Bank Subproject (Unit: US$) Year Year in Investment Cost Project Cash Flow order Capital Repl'ment O&M Total Benefits 2013 1 662,175 662,175 0 -662,175 2014 2 8,172 8,172 46,207 38,035 2015 3 16,344 16,344 92,415 76,070 2016 4 24,516 24,516 138,622 114,106 2017 5 1,161 32,688 33,849 184,829 150,980 2018 6 40,861 40,861 231,037 190,176 2019 7 49,033 49,033 231,037 182,004 2020 8 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2021 9 1,161 57,205 58,366 231,037 172,671 2022 10 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2023 11 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2024 12 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2025 13 1,161 57,205 58,366 231,037 172,671 2026 14 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2027 15 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2028 16 11,610 57,205 68,814 231,037 162,222 2029 17 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2030 18 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2031 19 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2032 20 1,161 57,205 58,366 231,037 172,671 2033 21 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2034 22 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2035 23 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2036 24 1,161 57,205 58,366 231,037 172,671 2037 25 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2038 26 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2039 27 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2040 28 1,161 57,205 58,366 231,037 172,671 2041 29 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 2042 30 57,205 57,205 231,037 173,832 Total 662,175 18,575 1,487,323 2,168,073 6,237,991 4,069,918 EIRR= 20%
NPV@12% $434,202.03
A6-11 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Annex-7 Social Impact Assessment
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table of content Page
1. BACKGROUND ...... 1
2. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DATA AND INFORMATION ...... 2 2.1 Subproject Location and Description ...... 2 2.2 Villages Covered and Ethnicity ...... 3 2.3 Households, Population and average of household size ...... 5 2.4 Village Authority Structure and Village Organizations ...... 5 2.5 Village Facilities ...... 5 2.6 Literacy Situation ...... 6 2.7 Agricultural Land and Production...... 9 2.8 Livelihood Sources ...... 11 2.9 Available Labor...... 14 2.10 Rice Sufficiency Situation ...... 15 2.11 Poverty Situation ...... 16 2.12 Landless Households (LLHH)...... 17 2.13 Female-Headed Households (FHHs) ...... 19 2.14 Gender ...... 20 2.15 Community Needs and Problems ...... 22 2.16 Existing System and Infrastructure Related Concerns ...... 23 2.17 Response to the Proposed Subproject ...... 25
3. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT/ANALYSIS ...... 26 3.1 Socio – Economic Conditions ...... 26 3.2 Social Impact ...... 27 3.3 Recommendations ...... 27
4. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND GENDER ACTION PLANS ...... 28 4.1 Ethnic Group People Concerns and Issues ...... 28 4.2 Gender Concerns and Issues ...... 29 4.3 Capacity Building ...... 29 4.4 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 29 4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 29 4.5 Institutional Arrangements ...... 30 4.6 Budget and Financing ...... 30 4.7 Activities, Timing, Responsibilities and Budget ...... 30
A7-i Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
List of Table Table 1. Villages Covered and Ethnic Distribution of Households ...... 4 Table 2. Households and Population ...... 5 Table 3. Facilities Available in the Project Area ...... 6 Table 4. Literacy Situation ...... 7 Table 5. Number Student Attending Primary to Secondary Level Education ...... 7 Table 6. Ethnic Distribution of Children Going to Primary and Secondary Schools ...... 8 Table 7. Number of Children Attending College/University ...... 8 Table 8. Ethnic Distribution of Children Attending College/University ...... 9 Table 9. Agriculture Landholding ...... 9 Table 10. Average Agriculture Landholding ...... 10 Table 11. Average Income of Sample Households ...... 11 Table 12. Agriculture Income Sources ...... 12 Table 13. Non-Agriculture Sources of Income ...... 13 Table 14. Average Household Expenditures ...... 13 Table 15. Available Labor ...... 14 Table 16. Available Technical Skills ...... 14 Table 17. Rice Sufficiency Situation ...... 15 Table 18. Average Rice Production versus Rice Requirement ...... 16 Table 19. Poverty Situation Based on Village Household Masterlist (% HHs) ...... 16 Table 20. Landless Household Versus Rice Deficit and Poor Households...... 17 Table 21. Poverty Situation of Landless Households ...... 18 Table 22. Female-Headed Household Poverty Profile ...... 19 Table 23. Poverty Situation of Female-Headed Households ...... 19 Table 24. Percent Responses of Sample Households on Household Work Distribution by Gender ...... 20 Table 25. Percent Responses of Sample Households on Agriculture Work Distribution by Gender ...... 21 Table 26. Percent Responses of Sample Households on the Distribution of Decision- Making Responsibilities between Females and Males ...... 21 Table 27. Results of Village Consultation Meeting, Ban Thinkeo, Phaodoum District, 15 July 2012 ...... 22 Table 28. Perceived Potential Impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures ...... 25 Table 29. Focus Group Discussion Results ...... 31 Table 30. Ethnic Group Development Plan (EGDP) or IPP Activities, Timing, Responsibilities and Budget ...... 33 Table 31 Gender Action Plan, Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject ...... 35
A7-ii Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
List of Figures
Figure 1. Ethnic Group Distribution ...... 4 Figure 2. Rice Sufficiency Situation by Village ...... 15
A7-iii Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ANNEX 7 – SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT NAM HAAD LEFT SUB-PROJECT PHA OUDOM DISTRICT, BOKEO PROVINCE
1. BACKGROUND
1. The Northern Rural Infrastructure (NRI) Development Sector Project is planned for implementation in the four (4) provinces of Bokeo, Luang Namtha, Phongsaly and Oudomxai (Figure 1). The NRI main aim is to provide the rural community with access to and participation in the market economy. This is to be realized through the increase in incremental production in saleable commodities and promotion of agricultural productivity.
2. NRI has four main outputs: (i) production and productivity enhancing rural infrastructure constructed and/or rehabilitated; (ii) productivity and impact enhancing initiatives adopted; (iii) capacities of national, provincial and district agencies strengthened to enable a sector development approach; and (iv) efficient and effective delivery of subprojects and Project management.
3. The investment plan of the Project includes about 27 subprojects involving rehabilitation of existing irrigation facilities which will supply irrigation water to a target of 2,900 hectares, and construction and/or improvement of rural access road to improve market accessibility with a target length of 176 km.
4. The Grant Agreement for the NRI specifies that Subprojects must not adversely affect ethnic minorities, households headed by women, disabled, elderly or other similarly vulnerable groups, and that rights and needs of ethnic minorities are fully addressed in accordance with ADB's Policy on Gender and Development (1998) and Safeguard Policy Statement. In particular, the Project shall be carried out in accordance with the Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF). The Recipient shall ensure that no Subprojects which have significant impacts on ethnic minorities, is included in the List of Eligible Subprojects, and that no Subproject with such impacts is financed under the Project. For Subprojects in which ethnic minorities are present and affected, an Indigenous People’s Plan (IPP) shall be prepared in accordance with the IPPF. The Recipient shall ensure that, (a) measures to improve the welfare of ethnic minorities are built into the overall Subproject design where the ethnic minority population exceeds 60%; and (b) no negative impact on such ethnic minorities is expected. In addition, it is specified that Subproject Gender Action Plans (GAP) are prepared in accordance with the Project-wide Gender Action Plan, and fully implemented in a timely manner.
5. In consideration to the foregoing, it is necessary to carry out preliminary Social Impact Assessment of each Subproject.
6. The collection of data and information used for the Social Impact Assessment of each Subproject was done through : a) establishment of Village Household Master list for each village covered by a Subproject to establish the general profile of each household which includes household members (men & women, ethnicity, literacy, rice sufficiency status, poverty status, type of houses, etc.); b) Village Level Interview through Village Authorities to establish village-wide agro-socio-economic data and information; and c) Sample Household Interview to establish data and information on sources of income, income, household expenses, roles and responsibilities distribution between men and women, and support or opposition to the proposed subproject. The Village Household Master list was also used in the random selection of sample households to be interviewed. Due to time limitations, only 10 sample households per village were selected and
A7-1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject interviewed. These were selected randomly from the Village Household Master list to represent the upper, middle and lower sections of each village.
7. In addition to the above data and information collection methodologies, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted with representatives of men, women and indigenous people to gather their responses on the proposed subproject, specifically perceived benefits, impacts, problems/issues and recommended mitigation measures. FGDs were conducted for each village covered by the subprojects in village meeting halls, temples or schools.
8. This report elaborates the Social Impact Assessment including the Indigenous People’s Plan (IPP) and Gender Action Plan (GAP) of Nam Haad Left Subproject located in Pha Oudom District, Bokeo Province. 2. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DATA AND INFORMATION
9. The following are discussions on the data and information collected for the Subproject through: a) Establishment of Village Household Master list; b) Village Agro-Socio- Economic Survey (Village Level Interview of Village Authorities); c) Sample Household Agro- Socio-Economic Survey; and d) Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The data and information collected are attached as Annex 1-Village Household Masterlist, Annex 2-Masterlist of Female-Headed Households, Annex 3-Masterlist of Landless Households, Annex 4- Masterlist of WUG Households, Annex 5-Village Agro-Socio-Economic Survey Results, Annex 6-Inventory of Existing Weirs, and Annex 7-Sample Household Agro-Socio-Economic Survey Results. The result of the FGD is presented in Section 2.17- Response to the Subproject, of this Report.
2.1 Subproject Location and Description
10. Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject is located in the District of Pha Oudom, Bokeo Province (Figure 2). The scheme is located east of Bokeo Provincial Center, travelling a distance of approximately 84 km by road. Most of the villagers originated from Bokeo with a few migrants from nearby provinces. The Nam Haad Left Irrigation System was constructed by the Government. The Nam Haad Left is divided into two groups: 1) Nam Haad Left Irrigation (Pung Xieng Group) of about 25 ha); and 2) Pung Hin Group with water supply from Nam Kha Irrigation System covering a total area of about 423 ha.
11. The subproject beneficiaries reside in eleven (11) villages of Pha Oudom District, Bokeo Province: 1) Pha Oudom; 2) Thinkeo; 3) Phonxay; 4) Pounglard; 5) Sibounheuang; 6) Phiengkham; 7) Xaysavang; 8) Namkha; 9) Somsavang; 10) Xayoudom; and 11) Donsavanh The subproject beneficiaries is composed of 1,389 households and a population of 7,849.
12. The existing Namkha weir was constructed with government funds along with the Namkha LMC in 1995/1996. EU provided funds in 2008 to construct the Namkha RMC. Namkha is presently irrigating about 325 ha during the wet season and about 150 to 175 ha. during the dry season benefiting about 406 HHs with 2,669 HH members. Namkha is benefitting the 11 villages mentioned above which includes the beneficiary villages of Nam Haad Left and Nam Haad Right Main Canals.
13. Under NRI Year 2, Nam Haad Left Subproject will involve the development of the Left Main Canal of the Nam Haad NRI Year 1 Subproject to irrigate about 30 ha, combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the existing Namkha Weir estimated to irrigate an estimated area of more than 400 ha for 11 villages, among which are the beneficiary villages of Nam Haad and Nam Haad Left.
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14. The rehabilitation/improvement of the Namkha scheme will include improvement of the weir intake gates, concrete lining of the main canal and provision of necessary control and regulatory structures.
15. The above development concept is a change from the originally proposed concept during the NRI PPTA of constructing the Nam Haad Weir at 5 meters high, construct the Right Main Canal (RMC) and a headgate provision for the Left Main Canal (LMC). The Left Main Canal (LMC) was planned to be extended to connect with the Namkha Main Canal and irrigate the area of Namkha. However, it was decided that it is technically and economically better to reduce the Nam Haad Weir to 2.5 meters, construct the Nam Haad RMC as before under NRI Year 1 and construct the LMC under NRI Year 2 to be combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the Namkha Weir and will be referred to as the Nam Haad Left Subproject.
16. The Nam Haad LMC will irrigate about 30 ha. The Namkha weir when rehabilitated and improved will irrigate more than 400 ha.
17. Proposed rehabilitation works for the Nam Haad Left Subproject will include the rehabilitation of the intake gates for the scheme and build new main canals. The Nam Haad Left infrastructure assistance requires new construction and/or rehabilitation of stilling basin, sluice gate, intake, main canals and turnout gates among others. The mechanisms for the existing intake gates are difficult to operate and have serious leaks. The Nam Kha Irrigation System requires construction of new main canal and rehabilitation of existing irrigation facilities and structures.
18. Besides irrigation improvement, productivity and impact enhancement initiatives will be delivered by NRI. These initiatives will comprise of compulsory and optional initiatives. The compulsory initiatives will include: (i) support for WUGs established including formulation of WUA Rules, Roles and Regulations, WUA Registration and WUA Capability Development on WUG management, financial management and operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system; and (ii) water catchment identification and zoning. The coverage and focus of the optional initiatives will be identified through consultation with the beneficiaries during the subproject detailed design stage and could be selected from production, post-harvest technologies to include processing, and the development of market linkages.
2.2 Villages Covered and Ethnicity
19. The Subproject covers eleven (11) villages located within the Phaoudom District of Bokeo Province, namely: 1) Phaoudom; 2) Phonxay; 3) Phiengkham; 4) Thinkeo; 5) Pounglard; 6) Sibounheuang; 7) Xaysavang; 8) Namkha Palao; 9) Somsavang; 10; Xayoudom; and 11) Donsavanh.
20. Two (Sibounheuang and Xaysavang are inhabited purely by Lao-Tai Ethno-Liguistic Group. Xayoduom is inhabited by Tibeto-Chinese Group. The other eight (8) villages are inhabited by two (2) different ethno-linguistic groups, Lao-Tai and Mone-Khmer. Overall, 46% of the HHs are Lao- Tai, 43% are Mone-Khmer and 11% are Hmong-Iu Mien as shown in the chart below:
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Lao-Tai Group Mone-Khmer Group Hmong-Lumien Group Tibeto-Chinese
Total 46 43 11 0 Donsavanh 2 98 0 Xayoudom 0 100 0 Somsavang 48 52 0 Namkha Palao 58 42 0 Xaysavang 100 0 Sibounheuang 100 0 Pounglard 67 33 0 Thinkeo 44 56 0 Phiengkham 9 91 0 Phonxay 13 87 0 Phaoudom 78 22 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of Total Households (%)
Figure 1. Ethnic Group Distribution
21. Most of the villages had been established from early 1940s to early 1990s. The earliest established village is Namkha Palao, established in 1812. A total of 1,381 HHs are residing in the 11 villages with a population of 7,800.
Table 1. Villages Covered and Ethnic Distribution of Households Year No. Village Ethnic Groups Established 1 Phaoudom Lao-Tai (168 HHs) and Mone-Khmer (48 HHs) 1945 2 Phiengkham Lao-Tai (13 HHs) and Mone-Khmer (87 HHs) 1994 3 Phonxay Lao-Tai (9 HHs) and Mone-Khmer (91 HHs) 1977 4 Thinkeo Lao-Tai (44 HHs) and Mone-Khmer (56 HHs) 1958 5 Pounglard Lao-Tai (67 HHs) and Mone-Khmer (33 Hss) 1945 6 Sibounheuang Lao-Tai (82 HHs) 1946 7 Xaysavang Lao-Tai (51 HHs) 1992 8 Namkha Palao Lao-Tai (65 HHs) and Mone-Khmer (47 HHs) 1812 9 Somsavang Lao-Tai (72 HHs) and Mone-Khmer (78 HHs) 1991 10 Xayoudom Hmong-Iu Mien (160 HHs) 1955 11 Donsavanh Lao-Tai (1 HH) and Mone-Khmer (62 HHs) 1985 Lao-Tai (632 HHs); Mone-Khmer (589 HHs); Hmong-Iu Total Mien (160 HHs) Source: Village Household Masterlist
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2.3 Households, Population and average of household size
22. There are 1,381 households (1,677 families) living in the eleven (11) villages with population of 7,800 comprised of 3,907 females and 3,893 males. Average household size is about 6 persons composed of 3 females and 3 males.
Table 2. Households and Population Average Household Number of HH Members Members Village No. of HH Men Men Men Total Total Total Women Women Women 1 Phaoudom 216 570 563 1,133 3 3 5 2 Phonxay 151 422 431 853 3 3 6 3 Phiengkham 95 279 278 557 3 3 6 4 Thinkeo 166 458 481 939 3 3 6 5 Pounglard 135 357 347 704 3 3 5 6 Sibounheuang 82 227 208 435 3 3 5 7 Xaysavang 51 122 129 251 2 3 5 8 Namkha Palao 112 322 322 644 3 3 6 9 Somsavang 150 434 420 854 3 3 6 10 Xayoudom 160 520 552 1,072 3 3 7 11 Donsavanh 63 196 162 358 3 3 6 Total 1,381 3,907 3,893 7,800 3 3 6 Source: Village Household Masterlist
2.4 Village Authority Structure and Village Organizations
23. Village local government is headed by a Village Chief and one to two Deputy Village Chiefs. Existing committees/organizations under the village administration are the: a) Lao National Front for Construction (LNFC) who serves as advisor and mediation group; b) Lao Women’s Union (LWU); c) Youth Committee; d) Village Security; and e) Village Army.
24. Water Users’ Groups (WUG) are established for the system (both Poung Xieng and Poung Hin group) but such needs strengthening. Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) is being collected at 30,000 kips/ha during the wet season and 60,000 kips/ha during the dry season. About 50% of farmers are paying their ISF. According to information given, the WUG is not that active.
25. Other organizations are: Domestic Water Supply Groups, Farmers’ Production Group and Road Maintenance Committee but not in all Villages
2.5 Village Facilities
26. Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject is located in Phaoudom District, Bokeo Province. The scheme is approximately 84 km east of Bokeo Provincial Center, about 2 hours travel through an all-weather dirt road passable by all types of vehicles.
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27. Seven (7) of the villages have domestic water supply, others get their domestic water supply from open wells, nearby river and stream.
28. All the villages have access to electricity and are covered by mobile phone signal. Primary and elementary schools are located in 5 of the villages and a secondary school is available at the District Center.
Table 3. Facilities Available in the Project Area Facilities (Encode "1" for every available facility in a village)
Telephone
Villages Supply Temple Temple Electricity Electricity Post Office Post Office Village Market Land Line Land Line Clinic/ Hospital Clinic/ Hospital Primary School Primary School Mobile Cell Domestic Water Secondary School School Secondary Dispensary/Health Dispensary/Health Site Coverage Elementary School Elementary
1 Pounglard 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Xayoudom 1 1 1 3 Namkha-Palao 1 1 1 1 4 Somsavang 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 Sibounheuang 1 1 1 1 6 Xaysavang 1 1 1 7 Donsavanh 1 1 8 Phaoudom 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Thinkeo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Phiengkham 1 1 11 Phonxay 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total facilities 5 5 0 7 1 2 3 11 5 3 11
29. There are no college, university or vocational institute in Phaoudom District. After completion of secondary school, children in the 11 villages study in Bokeo, Luang Namtha, Luang Prabang or at the Vientiane Capital. The most accessible developed market is found in Pha Odoum District.
30. About 91% of HHs have latrines/toilet and there are additional public toilets available in each village constructed adjacent to village meeting rooms.
31. Medical/health facilities are available at the District and Provincial Centers. Dispensaries/health clinic are also available in Nam Haad Left Subproject area.
2.6 Literacy Situation
32. Based on the Village Household Masterlist 3,858 of the 7,800 population (49.33%) are literates. The highest literacy is in Sibounheuang Village at 67%, while the lowest is in Somsavang village at 39%.
A7-6 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table 4. Literacy Situation Number of Literate Number of HH Members Members Village % No. No. No. of HH Men Men Total Total Women Women 1 Phaoudom 216 570 563 1,133 569 50 2 Phonxay 151 422 431 853 335 39 3 Phiengkham 95 279 278 557 227 41 4 Thinkeo 166 458 481 939 458 49 5 Pounglard 135 357 347 704 453 64 6 Sibounheuang 82 227 208 435 293 67 7 Xaysavang 51 122 129 251 162 65 8 Namkha Palao 112 322 322 644 319 50 9 Somsavang 150 434 420 854 481 56 10 Xayoudom 160 520 552 1,072 409 38 11 Donsavanh 63 196 162 358 152 42 Total 1,381 3,907 3,893 7,800 3,858 49
33. The total number of children attending primary and secondary school is 1,867 comprised of 995 female and 867 male. The number represents about 98% of school age children in the villages. There is no significant difference between gender of children going to school. In fact, 100% percent of female children are attending primary to secondary school compared to 95% for male children. (No data was reported for Thinkeo).
Table 5. Number Student Attending Primary to Secondary Level Education Primary to Secondary Actual Number of Children Attending Primary School Age Children to Secondary School ("Matanyom teung ("Matanyom teung Odoum Seuksa") Village Odoum Seuksa") Female Male Total Female Male Total No. No. No. No. % No. % No. % 1 Pounglard 50 60 110 50 100 60 100 110 100 2 Xayoudom 166 151 317 166 100 151 100 317 100 Namkha- 3 82 83 165 82 100 83 100 165 100 Palao 4 Somsavang 134 111 245 134 100 111 100 245 100 5 Sibounheuang 65 67 132 65 100 67 100 132 100 6 Xaysavang 20 17 37 20 100 17 100 37 100 7 Donsavanh 49 76 125 49 100 33 43 82 66 8 Phaoudom 278 219 497 278 100 219 100 497 100 9 Thinkeo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Phiengkham 102 91 193 102 100 91 100 193 100 11 Phonxay 49 40 89 49 100 40 100 89 100 Total 995 915 1,910 995 100 872 95 1,867 98
A7-7 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
34. As to ethnic distribution of children going to primary and secondary schools, 93% of Mone-Khmer children are going to school compared to 100% for Lao-Tai and Hmong-Iu Mien Groups.
Table 6. Ethnic Distribution of Children Going to Primary and Secondary Schools Primary to Secondary Actual Number of Children Attending Primary to School Age Children Secondary School ("Matanyom teung Odoum ("Matanyom teung Seuksa") Ethnic Group Odoum Seuksa") Female Male Total Female Male Total No. No. No. No. % No. % No. % Lao-Tai 554 469 1,023 554 100 469 100 1,023 100 Mone-Khmer 278 296 574 278 100 253 85 531 93 Hmong-Iu Mien 163 150 313 163 100 150 100 313 100 Total 995 915 1,910 995 100 872 95 1,867 98
35. The percentage of children attending university, college or vocational institute is at 77%, 71% for females and 82% for males. (No data is reported for Somsavang).
Table 7. Number of Children Attending College/University Overall Total College/University Actual Number of Children Attending School Age Children College/University ("Maha Witanyailai") Village ("Maha Witanyailai") Female Male Total Female Male Total No. No. No. No. % No. % No. % 1 Pounglard 5 7 12 5 100 7 100 12 100 2 Xayoudom 6 9 15 1 17 9 100 10 67 Namkha- 3 2 2 4 2 100 2 100 4 100 Palao 4 Somsavang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sibounheuang 6 3 9 3 50 1 33 4 44 6 Xaysavang 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Donsavanh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Phaoudom 8 11 19 7 88 10 91 17 89 9 Thinkeo 22 17 39 2 9 7 41 9 23 10 Phiengkham 67 70 137 67 100 70 100 137 100 11 Phonxay 8 7 15 1 13 2 29 3 20 Total 124 131 255 88 71 108 82 196 77
36. The ethnic distribution of children attending college/university (Table 8) shows that 75% of Lao-Tai children are going to school, 81% for Mone-Khmer children and 67% for Hmong-Iu Mien children. The table below also shows that less female children (71%) are sent to college/university compared to male children (82%). This trend can be observed for
A7-8 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject the particularly for the ethnic minority groups - Mone-Khmer and Hmong-Iu Mien, but not for Lao-Tai Group where 76% of female children are sent to school compared to 74% of male children.
Table 8. Ethnic Distribution of Children Attending College/University College/University Actual Number of Children Attending School Age Children College/University ("Maha Witanyailai") ("Maha Witanyailai") Ethnic Group Female Male Total Female Male Total No. No. No. No. % No. % No. % Lao-Tai 59 68 127 45 76 50 74 95 75 Mone-Khmer 59 54 113 42 71 49 91 91 81 Hmong-Iu Mien 6 9 15 1 17 9 100 10 67 Average 124 131 255 88 71 108 82 196 77
2.7 Agricultural Land and Production.
37. Based on the Village Household Masterlist the total agricultural landholding in the area is 1,614.95 ha (Table 9). Landholdings are comprised of 673.26 ha (42%) Irrigated Lowland "natee sonlapathan", 239.43 ha (15%) rainfed lowland "natee hap nampohn", 338.03 ha (21%) upland "neun soung, na hai, na peut", 78.73 ha (5%) home garden "suan koua", 13.69 ha (1%) fishpond, 78.73 ha (5%) fruit trees "suan tonmai hay mak", and 232.54 ha (14%) rubber tree. Agriculture land holding in 11 core village under Nam Haad left irrigation subproject is average of 1.19 ha per household.
Table 9. Agriculture Landholding Total Landholding (ha)
No. of Village HHs d Fruit Total Trees Home Wood Upland Garden Rainfed Fishpon Lumber/ Irrigated Lowland Lowland Trees for
1 Phaodoum 216 55.55 38.53 9.88 30.30 3.35 24.44 52.35 214.40 2 Phiengkham 151 33.27 10.00 79.81 0.69 2.00 14.48 22.65 162.90 3 Phonxay 95 42.12 8.04 21.48 3.50 2.00 12.52 35.64 125.30 4 Thinkeo 166 71.35 9.72 44.99 1.68 1.30 7.29 28.68 165.01 5 Pounglard 135 87.54 51.92 40.27 0.10 0.60 3.00 9.40 192.83 6 Sibounheuang 82 95.26 10.80 11.39 0.22 0.66 0.53 6.98 125.83 7 Xaysavang 51 36.18 10.58 6.80 0.20 0.30 0.30 1.85 56.21 8 Namkha Palao 112 75.65 19.15 26.16 0.50 0.01 0.12 2.00 123.59 9 Somsavang 150 58.48 46.94 40.73 0.00 0.35 0.30 20.50 167.30 10 Xayoudom 160 86.62 30.55 29.21 1.76 3.12 9.59 48.49 209.34 11 Donsavanh 63 31.24 3.20 27.32 0.32 0.00 6.16 4.00 72.24 Average Landholding/HH 1,381 673.26 239.43 338.03 39.27 13.69 78.73 232.54 1,614.95 % Land Distribution by Type 42 15 21 2 1 5 14 100 Source: Village Household Masterlist
38. The average agricultural landholding (Table 10) in the 11 villages is 1.17 ha/HH. The lowest average landholding is in Phaoudom and Thinkeo at 0.99 ha/HH while the highest is
A7-9 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject in Sibounheuang at 1.53 ha/HH. The landholdings, however, represents small parcels (less than 0.50 ha) of different types of lands as shown in Table 10.
Table 10. Average Agriculture Landholding Average Landholding (ha/HH)
Village Total Total Upland Upland Rainfed Irrigated Irrigated Lowland Lowland Lowland Trees for Fishpond Fishpond Fruit Trees No. of Households No. of Households Home Garden Lumber/ Wood Wood Lumber/ 1 Phaodoum 216 0.26 0.18 0.05 0.14 0.02 0.11 0.24 0.99 2 Phiengkham 151 0.22 0.07 0.53 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.15 1.08 3 Phonxay 95 0.44 0.08 0.23 0.04 0.02 0.13 0.38 1.32 4 Thinkeo 166 0.43 0.06 0.27 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.17 0.99 5 Pounglard 135 0.65 0.38 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.07 1.43 6 Sibounheuang 82 1.16 0.13 0.14 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.09 1.53 7 Xaysavang 51 0.71 0.21 0.13 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 1.10 8 Namkha Palao 112 0.68 0.17 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 1.10 9 Somsavang 150 0.39 0.31 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 1.12 10 Xayoudom 160 0.54 0.19 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.30 1.31 11 Donsavanh 63 0.50 0.05 0.43 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.06 1.15 Average Landholding/HH 1,381 0.49 0.17 0.24 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.17 1.17 Source: Village Household Masterlist
39. Production of rice, corn and other major crops are sold usually at farm and village, bought by traders from within the villages and from outside. There are some contract farming in the villages but farmers involved in such are unhappy, claiming contracts are not honored. Farmers involved in contact farming have experience of delays in payment and buying at low price.
40. Agricultural crop production related problems/issues/needs of farmers in the area include among others: 1) limited agriculture production lands; 2) insufficient and inefficient irrigation; 3) road/transportation improvement; 4) poor agriculture production technology; 5) low price of agriculture products; 6) limited traders and market for agricultural products; 7) farmers lack knowledge on marketing mechanisms; 8) no established farmers’ production groups; 9) lack of information and knowledge on contract farming; 10) lack of knowledge and experience on improved crop production technology; 11) lack of quality improved seed varieties; and 12) insect and pest infestation particularly snail, worms, grasshopper and other insects.
41. Interview of sample households reveal that most farmers using traditional rice varieties and not applying any form of fertilizer. Source of technical advices are the DAFO Staff. Factors affecting agriculture production include: 1) limited lands; 2) non-availability of improved seed varieties; 3) insufficient irrigation; 4) poor transportation; 5) low prices of products; 6) lack of capital; 7) insufficient technical know-how; 8) pests and diseases; and 9) inadequate agricultural extensions services.
42. The interview also revealed that farmers are willing to adopt improved crop production technology through establishment of village demonstration farms, teach-ins through DAFO Staff and study tours and visit of model farms. Majority of farmers (56%) do
A7-10 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject not borrow to finance their crop production. Technologies they think they need to learn are, rice production technology, upland production technology, livestock production, poultry production, water management for rice and other crops and marketing. Most farmers borrow money for agriculture production and source of borrowings are, government banks and relatives.
43. Village Level Interview reveals that rice is the major crop grown in the eleven villages both in lowland and upland areas. Some plant corn and peanuts. The average yield of irrigated rice is 4.34 tons/ha during the wet season and 4.15 tons/ha during the dry season. Average yield of rainfed rice is 2.73 tons/ha and for upland rice is 1.99 tons/ha.
44. Livestock, poultry and fish are produced in small quantities as source of food and additional income. Livestock grown are buffaloes, cattle, pigs and some goats. Poultry produced are mostly backyard chicken and ducks. Fish are grown in natural ponds and usually are of natural sources. Rarely do farmers stock fish in their ponds.
2.8 Livelihood Sources
45. As mentioned above agriculture is one of the sources of income of HHs in the area. Rice is the major crop grown with some corn and peanuts. Livestock, poultry and fish production are secondary agriculture source of income.
46. Based on the HHs Interview (Table 11), average income per household is about 21,513,869 kips/HH/year. HH income is composed of 30% from agriculture sources and 70% from non-agriculture sources. This is understandable as the villages are located near the District Center where alternative sources of income other than agriculture are available. Data shows that 71% of sample HHs are involved in agriculture and 81% are involved in non-agriculture sources. The average per capita income is 302,504 kips/person/month which is above the poverty line of 180,000 kips/person/month. The lowest income (lower than the poverty line are observed in Xaysavang, Namkha Palao and Donsavanh.
Table 11. Average Income of Sample Households 1 Per Capita Poverty Status0F , Total Income in Kips/HH/Year Income, % HHs Villages Total Kips/ Non-
Agriculture Household Person/ Status 1 2 3 Poverty Agriculture Average Income Month 1 Pounglard 22,610,000 5,060,000 27,670,000 378,005 3 30 0 70 2 Donsavanh 2,550,000 7,738,500 10,288,500 147,823 2 50 20 30 3 Xaysavang 4,827,360 5,064,600 9,891,960 128,802 2 60 0 40 4 Namkha Palao 3,669,600 5,947,000 9,616,600 133,564 2 40 30 30 5 Xayoudom 2,800,000 33,195,000 35,995,000 428,512 3 60 0 30 6 Somsavang 2,030,000 27,802,000 29,832,000 478,077 3 20 10 70 7 Sibounheuang 12,255,000 14,356,000 26,611,000 443,517 3 10 10 80 8 Phiengkham 4,720,000 18,444,700 23,164,700 268,110 3 30 10 60 9 Phonxay 5,280,000 21,770,000 27,050,000 441,993 3 20 0 70 10 Phaoudom 4,632,800 8,176,000 12,808,800 184,034 3 40 0 60 11 Thinkeo 5,514,000 18,210,000 23,724,000 359,455 3 40 10 50
1 Poverty Status: Poor or Low Income Level, household income is below 2001 poverty line income of 85,000 kips /month/person; Middle Income Level, household income is within 2005-2009 poverty line income of 85,000 to 180,000 kips per month per person; and High Income Level, income is above the 2009 poverty line of 180,000 kips per month per person
A7-11 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
1 Per Capita Poverty Status0F , Total Income in Kips/HH/Year Income, % HHs Villages Total Kips/ Non-
Agriculture Household Person/ Status 1 2 3 Poverty Agriculture Average Income Month Average Income 6,444,433 15,069,436 21,513,869 302,504 3 % of Total Income 30 70 HHs Involved 87 89 40 9 59 % HH Involved 79 81 36 8 54 Source: Sample HH Interview
47. Based on the HHs Interview (Table 12), the main sources of agriculture income are rice and livestock/poultry/fish production. Sixty-nine (69) percent of sample HHs are involved in rice production, 24% in livestock/poultry/fish production and 13% in other crops. The average HH income from agriculture is more than 6.44 Million Kips/HH/year composed of 75% rice production, 24% livestock/poultry/fish production and 14% from other crops. As mentioned earlier only 79% of HHs are involved in agriculture.
Table 12. Agriculture Income Sources Net Income in Kips per Household per Year, in Kips
Names of Livestock, Rice Other Total Household Heads Banana Poultry & Rubber Production Crops Income Fish
1 Pounglard 17,500,000 0 0 5,110,000 0 22,610,000 2 Donsavanh 2,550,000 0 0 0 0 2,550,000 3 Xaysavang 4,367,360 10,000 105,000 345,000 0 4,827,360 4 Namkha Palao 3,042,600 20,000 147,000 460,000 0 3,669,600 5 Xayoudom 2,800,000 0 0 0 0 2,800,000 6 Somsavang 1,150,000 0 330,000 550,000 0 2,030,000 7 Sibounheuang 8,020,000 15,000 20,000 4,200,000 0 12,255,000 8 Phiengkham 2,620,000 0 0 2,100,000 0 4,720,000 9 Phonxay 2,060,000 40,000 1,000,000 2,180,000 0 5,280,000 10 Phaoudom 3,738,000 0 208,000 686,800 0 4,632,800 11 Thinkeo 5,264,000 0 250,000 0 0 5,514,000 Average Income 4,828,360 7,727 187,273 1,421,073 0 6,444,433 % of Total Income 75 0 3 22 0 100 HHs Involved 76 6 14 26 0 87 % HH Involved 69 5 13 24 0 79 Source: Sample HH Interview
48. The average income of sample HHs from non-agriculture sources is about 15.07 million kips/HH/year, coming mainly from business (73%), salaries (26%) and other sources 1%. As discussed earlier, this is influenced by the fact that the villages are located near the District Center where there is available market and labor opportunities. HHs involved in business is 33%, farm labor 32%, employment 22%, sales of NTFP 16%, handicraft 12%, labor outside farm 6% and other non-agriculture sources is 15%. As mentioned earlier, 81% of HHs are involved in non-agriculture sources of income.
A7-12 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Table 13. Non-Agriculture Sources of Income Annual Household (HH) Income
Sales of Names of Farm Labor Salary as Non- Household Heads Labor for Outside Employee Total HH Timber Handicraft Business Others Other Farm and (Private or Income Forest Farmers Village Government) products
1 Pounglard 740,000 750,000 0 880,000 470,000 2,210,000 10,000 5,060,000
2 Donsavanh 974,500 0 1,656,000 240,000 68,000 1,800,000 3,000,000 7,738,500
3 Xaysavang 30,000 200,000 3,549,600 260,000 10,000 1,015,000 0 5,064,600
4 Namkha Palao 1,255,000 0 882,000 600,000 0 0 3,210,000 5,947,000
5 Xayoudom 10,000 0 0 0 735,000 32,450,000 0 33,195,000
6 Somsavang 820,000 530,000 2,360,000 10,000 0 21,450,000 2,632,000 27,802,000
7 Sibounheuang 880,000 0 1,080,000 36,000 0 12,100,000 260,000 14,356,000
8 Phiengkham 590,000 0 5,970,000 530,000 144,700 10,920,000 290,000 18,444,700
9 Phonxay 140,000 250,000 7,840,000 0 0 13,300,000 240,000 21,770,000
10 Phaoudom 620,000 410,000 906,000 0 110,000 5,300,000 830,000 8,176,000
11 Thinkeo 0 0 4,760,000 0 0 13,200,000 250,000 18,210,000
Average Income 550,864 194,545 2,636,691 232,364 139,791 10,340,455 974,727 15,069,436
% of Total Income 0.00 0.00 26 0.00 0.00 73 1 100
HHs Involved 35 7 24 18 13 33 16 89
% HH Involved 32 6 22 16 12 30 15 81 Source: Sample HH Interview
49. Household expenditures of sample HHs in Table 14 shows that the average HH expenditure is about 10.79 million kips/HH/year or 151,732 kips/person/month which is lower than the poverty line income of 180,000 kips/person/month. HH expenditures are distributed to 23% for food, 21% for house repair and improvements, 15% for education, 11% for health, 10% each for clothes and transportation and 5% each for energy and miscellaneous expenses. The average HH expenditures are lower than the HH average income. This indicates that HHs are adjusting their expenditures to within their available income.
Table 14. Average Household Expenditures Average Annual Cost Items Expenditures in Kips per Household per Year Food (Rice, etc.) 2,485,227 Education 1,620,391 Clothes 1,078,982 Medical/ Health 1,133,845 House Repair, improvements, Furnishings 2,292,216 Electricity, Lights, Cooking 497,955 Transportation 1,089,227 Others (social events, donations, entertainment, etc.) 593,227 Total Family Expenditures 10,791,071 Average Expenditures Per Capita, Kips/Person/Month 151,732
A7-13 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
2.9 Available Labor
50. Available labor in the villages is about 4,372 people composed of 2,174 males and 2,198 females. This indicates that available labor in the villages is enough for the labor requirement of the subproject. Civil works Contractors can hire local labor directly from the villages. This should be included as provision civil works contracts.
Table 15. Available Labor Total Population No. of No. of Available Labor Village Female Male Total HHs Families No. % No. % No. % Female Male Total 1 Pouanglard 136 145 382 54 322 46 704 100 253 229 482 2 Xayoudom 160 167 520 49 552 51 1,072 100 220 241 461 3 Namkha-phalao 112 132 322 50 322 50 644 100 169 170 339 4 SomSavang 150 177 432 51 422 49 854 100 255 250 505 5 SiBounHeuang 82 92 227 52 208 48 435 100 144 101 245 6 Xaisavang 52 61 122 49 129 51 251 100 71 64 135 7 Donsavanh 63 81 196 55 162 45 358 100 97 80 177 8 Phaoudom 216 264 560 49 573 51 1,133 100 362 439 801 9 Thinkeo 166 215 434 46 505 54 939 100 133 123 256 10 Phonxay 151 159 415 49 438 51 853 100 259 308 567 11 Phiengkham 93 184 279 50 278 50 557 100 211 193 404 Total 1,381 1,677 3,889 553 3,911 547 7,800 100 2,174 2,198 4,372 Source: Village Agro-Socio Economic Survey
51. Skilled Labor – The social economic survey data shows that there are 411 technically skilled people in the 11 villages. Most of them are teachers (139 persons), ratio of 2 per 100 people. Others include 38 construction workers (1/100 people), 74 skilled in handicraft (1/100 people) and 41 masons (1/100 people).
Table 16. Available Technical Skills Ratio per 100 Technical Skills Number 2 Population1F 1 Teachers 139 2 2 Doctor/Medicine/Primary health care 38 0 3 Construction 46 1 4 Irrigation 6 0 5 Agriculture 24 0 6 Veterinary 16 0 7 Forester 19 0 8 Carpenter 8 0 9 Handicraft 74 1 10 Mason 41 1 Total 411 5 Source: Village Agro-Socio-Economic Survey
2 Based on the total population of 7,800 for the 11 villages.
A7-14 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
2.10 Rice Sufficiency Situation
3 52. Rice sufficiency2F situation (Table 17) based on the Village Household Masterlist shows that 66% of households are rice sufficient or with rice surplus, 15% of household with 1- 2 months deficit; 10% of household deficit 3-4 months, and 10% deficit more than 4 months deficit. Figure 4 below shows that Donsavanh village has the most HHs with rice deficit at 59%. The best situation on rice sufficiency is in Sibounheuang where 90% of HHs are either rice sufficient or with surplus rice.
Table 17. Rice Sufficiency Situation Population Rice Sufficiency/Deficiency Situation1 (HH) Village Male Female Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total 1 Phaoudom 570 563 1,133 41 114 7 9 4 10 31 216 2 Phiengkham 422 431 853 6 77 3 12 10 16 27 151 3 Phonxay 279 278 557 18 35 5 12 9 6 10 95 4 Thinkeo 458 481 939 22 67 7 20 19 14 17 166 5 Pounglard 357 347 704 23 89 3 6 8 0 6 135 6 Sibounheuang 227 208 435 32 42 4 0 1 0 3 82 7 Xaysavang 122 129 251 13 27 10 0 0 0 1 51 8 Namkha Palao 322 322 644 24 47 7 4 10 2 18 112 9 Somsavang 434 420 854 8 90 8 29 7 4 4 150 10 Xayoudom 520 552 1,072 13 89 18 19 8 3 10 160 11 Donsavanh 196 162 358 2 24 14 9 6 3 5 63 Total 3,907 3,893 7,800 202 701 86 120 82 58 132 1,381 % Sufficiency 15% 51% 6% 9% 6% 4% 10% 100%
Percentage of Rice Situation in Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject
% Sufficiency 65% 15% 10% 10% Ban Donsavanh 41% 37% 14% 8% Ban Xayoudom 64% 23% 7% 6% Ban Somsavang 65% 25% 7% 3% 1-2 Ban Nam Kha 63% 10% 11% 16% 3-4 Ban Xaysavang 78% 20% 0%2% 5-6 Ban Sibounheuang 90% 5%1%4% 7 up Ban pounglard 83% 7% 6% 4% Ban Thinkeo 54% 16% 20% 10% Ban Phonxay 56% 18% 16% 11% Ban Phiengkham 55% 10% 17% 18% Ban Pha ou dom 72% 7% 6% 14%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Figure 2. Rice Sufficiency Situation by Village
53. Annual rice production in the area is estimated about 6,012 tons/year. The estimated rice consumption of the population is 2,808 tons/year. The rice production versus rice requirement average in the 11 villages yields a surplus of about 3,206 tons/year. Since these are estimated values, it may not be so accurate. However, this indicates that with the available area for rice production (irrigated, rainfed and upland), existing population
3 Rice sufficiency situation can be: "1" - surplus rice; "2" - rice sufficient; "3" - less than 1 month deficit; "4" - 1 to 2 months deficit; "5" - above 2 months to 3 months deficit; "6" - above 3 to 4 months deficit; "7" - more than 4 months deficit
A7-15 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject considered, the subproject area has very high potential of producing commercial amount of surplus rice that can be marketed in the nearby District Center and villages.
Table 18. Average Rice Production versus Rice Requirement Average Village Annual Rice Production for the Last 3 Years Estimated Rice Wet Season Dry Season Rice Surplus or Villages Total Annual Reqmnt, (Deficit), Total Total Prod’n Prod’n Prod’n tons/year tons/year area, area, tons tons tons has has 1 Pounglard 101.96 360.00 42.50 175.00 535.00 253.44 281.56
2 Xayoudom 123.08 331.00 15.00 62.00 393.00 385.92 7.08
3 Namkha Palao 66.64 239.00 22.00 93.00 332.00 231.84 100.16
4 Somsavang 126.06 432.00 60.00 250.00 682.00 307.44 374.56
5 Sibounheuang 179.73 595.00 50.00 210.00 805.00 156.60 648.40
6 Xaysavang 117.45 466.00 65.00 270.00 736.00 90.36 645.64
7 Donsavanh 53.56 198.00 10.00 42.00 240.00 128.88 111.12
8 Phaoudom 120.96 428.00 63.00 260.00 688.00 407.88 280.12
9 Thinkeo 146.15 469.00 30.00 125.00 594.00 338.04 255.96
10 Phiengkham 146.38 519.00 46.00 190.00 709.00 307.08 401.92
11 Phonxay 61.76 198.00 24.60 100.00 298.00 200.52 97.48 Total 1,243.73 4,235.00 428.10 1,777.00 6,012.00 2,808.00 3,204.00 Source: Village Agro-Socio Economic Survey
2.11 Poverty Situation
54. Based on the Village Household Masterlist (Tables 19 and 20), 33% of HHs are classified as poor having income below 85,000 kips/person/month. Sixty (60) percent are classified as having income between 85,000 to 180,000 kips/person/month and only 7% are having income above 180,000 kips/person/month, the 2009/2012 poverty line for rural areas.
55. On the type of houses, 43% have small houses made of local materials, 44% have houses made of combination of local and modern materials, and 13% have modern houses of concrete and roofing of tiles or galvanized iron.
Table 19. Poverty Situation Based on Village Household Masterlist (% HHs) Total Poverty Status (%) Type of Houses (%) Village Number of HHs 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 Total 1 Phaodoum 216 23 67 10 100 37 53 11 100 2 Phiengkham 151 47 52 1 100 66 27 7 100 3 Phonxay 95 47 48 4 100 52 38 11 100 4 Thinkeo 166 52 43 4 100 38 57 5 100 5 Pounglard 135 18 76 6 100 37 41 21 100 6 Sibounheuang 82 5 77 18 100 13 74 12 100 7 Xaysavang 51 10 53 37 100 41 31 27 100 8 Namkha Palao 112 35 63 2 100 63 27 10 100
A7-16 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Total Poverty Status (%) Type of Houses (%) Village Number of HHs 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 Total 9 Somsavang 150 33 58 9 100 46 36 18 100 10 Xayoudom 160 26 72 3 100 29 53 18 100 11 Donsavanh 63 63 33 3 100 62 29 10 100 Total 1,381 33 60 7 100 43 44 13 100 Source: Village HHs Masterlist
56. Based on the HH income of sample HHs in Table 11, 40% of HHs are poor, 8% are of the middle income category and 54% have income above the 2009/2012 poverty line for rural areas.
57. The above data and discussion indicates that poor HHs could be in the range of 30 to 40% of the total HHs.
58. According to the Village Masterlist data, the villages with high percentage of poor HHs, are Donsavanh (63%), Thinkeo (52%), Phiengkham (47%) and Phonxay (47%). Based on sample HHs, the villages with high percentage of poor HHs are Xayoudom (60%), Xaysavang (60%), Donsavanh (50%), Namkha Palao (40%), Phaodoum (40%) and Thinkeo (40%). Donsavanh and Thinkeo are consistently high in poor HHs in both records.
59. Data from the village level interview reported limited ownership of equipment in the area. About 33% of HHs owns 2-wheeled tractors, 17% owns small portable rice mills, very few own cars, trucks and tricycles. Household appliances consist of television for 79% of HHs, refrigerators for 30% of HHs and water pumps for 39% of HHs.
2.12 Landless Households (LLHH).
60. Based on the Village Household Masterlist, there are 180 LLHH or 13% of the total HHs. Somsavang has the highest incidence of LLHH at 27%, the lowest is Donsavanh at 3%.
61. Comparison of the incidence of LLHHs versus rice deficit HHs and poor HHs from the Village HHs Masterlist shows that the incidence of rice deficit and poor HHs is much higher than the LLHHs. Table 22 shows that LLHHs is 13% of total HHs while rice deficit HHs and poor HHS are 35% and 33% respectively. It must be noted that the average ownership of irrigated lands, rainfed lands and uplands are below 0.50 ha/HH, and hence, HHs sources of income as discussed earlier, are from agriculture as well as non-agriculture income sources.
Table 20. Landless Household versus Rice Deficit and Poor Households HHs with Rice No. of Landless HH Poor Households Deficits Village HHs % HHs % HHs % Village HH Total No. of
1 Phaodoum 216 36 17 61 28 50 23
2 Phiengkham 151 15 10 68 45 71 47
3 Phonxay 95 11 12 42 44 45 47
4 Thinkeo 166 19 11 77 46 87 52
5 Pounglard 135 14 10 23 17 24 18
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HHs with Rice No. of Landless HH Poor Households Deficits Village HHs % HHs % HHs % Village HH Total No. of
6 Sibounheuang 82 5 6 8 10 4 5
7 Xaysavang 51 5 10 11 22 5 10
8 Namkha Palao 112 10 9 41 37 39 35
9 Somsavang 150 40 27 52 35 50 33
10 Xayoudom 160 23 14 58 36 41 26
11 Donsavanh 63 2 3 37 59 40 63
Total 1,381 180 13 478 35 456 33 Note: Rice deficits of less than 1 month to more than 4 months; Poor HHs are category 1 - income below 85,000 kips/person/month.
62. The poverty situation of LLHHs shows that 40% are having rice deficit of less than one to more than 4 months and 35% are poor having income less than 85,000 kips/person/month. The table also shows that 64% of the LLHHs are of the Lao-Tai ethnic group, 23% are Mone-Khmer and 13% are Hmong-Iu Mien.
Table 21. Poverty Situation of Landless Households
Rice Sufficiency/Deficiency Situation1 Poverty Status2 Ethno-Linguistic Group / (%) (%) Tribe (%)
Village
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 Group Group Group LLHH, % of Total Mone-Khmer Lao-Tai Group Hmong-Iu Mien Mien Hmong-Iu Tibeto-Chinese
1 Phaodoum 17 17 39 8 3 3 8 22 33 56 11 92 8 0 0
2 Phiengkham 10 0 33 0 13 0 0 53 47 53 0 47 53 0 0
3 Phonxay 12 27 55 0 9 0 0 9 55 36 9 18 82 0 0
4 Thinkeo 11 5 42 11 11 16 0 16 58 42 0 58 42 0 0
5 Pounglard 10 0 57 7 7 7 0 21 50 50 0 93 7 0 0
6 Sibounheuang 6 40 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 40 100 0 0 0
7 Xaysavang 10 20 50 10 0 0 0 30 40 60 0 100 0 0 0
8 Namkha Palao 9 10 83 13 0 0 3 3 15 75 10 80 20 0 0
9 Somsavang 27 0 83 13 0 0 3 3 48 48 4 78 23 0 0
10 Xayoudom 14 4 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 0 100 0
11 Donsavanh 3 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 100 0 0
Total 13 8 52 8 6 4 3 19 36 57 7 64 23 13 0
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2.13 Female-Headed Households (FHHs)
63. Of the total households in the 11 villages, there are 100 FHHs or 7% of the total households. In terms of rice sufficiency, about 47% of FHHs are rice sufficient or with surplus rice, the remaining 53% HHs are having rice deficit of less than one to more than 4 months. The villages with high percentage of HHs with rice deficits are Phiengkham (75%), Xaysavang (71%), Namkha Palao (71%), Somsavang (67%), Thinkeo (54%) and Phonxay (50%).
Table 22. Female-Headed Household Poverty Profile FHHs, Rice Sufficiency/Deficiency Situation1 (%) Total % of Village FHHs Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HHs
1 Phaodoum 12 6 8 58 0 0 0 8 25 2 Phiengkham 12 8 0 25 0 25 17 8 25 3 Phonxay 12 13 33 17 0 8 0 8 33 4 Thinkeo 13 8 31 15 8 15 8 15 8 5 Pounglard 13 10 8 46 8 8 15 0 15 6 Sibounheuang 8 10 38 38 13 0 0 0 0 7 Xaysavang 2 4 0 14 0 0 14 0 57 8 Namkha Palao 7 6 14 14 0 0 14 0 57 9 Somsavang 11 7 0 33 17 33 17 0 0 10 Xayoudom 6 4 0 75 25 0 0 0 0 11 Donsavanh 4 6 0 75 25 0 0 0 0 Overall Percentage 100 7 14 33 7 15 7 7 17 Source: Village Household Masterlist
64. Of the 100 FHHs 58% or 58 HHs are categorized as poor having income of less than 80,000 kips/person/month. The highest incidence of poor FHHs are in Thinkeo (85%), Phonxay (83%), Namkha Palao (73%), Xaysavang (71%) and Phiengkham (58%). Of the FHHs, 58% are Mone-Khmer, 36% are Lao-Tai and 6% are Hmong Iu Mien.
Table 23. Poverty Situation of Female-Headed Households Poverty Status2 (%) Ethno-Linguistic Group / Tribe (%) Total No. of Lao- Mone- Hmong- Village Number Tibeto- HH, % 1 2 3 Tai Khmer Lumien of HH Chinese Group Group Group
1 Phaodoum 12 6 42 42 17 58 42 0 0
2 Phiengkham 12 8 58 42 0 8 92 0 0
3 Phonxay 12 13 83 17 0 0 100 0 0
4 Thinkeo 13 8 85 8 8 38 62 0 0
5 Pounglard 13 10 46 46 8 38 62 0 0
6 Sibounheuang 8 10 13 75 13 100 0 0 0
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Poverty Status2 (%) Ethno-Linguistic Group / Tribe (%) Total No. of Lao- Mone- Hmong- Village Number Tibeto- HH, % 1 2 3 Tai Khmer Lumien of HH Chinese Group Group Group
7 Xaysavang 2 4 71 14 14 100 0 0 0
8 Namkha Palao 7 6 73 18 9 57 43 0 0
9 Somsavang 11 7 33 50 17 36 64 0 0
10 Xayoudom 6 4 25 75 0 0 0 100 0
11 Donsavanh 4 6 25 75 0 0 100 0 0
Overall Percentage 100 7 58 34 8 36 58 6 0
2.14 Gender
65. Of the total population 7,800 people in 11 Villages under Nam Haad Left subproject, there are 3,907 female (50%) and 7,893 male (50%). Average of household size is 6 persons, 3 females and 3 males.
66. The heads/chiefs of the Village Administration Committees are headed by men except the Lao Women Union being an organization of women. There are a female representation in the Executive Committees of the village administration in one to two villages, for Lao National Front for Construction (LNFC), the Lao Youth Union (LYU) and Village Security. Similar situation exists for the village organizations such as WUG, Domestic Water Supply Group, Farmers’ Production Groups and Road Maintenance Committee.
67. The members of the Executive Committee of the existing WUG of the irrigation system are all men but the membership is composed of 72% men and 28% women.
68. Based on the results of the sample household interviews, most of the household works are dominantly performed by women except house repair which is considered as role of men. Earning money and fetching water are seen as more of a shared responsibility.
Table 24. Percent Responses of Sample Households on Household Work Distribution by Gender Responses (%) Household Works/Responsibilities Male Female Both 1 Financial budgeting and management 11 59 30 2 Money earner 31 14 55 3 Keeper of HH money 8 83 9 4 Marketing 6 65 29 5 Child rearing 3 55 42 6 Cooking 2 66 32 7 Washing clothes and dishwashing 0 80 20 8 Housekeeping 1 84 15 9 House repair/construction 84 10 6 10 Fire wood gathering 40 20 40
A7-20 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Responses (%) Household Works/Responsibilities Male Female Both 11 Fetching water 17 30 53 Average 18 51 30 Source: Sample Household Agro-Socio-Economic Survey
69. Distribution of agriculture production works by Gender in Table 25 shows that male dominates land preparation, irrigation, fertilizer application, pesticide/herbicide application, and hauling/transport. All other works are seen as shared responsibilities between men and women.
Table 25. Percent Responses of Sample Households on Agriculture Work Distribution by Gender Responses (%) Household Works/Responsibilities Male Female Both 1 Land preparation 88 0 12 2 Irrigation 85 3 13 3 Buying inputs 31 24 45 4 Seed Sowing and Nursery 15 30 55 5 Pulling seedlings 17 37 45 6 Planting/transplanting 6 45 49 7 Weeding 14 13 74 8 Fertilizer application 57 3 40 9 Pesticide/herbicide application 61 4 35 10 Harvesting 16 5 78 11 Threshing 27 12 61 12 Hauling/Transport 55 10 35 13 Drying 11 22 67 14 Milling 44 15 42 15 Livestock management 39 14 47 16 Poultry management 7 39 54 17 Selling production 6 35 59 Average 34 18 48
70. Decision-making responsibilities based on the results of sample household interview shows that these are considered shared responsibilities between men (husband) and women (wife) as shown in Table below.
Table 26. Percent Responses of Sample Households on the Distribution of Decision- Making Responsibilities between Females and Males Responses (%) Decision-Making Responsibilities Male Female Both 1 Budget allocation 22 12 66
A7-21 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
Responses (%) Decision-Making Responsibilities Male Female Both 2 Education of children 11 10 79 3 Crops to plant 33 13 55 4 Livestock to raise 33 7 60 5 Equipment to buy 37 6 56 6 Home appliances to buy 8 35 56 Total 24 14 62
2.15 Community Needs and Problems
71. The result from consultation meeting with villages on 15 July 2012 in Ban Thinkeo by GIC, NPMO, PPO and DPO Staff, summarizes the needs and problems of the villages in relation to the proposed subproject.
Table 27. Results of Village Consultation Meeting, Ban Thinkeo, Phaodoum District, 15 July 2012 Problems Causes Solutions a. Insufficiency water Storage basin of the weir filled by Rehabilitation and build new for paddy field sand main canals (Nam Haad left (particularly Nam Sluice gate damaged, cannot side) are required (Basin, Kha area) operate properly. sluice gate, intake, main Canal leak, canal turnout gate canal, canal turnout gate and damaged and etc... etc..,). Shifting cultivation of upstream of Establish WUG including catchments area is affected to develop rule, role, regulation, insufficiency water source of left farmer registration and side Nam Haad Irrigation system adopting. (Nam Kha River). Improvement of WUG Not appropriate Operation and capacity building such as Maintenance. WUG management, financial WUG were established not accounting and Operation function and no appropriate and maintenance. water collection fee, none rule Consultation with district and regulation appropriate offices concern to develop adopted. catchments management plan and adopting. b. Limit market for Limit trader, and trader compress Establishing FPG selling agriculture price as well as low rice price Training, exchange production and low Lack of knowledge of marketing experience and marketing price (rice, beam, mechanism. study. watermelon). None of farmer production group Support farmer on the and contract farming. knowledge of contract None contract farming and Lack farming of information and knowledge of Marketing study before contract farming. cropping Rice product quality not good c. Low rice production Insufficiency of water for paddy Demonstrate of HYV and – Low yield (both rice field (particularly Poung Hine training on new agriculture rainy season and part) technique dry season Farmer use only local varieties. Training on pest and weed cropping) control
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Problems Causes Solutions None high yield variety (HYV) Lack of new agriculture technique Pest attack (snail and caterpillar, grasshopper and etc...) d. Lack of basic All villages women and men Lack Gender development training concept of gender of Gender development concept to Villages Authorities development Lack of concept of rural Basic concept of gender development development awareness Women still work hard, no time to raising to all men and take care themselves women in the village Develop and training basic concept of rural development e. Lack of agriculture Insufficient new appropriate Support demonstration and technical knowledge technique of rice growing training of agriculture (particularly rice (particularly HYV technique). technique growing and other Farmer study tour, and dry season growing) exchange villages experience f. Low of other dry Lack of job for women Gender animal raising to all season incomes women poor vulnerable and indigenous people
2.16 Existing System and Infrastructure Related Concerns
71. Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject is located in the District of Pha Oudom, Bokeo Province. The scheme is located east of Bokeo Provincial Center, travelling a distance of approximately 84 km by road. Most of the villagers originated from Bokeo with a few migrants from nearby provinces.
72. The Nam Haad Left Irrigation System was constructed by the Government. It is referred to as Nam Haad Left because it is composed of the left intake of the Nam Haad Weir (Year 1 NRI Subproject). The Nam Haad Left is divided into two groups: 1) Nam Haad Left Irrigation (Pung Xieng Group) of about 25 ha); and 2) Pung Hin Group with water supply from Nam Kha Irrigation System covering a total area of about 423 ha.
73. The subproject beneficiaries reside in eleven (11) villages of Pha Oudom District, Bokeo Province: 1) Pha Oudom; 2) Thinkeo; 3) Phonxay; 4) Pounglard; 5) Sibounheuang; 6) Phiengkham; 7) Xaysavang; 8) Namkha; 9) Somsavang; 10) Xayoudom; and 11) Donsavanh The subproject beneficiaries is composed of 1,389 households and a population of 7,849.
74. Under NRI Year 2, Nam Haad Left Subproject will involve the development of the Left Main Canal of the Nam Haad NRI Year 1 Subproject to irrigate about 30 ha, combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the existing Namkha Weir estimated to irrigate an estimated area of more than 400 ha for 11 villages, among which are the beneficiary villages of Nam Haad and Nam Haad Left.
75. The rehabilitation/improvement of the Namkha scheme will include improvement of the weir intake gates, concrete lining of the main canal and provision of necessary control and regulatory structures.
76. The above development concept is a change from the originally proposed concept during the NRI PPTA of constructing the Nam Haad Weir at 5 meters high, construct the
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Right Main Canal (RMC) and a headgate provision for the Left Main Canal (LMC). The Left Main Canal (LMC) was planned to be extended to connect with the Namkha Main Canal and irrigate the area of Namkha. However, it was decided that it is technically and economically better to reduce the Nam Haad Weir to 2.5 meters, construct the Nam Haad RMC as before under NRI Year 1 and construct the LMC under NRI Year 2 to be combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the Namkha Weir and will be referred to as the Nam Haad Left Subproject.
77. The water supply at the Namkha and the Nam Haad during the visit are observed/estimated to be very dependable looking at the water flow and based on feedback of the DAFO and the Villagers.
78. The Nam Haad LMC will irrigate about 30 ha. The Namkha weir when rehabilitated and improved will irrigate more than 400 ha.
79. The existing Namkha weir was constructed with government funds along with the Namkha LMC in 1995/1996. EU provided funds in 2008 to construct the Namkha RMC. Namkha is presently irrigating about 325 ha during the wet season and about 150 to 175 ha. during the dry season benefiting about 406 HHs with 2,669 HH members. Namkha is benefitting the 11 villages mentioned above which includes the beneficiary villages of Nam Haad Left and Nam Haad Right Main Canals.
80. A WUG was organized in Namkha after its construction. However, the WUG now is inactive and the O&M of the system is mainly led by a WUG head with the supervision of the Village Chiefs and DAFO Staff.
81. The irrigated farmers do canal repair and clearing once every season with each benefited household contributing one labor per day of work. A HH which cannot send labor is required to pay 25,000 kips per day of work.
82. Irrigation Fee is collected from irrigated farmers at the rate of: 1) 30,000 Kips per hectare during the wet season; 2) 60,000 kips per hectare during the dry season. Irrigation Fee collection efficiency is reported at about 50%. The main reasons of farmers for not paying are unsatisfactory supply of irrigation water to their farms and low yield. Unpaid Fees are listed as back account but these are not charged with interest.
83. Collected Fees are allocated as follows:
10% = WUG Administration Expenses 10% = WUG Executive Committee 10% = Remitted to DAFO 20% = Payment for the Finance/Collection Officer 50% = Allotted for O&M of the scheme
Current cash balance reported by the WUG is about 3.00 Million for O&M
84. The cropping system is mainly rice-rice in the irrigated areas for both seasons and rice-peanut for some areas that can’t be irrigated during the dry season. The yield of rice is reported at about 3.8 to 4.20 tons/ha. Farmers are using traditional varieties sourced from their harvest. Rice are sold in the village to local traders at 2,000 kips per kilo. Peanut yield is reported at about 3 tons/ha and sold at 3,000 kips/kilo to local traders. Farmers usually do not use fertilizer and chemicals.
85. Although the WUG is reported to be inactive/weak, they informed that they are practicing rotation of irrigated area during the dry season when the water from the river is
A7-24 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject low. Planting is rotated yearly by main canal, i.e., LMC area for 175 has in 2012 and RMC for 150 ha this year (2013).
86. The system rehabilitation/improvement is expected not to require acquisition of lands for right-of-ways nor will impact on crops/trees and existing permanent structures. It is very unlikely that the irrigation improvement/rehabilitation works will result to: a) loss of land; b) loss of houses/structures; c) loss of crops and trees; d) loss of common property resources; e) cases of economic resettlement; and f) effects on vulnerable people. However, this should be carefully checked during the project survey and design phase to determine if such effects will not happen. Mitigation measures must be planned for any effect that will be determined and should form part of the project Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and/or Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).
87. The irrigation system will be turned-over for management, operation and maintenance (MOM) by the WUG after completion of the rehabilitation works. The existing WUG needs to be strengthened and registered as Water Users’ Association (WUA) to be able to have the capability to legally, technically and financially operate and maintain the irrigation system. The practice of the WUG on the collection of water fees (if any) will be evaluated with the WUG to determine and agree on appropriate rates enough to support the funding requirement of operating and maintaining the irrigation system sustainable.
88. For the sustainable operation of the irrigation system, it is necessary to strengthen the WUG through provision of appropriate trainings, formulate roles, rules and regulations, and develop policies on O&M of the irrigation system (WUG management training, water use, water fees, fines and penalties, etc., and the regular technical assistance and monitoring of the DAFO.
2.17 Response to the Proposed Subproject
89. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held with women and men, FHHs and LLLHHs for each village. Participants to the FGDs as well as Village Authorities consulted expressed agreement and support to the implementation of the subproject. The results of the FGD are presented in Table 28.
90. The FGD participants perceive the following subproject benefits:
a. improved crop production; b. higher crop yield and production; c. increased income; d. expansion of agricultural land e. Improved living condition
91. However, the FGD participants are concerned with the following potential impacts of the subproject construction:
Table 28. Perceived Potential Impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures Potential Impacts Suggested Mitigation Measures Training of construction workers
1. Impact of outside workers Formulation and issuance of rules and regulations for workers on the people particularly women, morality, culture Coordination between the Project and Village Authorities and tradition in the area Information of Village Authorities for them to be able to inform the villagers
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Potential Impacts Suggested Mitigation Measures Proper planning and implementation of construction works 2. Impact of project construction on lands and Coordination between the Project and Village Authorities environment due to Information of Village Authorities for them to be able to inform the potential dumping of waste villagers material and acquisition of lands for right-of-way Construction waste materials must be collected and dumped in designated areas
3. Potential resettlement of Information of Village Authorities for them to be able to inform the village to give way to crop villagers production Consultation/negotiation with affected households
92. The concerns on impact of subproject construction on land and environment will be addressed by the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) that will be developed for the Subproject.
93. The concern on outside labor workers coming into the area can be resolved by hiring the requirement of construction labor directly from available labor in the villages. Available labour in the eleven (11) villages has a total of 4,372 composed of 2,174 females and 2,198 males. This number is more than enough to support the labor requirement of the subproject construction. It is specified in the NRI Project Grant Agreement that bidding documents financed under the Project shall include provisions to ensure contractors' preferential hiring of local labour and to comply with the Recipient's Labour Law and labour regulations including guaranteeing equal opportunities for female workers to work with the principle of equal pay for work of equal value.
3. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT/ANALYSIS
3.1 Socio – Economic Conditions
94. The social environment of the proposed subproject is potentially very supportive to the implementation of the Subproject.
95. The proposed subproject involves improvement of an existing irrigation system and potentially will not require land acquisition for right-of-way nor will impact on existing crops and structures. The impact of the project construction on the environment, land crops and assets (if any) will be determined jointly with the villages and will be mitigated by the preparation and implementation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) during the detailed engineering phase of the subproject.
96. Agricultural crop production is a major source of income in the area. The subproject will provide improvements on the system which will promote better agricultural production within the village covered by the proposed subproject.
97. Informal Water Users’ Groups is existing in the area, composed of households using irrigation water. The organization and development of a formal Water Users’ Group to be registered as Water Users’ Association (WUA) will build upon these existing groups. The WUG capability will be developed for the MOM of the Irrigation System.
98. There is more than sufficient available labor in the eleven (11) villages. Contractors should hire local labour for their labour requirements. This is specified in the NRI Project
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Grant Agreement.
99. Significant number of households has rice deficits (34% of HHs) and poor (about 40%), LLHHs (13%), and FHHs (7%) in Nam Haad Left Irrigation subproject. Hiring of labor as well as the implementation of associated initiatives must prioritize these sectors.
100. The role of women in village administration units and organizations needs to be promoted as the leadership of these are still dominated by males. In support to the recognition on the role of women, extension services like livelihood programs for poor households particularly for women can be planned as one of the activities in the associated initiatives that will be implemented for the subproject.
101. Literacy is somewhat low. This will be a challenge in the conduct of village consultations, meetings and trainings. The use of adult training methods that promotes two- way communication is important. Visuals, plain simple language and local dialects must be utilized. Resource persons and/or facilitators must be those who can speak the dialects (language) in the area. There are village teachers who can be invited to help during subproject consultation, meetings and trainings to help in improving communication.
3.2 Social Impact
102. The proposed subproject has the following potential impacts:
a. Increase household income and hence, reduce poverty; b. improvement of the economic conditions of beneficiary households due to: a) improved irrigation water availability in irrigated areas; b) increase in irrigated area in both season; c) increase rice yield and production; d) promote production of high value crops during the dry season; and e) increase in income; c. Generate additional demand for hired labour due to increase in crop production activities in the area for two seasons; and d. Promote a more active economy for the villages due to increased production of rice and other crops, increased household income, potential commercialization of rice surplus and high value crops, and demand for production inputs.
3.3 Recommendations
103. The poor and landless households (LLHHs) especially of the ethnic minorities and female headed households (FHHs) must be made priority in the hiring of labour during the construction of the subproject. It is specified in the NRI Project Grant Agreement that bidding documents financed under the Project shall include provisions to ensure contractors' preferential hiring of local labour and to comply with the Recipient's Labour Law and labour regulations including guaranteeing equal opportunities for female workers to work with the principle of equal pay for work of equal value. Construction contracts must specify this as a provision. During the O&M stage of the subproject, the landless households will be benefited by the generation of additional demand for farm labor brought about by the increase in cropping activities in the area.
104. Regular consultation and/or coordination meetings between the Project and the Village Authorities and Stakeholders from the planning to implementation of the Subproject to determine and resolve issues and problems.
105. The Environmental Management Plan must include strategies of stocking, collection and disposal of waste materials during construction.
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106. Although it is unlikely that the subproject will impact on lands, assets and crops. This must be jointly determined with the villages during the detailed engineering phase of the subproject. If it will be necessary, a Resettlement action Plan must be developed and implemented before the start of construction works for the subproject.
107. The organization and development of the WUG and FPG must promote women and ethnic minority representation in the WUG and FPG Executive Committee, and for women to represent the household in WUG meetings and trainings.
108. The equal involvement of men, women and ethnic minorities in subproject activities particularly during meetings and consultations should be promoted.
109. Literacy is somewhat low. During meetings, consultations and trainings, the use of visuals and local dialect must be promoted. Meeting and training facilitation must be conducted by Project Staff who can speak the local language. Teachers in the locality can be invited to help in improving communication during discussions. Study tours where sharing with other farmers and actual observation of improved technologies can be done must be adopted as a good training methodology. Particular concern must be given to Phaoudom which has the lowest literacy and composed of ethnic minorities.
4. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND GENDER ACTION PLANS
110. Based on the foregoing conclusions and recommendations an Indigenous People’s Action Plan and Gender Action Plan are prepared and attached to this SIA Report.
111. Based on Lao National Assembly decision No. 213 issued 24 November 2008 4 concerning the ethnic Lao group classification3F . The term “ethnic minorities” is used to classify the non-Lao speaking ethnic groups, while the term “indigenous peoples” is not used in the Lao PDR. Groups of non-Tai Kadai speaking peoples will be identified as ethnic groups for the purposes of the Project. The Indigenous People’s Plan (IPPs) will be consideration be “ETHNIC GROUPS DEVELOPMENT PLAN” and defines mechanisms for inclusion and benefits for ethnic minority groups. Particular concern must be given to the villages of poorest villages.
112. The principles of the Gender Action Plan (GAP) are: (i) equality of project benefits and opportunity sharing between men and women; (ii) systematic approach to reduce gender inequalities in the project areas; (iii) targeted approach for women of ethnic minorities, (iv) collection of gender disaggregated data including benefit monitoring and evaluation; and (v) increased representation of women in decision-making bodies at all levels. The gender action plan elements are based on the principles and are in response to constraints faced by women as demonstrated in the social and gender analysis done during the PPTA.
4.1 Ethnic Group People Concerns and Issues
113. The HHs of the 11 villages are composed of 46% Lao-Tai Group, 43% Mone-Khmer and 12% Hmong Iu-Mien. majority of the ethnic group population are covered of 58% which
4 According to the Lao National Assembly Agreement No. 213, Lao people have been classification be 4 main groups based to the ethno-linguistic classification, Lao-Tai speaking group, Mone-Khmer speaking group, Hmong-Iu Mien speaking group, and Tibeto-Chinese speaking group).
A7-28 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject is comprised of Mone–Khmer (46%) and Hmong-Iu Mien Group (12%).
114. As discussed earlier, the subproject will enable increased agricultural productivity in the area through increased reliability of water supply and improved production technologies. For vulnerable ethnic minority households the main benefits from the project will be in the form of increased opportunity for employment both through construction activities and through increased demand for farm labor from intensification of cropping. It is foreseen that increased wealth in the general community will enhance general commercial opportunities, which also have potential for benefiting poor households and especially vulnerable ethnic minorities directly and indirectly through increased demand for private sector employment. There is widespread support for the subproject including from poor ethnic minority groups and will not be a disadvantage to ethnic minorities.
4.2 Gender Concerns and Issues
115. The leadership and executive committees of village administration units and organizations are dominated by men. The role women perform at home, in agriculture production and in decision-making indicates the importance of involving women in community development activities. Hence, the promotion of women representation in the village administration and in people’s organization such as the WUG and Farmers’ Production Group (FPG) must be pursued.
116. Female Headed Households (FHHs) especially the poor HHs in this sector must be given priority in the planning and implementation of associated initiatives for the subproject. It will be advantageous if programs on establishment of alternative sources of income such as handicraft, poultry and livestock production for women can be included in the associated initiatives of the subproject.
4.3 Capacity Building
96. A range of capacity building activities will be conducted for both subproject implementers and subproject beneficiaries with the representation of women, men and ethnic minorities.
4.4 Grievance Redress Mechanism
97. The Lao National Front for Construction (LNFC) represents ethnic minority groups and at village level also head up the Village Mediation Committee. Villagers respect the LNFC members and often turn first to them for assistance on both domestic and civil matters. Assistance will be provided for training of the Committees where this has not already occurred through the current program being implemented by the Bokeo Provincial Department of Justice. An information campaign will be conducted to ensure that all community members understand the revised role and responsibilities of the Mediation Committees.
4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation
98. All monitoring data will be disaggregated by ethnicity (using the four standard ethno linguistic groupings), gender and age (the latter where feasible and appropriate). Six monthly progress reports are to provide information on indigenous people and gender participation, training and employment targets with an emphasis on identification of constraints and appropriate remedial actions. Impact of the subproject will be measured through repeat application of the socio-economic and gender surveys prior to completion of the overall Project.
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4.5 Institutional Arrangements
99. The overall subproject institutional and implementation arrangements are detailed in the main document. Specifically for the IPP, international and national IP/Gender/ Community Development Specialists will be part of the NPMO with inputs and TOR as per the Project Administration Manual (PAM). Safeguard specialists are included in the government teams at national and provincial levels with responsibilities for implementation of the Ethnic Group Development Plan (or IPPs at the RRP) and GAPs. At district level a Community Development Officer (CDO) in the Provincial Project Office (PPO) will have day to day responsibility for implementation of the IPP. These officers will undergo intensive training at project commencement in community development.
4.6 Budget and Financing
10. Estimated implementation costs are set out and financed from the Grant. More detailed budgets will need to be developed at implementation.
4.7 Activities, Timing, Responsibilities and Budget
101. The IPP (Table 29) and the GAP (Table 30) are based on the Indigenous People’s Planning Framework (IPPF) and Project Gender Action Plan (PGAP) respectively. They should be read and implemented in conjunction with each other. Detailed budgets, schedules and training details to be developed as part of Detailed Design phase. Costs included in the table are estimates only and where capacity building is for a wider audience (i.e. part of Province start up training) these costs are not included here.
A7-30 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject Table 29. Focus Group Discussion Results Perceived Negative impacts Problems/Issues/Need Group Perceived Village Response to Mitigation measures Subproject Benefits Subproject Impacts Mitigation Problems/Issues/ needs and/or Associated Initiative Female The villagers will No No No No group agree benefit from irrigation for agriculture and livestock Male group Increased income Resettlement of Affected Resettlement of AHH must be agree from agriculture village to another households households to new appropriately location for (AHH) must be areas. compensated increasing compensated Bad planning of Stakeholders irrigated and supported resettlement consultations on agriculture land to move their planning and house implementation of Affected HH resettlement must be allocated with land Female: Improve crop No No No group agree production and support Increased income of local people Male Group Agricultural activity No No Coordination between agree can be carried out the project and village in time authorities Higher yield Increased income Increased agriculture land due to better irrigation system i Female Crop production in No No. Social and cultural Set up the regulation group agree both wet and dry issues that may arise or rule to the worker season due to project workers Increased hired outside the village
A7-31 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 7 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad-Left Bank Irrigation Subproject Perceived Negative impacts Problems/Issues/Need Group Perceived Village Response to Mitigation measures Subproject Benefits Subproject Impacts Mitigation Problems/Issues/ needs and/or Associated Initiative production particularly on local Increased income women for local people
Male group Growing different f No. No. A number of irrigated The project should agree crops in both agriculture land might be prepare good seasons affected by construction implementation plan Improve the of canal Negotiation for the income of right-of-way of canal. households e Female Increased No No Project workers during The Project must group agree production construction might introduce strategies to and support impact on culture and control this, i.e., hiring the project tradition of the village local labor instead of outsiders Formulation and strict implementation of rules and regulations for workers Male group Increased No No Some small pieces of Participation of the strongly production and agriculture land might be local people in the agree income affected implementation of the Flooding of farms project would be good approach Improvement of drainage system is necessary
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Table 30. Ethnic Group Development Plan (EGDP) or IPP Activities, Timing, Responsibilities and Budget
Project Components Indicators/ Activities/ requirements Timing Responsibility Estimated Budget Output 1: Selection criteria for subprojects to ensure the use of local Contracting NPMO / Safeguard Nil required labour and avoidance of construction camps. Specialists Productivity enhancing rural infrastructure Safe working conditions for both men and women workers. Contracting and NPMO and PAFO Nil required rehabilitated and/or Local contractors will not employ child labor. Equal pay for construction constructed. women and men for work of equal type. Nil required Local contractors will preferentially employ members Construction NPMO and PAFO (women and men) from poor ethnic minority households in construction work. This has to be written as a provision in Construction Contracts. (Particular attention must be given to the villages of eleven (11) which has the highest incidence of poor households in the coverage of the subproject). Output 2: Capacity building training to enable participation in Implementation Safeguard specialists From “Investment subproject and community decision-making in a Costs” $2,000. Associated initiatives meaningful way delivered in local language and using executed to enhance appropriate methodology for the 3 village communities. the impact from, and sustainability of Representation of ethnic minority group in Water Users Implementation PPO Safeguard Nil required investments in rural Groups specialists infrastructure Representation of ethnic minority groups on all subproject Implementation PPO Safeguard Nil required management committees (marketing initiatives, production specialists groups and etc.).
Extension services designed for and delivered to ethnic Implementation PPO Safeguard From “Investment minority groups including upland farmers. specialists Costs” $2,000.
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Project Components Indicators/ Activities/ requirements Timing Responsibility Estimated Budget Output 3: Safeguard (IPP) training for implementing agencies at Project Safeguard specialists From “Capacity national, provincial and district levels (i.e. PMO, PPOs and commencement Building in capacities strengthened other stakeholders). implementation” for national, provincial and district agencies Training provided to provincial staff to enable effective Project Safeguard specialists towards a program- monitoring of the IPP commencement and Nil required – on the based approach for on Going job development partner assistance Capacity building for the Village Mediation Committees (as Project PPO Safeguard From “investment per provided by Dept. of Justice) and dissemination of the commencement specialists / Prov. costs” $2,000. role of the Committee to ensure widespread Dept. of Justice understanding.
Capacity building for village and district level committees Implementation PPO Safeguard From “investment of the Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC) to specialists / costs” $2,000. promote the rights and needs of ethnic minority groups in Provincial LFNC the subproject area.
Coordination with local education office for programs to Implementation PPO/DCO Nil required improve literacy/numeracy for adults/indigenous people in the locality, i.e., adult literacy/numeracy classes utilizing teachers in local schools.
Output 4: All monitoring and evaluation data disaggregated by ethnic Project NPMO / M&E Nil required minority groupings (3 ethno-linguistic groupings). commencement and Specialists Efficient implementation on-going of project and sub- NPMO and PPO monitor and report on IPP performance projects indicators, including ethnic minority participation, training Implementation NPMO / M&E Nil required and employment targets in six monthly progress reports Specialists
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Table 31 Gender Action Plan, Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject
Project Components Indicators/ Activities/ requirements Timing Responsibility Estimated Budget Output 1: Selection criteria for subprojects should ensure the use of Contracting NPMO / Safeguard Nil required local labor and avoid construction camps. Specialists Productivity enhancing rural infrastructure Hiring of local labor for construction made a provision in Contracting and NPMO and PAFO Nil required rehabilitated and/or Construction Contracts to avoid entry of workers from Construction constructed outside the beneficiary villages
Safe working conditions for both men and women workers. Local contractors will not employ child labor. Construction NPMO and PAFO Nil required
Local contractors will employ at least 30% women in construction/ rehabilitation and labor-intensive Construction NPMO and PAFO Nil required maintenance. Equal pay for men and women for work of equal type. Priority targets must be the poor FHHs. Output 2: Province Sub-CAW and PAFO NCAW provide training to Implementation Safeguard specialists From ‘Investment women focusing on effective participation in project Costs’ $1,000 Associated initiatives decision making and working groups. executed to enhance 30% participation of women in water user groups. the impact from, and sustainability of 30% participation of women in the WUG Implementation PPO Safeguard Nil required investments in rural specialists infrastructure. At least 30% of women participants in trainings on marketing and financial/budget management Implementation PPO Safeguard Nil required 30% women participation on all management committees specialists (marketing initiatives, production groups, etc.)
Female focused extension services/livelihood programs Implementation PPO Safeguard From ‘Investment designed for and delivered to women with at least 30% of specialists Costs’ $2,500 extension training for women.
Women assigned in financial related positions in the Implementation PAFO/DAFO Nil required WUG/FPG
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Project Components Indicators/ Activities/ requirements Timing Responsibility Estimated Budget Implementing agencies will ensure land use certificates Implementation PAFO/DAFO Nil required are updated in both spouses' names.
Programs to ease burden of women developed Implementation PAFO/DAFO From Associated Initiatives Budget Output 3: Gender mainstreaming training for NPMO, PPO and Project Safeguard specialists From ‘Capacity DCOs at project commencement. commencement Building during Capacities Implementation’ strengthened for national, provincial and Gender mainstreaming training for subproject Implementation PPO Safeguard From ‘Investment district agencies implementers and contractors at subproject specialists Costs’ $1,000 towards a program- commencement and at six months to identify possible based approach for constraints – with involvement of Province Sub-CAW and development partner PAFO NCAW. assistance. Training provided to provincial staff for effective Pre-construction & Safeguard specialists Nil – on the job monitoring of the GAP. six months into training construction (construction estimated to extend over 2 dry seasons)
Coordination with local education office for programs to Implementation PPO/DCO Nil required improve literacy/numeracy of adults/women, i.e., adult literacy classes utilizing teachers in local schools.
Output4: PMO and PPO to monitor and report on GAP Project NPMO / M&E Spec Nil required. performance indicators, including women's participation, commencement and From ‘Investment Efficient implementation training and employment targets. All data collected on-going Costs’ $1,000ialists of project and sub- disaggregated by gender projects
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Annex-8 Initial Environmental Examination
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 8 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ANNEX 8 – INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the Report and Project Background
1. The proposed Nam Haad Left Bank and Namkha Irrigation Rehabilitation Scheme is a subproject under the NRIDP. It is one of the 9 Nine subprojects. The IEE document has been prepared to fulfill and meet the requirements of the decree on EIA No. 112/PM, issued April 2010 by the Government of Laos. Likewise, the document was prepared consistent with the ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement of June 2009 and Environmental Assessment of 2003.
2. The executing agency is the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF). MAF has delegated responsibility for overall project management and coordination to its Department of Planning, under which an NPMO has been established. The Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Offices (PAFOs) are the implementing agencies and have established their own PPOs to assist with implementation in districts, District Coordination Offices (DCOs) have been established in participating district agriculture and forestry offices. National and provincial steering committees have been established to provide overall guidance and interagency coordination.
1.2 Extent of the IEE Study
3. The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the proposed irrigation improvements has been undertaken, comprising site visits, consultations, and validation of information on the local environment, and relating to the potential impacts, issues and concerns of the proposed subproject. The IEE field activities were also participated by the concerned PPO and DCO staff. The initial environmental examination was prepared following both the ADB’s policy on environmental assessment and the Lao PDR Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) requirements.
4. The Environmental Specialists in collaboration with the multi-disciplinary NRI Consultants preparing the Feasibility Report for the subproject were made aware of the environmental screening process using the ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and provided the PPO and DCO staffs with the checklists prepared in Lao Language for screening of the impacts. The NRI-GIC consultants and Environmental Specialists visited the subproject sites and also carried out public consultations prior to preparation of this report. Moreover, information provided by Consultants carrying out Feasibility Study was used in this exercise.
5. Thus the IEE Study involved the following activities in each of the subcomponents:
• Gathering and collation of baseline information available on the physical, biological, chemical, and socio-economic environment of the subproject area and understanding the technical, social, and institutional aspects of the subprojects; This included public consultation and participation during the subproject field visits; • Screening of potential issues, concerns and impacts relative to siting, design, construction and operation to distinguish those that are likely to be significant for a particular subcomponent and warranting further study; • Recommended measures to mitigate adverse issues, concerns and impacts, particularly to the project design team
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• Prepared an Environmental Management Plan indicating impact areas, recommended mitigation measures, method of monitoring the impacts and responsible persons ; and • Proposed an environmental monitoring plan (EMP) and the institutional set up for implementation of the above Environmental Management Plan.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
6. The overall objective of the project is to achieve improved livelihoods and socio- economic conditions amongst rural smallholders in selected villages in the provinces of Bokeo, Luang Namtha, Oudomxay, and Phongsaly. The Project will address key constraints to rural economic growth and the commercialization of agriculture. The project objectives are to enhance agricultural productivity through irrigation development and rehabilitation and to improve access roads (rehabilitation of rural access roads).
7. The irrigation development and rehabilitation will include the rehabilitation of small to medium scaled gravity-fed irrigation schemes and may involve the rehabilitation of head- works (including the replacement of makeshift weirs with permanent structures), lining of primary and secondary irrigation canals, construction of minor water management structures, and rehabilitation of reservoir walls. The scope of rural access road subprojects will include civil works for minor realignment and for the improvement of road surfaces, drainage, slope protection and stabilization, and possible widening.
2.1 Project Type
8. The Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (NRIDSP) is a sector project consisting of infrastructure improvements and linked initiatives to maximize the ability of beneficiaries to add value to commodities they produce. The subprojects consist of irrigation systems and improvements to access roads to address key constraints to rural economic growth and poverty reduction in the provinces of Oudomxay, Phongsaly, Luang Namtha and Bokeo in the north of the country. The improvements will take account of increased frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events that are expected to result from continuing global climate change.
2.2 Project Category
9. Investment projects in Lao PDR are subject to environmental assessment and management planning according to the Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment, April 2010. The Decree describes investment projects into two categories, Category 1 - for small scale projects that require an IEE, and Category 2 - for large scale investments requiring an environmental impact assessment (EIA). For irrigation projects, those with a command area of between100-2,000 ha come under Category 1, while those with a command area greater than 2,000 ha come under Category 2. The corresponding category in the ADB’s classification system is B, which requires an IEE. The IEE for this subproject revealed that potential negative impacts can be mitigated by adherence to the EMP prepared for the subproject (Table A8-2). No further assessment is therefore required.
2.3 Description and Objective of the Subproject
10. The Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation is divided into two irrigation system groups: i) Nam Haad Left Irrigation (Pung Xieng Group) covering about 25 ha; and ii) Pung Hin Group with water supply from Nam Kha irrigation system covering a total area of about 425 ha. Under NRI Year 2, Nam Haad Left Subproject will involve the development of the Left Main Canal of the Nam Haad NRI Year 1 Subproject to irrigate the same existing area in Nam Haad and in Nam Kha irrigation system.
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11. The existing Nam Haad Left Main Canal (LMC) is earth canal with a total of 1,800 m, covering 25 ha. The upstream part of the LMC is running along the left bank of the Nam Haad river, some parts of which were eroded and damaged and are needed repairing with the bank protection, while the existing Nam Kha weir is a buttress type of concrete weir (W=24.3 m, H=3.0 m), constructed in 1992/94 financed by IFAD. There is one intake gate and sluice gate at the right bank but not operational because of missing of the operation steering wheels and spindle rods, thus the upstream of the weir is silted.
12. The design area will be firmed-up during the detailed engineering stage of the subproject and will be updated to determine the irrigable area at project completion through the preparation of and Irrigation Block Map indicating boundaries of each irrigation block and farm parcels. Based on the Village Level Interview, the estimated household beneficiaries are 1,389 households and a population of 7,849 people.
13. There will be compulsory and optional productivity and impact enhancing initiatives. The compulsory initiatives will include: (i) support for WUGs established to operate and maintain the rehabilitated facilities and (ii) water catchment identification and zoning.
14. The optional initiatives will need to be further discussed with the beneficiaries during detailed design stage and could be selected from production, post-harvest handling, processing and the development of market linkage initiatives.
15. The investment is consistent with local development plans and priorities and is supported by the commitment of potential beneficiaries who will be supported to accept responsibility for future operations and maintenance. The investment will generate incremental rice production to assist in meeting local rice deficit in the District but also contribute to generating production of tradable surpluses in not only rice, but other higher valued crop products.
2.4 Sub-Project Location
16. Nam Haad left bank and Nam Kha Irrigation Subproject is located in the District of Pha Oudom, Bokeo Province. The distance from the subproject area to the district center is 2 km on all weather dirt roads.
Figure A8-1 General Location Map of Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
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2.5 Schedule and Implementation Arrangements
(1) Schedule
17. The current schedule of indicative activities concerning the 9 subprojects for year 2 defines:
(i) the detailed design and bidding including evaluation from May 2013 to December 2013, and (ii) Construction works to commence from January 2014 onward.
(2) Implementation Arrangements
18. To ensure inter-agency cooperation at the national level, a National Steering Committee (NSC) has been established. The NSC will meet annually or as required to review overall implementation progress, approve annual work-plans and budgets, and provide overall policy guidance. The NPMO will provide secretariat services to NSC. Provincial Steering Committees (PSCs) have been established to ensure inter-agency coordination at provincial level. The PSCs are chaired by provincial vice governors with equivalent representation to that for the NSC, including governors from the participating districts. The PSC will meet bi-annually or as required to review implementation progress and to ensure adequate levels of coordination between key agencies for project coordination. Subproject Investment Reports (SIRs) shall be approved by PSCs after obtaining the necessary concurrence of ADB for social and environmental safeguards. The PPO will provide secretariat services to PSCs.
19. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) is the executing agency (EA) for the Project with the responsibility for overall project coordination and management transferred to its Department of Planning (DOP) who has established the National Project Management Office (NPMO) for day-to-day coordination and management of the Project. The implementing agencies at the provincial level are the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Offices (PAFOs). Provincial Project Offices (PPOs) have been established in each PAFO to be responsible for financial management at provincial level, and coordination and management of implementation of subprojects. To assist implementation of the Project at the district level, District Coordination Offices (DCOs) have been established within District Agriculture and Forestry Offices (DAFOs) to mainly coordinate and supervise subproject activities.
20. At provincial and district levels staff has been nominated responsible for environmental issues since year 1 subproject preparation and continue to work for this year subprojects implementation.
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Physical Resources
(1) Climate
21. The Northern part of Lao PDR has a warm temperate climate with dry winters and hot summers. The dry season occurs between November and February while the rainy season occurs between May and October. The dry season is generally cooler, though temperatures rise significantly in March and April prior to the onset of the rains.
22. Detailed meteorological information was provided by the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology office in Vientiane. Rainfall is above 210 mm between May and September,
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peaking in July at 393 mm. In December and January the rainfall drops below 15 mm and can be as low as 12 mm in January. The dry season is particularly pronounced in the province. Rainfall varies significantly from year to year. Table A8-1 shows the total rainfall figures for the years 2000-2009, 2003 and 2009 were particularly dry years.
Table A8-1 Total Rainfall in Bokeo, 2000-2009 (mm) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total 2000 2.9 113.8 40.2 60.9 339.7 216.5 436.2 335.6 205.1 106.1 0.1 8.0 1,865 2001 6.6 0.5 125.7 74.7 425.9 135.4 443.8 345.2 352.9 145.1 0.9 21.7 2,078 2002 23.3 19.9 0.8 112.0 245.5 166.2 455.2 451.8 82.7 124.7 192.8 85.6 1,961 2003 40.9 72.2 4.1 137.8 50.3 207.9 427.2 243.0 194.8 54.8 1.8 0.0 1,435 2004 1.0 7.2 6.4 184.0 268.0 287.3 294.2 392.2 224.9 54.7 29.7 0.0 1,750 2005 1.4 0.0 67.6 136.0 205.9 180.5 300.9 381.9 199.8 117.4 16.7 19.9 1,628 2006 0.0 29.5 187.7 134.9 254.6 187.7 417.8 447.0 217.4 252.9 0.0 0.0 2,130 2007 6.3 2.6 4.3 120.0 247.8 334.5 173.8 287.7 373.1 180.5 38.9 0.0 1,770 2008 43.6 46.1 64.9 127.0 268.5 280.4 652.9 608.1 223.3 54.7 60.4 7.0 2,437 2009 0.0 0.0 54.0 174.0 205.6 170.2 326.0 161.6 235.4 56.0 19.9 0.7 1,403 Mean 12.6 29.2 55.6 126.1 251.2 216.7 392.8 365.4 230.9 114.7 36.1 14.3 1,846 Source Station: Bokeo Meteorology and Hydrology Office
23. The rainfall in the area is a result from both monsoonal and cyclone storms. The southwest monsoon blows in from the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Thailand bringing heavy rainfall from mid-May through to mid-October. During August to October, cyclone storms originating in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean enter the plateau. The storms diminish in intensity as they cross the high mountains along the Indo-China peninsula. The storms enter Lao PDR as tropical storms or tropical depressions. These depressions have the effect of intensifying the southwest monsoon and bringing the heaviest rainfall in September, especially along the Mekong River.
24. The area has a warm temperate climate with dry winters and hot, humid summers, the dry season occurring between November and February while the wet season, between May and October. The average annual daily temperature is 23.90C but ranges from 12.300C in January to 32.30C in April, while monthly maximum temperatures are close to or above 300C for most of the year. Relative humidity varies from 43% in March to 98% in December, January and February.
(2) Topography
25. The subproject area is at elevations between 360m - 369m ASL and is in gently undulating terrain. The weir site is at 440 m ASL for Nam Haad and 517 m ASL for Nam Kha Irrigation system. The upper catchment area is in steep terrain at elevations of up to 1,400m ASL. The total catchment area is 79.82 Km2 .
(3) Geology and Soils
26. Geological investigations made by the Agriculture and Forestry Soil Classification Center, NAFRI indicated that the soil layers within the district comprises of 6 categories (Acrisols, Alisols,Lixisols, Regosols,Luvisols and Cambisols). Most of the soil type is clay loam about 75%, loam about 18%, heavy clay 5.8% and smallest part is sandy loam is less than 1 %.
(4) Water Resources
27. There are many river system, small streams, seasonal waterways and ponds in northern Lao PDR. The Nam Haad and Namkha River system is among the many rivers that
A8-5 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 8 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject abound in the mountainous and hilly region in Bokeo Province. Water is relatively clean, though more turbid in the wet season and sensitive to land disturbance in their catchment areas. Flows are highly dependent on levels of rainfall and are therefore greatly reduced during the dry season.
3.2 Ecological Resources
28. Land in and around the subproject site is extensively cultivated, with thickets of trees occurring around homes and alongside waterways in some areas. Slopes surrounding the area have been subject to traditional shifting cultivation but currently bear mainly shrub vegetation, as tree cover near areas of habitation is seldom allowed to develop due to continued collection of fuel-wood and poles.
29. Increasingly, land that is not used for irrigated agriculture is used for tree plantations. Tree crops include stands of teak trees, rubber trees and fruit trees such as longan, mango and citrus species. In more distant areas formerly cleared land has been left for longer, dense secondary forest is developing, and is inhabited by wildlife such as barking deer. Protected land within Bokeo is distant from the subproject area, the nearest being the Bokeo Nature Reserve (approximately 100km north) and Nam Ha National Biodiversity Conservation Area, some 250 km north-west of the subproject area.
30. Aquatic ecosystems in the uplands of Lao PDR are diverse and subject to a variety of anthropogenic factors, including aquaculture, fishing, the creation of rice paddies and the construction of dams and weirs. Main rivers, small streams, seasonal waterways, ponds, paddy fields, reservoirs and wetlands all contribute to the overall diversity of the aquatic ecosystem diversity. In rural upland areas, aquatic resources are important sources of protein in the local diet, dominated by fin fish although mollusks, crustaceans, insects, amphibians and reptiles from streams, ponds and other water bodies are also significant sources of protein.
31. Aquaculture is practiced in and around the subproject area, both on a household scale and on a small commercial scale. The practice of dam and weir construction for hydropower and irrigation interrupts fish movements but also creates reservoirs in which aquatic organisms can thrive and where aquaculture can take place. The blockage of fish movements is of concern where migratory species are prevented from travelling between spawning and feeding grounds. These concerns are mainly associated with mainstream dams on larger tributaries of the Mekong.
32. Further threats to aquatic ecosystems include over fishing, the use of damaging fishing techniques such as blasting and poisoning, upstream use of pesticides, release of pollutants and the introduction of exotic fish species for aquaculture.
3.3 Economic, Social and Cultural Resources
33. The main objective for the socio-economic development plan for the period 2011- 2015 remains focused on the promotion of economic growth to help poor families meet their basic needs, ensuring food security in rice plus a surplus to generate sufficient cash for essential living needs. The province continues its initiatives in the implementation of land titling, land allocation and forest management through village restructuring and the development of areas suited to agricultural production. It is currently planned for provincial GDP to increase by 2015 to a figure of KN1, 795 billion - at an average annual growth rate of 8.3% per annum of which agriculture’s share is anticipated to decline to 61%. The anticipated per capita GDP by 2015 is estimated at $1,150. This will be achieved by investments in rural infrastructure at kumban level to reduce provincial poverty levels from 9,156 to 7,915 households by 2015, a 12% reduction.
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34. Consistent with national policy for irrigation management and transfer, the province will promote the establishment of water user groups (WUGs) to ensure unsubsidized operations, and improved technical support services to identify and supervise irrigation construction at identified priority sites. The province is also committed to improving the capacities of provincial and district level agricultural extension staff and to enable them to contribute to increased commercialization and market orientation. The local policy is for the re-deployment of technical support staff into the kumban centers where they can interact more fully with the farmers to raise agricultural productivity.
35. The people in the subproject area, in particular. Ban Thinkeo, Pha oudom, Phieng- kham, xayoudom, Donesavan, Ban Namkha, Phone xay, Somsavang, Pounglath, Siboun- heuang villages.
36. Women are not popularly represented in the leadership of the Village Administration as well as in Village Organizations, although membership is open to both men and women. Promotion of women representation in the leadership of organizations, the WUG, in the case of this subproject is a concern to be dealt with.
37. The main source of livelihood of all households in the villages is agricultural crop and livestock/ poutry/fish production. The sample HHs is involved in rice production, 24% in livestock/poultry/fish production and 13% in other crops. The average HH income from agriculture is more than 6.44 Million Kips/HH/year composed of 75% rice production, 24% livestock/poultry/fish production and 14% from other crops. As mentioned earlier only 79% of HHs are involved in agriculture.
38. The average income of sample HHs from non-agriculture sources is about 15.07 million kips/HH/year, coming mainly from business (73%), salaries (26%) and other sources 1%. As discussed earlier, this is influenced by the fact that the villages are located near the District Centre where there is available market and labor opportunities. HHs involved in business is 33%, farm labor 32%, employment 22%, sales of NTFP 16%, handicraft 12%, labor outside farm 6% and other non-agriculture sources is 15%. As mentioned earlier, 81% of HHs are involved in non-agriculture sources of income
39. Illiteracy is quite high among the population in the villages. This is a concern that must be considered in the conduct of meetings, consultations and trainings for the stakeholders.
40. According to the Village Master list data, the villages with high percentage of poor HHs, are Donsavanh (63%), Thinkeo (52%), Phiengkham (47%) and Phonxay (47%). Based on sample HHs, the villages with high percentage of poor HHs are Xayoudom (60%), Xaysavang (60%), Donsavanh (50%), Namkha Palao (40%), Phaodoum (40%) and Thinkeo (40%). Donsavanh and Thinkeo are consistently high in poor HHs in both records.
4. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
41. The Rapid environmental Assessment (REA) checklist of environmental parameters for irrigation projects was used to screen out “no significant impacts” from those with significant adverse impact. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) contain the proposed mitigation measures recommended for each environmental problem due to project location and related to project design, construction, and operations.
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4.1 Potential Impacts
42. Potential impacts have been assessed by means of site visits, discussions with local authorities and beneficiaries and the use of secondary sources of information. The anticipated potential environmental impacts are minimal. The weir design will incorporate measures to address inundation and access to rice paddies, embankment and slope stabilization where cuts are necessary and any fill material will be utilized as fill for embankment for the weir and access to the rice paddies. The potential environmental impacts and required mitigations are incorporated into the Environmental Management Plan prepared for this subproject.
43. Mitigation measures are listed in the Environment Management Plan (EMP) which is to be included in the bidding documents for contractors so that the cost of compliance with the mitigation can be included in the bid price.
(1) Impacts Related to Design/Location
44. Although there will be no substantial widening of the canals to rehabilitate canal network, some property may be affected by the scheme, both permanently through the improvement of the canal structure.
45. The improvement of Nam Haad left main canal The improvement of Nam Haad LMC includes i) protection of the left bank of Ham Haad river with earthfill compaction and excavation at downstream, ii) concrete lining of LMC (1,800 m), and iii) construction of canal related structures such as division structure, drainage inlet, turnout, and end structure and for the Nam Kha Irrigation structures with related structures The improvement of Nam Kha irrigation system includes i) installation of intake and sluice gates, ii) concrete lining of main canal (2,550 m), iii) construction of main canal related structures such as farm inlet and downstream protection of drop structure, and iv) concrete lining of secondary canal (300 m) and its related structures such as farm turnout and end structure.
46. Impacts related to the design will be mitigated with the provision of a raised embankment in the immediate area of the concrete weir. The details of the mitigation measures are provided in the Environmental Management Plan.
47. There are no areas of special ecological or biodiversity significance in or around the command area or within the catchment, the nearest protected area is about 100 km from the area. Confirmation with the local villagers indicates that there are no buildings or artifacts of cultural significance in the subproject area and in areas near or adjacent to the villages.
(2) Impacts During Construction
48. Impacts related to the construction activities will be temporary in nature, and can in most cases be mitigated among these impacts are:
• soil erosion, silt and sediment deposition • obstruction of water flows in the canals from sediment or other deposits • potential dust and noise nuisance although this is highly unlikely to be an issue as the construction activities are carried out away from the village center and dwellings. • inefficient use and distribution of irrigation water • use of private land for storage and as works depots • construction and workers waste management
A8-8 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 8 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
(3) Impacts During Operation
49. The anticipated potential impacts most likely to occur during the operational period will include the following but can be minimized if not eliminated through a timely and correct implementation of the proposed measures contained in the EMP:
• competition for use of irrigation water and with other water users • obstruction of water flows in the canals from sediment or other deposits • effects of intensified use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
4.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures
50. The Resettlement Plan for the subproject will ensure that any loss of land or property will be subject to compensation in accordance with the Resettlement Framework for the proposed Project.
51. The proposed/recommended mitigation measures related to the location and design of the irrigation scheme will possibly include a realignment of the existing canals to be rehabilitated as necessary with the inputs of user communities for the final detailed design. Some additional canal crossings may be provided at certain locations to allow the access to the rice paddies in the command area. Provision of a raised embankment in the immediate area of the concrete weir is also recommended.
52. The proposed recommendation for the safety and to eliminate the hazards to workers and their impacts to the area is for the contractor to prepare and allocate and instruction dissemination to workers regarding risks of communicable diseases.
53. During the construction period the recommended mitigation measures are detailed in the EMP in Attachment A8-2.
54. The proposed recommended measures for the operations are the following:
• reliable collection of information on water levels in the canal system, to enable sound planning and water use and distribution among WUGs • IEC for WUGs to discourage or prevent any disposal of materials or solid waste in the canals, and • instruction in purchase and use of pesticides, (ii) promotion of the informed use of mineral fertilizers, (iii) promotion of the concept of integrated pest management, and (iv) emphatic discouragement of the use of persistent pesticides. • Promotion of commercial crops through value-chain development activities that require less water for growing.
55. One of the key activities identified under Output 2 for the subproject as detailed in Annex 4 of the Feasibility Study for this subproject is the establishment and capacity building for the WUGs. The proper management of the irrigation system will be one of the main topics of training which will include the data collection and application for the proper distribution of water as well as maintaining water quality.
56. Specific extension trainings for yield improvement will also have a focus on the use of fertilizers/pesticides/herbicides for which extensive guidance and IEC materials will be provided to farmers, particularly female farmers who are currently not involved directly with such activities, except jointly with their male partners.
57. Introduction of SRI technology will require less water and reduce competition for water resources.
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4.3 Environmental Management Plan
58. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the improvement of the irrigation scheme will involve planning activities prior to construction, adherence to mitigation measures prior to construction, during construction and collaborative group action for improved use of water and agro-chemicals during operation. Regular and reliable measurement and recording of stream flows must commence well in advance of construction, and continue indefinitely. The cost of compliance with these measures is to be included in contractors’ bid prices.
59. Prior to construction, all land acquisition and compensation tasks need to be completed in accordance with the Resettlement Plan for the subproject. Contractors must prepare and submit plans for health, safety and welfare of workers and the public prior to commencing the works. These plans must be approved and adhered to throughout construction and will be monitored by the staff of the District Coordination Office under the supervision of the Safeguards Officer appointed to the Provincial Project Office (PPO).
60. During construction, the key tasks are monitoring the compliance with environmental mitigation measures stipulated in the environmental management plan for the subproject such as measures relating to the minimization of soil disturbance and dust nuisance and temporary closure of the scheme.
61. The environmental problems most likely to occur during the operational phase will not be new experiences for the WUGs, primarily those will be related to the inefficient use and distribution of irrigation water, uninformed use of pesticides and fertilizers, and unplanned and potentially destructive land use practices in the catchment area for the stream. These will also be addressed by participatory land use planning activities, IEC, support and training to scheme users in sound irrigated agriculture and land management practices.
5. INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
62. The Executing Agency for the subproject will be the Provincial Governor’s office of Bokeo that will delegate responsibility to the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office for subproject implementation. Bokeo Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office will in turn designate the Provincial Project Office (PPO) established within its premises to maintain responsibility for day to day implementation and monitoring of the subproject.
5.1 Institutional Arrangements
63. The subproject will be implemented under the management structure of a nationally based management office and a provincially based implementation office situated in Bokeo Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office. The PPO established within Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office and will be guided by a Provincial Steering Committee to be chaired by the Vice Governor with multi-agency representation to achieve local coordination.
64. A project Environmental Management Office (EMO) or its equivalent within the PPO with the assistance of the DCO should be established. To ensure long-term institutional capacity building, it is recommended that the staff of the EMO be drawn from the permanent full-time staff of the executing agency. The Project will also provide support in these functions in order to sustain the benefits from rehabilitated irrigation facilities.
65. A District Coordination Office will be established within Pha Oudom District Agriculture and Forestry Office to attend to local community liaison, supervision of the implementation of safeguard plans and support community development initiatives after commissioning of infrastructure.
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66. Upon completion of the works, the commissioned scheme will be handed over to Pha Oudom District where it will be registered as an asset of the District. At that stage, the District Governor’s Office will assume responsibility for scheme maintenance. The formation of WUGs will provide an operational mechanism that will be managed by the beneficiaries and funded by beneficiaries’ contribution through water user fees as is consistent with Lao PDR Irrigation Management and Transfer Strategies recently developed.
5.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
(1) Responsibilities for Mitigation and Monitoring
67. The PPO-EMO and DCO staff shall carry out environmental monitoring and report on findings with respect to impact prevention and mitigation and the actions recommended to problems encountered. Environmental Monitoring is important to ensure that environmental impacts are prevented and mitigated by following the EMP to ensure that sound engineering practices are followed for the protection of the environment. The Contractor has the responsibility to ensure the following:
• Implementation of impact prevention and mitigation measures and • Compliance with the Contract Specifications and the EMP. • Oversee construction and rehabilitation of the subproject
68. The critical component covered by the monitoring program refers to construction management since the key impacts are those generated during this phase of work. The monitoring plan is based on the mitigation/enhancement measures identified for the environmental impacts but can have critical effects if not mitigated.
(2) Baseline Data and Routine Periodic Water Quality Monitoring
69. Pre-construction monitoring to establish baseline conditions shall be undertaken at locations as determined advisable. Baseline monitoring of water quality shall be undertaken at a site in the command area and the receiving streams of effluent from construction/labor camps potentially polluting activities related to the Works. Measurements of suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) have been contracted by NPMO with the team of external monitor from NUOL to conduct water quality measurement in March 2013.
70. Routine instrumented monitoring of water quality and run-off from construction camps, selected sample sites in the command area one month prior to construction then quarterly every year shall be undertaken. This shall include measurements of suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
71. Environmental monitoring will cover (i) compliance monitoring, to ensure that mitigation specified in the EMP is carried out to an adequate standard; (ii) community feedback to obtain views and information on relevant environmental parameters and (iii) water quality testing. During operation, the principal source of environmental monitoring will be feedback from the user communities (which will also be sought during the construction phase).
5.3 Reporting of Environmental Monitoring Results
72. Three different kinds of monitoring will be carried out including: (i) implementation progress monitoring of the subproject, (ii) safeguards monitoring, and (iii) benefit monitoring and evaluation.
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73. Implementation progress monitoring will be one of the main tasks of the PPO. This will be undertaken by a monitoring officer appointed to the PPO and activities will be based on the subproject implementation schedule.
(1) Environmental Management Office
74. Major responsibilities of the Environmental Management Office (EMO) established within the PPO are to ensure the mitigation measure and monitoring programs are carried out in conformity with the EMP, identify problems and develop plans for corrective actions. Routine reporting will be maintained by the DCO and PPO for the NPMO, MAF and ADB as part of its routine reporting responsibilities in compliance with the ADB requirements. . In order for staff capacity building and prior for implementation the team of GIC have organized technical training for EMO on safeguards in November 2012.
75. A safeguard officer of the EMO established within the PPO shall be responsible for safeguards monitoring including grievance mechanisms to ensure that the required policies, procedures and plans for:
• resettlement including land acquisition and compensation, • EMP and environmental monitoring implementation, • indigenous peoples specific actions are implemented and achieve their expected outcomes during subproject preparation, implementation and operation, and • the gender action plan will be closely followed
76. In addition, an independent agency will be recruited where considered necessary to specifically monitor the implementation of land acquisition and resettlement activities to ensure full compliance with all laws, decrees, policies and plans and to review the grievance mechanism for affected persons.
77. Project benefit monitoring activities will entail periodic monitoring of the benefits and impacts of the subproject. This might be undertaken independently by a university, institute or similar agency with experience in the identification and quantification of economic development benefits but may also be undertaken by the PPO supported by the NPMO.
6. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
78. Three public consultation/meetings were carried out for the preparation of this IEE document. This IEE will be presented to the Village officials and the subproject beneficiaries, to district administrations and to the PAFO and PONRE in Bokeo again to invite comment from the public in accordance with the EIA Decree. Copies will be left for review for a period of 30 days to the concerned agencies.
79. During construction period and operation, the villages in and around the subproject area will kept informed of construction activities that are likely to cause nuisances and/or disruption to irrigation flows or roads and pathways.
6.1 Consultation and Participation Process
80. The first consultation took place during the Introductory Meetings conducted from September 5 to 16, 2011 covering the Year 1 second batch subprojects in the provinces of Bokeo, Luang Namtha and Phongsaly. Mainly, the subproject information and participating district and scheme selection were discussed with the PAFO, DAPO officials and with the subproject villagers.
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81. The second consultation was the Project Orientation Workshop organized in October 21 to 31, 2011. The Project Orientation Workshop was represented by the PAFO and DAFO of Bokeo, Luang Namtha, Oudomxay and Phongsaly. The provincial line agencies were under the leadership of the PAFO staff.
82. Following the above 2 missions, the public consultation for IEE year 2 by GIC was conducted from 17 to 18 September 2012. The fieldwork was combined with one day On-the- Job training for PAFO and DAFO staff and another day for village consultation with village authorities and farmers. Overall, the NRI-GIC consultation and public participation presented the following agenda and information about the proposed subproject. The presentations were followed by discussions to collect opinions from people who may be affected:
• summary of the proposed works under the subproject; • summary of subproject objectives and likely positive and negative environmental • impacts, covering the construction phase and operational impacts; • asked for feedback in respect of any areas of concern that they may have and suggested means of implementation; • acceptability of the proposed project to the public
83. The fourth consultation was carried out from 13 February to 29 February 2012 where GI consultants presented the findings and results of the field feasibility assessment and plans for further activities and requested feedback from key representatives from the beneficiary villages, PAFO and DAFO staff for further improvements to the proposals.
84. During the consultation process, the GI consultants initially described the consultation process by informing the targeted villagers of the subproject’s objectives, coverage, roles and responsibilities of the concerned offices and agencies in the province and districts, the WUGs, village leaders and the subproject beneficiaries as a whole.
85. The active participation and feedbacks of the subproject beneficiaries during the consultations/meetings has been recorded and photo documented and included in this document as Attachments A8-3, A8-4 and A8-5.
6.2 Information Disclosure
86. The NRI-GIC team members have conducted meetings with the subproject beneficiaries, in particular with the local WUGs and district administration. The series of meetings and consultations with the villagers have now a better understanding about the subproject, its potential and specific environmental impacts and benefits to be generated from rehabilitated irrigation scheme.
87. There shall be another public information and disclosure to be scheduled during the pre-construction and during the construction period to keep the subproject stakeholders and villagers informed of status and implementation activities related to the subproject.
88. During construction period and operation, the villages in and around the subproject area will kept informed of construction activities that are likely to cause nuisances and/or disruption to irrigation flows or roads and pathways.
7. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
89. Individual or groups who are concerned about adverse environmental impacts of the subproject activities have a legal right (under Lao Governments Compensation and
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Resettlement of Development Project Decree 192/PM and the EIA decree 112/PM, April 2010) to lodge their complaints and ensure that these are addressed by the Project.
90. The complaints may be lodged formally or informally. Informally, the complainant can approach their village heads or staff of the District Coordination Office or the Provincial Project Office to raise their concerns and these concerns may be acted on immediately. If the complaint cannot be resolved immediately to the satisfaction of the complainant, the formal mechanism as detailed in Attachment A8-6 should be followed.
8. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
91. The initial environmental examination of the proposed subproject development will not generate significant negative environmental impacts. The associated negative effects of the subproject will occur mainly during the construction phase and can be managed and brought to acceptable levels through the timely implementation of the Environmental Management Plan.
92. Also, it is recommended that the Environmental Management Plan be included in the Contractor’s Bidding Document for the Procurement of Works (Contractor’s works contracts) to ensure proper implementation of the EMP and agreements formed with the WUGs where it is needed. In this manner, the Contractor is made aware of the environmental issues and concerns of the Subproject.
9. CONCLUSIONS
93. The overall findings of the IEE require no further special study or an environmental im pact assessment of the proposed upgrading/rehabilitation of the subproject is needed.
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ATTACHMENT A8-1: RAPID ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST
Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist IRRIGATION Instructions:
o This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department. o This Checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional Department. o This checklist focuses on Environmental issues concerns. To ensure that social dimension are adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklist s and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) gender and development. o Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Country/Project Tittle: Lao PDR Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Division Screening Quetsions Yes No Remarks A. Project siting Is the prioject area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? - Protected Area Not Applicable - Wetland Not Applicable - Mangrove Not Applicable - Estuarine Not Applicable - Buffer Zone Not Applicable - Specioal Area for protecting biodiversity Not Applicable B. Potential Environmental impacts Will the project cause ... - loss of precious ecological values (e.g result of encroachment into forests/swampland or historical /cultural buildings/areas, Not Applicable disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? - Conflict in water supply rights and related social conflicts? water use management by WUG as provide in the EMP - impediment to movement of people and animals? Not Applicable - potential ecological problems due to incraesed soil erosion Not Applicable and siltation, leading to decraesed stream capacity? - insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion? Not Applicable - over pumpnig of groundwater, leading to salinization and Not Applicable ground subsidence? - impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, Not Applicable impairment of downatream beneficial uses of water? - dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? Not Applicable - potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and landuse Not Applicable issues? - soil erosion before compacting and lining of canals? Loose soil characteristic tend to easy erosion - noise from construction equipement? Not Applicable - dust? Occationally affect while on Land transportation -labour-related social problems especially if workers from Potential adverse impacts from bad behave of different areas are hired? migrants worker - water logging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage Not Applicable and farm management? - leaching of soil nutrients and change in soil characteristics Not Applicable due to excessive application of irrigation water? - reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons? Not Applicable - Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and ground water, and public health risks due to excessive application of fertilizers and Not Applicable pesticides? - soil erosion (furrow, surface) Not Applicable - scouring of canal ? to prevent from canal scouring it should be lining - logging of canal by sediment? Seasonal Maintenance of the system is urgently required - logging of canal by weeds? Seasonal Maintenance of the system is urgently required - seawater intrusion into downstream fresh water system? Not Applicable - introduction of increase in incidence of water born diseasea?
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ATTACHMENT A8-2: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
1. The Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP) provides for the set of mitigation and management measures to be taken during project implementation to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts. It identifies the potential impacts and their locations or occurrences, proposed mitigation measures, the entities responsible for mitigation and their monitoring activities including the estimated costs.
2. The environmental management plan involves planning activities prior to construction, adherence to mitigation measures during construction and collaborative group action for improved use of water and agro-chemicals during operation. Regular and reliable measurement and recording of stream flows must commence well in advance of construction, and continue indefinitely.
3. Prior to construction, all land acquisition and compensation tasks need to be completed in accordance with the Resettlement Plan for the subproject. Contractors must prepare and submit plans for health, safety and welfare of workers and the public prior to commencing the works. These plans must be approved and adhered to throughout construction and will be monitored by the staff of the District Coordination Office under the supervision of the Safeguards Officer appointed to the Provincial Project Office (PPO).
4. During construction, measures relating to the minimization of soil disturbance, and dust nuisance and other related impacts are summarized in Table A8-2-1 below. The cost of compliance with these measures is to be included in contractors’ bid prices.
5. Environmental problems during the operational phase are primarily those already encountered, related to inefficient use and distribution of irrigation water, uninformed use of pesticides and fertilizers, and unplanned and potentially destructive land use practices in the catchment area for the stream. These will be addressed by participatory land use planning activities, and support and associated initiatives in sound irrigated agriculture and land management practices.
6. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provides for the set of mitigation and management measures to be taken during project implementation to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts. It identifies the potential impacts and their locations or occurrences, proposed mitigation measures, the entities responsible for mitigation and their monitoring activities including the estimated costs.
7. The environmental management plan involves planning activities prior to construction, adherence to mitigation measures during construction and collaborative group action for improved use of water and agro-chemicals during operation. Regular and reliable measurement and recording of stream flows must commence well in advance of construction, and continue indefinitely.
8. Prior to construction, all land acquisition and compensation tasks need to be completed in accordance with the Resettlement Plan for the subproject. Contractors must prepare and submit plans for health, safety and welfare of workers and the public prior to commencing the works. These plans must be approved and adhered to throughout construction and will be monitored by the staff of the District Coordination Office under the supervision of the Safeguards Officer appointed to the Provincial Project Office (PPO).
9. During construction, measures relating to the minimization of soil disturbance, and dust nuisance and other related impacts are summarized in Table A8-2-1 below. The cost of compliance with these measures is to be included in contractors’ bid prices.
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10. Environmental problems during the operational phase are primarily those already encountered, related to inefficient use and distribution of irrigation water, uninformed use of pesticides and fertilizers, and unplanned and potentially destructive land use practices in the catchment area for the stream. These will be addressed by participatory land use planning activities, and support and associated initiatives in sound irrigated agriculture and land management practices.
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Table A8-2-1: Summary of Environmental Management Plan and Budget Requirement Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation measure(s) Responsibility Cost Impacts for Allocation Implementation Location and Design/ Pre-Construction Stage Effects on homes and Implement resettlement and compensation NPMO and Budget for property plan In accordance with the requirements of Consultants resettlement the ADB and the Government and compensation Possible social conflicts, Proper site selection, observing criteria which Contractor Construction noise and air pollution primarily protect the general public. Observe Cost due to site selection for a minimum distane (buffer zone) between work camps. camp site and nearest residential area. Employ mediators to curb social conflicts. Safety Hazards to Preparation of plans (site management plan) Contractor Construction workers, local people, and by the Contractor: allocating responsibilities Cost effects of workers in the for safety; health and welfare to senior staff; area due to siting of camp first aid and emergency procedures; satisfactory accommodation of workers; information and instruction dissemination to workers regarding risks of communicable diseases. Environmental problems (i) Preparation of site management plan, Contractor Construction associated with location/ indicating rehabilitation options and Cost selection and requirements to observe environmental abandonment of quarry safeguards, especially for adjacent water sites, such as erosion, resources and crop lands. landslides, sedimentation, (ii) Contractor must present a decommission soil contamination, plan for each quarry site, to be approved by damage or loss of the Engineer. habitats and biodiversity. Construction Period Soil erosion, silt and (i) Prevention of siltation through the Contractor Construction sediment deposition in provision of silt and sediment traps where Cost water bodies resulting in needed primary and secondary (ii) construction materials containing fine impacts on hydro-physical particles shall be stored in an enclosure such and biological conditions. that sediment-laden water does not drain into Erosion damages, nearby water courses. spillage of sediments. Obstruction of water flows (i) Careful supervision of the works (confining Contractor Construction in the canals from excavation works to the dry months), (ii) Cost sediment or other reuse of surplus spoil, distribution to users in deposits or near the subproject area, or disposal at a site approved by the PAFO / PPO. Disruption to other water (i) While working across or close to perennial Contractor and Construction users, with impacts on water bodies, the Contractor shall not WUGs Cost public health, economic obstruct or prevent the flow of water. If for losses and nuisance any structural works where closure of flow is required, the Contractor shall seek approval of the Engineer prior to such closure(s). In such an event the Engineer will request the Contractor to serve notice on the downstream
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Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation measure(s) Responsibility Cost Impacts for Allocation Implementation users of temporary water closure in advance. Closures shall not exceed 3 days. (ii) Construction over and close to the non- perennial streams shall be undertaken in the dry session. Construction over the irrigation channels, if disruption to the flow, quality of water and impact on the irrigation structure is expected (or probable in the view of the Engineer), will be undertaken with then necessary permission of the affected village/community. (iii) Construction work expected to disrupt users and impacting community water bodies will be taken up after serving notice on the local community, and complying with provisions given in the Tech. Specs. (iv) The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject to the provision that any claim arising out of conflicts with other users. (v) Planning activities shall involve WUGs. (vi) Local paddy irrigation systems adjacent to work sites shall not be altered, damaged or obstructed by on-going construction activities. Dust and noise nuisance (i) Wetting of excavation sites and stockpiled Contractor Construction material during dry and windy weather, when Cost within 50m of an occupied dwelling (ii) Excessive noise from construction activities shall be kept to a minimum near residential areas. Where there is excessive noise disturbance, agreement shall be made with local communities on restriction of working hours. Insufficient work (i) The Contractor shall observe the agreed Contractor Construction opportunities for local quota for employing at least 15% of women Cost communities, from the local communities for unskilled labor dissatisfaction and with equal pay for equal work. conflicts with local (ii) The Contractor shall strictly observe all residents, inequities in rules, regulations and laws of the Lao PDR wages and child labor regarding child labor and no child shall be engaged in the construction work or as auxiliary labor. Hazards associated with (i) The Contractor shall observe all Contractor Construction the use and operation of precautionary measures to provide adequate Cost specific equipment and health and safety provisions for all employed material labor. (ii) Insurance shall be provided which will pay adequate compensation to the laborer and/or his/her family in case of an accident. Workers and public health (i) Construction workers’ camps shall be Contractor Construction issues due to unsanitary located at least 500m away from the nearest Cost conditions of work camps habitiation, from school and from local
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Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation measure(s) Responsibility Cost Impacts for Allocation Implementation temples or monasteries. (ii) Sewage disposal for the workers’ camp shall be designed, built and operated such that no pollution to ground or adjacent water bodies/water courses occur. Compliance with district health regulations shall be strictly adhered to. (iii) Rubbish bins shall be provided in the camps and regularly emptied and rubbish disposed of in a hygienic manner to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Contamination of soils (i) Form agreements with the landowners, Contractor and Construction and landscape and restoration of land to former or better landowners Cost destruction from use of condition according to agreements with land for storage and as landowners works depots (ii) Construction materials shall only be stored in designated areas for which prior agreements have been negotiated (iii) dispose of excess earth fill material in such a way as to avoid subsequent erosion or collapse, and replace topsoil and vegetation on all exposed surfaces. During Operation Competition for use of (i) Reliable collection of information on water WUG Head of Included in irrigation water and with levels in the canal system, to enable sound water planning associated other water uses planning and water use and distribution and distribution initiatives among WUGs. group (ii) Mechanism developed for formal District communication to resolve conflicts between Coordination upstream and downstream water users. Office Obstruction of water flows (i) IEC for WUGs to discourage or prevent PAFO Included in in the canals from any disposal of materials or solid waste in the Associated sediment or other canals. WUG Head of initiatives deposits (ii) Enforcement by WUG management Administration committee group Effects of intensified (i) instruction in purchase and use of Capacity Building Associated use of chemical fertilizers pesticides; promotion of the informed use of consultant initiatives and pesticides mineral fertilizers; promotion of the concept of integrated pest management, and emphatic discouragement of the use of persistent pesticides. (ii) Enforcement and monitoring of proper use WUG Head of of fertilizers and pesticides Production group
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1. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
1.1 General
94. The PAFO and PPO shall carry out environmental monitoring. Environmental Monitoring is important to ensure that environmental impacts are prevented and mitigated by following the EMP to ensure that sound engineering practices are followed for the protection of the environment. The Contractor has the responsibility to ensure the following:
• Implementation of impact prevention and mitigation measures and • Compliance with the Contract Specifications and the EMP. • Oversee construction and rehabilitation of the subproject • Report on findings with respect to impact prevention and mitigation and the actions recommended to problems encountered.
95. The critical component covered by the monitoring program refers to construction management since the key impacts are those generated during this phase of work. The monitoring plan is based on the mitigation/enhancement measures identified for the environmental impacts but can have critical effects if not mitigated. The environmental monitoring plan including the key parameters to be monitored is presented in Table A8-2-1 below. This covers the pre-construction, construction and operation stages of the subproject.
1.2 Baseline Data and Routine Periodic Water Quality Monitoring
96. Routine instrumented monitoring of water quality and run-off from construction camps, selected sample sites in the command area one month prior to construction then quarterly every year shall be undertaken. This shall include measurements of suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Regarding this NPMO has signed the contract with the external monitoring team from NUOL (environment faculty) to conduct in March 2013 and the result of the work will be a baseline data of the project.
97. Pre-construction monitoring to establish baseline conditions shall be undertaken at locations as determined advisable. Baseline monitoring of water quality shall be undertaken at a site in the command area and the receiving streams of effluent from construction/labor camps potentially polluting activities related to the Works. Measurements of suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) will be done once at each subproject by External Monitor prior for system construction.
98. Waste disposal shall be undertaken in an environmentally responsible manner, including providing for the disposal of human waste, in accordance with regulations in force by the relevant authorities.
99. All subproject locations (including but not limited, construction areas, and accommodations) that are directly or indirectly associated with the subproject shall be regularly inspected for compliance with requirements of the EMP and statutory regulations. Specific issues include:
• dust control; • waste handling and disposal and its immediate surroundings; • prevention of materials encroaching; • temporary drainage; and
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• water quality
100. Environmental monitoring will cover (i) compliance monitoring, to ensure that mitigation specified in the EMP is carried out to an adequate standard; (ii) community feedback to obtain views and information on relevant environmental parameters and (iii) water quality testing.
101. Water quality testing is necessary to detect any deterioration of water quality and in view of the fact that some scheme users use the scheme water as a supplementary source of domestic water supply, to ensure that it is not dangerous for that purpose. In order to determine the safety of the water, it should be tested for levels of dissolved oxygen, chemical and biological oxygen demand.
Table A8-2-1: Environmental Monitoring Plan Impacts to be Parameters Location Measur- Frequency Respon- Monitored ments sibilities Design and Preconstruction Phase Water quality of pH, biological Selected Collection of 1 month prior to External irrigation water oxygen demand sample sites samples and construction, Monitor (BOD), in the laboratory Quarterly (NUOL)/ dissolved command analysis PAFO oxygen (DO) area and chemical oxygen demand (COD) Health and safety Compliance to All work sites Compliance Quarterly PAFO/PPO and welfare EMP / of workers and the worker public accommodati on Construction Phase Accumulation of Changes as Subproject Consultations To be decided by PAFO/PPO excessive pathogens perceived beneficiaries PAFO / PPO at the in irrigation water/ by irrigation and start of the works Domestic use scheme participating users villagers pH, biological Selected Collection of Twice a year PAFO oxygen demand sample sites samples and (BOD), in the laboratory dissolved command analysis oxygen (DO) area and chemical oxygen demand (COD) Implementation of Compliance All work sites Compliance To be decided by PAFO construction PAFO / PPO at the mitigation measures start of the works detailed in the EMP Adequacy of quantity Opinions of Participating Consultations To be decided by PAFO of water for irrigation WUGs villages PAFO / PPO at the start of the works Operation Phase
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Impacts to be Parameters Location Measur- Frequency Respon- Monitored ments sibilities Changes as Subproject Consultation To be decided by PAFO perceived beneficiaries PAFO/PPO by irrigation and villagers at start of the works Accumulation of scheme chemical users fertilizers/pesticides pH, Selected Collection of Quarterly PAFO / in water for biological sample samples and scheme irrigation/domestic oxygen sites in the laboratory users use demand (BOD) command analysis and area chemical oxygen demand (COD) Adequacy of and Opinions/ Villagers and Consultation To be decided by PAFO effectiveness complains of subproject PAFO/PPO of the scheme: users beneficiaries at start of the works quantity of water; increases in crop yields; occurrence of disputes
2. REPORTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESULTS
102. The reporting of EMP and monitoring results shall cover the information and the progress and results of mitigation (monitoring reports and feedback). The environmental and monitoring report formats are provided herewith.
2.1 Environmental Report Forms
Table A8-2-2a: Project Implementation Progress Overview Reporting period (Date): Work program/Project Activities Project status: a. On-going activities/site works: provide details of specific activities such as earthworks, vegetation clearing, borrow pit operation, establishment of construction camp, etc. including locations, schedule, etc.
b. Construction activities during the previous month
c. Construction activities for the next month Previous report date: Persons met and dates: Report prepared by:
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Table A8-2-2b: Summary of Compliance with Environmental Mitigation Measures Comment on Specific Mitigation Compliance Attained Issues for Further Reasons for Non- Measures) (Yes, No, Partial) Action Compliance 1. 2. 3.
Table A8-2-2c: Issues for Further Action Required Issue Cause Responsibility Timing Resolution Action Old Issues from Previous Reports 1. 2. New Issues from this Report 1. 2. 3. Report prepared by:
Table A8-2-2d: Environmental Effects - Inspection and Monitoring Results Comparison to Comment on Monitoring Issues for Further Relevant Standard / Incidences of Parameter Action Criteria Exceedance 1. 2. 3.
Table A8-2-2e: Problems/Issues for Further Action Required Issue Cause Responsibility Timing Resolution Action Old Problems/Issues from Previous Reports (if any) 1. 2. New Problems/Issues from this Report 1. 2. Report prepared by:
A8-25 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 8: Attachment A8-2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
1. Compliance with EMP
a. Determine if the required mitigation measures are sufficient or still appropriate considering current site conditions and on-going site works. b. Describe any difficulties related to the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Indicate any changes proposed by the contractor to improve environmental protection.
2. Permits
a. Indicate any environmental permit/license/consent obtained during the previous period or to be obtained for the coming month in order to continue the project construction activities. b. Provide details of any environmental permit that the contractor failed to secure prior to conducting any specific activities.
3. Complaint(s)
a. Provide details of any complaints that have been raised by the local population and other stakeholders (who, what, where, when). b. Document how the complaints were addressed or will be addressed, who are the responsible project staff, specific actions and dates.
4. Environmental Training/Orientation
Provide details of environmental training or orientation carried out during the previous month and the coming month (if any).
5. Summary of Problems/issues Encountered and Recommendations
6. Appendices
a. Correspondence b. Monitoring Results, laboratory analysis c. etc.
A8-26 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 8: Attachment A8-6 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ATTACHMENTA8-3: ISSUES/CONCERNS AND PROPOSED RESOLUTIONS RAISED BY PARTICIPANTS
Project Activities Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsible Method Timing Method Timing Agencies Irrigation system Improvement 1.
- Buttress type weir of - installation of the Nam Kha is unable to intake gate sluice gate operate due to steering Dry season Project +Contractor+ a. Head weir structure for nam Kha irrigation Dry Season Field inspection wheel is missing, Construction period Farmers system - upstream of the weir is
silted -part of the nam Haad left - Bank protection and
canal eroded & need concrete lining of 1,800
b. Canal system bank protection m long with associated Dry season - seepage and eroded of structures for Nam Project + Contractor+ Field inspection Construction period Nam Kha Main Canal Haad Left main Canal Dry season Farmers - Concrete lining of the main canal 2,550 m and
related structures
twice a day Other related - regular sprinkling of Field inspector + 3. - dust emission watering during Daily check construction period activities water contractor transportation - install muffler or Material Field inspector + a - noise regular maintain Continue Daily check construction period transportation contractor machines worker's camp - improper waste Construction Field inspector + b - allocate disposal pit Daily check construction period construction disposal period contractor
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ATTACHMENT-A8-4: CONSULTATION ATTENDANCE SHEET
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A8-31 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 8: Attachment A8-6 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
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ATTACHMENT-A8-5: PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
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ATTACHMENT-A8-6: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
Step 1 Lodging complaint
It is possible that APs lodge complaints to any of the following: i) village heads; ii) Contractor, during construction; iii) concerned agency DCO or PPO through the safeguard office of the EMO;
Step 2 Grievance Documentation/ Registration
The safeguard officer under the EMO will be responsible for documenting and registering complaints received during construction and operation, respectively. Other potential complaint recipients shall make sure that the received complaints are directed to, documented by, and registered with, the EMO as soon as possible. The EMO shall make sure that documented/registered complaints are acknowledged, duly referenced.
Step 3 Screening of complaint
The AP shall immediately be informed if the grievance is within, or outside, the purview of the mechanism. If it is outside the scope, AP shall be directed to the proper institution and/or proper mechanism for the complaint.
Step 4 Review, Investigation and Discussion
If it is covered by the mechanism, the AP shall be informed of the expected action timelines. If relevant parties are available, the complaint shall be immediately reviewed, investigated and discussed within the day. If not, the review, investigation and discussion should immediately take place on the next day or within 3 days. The discussion will center on the measures to implement based on the review and investigation.
Step 5 Action/ Resolution
If the complaint is minor, the EMO shall immediately act on the complaint. Minor complaint will be those impacts/issues that would not require thorough review and investigation and will be easy to resolve. If impact/issue will need thorough review and investigation, more work to be done, and/or supplies/parts to be procured, to resolve, the EMO shall immediately provide the most suitable interim measure to reduce the magnitude of the impact; and to start work on the final measure not later than 5 days from the day discussion meeting is held.
Step 6 Acceptance of Resolution
If, according to the AP, the impact has been resolved satisfactorily, EMO shall obtain a written confirmation of satisfaction from the AP, which will form part of the grievance documentation.
Step 7 Monitoring and Evaluation
For at least a week after closure of grievance (that is, when action implemented has been satisfactorily confirmed in writing by the complainant), the EMO shall monitor the effectiveness of the resolution. Monitoring and evaluation shall be properly
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documented and included in the Project Environmental Monitoring Report of the PMU.
Step 8 Lodging of Appeal by dissatisfied APs
In the event the issue/impact persists, AP can lodge an appeal to his/her village head (VH). The VH shall immediately: (i) record the appeal; (ii) contact the EMO, and provide them with copy of the appeal; and (iii) call for a meeting to review the history of the grievance and discuss the appeal and quick resolution of the issue. If the agreed on action/measure has not started within 5 days from the time of formal lodging of the appeal, or if the issue still persists despite the second action, AP can seek assistance from VH to raise the grievance to the District Authority. It is highly unlikely that grievance redress process will reach the level wherein APs need to go through the “appeal” stage.
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Annex-9 Land Acquisition and Compensation Report
Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 A. Project and Subproject 1 B. Land Acquisition and Mitigation Requirements 1 C. Value of Affected Assets for their Households 2 D. Consultation, Participation and Grievance Mechanisms 2 E. Planning, Implementing and Monitoring 2 F. Conclusions 3 G. Reporting Notes 3 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 4 1.1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project 4 1.2 Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject 4 2. SCOPE OF LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT 7 3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFORMATION AND PROFILE 8 3.1 Socio-Economic Baseline 8 3.2 Social Impacts 10 3.3 Socio-Economic Survey of Affected Households 10 4. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 12 4.1 Requirements 12 4.2 Achievements 12 5. COMPLAINTS AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS 14 5.1 Requirements 14 5.2 Grievance Approach 14 6. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 16 6.1 Lao Requirements 16 6.2 ADB Regulations 16 6.3 Agreed Key Principles 16 7. ENTITLEMENT, ASSISTANCE AND BENEFITS 19 7.1 Entitled Affected Persons 19 7.2 Loss of Assets and Resources 19 7.2.1 Loss of Land 21 7.2.2 Loss of Houses and Other Structures 21 7.2.3 Loss of Crops and Trees 21 7.2.4 Loss of Common Property Resources 21 8. RELOCATION OF HOUSING AND RESETTLEMENT 21 9. INCOME RESTORATION AND REHABILITATION 22 9.1 Allowances 22 9.2 Special Assistance 22 10. RESETTLEMENT BUDGET AND FINANCING PLAN 23 10.1 Planned LAC Cost Estimate 23 10.2 Compensation or Donation 23 11. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT 25 12. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 26 13. MONITORING AND REPORTING 27 13.1 Internal M&E 27 13.2 External M&E 27
A9 - i Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Subproject’s Summary of Affected Assets, Households, Severity of Impacts ...... 7 Table 2: Subproject’s Summary of Main Findings of SESAH...... 11 Table 3: Subproject’s Feedback from Village Consultation Meetings ...... 13 Table 4: NRIDSP Main Steps of Grievance Mechanisms ...... 15 Table 5: NRIDSP Key LARC Objectives...... 17 Table 6: NRIDSP Main Components of Compensation Approaches ...... 18 Table 7: NRIDSP Categories of Entitled Affected Persons ...... 19 Table 8: Subproject’s Entitlement Matrix ...... 20 Table 9: Subproject’s Planned Land Acquisition and Compensation Budget ...... 24 Table 10: Subprojects’ Performed and Scheduled LAC Activities of “Project Year 2” ...... 26
LIS T OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location and Features of the 27 Subprojects ...... 5 Figure 2: Layout Map of Nam Haad Sat Subproject ...... 6
ATTACHMENT
Attachment A9-1 Definition of Key Terms Attachment A9-2 LARC-Fact Finding and Screening Attachment A9-3 Summary Data Sheet of Socio-Economic Survey of Affected Households Attachment A9-4 LARC Consultation and Coordination Attachment A9-5 Summary of Inventory of Loss Attachment A9-6 Compensation Unit Rates
A9 - ii Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
SELECTED ACRONYMS
ADB Asian Development Bank AH Affected Household AP Affected Person CEF Compensation and Entitlement Forms DAFO District Agriculture and Forestry Office DCO District Coordination Office DD Detailed Design DMF Design and Monitoring Framework DLMA District Land Management Authority DMS Detailed Measurement Survey DOI Department of Irrigation DOP Department of Planning of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry DPWT Provincial Department of Public Works and Transport DRC District Resettlement Committee EA Executing Agency EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EC Executive Committee EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan FS Feasibility Study GAP Gender Action Plan GIC Grant Implementation Consultants GOL Government of Lao PDR HH Households IA Implementing Agency ICB International Competitive Bidding IEE Initial Environmental Examination IM Independent Monitoring IOL Inventory of Loss IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework KN Lao Currency Unit kip Lao PDR Lao People's Democratic Republic LAC Land Acquisition and Compensation LACP Land Acquisition and Compensation Plan LARC Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Compensation LMA Land Management Authority LMC Left Main Canal LUP Land Use Planning LUG Land Use Group LWU Lao Women’s Union MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry M&E Monitoring and evaluation MOH Ministry of Health MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport NGO Non-Government Organization
A9 - iii Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
SELECTED ACRONYMS
NGPES National Growth and Poverty Elimination Strategy NLMA National Land Management Authority NPMO National Project Management Office NRIDSP Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project NSC National Steering Committee NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product OPWT Office of Public Works and Transport O&M Operation and Maintenance PAFO Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office PAM Project Administration Manual PBME Project Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation PIB Public Information Booklet PIR Poverty Impact Ratio PIS Provincial Irrigation Service PIU Project Implementation Unit PLMA Provincial Land Management Authority PLUP Participatory Land Use Planning PPME Project Performance Monitoring and Evaluation PPO Provincial Project Office PPSC Provincial Project Steering Committee PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PSA Poverty and Social Analysis PSC Project Steering Committee RCS Replacement Cost Survey RF Resettlement Framework RMC Right Main Canal ROW Right of Way RP Resettlement Plan SEBS Socio-Economic Baseline Survey SES Socio-Economic Survey SESAH Socio-Economic Survey of Affected Households SIR Subproject Investment Report SPS Safeguards Policy Statement TA Technical Assistance TOR Terms of Reference VLWU Village Lao Women’s Union VRC Village Resettlement Committee VRMC Village Road Maintenance Committee WUG Water Users Group
A9 - iv Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. Project and Subproject 1. The Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (NRIDSP) main aim is to provide the rural community with access to and participation in the market economy. This is to be realized through the increase in incremental production of saleable commodities and promotion of agricultural productivity. The NRISDP has four main outputs:
(i) Production and productivity enhancing rural infrastructure constructed and/or rehabilitated. (ii) Productivity and impact enhancing initiatives adopted. (iii) Capacities of national, provincial and district agencies strengthened to enable a sector development approach. (iv) Efficient and effective delivery of subprojects’ and project management.
2. Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject is located in the District of Pha Oudom, Bokeo Province. The scheme is approximately 84 km east of Bokeo Provincial Center, about 2 hours travel through an all-weather dirt road passable by all types of vehicles. The Nam Haad Left is divided into two groups: 1) Nam Haad Left Irrigation (PungXieng Group) of about 25 ha); and 2) Pung Hin Group with water supply from Nam Kha Irrigation System covering a total area of about 423 ha. The subproject beneficiaries reside in eleven (11) villages of Pha Oudom District, Bokeo Province: The subproject beneficiaries are composed of 1,389 households and a population of 7,849.
3. Nam Haad Left Subproject will involve the development of the Left Main Canal of the Nam Haad NRI Year 1 Subproject to irrigate about 30 ha, combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the existing Namkha Weir estimated to irrigate an area of more than 400 ha for 11 villages, among which are the beneficiary villages of Nam Haad Right and Nam Haad Left. The proposed rehabilitation works for the Nam Haad Left Subproject will include the rehabilitation of the intake gates for the scheme and build new main canals. The Nam Haad Left infrastructure assistance requires new construction and/or rehabilitation of stilling basin, sluice gate, intake, main canals and turnout gates among others. The mechanisms for the existing intake gates are difficult to operate and have serious leaks. The Nam Kha Irrigation System requires construction of new main canal and rehabilitation of existing irrigation facilities and structures. B. Land Acquisition and Mitigation Requirements 4. This subproject involves physical changes through rehabilitation works mainly within and a very few cases outside the existing corridor of impact and access. It comprises the rehabilitation of mainly irrigation infrastructure.
5. At feasibility study stage, the rehabilitation works of this subproject will result in: (i) Loss of agricultural land of about 208sqm productive land owned by 2 households for whom this would represent a loss of 1.4% of their total productive land. There is no household severely affected by losing paddy fields. (ii) No loss of trees. (iii) No loss of residential land. (iv) No loss of primary and secondary structures (v) No relocation of households. (vi) No loss of common property. (vii) No cases of economic resettlement and vulnerable people caused by the subproject.
A9 - 1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
C. Value of Affected Assets for their Households 6. The mitigation approach of the subproject (a) has been embedded in the entitlement, assistance and benefits approach as defined in the Project Resettlement Framework (RF), (b) is compliant with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), and (c) has been orientated in the Lao legal context. 7. At feasibility study stage the designed technical features as listed above lead to a corridor of impact along the engineered alignment of rehabilitated infrastructure with a total of 208 sqm affected strips of land owned by 2 households.
8. A land acquisition and compensation budget has been planned with a total of rounded KN 2.3 million because of affected land to be compensated. This is equivalent to an average of rounded KN 1.15 million for each of the 2 affected households with their 9 family members.
9. As indicated during LARC related consultation and surveys, affected owners might agree through signed Compensation & Entitlement Forms to voluntarily donate their affected land and/or trees as their contribution to the subproject. This will have to be reviewed during detailed design stage.
D. Consultation, Participation and Grievance Mechanisms
10. Related to the feasibility stage this Land Acquisition and Compensation Report was prepared between September 2012 and February 2013. It has been based on a consultative and participative approach with focus on:
(i) Individual household surveys about land acquisition aspects in general. (ii) Specific acquisition requirements of the concerned strips of productive land of the households’ agricultural plots along the canal’s alignment. (iii) Socio-economic surveys of affected households.
11. The defined grievance approach aims at having complaints ideally passed through four stages before they could be elevated to a court of law as a last resort. The NRIDSP’s objective is to handle and solve any complaints those for stages before a complainant would approach a court. Affected persons are entitled to lodge complaints regarding any aspect of the preparation and implementation of land acquisition and compensation without prejudice to their right to file complaints with the court of law at any point in the process.
12. During the fieldwork the Consultant received feedback from the contacted households indicating their high satisfaction of the subproject bringing them “a better irrigation with access” and their hope that the subproject would start very soon.
E. Planning, Implementing and Monitoring
13. The planning of compensation and mitigation measures has been based on the preliminary measurement survey. As there are impacts on private assets, an inventory of loss (IOL) and socio-economic survey of affected households (SESAH) were required, and a compensation budget calculated for payment of predicted loss of land and trees.
14. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) is the executing agency for the Project with the responsibility for overall project coordination and management transferred to its Department of Planning which has established the National Project Management Office (NPMO) for day-to-day coordination and management of the Project. The implementing agencies at the provincial level are the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Offices. Provincial Project Offices have been established within each PAFO to be responsible for subproject related financial management at provincial level, and coordination and management of
A9 - 2 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
implementation of subprojects. To assist implementation of the subproject at the district level, District Coordination Offices (DCOs) have been established within District Agriculture and Forestry Offices mainly to coordinate and supervise subproject activities.
15. This subproject is scheduled to commence construction work in January 2014 for 18 months. The start of implementation is mainly dependent on approval of detailed design, bidding evaluation and the updated LACR as part of the Project’s overall grant conditions.
16. During implementation and operation phase the internal and external Monitoring and Evaluation has to be performed to elaborate on performance and impacts of the subproject’s activities. Its technical approach has to be transparent, and any data or information made available to involved stakeholders either in Lao and/or English language.
F. Conclusions
17. This Land Acquisition and Compensation (LAC) Report confirms at feasibility study level this subproject to be grouped under ADB category B as it includes involuntary resettlement impacts through (a) loss of land, but (b) no other losses. Income and livelihood conditions of the affected household will not be seriously affected.
18. An updated land acquisition planning during the detailed design stage will have to verify the final engineered canal alignment through detailed measurement survey (DMS) and confirm or modify the acquisition of private assets, mainly land and trees.
G. Reporting Notes
19. This LAC Report has been structured in accordance with requirements for Resettlement Plans as outlined in the “ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (2009).
20. According to Lao PDR Decree 2432 (dated 11/11/2005 on “Regulations for Implementing Decree 192 dated 07/07/2005 on Compensation and Resettlement of People Affected by Development Project”) a resettlement planning document is called “Land Acquisition and Compensation Report” if impacts of the project are not serious (mostly marginal), which is the case for this subproject.
A9 - 3 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project
21. The Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (NRIDSP) main aim is to provide the rural community with access to and participation in the market economy. This is to be realized through the increase in incremental production in saleable commodities and promotion of agricultural productivity. NRIDSP has four main outputs:
(i) Production and productivity enhancing rural infrastructure constructed and/or rehabilitated. (ii) Productivity and impact enhancing initiatives adopted. (iii) Capacities of national, provincial and district agencies strengthened to enable a sector development approach. (iv) Efficient and effective delivery of subprojects and Project management.
22. The map in Figure 1 shows the four Project provinces and the locations of the 27 subprojects.
1.2 Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
23. Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject is located in the District of Pha Oudom, Bokeo Province. The scheme is approximately 84 km east of Bokeo Provincial Center, about 2 hours travel through an all-weather dirt road passable by all types of vehicles. Most of the villagers originated from Bokeo with a few migrants from nearby provinces. The Nam Haad Left is divided into two groups: 1) Nam Haad Left Irrigation (PungXieng Group) of about 25 ha); and 2) Pung Hin Group with water supply from Nam Kha Irrigation System covering a total area of about 423 ha. The subproject beneficiaries reside in eleven (11) villages of Pha Oudom District, Bokeo Province. The beneficiaries are composed of 1,389 households and a population of 7,849 with a female-male ration of 50:50%, and an average household size of 6 persons, 3 females and 3 males.
24. The existing Namkha weir was constructed with government funds along with the Namkha LMC in 1995/1996. EU provided funds in 2008 to construct the Namkha RMC. Namkha is presently irrigating about 325 ha during the wet season and about 150 to 175 ha during the dry season benefiting about 406 HHs with 2,669 HH members. Namkha is benefitting the 11 villages mentioned above which includes the beneficiary villages of Nam Haad Left and Nam Haad Right Main Canals.
25. Nam Haad Left Subproject will involve the development of the Left Main Canal of the Nam Haad NRI Year 1 Subproject to irrigate about 30 ha, combined with the rehabilitation and improvement of the existing Namkha Weir estimated to irrigate an area of more than 400 ha for 11 villages, among which are the beneficiary villages of Nam Haad Right and Nam Haad Left. The proposed rehabilitation works for the Nam Haad Left Subproject will include the rehabilitation of the intake gates for the scheme and build new main canals. The Nam Haad Left infrastructure assistance requires new construction and/or rehabilitation of stilling basin, sluice gate, intake, main canals and turnout gates among others. The mechanisms for the existing intake gates are difficult to operate and have serious leaks. The Nam Kha Irrigation System requires construction of new main canal and rehabilitation of existing irrigation facilities and structures.
26. Besides the irrigation rehabilitation and improvement, productivity and impact enhancement initiatives will be delivered by the subproject.
27. Figure 2 contains a map showing the layout of the subproject’s infrastructure.
A9 - 4 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
Figure 1: Location and Features of the 27 Subprojects
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Figure 2: Layout Map of Nam Haad Sat Subproject
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2. SCOPE OF LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT
28. The subproject will involve physical changes through the rehabilitation of existing irrigation infrastructures. Contacted farmers regarded the possible land requirements for canals as minor.
29. The main requirements for land acquisition are summarized in Table 1 and detailed in Attachment A9-2.
30. There are no land acquisition requirements concerning: (a) houses and other structures, (b) community resources, (c) physical and/or economic resettlement. Consequently, there are no requirements for resettlement by this subproject and no physical and economic displacement of people will take place.
31. For any temporary site installation and access roads the contractor will have to propose in a site installation and access plan and obtain approval by the resident site engineer. Where possible public land will be used. The Employer will provide the contractor with the project’s land acquisition and compensation principles to be followed by the subproject.
Table 1: Subproject’s Summary of Affected Assets, Households, Severity of Impacts Severity of Affected Type of Asset Level of Affectedness Impact Household/s Total of 208 sqm of paddy fields. Minor, no severely Productive Land About 1.4 % of the AHs’ total 2 male headed AHs productive land along the engineered affected alignment of the canal. households Trees None 0 0 Residential Land None 0 0 Primary Structures None 0 0 Secondary Structures None 0 0 N O T E S: The subproject will not lead to economic displacement of resident AHs through loss of 1 assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods Based on the SESAH, a list of AHs will be considered for job opportunities during 2 construction phase by the contractor to be agreed during contract negotiations between the contractor and MAF. Whether AHs would require compensation or agree in voluntarily donating their 3 affected portions of land as their contribution to the subproject will have to be reviewed during detailed design stage.
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3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFORMATION AND PROFILE
3.1 Socio-Economic Baseline
32. The Subproject covers eleven (11) villages located within the Phaoudom District of Bokeo Province, namely: 1) Phaoudom; 2) Phonxay; 3) Phiengkham; 4) Thinkeo; 5) Pounglard; 6) Sibounheuang; 7) Xaysavang; 8) Namkha Palao; 9) Somsavang; 10; Xayoudom; and 11) Donsavanh. Most of the villages had been established from early 1940s to early 1990s. The earliest established village is Namkha Palao, established in 1812.
33. The information of this paragraph has been extracted from the Social Impact Assessment of this feasibility study:
(i) Recently there are 1,381 households (1,677 families) living in the eleven (11) villages with population of 7,800 comprised of 3,907 females and 3,893 males. Average of household size is about 6 persons composed of 3 females and 3 males. (ii) Two (Sibounheuang and Xaysavang are inhabited purely by Lao-Tai Ethno- Liguistic Group. Xayoduom is inhabited by Tibeto-Chinese Group. The other eight (8) villages are inhabited by two (2) different ethno-linguistic groups, Lao- Tai and Mone-Khmer. Overall, 46% of the HHs are Lao- Tai, 43% are Mone- Khmerand 11% are Hmong-Iu Mien. (iii) Seven (7) of the villages have domestic water supply, others get their domestic water supply from open wells, nearby rivers and streams. All the villages have access to electricity and are covered by mobile phone signal. Based on the Village Household Masterlist 3,858 of the 7,800 population (49.33%) are literates. The highest literacy is in Sibounheuang Village at 67%, while the lowest is in Somsavang village at 39%. The most accessible developed market is found in Pha Odoum District. About 91% of HHs have latrines/toilet and there are additional public toilets available in each village constructed adjacent to village meeting rooms. Medical/health facilities are available at the District and Provincial Centers. Dispensaries/health clinic are also available in Nam Haad Left Subproject area. (iv) Primary and elementary schools are located in 5 of the villages and a secondary school is available at the District Center. There are no college, university or vocational institute in Pha Oudom District. The total number of children attending primary and secondary school is 1,867 comprised of 995 female and 867 male. The number represents about 98% of school age children in the villages. There is no significant difference between gender of children going to school. In fact, 100% percent of female children are attending primary to secondary school compared to 95% for male children. (No data was reported for Thinkeo). As to ethnic distribution of children going to primary and secondary schools, 93% of Mone-Khmer children are going to school compared to 100% for Lao-Tai and Hmong-Iu Mien Groups. After completion of secondary school, children in the 11 villages study in Bokeo, Luang Namtha, Luang Prabang or at the Vientiane Capital. The percentage of children attending university, college or vocational institute is at 77%, 71% for females and 82% for males. (No data is reported for Somsavang). (v) The total agricultural landholding in the area is about 1,615 ha. Landholdings are comprised of 42% irrigated lowland "natee sonlapathan", 15% rainfed lowland "natee hap nampohn", 21% upland "neun soung, na hai, na peut", 5% home garden "suan koua", 1% fishpond, 5% fruit trees "suan tonmai hay mak", and 14% rubber tree. Agriculture land holding in 11 core village under Nam Haad left irrigation subproject is average of rounded 1.2 ha per household. (vi) Agriculture is one of the sources of income of HHs in the area. Rice is the major crop grown with some corn and peanuts. Livestock, poultry and fish
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production are secondary agriculture source of income. The surveyed average income per household is about KN 21,514,000 HH/year. HH income is composed of 30% from agriculture sources and 70% from non-agriculture sources. This is understandable as the villages are located near the District Center where alternative sources of income other than agriculture are available. Data shows that 71% of sample HHs are involved in agriculture and 81% are involved in non-agriculture sources. The average per capita income is about KN 303,000 person/month which is above the poverty line of KN 180,000 person/month. The lowest income (lower than the poverty line) are observed in Xaysavang, Namkha Palao and Donsavanh. (vii) The average HH expenditure is about KN 10.8 million/HH/year or about 152,000 KN/person/month which is lower than the poverty line income of KN 180,000 person/month. HH expenditures are distributed to 23% for food, 21% for house repair and improvements, 15% for education, 11% for health, 10% each for clothes and transportation and 5% each for energy and miscellaneous expenses. The average HH expenditures are lower than the HH average income. This indicates that HHs are adjusting their expenditures within their available income. (viii) About 66% of households are rice sufficient or with rice surplus, 15% of household with 1- 2 months deficit; 10% of household deficit 3-4 months, and 10% deficit more than 4 months deficit. Figure 4 below shows that Donsavanh village has the most HHs with rice deficit at 59%. The best situation on rice sufficiency is in Sibounheuang where 90% of HHs are either rice sufficient or with surplus rice. (ix) About 33% of HHs are classified as poor having income below 85,000 kips/person/month. Sixty (60) percent are classified as having income between 85,000 to 180,000 kips/person/month and only 7% are having income above 180,000 kips/person/month, the 2009/2012 poverty line for rural areas. Based on the HH income of sample HHs about 40% of HHs are poor, 8% are of the middle income category and 54% have income above the 2009/2012 poverty line for rural areas. (x) There are 180 LLHH or 13% of the total HHs. Comparison of the incidence of LLHHs versus rice deficit HHs and poor HHs shows that the incidence of rice deficit and poor HHs is much higher than the LLHHs. Table 22 shows that LLHHs is 13% of total HHs while rice deficit HHs and poor HHS are 35% and 33% respectively. It must be noted that the average ownership of irrigated lands, rainfed lands and uplands are below 0.50 ha/HH, and hence, HHs sources of income as discussed earlier, are from agriculture as well as non- agriculture income sources. The poverty situation of LLHHs shows that 40% are having rice deficit of less than one to more than 4 months and 35% are poor having income less than 85,000 kips/person/month. The table also shows that 64% of the LLHHs are of the Lao-Tai ethnic group, 23% are Mone-Khmer and 13% are Hmong-Iu Mien. (xi) There are 100FHHs or 7% of the total households. In terms of rice sufficiency, about 47% of FHHs are rice sufficient or with surplus rice, the remaining 53% HHs are having rice deficit of less than one to more than 4 months. The villages with high percentage of HHs with rice deficits are Phiengkham (75%), Xaysavang (71%), Namkha Palao (71%), Somsavang (67%), Thinkeo (54%) and Phonxay (50%). Of the 100 FHHs 58% or 58 HHs are categorized as poor having income of less than 80,000 kips/person/month. The highest incidence of poor FHHs are in Thinkeo (85%), Phonxay (83%), Namkha Palao (73%), Xaysavang (71%) and Phiengkham (58%). Of the FHHs, 58% are Mone- Khmer, 36% are Lao-Tai and 6% are Hmong Iu Mien.
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3.2 Social Impacts
34. The proposed subproject has the following potential impacts
(i) Increase household income and hence, reduce poverty. (ii) Improvement of the economic conditions of beneficiary households due to: (a) improved irrigation water availability in irrigated areas; (b) increase in irrigated area in both seasons; (c) increase rice yield and production; (d) promote production of high value for other crops during the dry season; and (e) increase in income. (iii) Generate additional demand for hired labour due to increase in crop production activities in the area for two seasons. (iv) Promote a more active economy for the villages due to increased production of rice and other crops, increased household income, potential commercialization of rice surplus and high value crops, and demand for production inputs.
35. The subproject will enable intensification (increased frequency) of cropping in the area through increased reliability of water supply. Those without irrigated land also support and express need for the subproject as it will increase the demand for farm labor and there will also be employment from construction.
36. During PMS and SESAH fieldwork GIC could notice a widespread support for the proposed subproject both amongst those with irrigated land and those without as there is an expectation that intensification of cropping will provide increased demand for farm labor.
3.3 Socio-Economic Survey of Affected Households
37. A socio-economic survey of affected households (SESAH) has been conducted in November 2012 (see also Attachment A9-3) showing the following main results as summarized in Table 2. This table provides an overview about key-topics in relation with LARC aspects as collected during fieldwork through PMS, IOL SESAH, public consultation, and meetings by PPO, DCO and GIC.
38. It is noteworthy that contacted heads of households confirmed their expectation of an improvement of their livelihoods through an improved and extended irrigation scheme as their incomes depend on agriculture and farming activities. This is one of the main reasons why AHs might agree to voluntarily donate their portions of affected land as their contribution to the subproject (see also Chapter 10.2).
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Table 2: Subproject’s Summary of Main Findings of SESAH Key Topics Description Demography • There are 0 female and 2 male headed affected households. Head • One head of HH is younger and the other older than 65 years. Of • They are not disabled. Affected • Household They are owner of land of their households. • There are no widowed cases. Spouse • There are 2 spouses Of • Both spouses are younger than 65 years. Affected • They are all not disabled. Household • They are owner of land of their households. • 100% are Lao-Thai. • About 33% of the household members are female and 67% male. • Average size is 4.5 members/family. Family • Of About 44% of family members are younger than 18 years and 12% older than 65 years, Affected with the remaining 44% having an age between 18 and 65 years. Household • Concerning education of female members, 67% attended the primary and 33% the secondary school. • Concerning education of male members, 33% do not have a formal education, and the remaining 67% did/do attend school at different levels. Livelihood Working • In most cases all potential economically active family members contribute to the income. Household • Salary/wage and business incomes are related to one member of the family. Members The distribution based on percentages are as follows: Income • 1st group: 100% of the AHs follow agricultural and farming activities. Activities • 2nd group: 50% have salary/wage or business/trade as income sources. • There are no other income sources. The ranking applied by GIC referring to average amounts of annual incomes are: Importance st • 1 category: > KN 30 million/year: business/trade. Of nd • 2 category: KN 20 - 30 million/year: salary/wage. Income • 3rd category: < KN 20 million/year: agriculture sources • As no other income sources have been mentioned no ranking can be applied. • The surveyed affected households have an average monthly income of KN 2.5 million/month. Income • This totals to an annual income of about KN 30 million/year. Note: The GIC understands that the AHs did provide all sources and related amounts of income during the SESAH and it appears that their situation is better than the average conditions of the HHs. Based on the information provided by the surveyed head of households: • There are 0% regarded as poor household, meaning “having not enough or limited”. • About 50% grouped as a “middle” households meaning “normal status”. • Remaining 50% ranked as rich meaning “wealthy”. Social Status Note: The Prime Minister’s Decree No. 285, Dated 13 October 2009, and new Decree of Government of Laos “Poverty Criteria and Development Standard 2012-2015” No 201/Govt, Date 25 April 2012 official wealth rankings are defined as follows: rich above the 2009 poverty line (>180,000kip per person per month), medium between 2005-2009 poverty line (85,000-180,000kip per person per month) and the poor below 2001 poverty line (<85,000kip per person per month). Acquisition of Assets and Compensation • The AHs live in their village and use their land since 10 years on average. Land • They have 1 residential compound on average. Use • They cultivate 1.5 plots productive land on average. • Two AHs, without cases of severely affected households. • Both head of households and their spouses regard themselves as owners of the land. Acquisition • They are no trees affected. • For residential compounds they have land titles, concerning productive land they have certificates and tax declarations regarded as official prove of their ownership of land. • Owners agreed in the results of the preliminary measurement survey. Compen- • They indicated their tendency to contribute affected land as contribution to the subproject. sation • Final decision would be taken during detailed design stage when final areas to be acquired would be marked on their plots.
Note 1: This socio-economic overview about AHs is based on the SESAH. Note 2: Socio-economic baseline data are provided in the SIA (FS Annex 7)
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4. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
4.1 Requirements
39. In general a meaningful consultation is a process that (a) begins early in the project preparation stage and is carried out on an ongoing basis throughout the project cycle; (b) provides timely disclosure of relevant and adequate information that is understandable and readily accessible to affected people; (c) is undertaken in an atmosphere free of intimidation or coercion; (d) is gender inclusive; (e) enables the incorporation of all relevant views of affected people and other stakeholders into project design and implementation; and (f) ensures the participation of AHs in planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of resettlement programs.
4.2 Achievements
40. The disclosure of information, consultation and participation of residents in the subproject implementation area started with the PPTA in 2010 and continued in 2011 and 2012 for the subprojects of the 1st Project Year and extended in 2012 for the 9 subprojects of the 2nd Project Year as part of the preparation of feasibility studies and detailed designs. The contacted residents have a good understanding about the subproject and its land acquisition related aspects. The contacted villagers show an open attitude and a very supportive behavior towards the subproject as irrigation improvement is a topic of high interest. They did not raise concerns or issues.
41. Provincial and district officials, as well as village representatives, households and families have been informed about the subproject in general and LARC aspects in particular. The subproject ensured that potential affected persons and other stakeholders have (a) obtained again information, however at detailed design stage now, and (b) opportunities to participate in the land acquisition process. An overview about LARC related governmental coordination and community consultation has been prepared in Attachment A9-4. 42. The dissemination and consultation activities are performed as an integral part of the resettlement planning process to inform the concerned villages about LARC items through (a) village meeting/s and (b) individual clarifications, in addition to (c) joint transect walks. During LARC related fieldwork, the GIC initially provided information about participation of affected persons in land acquisition activities, the involvement of district and village leaders in the overall process, type of compensation and mitigation measures.
43. The feedback of contacted people given to GIC in site meetings and during surveys has been recorded and incorporated in this report. This concerned mainly their opinion and support to the subproject, some design items such as alignments in or along a ROW, compensation or donation of affected assets, and possible impacts and benefits for the villages. During the PMS related fieldwork further consultation and discussion took place with villagers and findings have been considered by the preparation of this LACR.
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Table 3: Subproject’s Feedback from Village Consultation Meetings Indicative Totals of Responses by Gender All Majority Average Minority None Do not No. Question Item 100% ca. 75% ca. 50% ca.25% 0% know F M F M F M F M F M F M
Q-1 You support the project X X
Q-2 You support the canal scheme and/or road system X X
You agree in permanent canal/road alignments on Q-3 X X your land
You agree in temporary construction access on your Q-4 X X land
Donation of land X X as contribution to subproject Preferred Land for land compensation Q-5 compensation in any case option Cash compensation for land
in any case
Preferred Village committee X X conflict District committee Q-6 resolution Provincial committee option Civil court
Education of children Preferred
Building new houses use Small business Q-7 of Deposit in bank compensation report Consumption fees to cases No Others
Major land loss: Work outside
Preferred Open shops options Run restaurants or hotels Q-8 for Have small business report future On-the-job training/ apprenticeships No cases to to cases No livelihood Others
Totals 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comments from Participants C-1 • Villagers confirmed their willingness to cooperate with and contribute to the subproject. • Concerning Q-5, during the PMS and SESAH land owners indicated only possible options, but will take their final decisions during the formal land acquisition procedures when the confirmed IOL for each land C-2 will have been calculated providing to affected owners a detailed basis for their options to choose. • The owners indicated their willingness for donation of land/trees if it was required independently from the quantity of assets and their values. This will have to be reviewed during detailed design stage. • Concerning Q-7 and Q-8 AHs indicated that the potential compensation amount would not be enough for C-3 bigger investments or improvement of assets. In this context it should also be considered that through a possible donation there would be no compensation payment anyway.
Notes from Consultant N-1 Date of village meeting: 19 November 2012 N-2 Venue of Village meeting: Thikeo village N-3 Participating villagers: 1 female and 17 male residents N-4 Main facilitators: PPO,DCO, GIC Introduction/briefing on LARC aspects to village residents by provincial, district and consultant staff N-5 complementary to joint transect walks undertaken in the subproject’s implementation area. Abbreviations F:=Female; M:=Male; PPO:=Provincial Project Office; DCO:=District Coordination Office; GIC:= Grant Implementation Consultant
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5. COMPLAINTS AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS
5.1 Requirements
44. These mechanisms are defined in the Project’s Resettlement Framework aiming at the participation of APs throughout the various stages of LARC planning and implementation of subprojects. The information for APs about entitlements, compensation and supportive mitigation options and grievance mechanisms shall be provided by the Project’s relevant agencies and committees. Extensive meetings with APs also allow the implementing agencies to identify the needs and preferences of APs pertaining to compensation and rehabilitation assistance and to reduce any negative potential impacts caused by the proposed subproject.
45. In terms of grievance redresses, the APs have been briefed about rights to grievance and the procedures during feasibility and detailed design stages in case LARC items would become a subproject related issue. This shall be repeated at the start of construction phase. The APs may present their complaints to the concerned local administrative officials and resettlement committees. The complaint can be filed first at the village level and can be elevated to the highest or provincial level if the APs are not satisfied with the decisions made by the village and district levels/committees. APs will be exempted from all taxes, administrative and legal fees associated with their claims and grievance redress.
5.2 Grievance Approach
46. The main steps outlined below serve as an orientation for the grievance main approach. Additional steps can be incorporated as appropriate. For each step details shall be described, agreed and explained to both resettlement responsible committees and the residents of affected villages.
47. In general, APs are entitled to lodge complaints regarding any aspect of the preparation and implementation of this LAC Report without prejudice to their right to file complaints with the court of law at any point in the process. The implementing agencies will shoulder all administrative and legal fees that will be incurred in the resolution of grievances and complaints if AHs win their case.
48. It is recognized that members of AHs might not have writing skills or ability to articulate their grievances verbally, however, then AHs are encouraged to seek assistance from the subproject and/or nominated local non-governmental organizations and/or other family members, village heads to have their grievances recorded in writing and to have access to the LARC documentation, and to any survey or valuation of assets, to ensure that where disputes do occur all the details have been recorded accurately enabling all parties to be treated fairly.
49. All complaints and resolutions will be properly documented by the PPO/DCO and be available for (a) the public and (b) review for monitoring purposes.
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Table 4: NRIDSP Main Steps of Grievance Mechanisms Serial No. Procedural Steps In each village existing mediation committees would be the first contact for APs to address their concerns. It is recommended that in agreement with villages either this 1 committee would be responsible for LARC issues or the village would establish a project related LARC committee. The village shall decide about its community internal approach. ▼ APs would address their complaints to committee/s that would have to react within a 2 defined time (5 days to be defined by village) after submission of the complaint.
▼ In case provided responses are not satisfying to affected people the grievance 3 applications would be forwarded to the district council for resolution within a defined time (5 days) from the date of filing the complaint with this court.
▼ In case APs are still not satisfied next steps could involve provincial authorities that would have to issue a final decision within a defined time (10 days). Before applying 4 step 4, the involved district staff shall undertake a final effort for an amicable solution at village level to avoid next legal steps.
▼ If subproject APs are still not satisfied with the response given or decisions made, the complaint can be elevated at national level either to the national court, if legal 5 decision at provincial level will require this, or to the NPMO which is to be established by the DOP through which the MAF will be responsible for the overall project management for final clarification in this matter within 15 days.
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6. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
6.1 Lao Requirements
50. The Project’s Resettlement Framework describes the legal framework. Each subproject has to follow relevant Lao PDR laws, decrees and regulations including but not limited to the:
• Lao PDR Constitution, dated 1991, describing very generally among others the (a) socio-economic system, (b) fundamental rights and duties of citizens, (c) local administrations, (d) judicial organs. • Lao National Land Law, dated 2003, including among others (a) defining land use and land ownership, (b) describing land tenure system, (c) providing the regulation framework for compensation of land but also including relocation of people that are affected by development schemes. • Lao National Forestry Law, dated 1999, including among others (a) defining policies on forest and watershed management, and (b) promoting conservation and rehabilitation of forest resources. • Lao National Water and Water Resources Law, dated 1996, including among others (a) principles/rules defining exploitation of the water and water resources, (b) management regulations for protection and preservation of the water and water resources, (c) outlining water resources classification systems including the use of water resources. • Lao National Road Law dated 1999, including among other (a) describing public roads and road activities, (b) defining management and land use for roads, (c) explanations to construction of roads and monitoring of roads’ conditions. • Decree No.192/PM of the Prime Minister, dated 7 July 2005, concerning the compensation and resettlement of people affected by development projects. This decree has been replaced by a new improved Decree No.699/PMO of the Prime Minister Office 12 March 2010 on Compensation and Resettlement of Development Projects. • Regulations for Implementing the Decree of the Prime Minister on Compensation and Resettlement of People Affected by Development Projects (No.2432/STEA, dated 11 November 2005), are currently assumed remaining valid and to be applied. • Reduction of Poverty Fund’s Social and Environmental Guidelines dated 2008.
6.2 ADB Regulations
51. In general, the national Lao policies on land acquisition, compensation, assistance and resettlement can be connected with the subproject’s financing ADB’s key guidelines for involuntary resettlement. Among others, the following are related to these aspects:
• Safeguard Policy Statement, dated June, 2009. • Operational Manual Section F1/OP, dated March, 2010. • Handbook on Resettlement dated 1998.
6.3 Agreed Key Principles
52. Based on these key references the Project has defined the following key principles aiming at LARC objectives the subprojects shall achieve, as shown in Table 5.
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Table 5: NRIDSP Key LARC Objectives No. Key Principles If possible, involuntary resettlement and loss of land, structures and other assets and 1 incomes shall be avoided and minimized by exploring all viable options Project affected people shall be provided with compensation for their lost assets, incomes and businesses. The provision with rehabilitation measures shall be sufficient 2 to assist project affected people in improving or at least maintaining their pre-project living standards, income levels and productive capacity. Lack of legal rights to the assets lost will not bar the project affected people from 3 entitlement to such compensation and rehabilitation measures. Replacement of affected assets shall be provided following the principle of replacement 4 costs, without deduction for the value of salvaged materials, taxes, transaction costs and depreciation. Preparation of resettlement plans and their implementation shall be carried out with 5 participation and consultation of project affected people. Schedule of budget for resettlement planning (including socio-economic surveys and/or 6 census) and implementation shall be incorporated in project planning and financing. Payment of compensation or replacement of affected assets and any resettlement to new locations all concerning project affected people shall be completed prior to the 7 award of civil works contract. Rehabilitation measures must also be in place, but not necessarily completed, as these may be ongoing activities Compensation and rehabilitation assistance for ethnic minorities, and socially disadvantaged such as households headed by women, the disabled and elderly, the 8 landless and poor will be carried out with respect for their cultural values and specific needs. Voluntary contribution of affected owners who would like to contribute to the sub- 9 project through donation of their lost assets. This is a household internal decision regardless its social status and level of affectedness caused by the subproject.
53. These all support the guiding principle of ADB that “...project affected people compensated and assisted so that their economic and social future will generally be at least as favorable with the project as without it”. This policy intends to ensure that the absence of formal and legal titles to land by affected grouped or individual users should be formal or legal reasons for non-compensation, and that “particular attention should be paid to the needs of the poorest affected persons including those without legal title to assets, female- headed households, and other vulnerable groups, such as indigenous people, and appropriate assistance provided to help them improve their status”. Currently, both ADB guidelines and policies, and Lao PDR national laws and regulations entitle subproject affected people to compensation of private assets including land at replacement costs.
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Table 6: NRIDSP Main Components of Compensation Approaches Internationally Applied Lao PDR Key Item NRIDS Project Best Practice Legislation Shall include all residential, Include all affected agricultural and commercial areas: areas including (i) permanently /temporarily Scope of impact construction and acquired, operational (ii) construction and O&M related, sites/facilities (iii) private and/or public areas Shall define all assets: Definition of All fixed and movable All (iv) legally acknowledged, and assets assets (v) as identified during PMS/DMS and SESAH Shall be offered and provided to: Compensation to (vi) private users Compensation legally formal owners / (vii) private organizations (WUG, required users of assets etc) (viii) public users Listed Shall be applied to households or Compensation to Compensation to be individuals: informal / provide to users of (ix) whose user rights are proven unregistered assets and resources by tax or other formal owners / users of based on traditional payments assets rights (x) socio-economically surveyed as users of affected assets Special support to Shall be for households or ethnic groups Key individuals: using assets (xi) formally known or Special mitigation acknowledged at community measures throughout level as related to one of these the project cycle groups Special support to (xii) During pre-construction, vulnerable groups construct-ion and post-
construction phases Items Shall include, among others: Compensation to be Livelihood (xiii) Income rehabilitation provided in addition to restoration measures loss of assets, crops etc. (xiv) Others to be defined
Shall be applied and shown through: (xv) Technical optimized design of proposed infrastructure
(xvi) If not avoidable, relocated Relocation Avoiding displacement house-holds shall receive (for Are no costs or payments) issued
land titles for their new compounds
Before start of construction:
(xvii) Funds made available and
Timing of proven to be accessible Before construction start compensation conditional to release of of any infrastructure and support Mandatory construction funds project measures (xviii) Paid and/or provided to affected individuals/households Note 1: Best internal practices as applied by ADB, World Bank, others. Note 2: Final resettlement planning shall provide details of these and other items
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7. ENTITLEMENT, ASSISTANCE AND BENEFITS 7.1 Entitled Affected Persons
54. In general the NRIDSP defines eligibility as “those people residing, cultivating and/or making a living within the area to be acquired for the project as of the formally recognized cut-off date should be considered as project affected persons for the purposes of entitlements to compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation assistance in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. Lack of legal land use certificate or any acceptable proof indicating land use right to the land or structure affected by the project should not bar any person from such entitlement/assistance.” Table 7: NRIDSP Categories of Entitled Affected Persons No. Categorized APs Persons/ households who’s agricultural, residential, or commercial land is in part or in total 1 affected (temporarily or permanently) by the subproject. Persons/households who’s houses and other structures are in part or in total affected 2 (temporarily or permanently) by the subproject. Persons/ households who’s businesses or source of income (i.e. employment) are affected 3 (temporarily or permanently) by the subproject. 4 Persons/households who’s crops (annua/perennial) and trees are affected by the subproject. Persons or households who’s other assets are in part or total affected (temporarily or 5 permanently) by the subproject.
55. Entitlements for each AH are based on types and levels of losses. General orientation has been provided by the Project’s RF. The defined entitlements have been followed and complementary details provided by the explanations given below.
56. AHs can also decide to donate those portions of their assets which are affected by the subproject. This is regarded as their voluntary contribution by which they also agree in not requesting compensation and related support for which they would be entitled. Conditions under which voluntary land donation can occur are described in the RF.
57. In case of AHs would have agreed to voluntary donation of their land and trees, there should be (i) some additional support and/or (ii) safety net in case their livelihoods would be affected more than expected. With regard to (i) additional support some priorities for AHs concerning construction related employment and jobs would have to be included in contract negotiations with contractors who have to consider these AHs for rehabilitation and construction work related job opportunities. In addition and if necessary (see item ii) some income restoration activities could be designed in a participatory manner during construction and/or operation phase which could include, among others, any of the following measures: (a) alternative livelihood; (b) improved agricultural production; (c) access to credit facilities for productive endeavors; and (d) appropriate skills training.
58. The PMS was carried out in November 2012 indicating that the canal rehabilitation will take place mainly within and partly outside the ROW. 7.2 Loss of Assets and Resources
59. An IOL has been conducted and summarized in Attachment A9-5. The entitlements are summarized in the subproject’s matrix in Table 8.
60. Provided compensation unit rates (Attachment A9-6) have been used for preparing a budget in case of compensation, but could also be applied for CEFs at the subproject’s implementation stage where landowners agree in the quantity and value of their assets affected in general and indicated their chosen option of requiring compensation for loss of assets or donating the affected assets to the subproject.
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Table 8: Subproject’s Entitlement Matrix Type of Entitled Compensation and Implementation Loss Persons Rehabilitation Measures Issues I. LOSS OF LAND A Temporarily Affected A-1 Agricultural Land 0 A-2 Residential Land 0 A-3 Commercial Land 0 B Permanently Affected • In case “donation-agreements” would be • 2 AHs with 9 • Estimated 208 sqm. established in which private users confirm to members along • B-1 Agricultural Land Formally considered provide the land as a contribution for the project alignment of main compensation by cash-for- without compensation conditional to ADB canal land. regulations, compensation by cash is not required B-2 Residential Land 0 B-3 Commercial Land 0 II. LOSS OF HOUSES & OTHER STRUCTURES C Temporarily Affected C-1 Houses 0 C-2 Shelter/Dwelling 0 C-3 Fence 0 C-4 Others 0 D Permanently Affected D-1 Houses 0 D-2 Shelter/Dwelling 0 D-3 Fence 0 D-4 Others 0 III. LOSS OF CROPS & TREES E Temporary Loss of E-1 Crops 0 E-2 Trees 0 E Permanent Loss of E-1 Crops 0 E-2 Trees 0 IV. LOSS OF COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES F Temporary Loss of Services F-1 Administration 0 F-2 Water and Sanitation 0 F-3 Health 0 F-4 Education 0 F-5 Transport 0 F-6 Others 0 G Permanent Loss of Services G-1 Administration 0 G-2 Water and Sanitation 0 G-3 Health 0 G-4 Education 0 G-5 Transport 0 G-6 Others 0 V. INCOME RESTORATION H-1 Material Transport Allowance 0 H-2 Housing Transition Allowance 0 H-3 Business Transition Allowance 0 H-4 Special Assistance for Socially • Surveyed head of AHs do not expect significant and/or Economically 0 loss of food supply or income. Vulnerable Households • GIC Consultant proposes that AHs should obtain a priority to be considered for job opportunities by H-5 Other Support Measures 0 the contractor. This has been included in the contract negotiations with contractors.
A9 - 20 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
7.2.1 Loss of Land
61. This concerns 208 sqm private productive land of 2 AHs with whom measurements of land requirements have been jointly performed to define individual plots and the size of affected areas. The compensation cash-for-kind was calculated and has been included in the preliminary resettlement budget. To which extent this will be required depends on the decisions of affected landowners during detailed design whether to ask for compensation or to voluntary donate their affected land and trees as their contribution to the subproject of which all villagers expect a better irrigated agriculture leading to increased household incomes.
62. Compensation in kind-for-kind has not been considered by the affected land owners and PPO as alternative.
63. No cases of subproject affected residential land to report.
64. It has been assumed that temporary land requirements for establishing construction installation areas and camps concern public land. No compensation costs are assumed for such cases. In case contractor/s would damage property the contractor/s will be obliged to pay compensation at replacement costs immediately to affected families, groups, communities or government agencies. Damaged property will be restored immediately to its former condition.
65. Standard contractual obligations with contractor/s are to be applied as a precaution in contracts (i) to pay compensation immediately, and/or (ii) restore property to its former condition in case contractor/s would damage such property.
7.2.2 Loss of Houses and Other Structures
66. No cases of subproject affected households to report.
7.2.3 Loss of Crops and Trees
67. There are no cases of loss of trees to reports.
68. There will be no damage of crops because of construction works that would be scheduled in accordance with harvesting period.
69. The provision of irrigation water will not be disrupted for the rehabilitation of the existing weir because of diverting the stream around the construction sites. However, for the rehabilitation of the canals, there will be temporarily limited or no provision of irrigation water. Farmers of the irrigation scheme contacted during feasibility study and detailed design stages indicated to PPO, DCO and Consultants their willingness to accept this as a contribution of the farming community to the subproject as they are highly interested in the improvement of their irrigation scheme.
7.2.4 Loss of Common Property Resources
70. No cases of subproject affected common properties to report.
8. RELOCATION OF HOUSING AND RESETTLEMENT
71. No relocation of houses or settlement through this subproject to report.
A9 - 21 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
9. INCOME RESTORATION AND REHABILITATION
9.1 Allowances
72. No cases of allowances to report.
9.2 Special Assistance
73. No cases of allowances to report.
74. However taking into consideration support for AHs as defined in the project’s RF, the GIC will initiate to agree in contract clauses with contractors that member of AHs shall receive a priority for job opportunities.
75. The main reasons for this approach is that these AHs are losing different portions of their productive land and trees whereas other farmers of the irrigation scheme will only benefit from an improved irrigated agriculture without being affected at all. This shall be discussed during contract negotiations with contractor. It can be related to the bidding document’s section 7 and 8 with their paragraphs GCC 65.2 and GCC 65.2 respectively where requirements about conditions of employment and local labor are defined.
A9 - 22 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
10. RESETTLEMENT BUDGET AND FINANCING PLAN
10.1 Planned LAC Cost Estimate
76. A cost estimate has been prepared based on prevailing local prices leading to a total of rounded KN 2.3 million.
77. This estimate does not include costs for resources related to safeguard implementing and M&E both at national (resettlement committee and specialist/s), provincial (resettlement committee and provincial project office), and district levels (resettlement committee, community development and safeguard officer/s). External M&E costs are included in funds from ADB covering also project supervision.
78. All LARC related costs would be financed by the Government counterpart funds.
79. Costs for both LARC and safeguards implementations are borne by separate budgets.
80. The actually required LAC budget for the implementation phase will have to be prepared during the detailed design stage.
10.2 Compensation or Donation
81. Compensation in cash for loss of fixed assets will be an alternative option of APs. Contacted land owners, however, indicated their willingness to donate land to the subproject as they expect benefits from its implementation. This option will have to be finally discussed during detailed design stage. The potential main reasons for AHs’ to donate their affected assets to the subproject could be (a) the portion of affected productive land the landowners regarded as minor or even not relevant, (b) expectations of higher agricultural incomes through the rehabilitated irrigation scheme, and (c) a sense of community related participative support for any improvement and development offered for their villages.
82. This meets ADB regulations/recommendations and the Project’s Resettlement Framework. To apply ADB regulations/recommendations for projects that directly benefit communities and require involvement of communities in decision-making, including among other and taking into account (a) confirmation of donation through verbal and written record and verified by an independent third party, (b) consultation with landowners and non- landowners and related adequate grievance redress mechanisms in place, and (c) voluntary donations will not severely affect the living standards of affected persons.
A9 - 23 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
Table 9: Subproject’s Planned Land Acquisition and Compensation Budget Rounded Item Description Amounts Comments [KN] This amount would partly or not be Permanent acquisition of 208 necessary depending on how many 2 m privately used land along 2,080,000 APs would signed a Compensation Loss of land the canal alignment. and Entitlement Form (CEF) in
Unit price is 10,000 KN/square which they could agree in voluntary meter. donation of their affected land to the subproject. The project does not cause Loss of houses any relocation of houses or No costs and structures settlements. No damage of crops by construction works. In agreement with land owners this arrangement is expected between Loss of crops Limited or no access to No costs farming community and subproject irrigation for certain periods in to facilitate the rehabilitation works accordance with construction of the irrigation scheme. works. Loss of trees None. No costs Loss of common The subproject does not cause property any relocation of common No costs resources properties. The subproject does not cause Income any effects which would No costs restoration require the provision of allowances. The subproject does not affect Special economically vulnerable No costs assistance households. Complementary There are no cases for such No costs measures measures. Planned Sub-Total 1: Mitigation 2,080,000 LARC Administrative matters – No costs implementation separately budgeted. Safeguard M&E - separately budgeted. No costs implementation Planned Sub-Total 2: Implementation 0 Contingencies (10% of subtotals 1 and 2) 208,000 Planned Sub-Total 3: Contingencies 208,000 Planned TOTAL 2,288,000 This amount would partly or not be necessary depending on how many To be APs would signed a CEF in which calculated Actual Required TOTAL they could agree in voluntary during detailed donation of their affected land to design stage the subproject.
A9 - 24 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
11. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
83. To ensure inter-agency cooperation at the national level, a National Steering Committee (NSC) has been established. The NSC will meet annually or as required to review overall implementation progress, approve annual work-plans and budgets, and provide overall policy guidance. The National Project Management Office (NPMO) will provide secretariat services to NSC. Provincial Steering Committees (PSCs) have been established to ensure inter-agency coordination at provincial level. The PSCs are chaired by provincial vice governors with equivalent representation to that for the NSC, including governors from the participating districts. The PSC will meet bi-annually or as required to review implementation progress and to ensure adequate levels of coordination between key agencies for project coordination. Subproject Investment Reports (SIRs) shall be approved by PSCs after obtaining the necessary concurrence of ADB for social and environmental safeguards. The PPO will provide secretariat services to PSCs.
84. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) is the executing agency (EA) for the Project with the responsibility for overall project coordination and management transferred to its Department of Planning (DOP) who has established the National Project Management Office (NPMO) for day-to-day coordination and management of the Project. The implementing agencies at the provincial level are the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Offices (PAFOs). Provincial Project Offices (PPOs) have been established in each PAFO to be responsible for financial management at provincial level, and coordination and management of implementation of subprojects. To assist implementation of the Project at the district level, District Coordination Offices (DCOs) have been established within District Agriculture and Forestry Offices (DAFOs) to mainly coordinate and supervise subproject activities.
85. At provincial and district levels staff has been nominated for committees responsible for LARC matters. They were among the 105 provincial and district staff attending the orientation workshops between 24 and 29 October 2011 organized and conducted by GIC for all four Project provinces including among other topics:
• General introduction into LARC planning. • Specific explanations about country safeguard standards and Lao legal context. • Briefing about ADB involuntary resettlement and social safeguards standards. • Description of compensation approach for subproject conditions.
86. Relevant LARC related legal documents were distributed to the attendants of this workshop. The same staff has been involved in the consultation process, LARC-PMS screening socio-economic surveys and IOLs during the subprojects feasibility and detailed design stages.
A9 - 25 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
12. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
87. In general, the three PPTA representative subprojects are grouped as batch 1 of the Project’s “year 1” beside 6 other subprojects grouped as batch 2. The Project’s years two and three have further 9 subprojects each.
88. Concerning the 9 subprojects of the project year 2, an overview about performed and scheduled activities of design and construction works, together with related LARC activities has been prepared in Table 10. In general, this subproject is scheduled to commence physical construction during the 1st quarter 2014. Table 10: Subprojects’ Performed and Scheduled LAC Activities of “Project Year 2”
A9 - 26 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
13. MONITORING AND REPORTING
89. The LAC monitoring is embedded in the overall M&E approach of the subproject. The M&E distinguish between internal and external components. The technical approach of the LAC related M&E will have to be transparent, and any data or information made available to involved stakeholders in Lao and/or English language.
13.1 Internal M&E
90. The PPO in cooperation with DCO is responsible for internal monitoring of LAC implementation. The monitoring strategy will have to be defined and agreed upon on a participative approach involving different stakeholders, such as communities, organizations, individuals, representatives and others, but certainly subproject affected people. A resettlement related internal monitoring concerns mainly LAC-performance in terms of whether the overall subproject and resettlement objectives are being met mainly with focus on (a) assessing if mitigation measures and compensation are sufficient, (b) identifying methods of responding immediately to mitigate problems through remedial actions, (c) smooth transition between LARC activities and civil works, and (d) others, as regarded necessary. Provincial monthly monitoring report from PPO will provide the achievements and progress. The PMO will verify and consolidate these reports in its quarterly M&E reports.
13.2 External M&E
91. Independent external monitoring of LAC aspects can be integrated in the subprojects overall external safeguards monitoring on an annual, mid-term and/or end-term basis. PMO will have to initiate this task to be carried out by an independent individual specialist, organization or authorities. The EMA will include impact and effects monitoring including but not limited to the following: (a) voluntary land donation, (b) involuntary land acquisition and compensation, (c) socio-economic effects, particularly changes in living standards and livelihoods, and (d) need for additional mitigation measures, as required. Once the land acquisition and LACP have been completed, this monitoring will evaluate post-land acquisition impacts to assess whether impacts of the subproject have been mitigated. Half- yearly M&E reports would be prepared.
A9 - 27 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9: Attachment A9-1 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
ATTACHMENT A9-1: DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS Resettlement Plan (RP) is a time-bound action plan with budget setting out resettlement strategy, objectives, entitlement, actions, responsibilities, monitoring and evaluation. Affected Person (AP) indicates any juridical person being as it may an individual, a household, a firm or a private or public who, on account of the execution of the proposed project or any of its components or subprojects or parts thereof would have their: (i) right, title or interest in any house, land (including residential, agricultural and grazing land) or any other fixed or moveable asset acquired or possessed, in full or in part, permanently or temporarily; or (ii) business, occupation, work, place of residence or habitat adversely affected; or (iii) standard of living adversely affected. Severely Affected Person for this proposed subproject is defined as a person who will: (i) lose more than 10% of total agriculture/aquaculture land holding, and/or (ii) relocate and/or lose more than 50% of their main residential and/or commercial property, and/or (iii) lose more than 10% of total income sources due to the proposed project. Land Acquisition means the process whereby a person is compelled by a public agency to alienate all or part of the land s/he owns or possesses, to the ownership and possession of that agency, for public purpose in return for fair compensation. Replacement Cost means the cost of replacing lost assets and incomes, including cost of transactions. If land, it means the cost of buying a replacement land near the lost land with equal productive potential and same or better legal status, including transaction costs. If structures, the replacement cost is the current fair market price of building materials and required labor cost without depreciation or deductions for salvaged building material or other transaction cost. Market prices will be used for crops, trees and other commodities. Resettlement Effects mean all negative situations directly caused by the project and/or subproject including loss of land, property, income generation opportunity, and cultural assets. Relocation means the physical relocation of an AP from her/his pre-project place of residence. Rehabilitation means the process to restore income earning capacity, production levels and living standards in a longer term. Rehabilitation measures are provided in the entitlement matrix as an integral part of the entitlements. Compensation means payment in cash or in kind to replace losses of land, housing, income and other assets caused by a project. Significant Resettlement Effect for each subproject means 200 people or more will experience „major‟ impacts. Major impacts include (i) physical displacement from housing and/or more than 10% of the household’s productive (income generating) assets are lost. (ii) 100 people or more who are experiencing resettlement effects are indigenous people or vulnerable as defined in the policy, for example, female-headed households, those living close to, on or below the poverty line, and isolated communities, including those without legal title to assets and pastoralists; or (iii) more than 50 people experiencing resettlement effects are particularly vulnerable.
A9 - 28 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9: Attachment A9-2 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
ATTACHMENT A9-2: LARC-FACT FINDING AND SCREENING
Nam Haad Irrigation Subproject – Pha Oudom District - Bokeo Province
PHOTO 1: PHOTO 2: PHOTO 3: START OF FIELDWORK OF PRELIMINARY MEASURING STRIPS OF LAND AFFECTED BY LAND BOUNDARIES IDENTIFIED THROUGH BENCH MEASURING SURVEY REHABILITATION OF EXISTING CANAL. MARKS.
PHOTO 4 : PHOTO 5: PHOTO 6: DURING IOL FIELDWORK OF AFFECTED EXISTING TRACK LEADING TO WEIR VISITING PROPOSED LOCATION FOR THE PORTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL PLOTS. CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW WEIR. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION MAIN COMPONENTS YES NO DESCRIPTION Upgrading or rehabilitation x Existing facilities Construction of new physical facilities x Main canal Residential area x Productive area x
Access x Along main canal Weir x De-silting impounded area of existing weir Main canal x Rehabilitation of 2 MC with 1,800m and 2,500 m length Gate/Regulator x Replacing 2 Other canal/s x 1 secondary canal of 300 m length Drains x Road x POTENTIAL LAND ACQUISITION, RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION (LARC) RELATED IMPACTS SELECTED KEY ITEMS YES NO DESCRIPTION Permanent land acquisition x Temporary land acquisition x Loss of houses/compounds x Loss of productive land x Displacement of people x Change of land ownership and usage x
Loss of crops/trees x Loss of incomes and livelihoods x Loss of businesses/enterprises x Loss of access to facilities/services x Loss of community assets/ties x Loss of cultural/historical properties x Affected non-titled or vulnerable groups x Affected socio-economic activities x
LIST OF TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND SCREENING IN ACCORDANCE WITH CHECKLISTS AS DEFINED BY LAO PDR GUIDELINES AND ADB REGULATIONS ►FINDING: THERE ARE MINOR LARC RELATED IMPACTS EXPECTED FOR THIS SUBPROJECT
A9 - 29 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9: Attachment A9-3 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
ATTACHMENT A9-3: SUMMARY DATA S HEET S OCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS
A9 - 30 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9: Attachment A9-4 Feasibility Study on Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Rehabilitation Subproject
ATTACHMENT A9-4.1: LARC CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION Nam Haad Left Irrigation Subproject – Pha Oudom District - Bokeo Province
PHOTO 1: PHOTO 2: PHOTO 3: INCEPTION WORKSHOP: ORIENTATION WORKSHOP: INTRODUCTION OF RECONNAISSANCE VISIT: INTRODUCTION KICK-OFF EVENT OF THE PROJECT DISTRICT / PROVINCIAL PROJECT STAFF INTO MEETING BETWEEN DISTRICT / PROVINCIAL LARC LAWS / REGULATIONS STAFF AND GIC
PHOTO 4: PHOTO 5 AND 6: PUBLIC VILLAGE MEETING ABOUT LARC IMPRESSIONS DURING SURVEY ABOUT VILLAGERS’ OPINION CONCERNING THE SUBPROJECT ITINERARY DATE ACTION DESCRIPTION
13-18 July 2010 PPTA related cooperation and consultation with authorities and villagers
Inception workshop Introduction to key stakeholders including representatives 03 August ------from MAF, MoF and Project staff from Bokeo, Luang 2011 Vientiane City Namtha, Phongsaly and Oudomxay provinces Preliminary fact finding mission by GIC staff to the three Introductory field visits provinces of Bokeo, Luang Namtha, and Phongsaly to: 07 September ------(i) Introduce GIC team to provincial/district Project staff; 2011 Subproject areas (ii) Get preliminary LARC related overview of scope and nature of LARC effects through Project in general. 24-26 October Orientation workshop for Bokeo and Concerning 34 provincial and district staff incl. 17 women: 2011 Oudomxay provinces, and 5 districts (iii) Distributing LARC related Lao laws and technical ------guidelines to all attendants; Bokeo (iv) Briefing formal and practical LARC aspects; Review of technical aspects including among others: Irrigation engineering site visit 20 Oct (v) Conditions of existing irrigation infrastructure; ------2012 (vi) Existing and/or new canal alignments; Subproject area (vii) Irrigation related requirements of villagers/WUAs. LARC related planning: (viii) Village consultation meeting; PMS fact finding mission (ix) Transect walk with villagers and provincial/district 19 November ------Project staff along irrigation infrastructure; 2012 Subproject area (x) Preliminary Measurement Survey of land/ trees; (xi) Socio-economic survey of affected households; (xii) Discussion key-finding for LAC by PPO and GIC. Training Component Social Safeguard for Project Staff: Capacity Development Training 24 -27 December (xiii) General M&E of LARC related items; ------2012 (xiv) Specific criteria concerning pre-construction, con- Oudomxai Town struction and post-construction (operation) phases. DMS fact finding mission. Implementation of land acquisition: Formal land acquisition. (xv) DMS and SESAH; Next step ------(xvi) Disclosure of LAC related content; Subproject area (xvii) Official procedures for land acquisition.
A9 - 31 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9: Attachment A9-4 Feasibility Study Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ATTACHMENT A9-4.2: ATTENDANCE LIST OF VILLAGE CONSULTATION MEETING Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject – Pha Oudom District - Bokeo Province VILLAGE CONSULTATION MEETING ON LAND ACQUISITION, RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION ASPECTS 19 NOVEMBER 2012
A9 - 32 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9: Attachment A9-5 Feasibility Study Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ATTACHMENT A9-5: SUMMARY OF INVENTORY OF LOSS
A9 - 33 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9: Attachment A9-6 Feasibility Study Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ATTACHMENT A9-6.1: PHA OUDOM DIS TRICT COMPENSATION UNIT VALUES
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I. ¹ö¸Îȸ¨´ø£È¾¦¿Íñ®©ò
No Description º½êò®¾¨ ¹ö¸Îȸ¨ ´ø£È¾ 2 1 first category land ©ò¯½À²© 1 m 150,000 2 2 second category land ©ò¯½À²© 2 m 100,000 2 3 third category land ©ò¯½À²© 3 m 20,000 2 4 fourth category land ©ò¯½À²© 4 m 3,000 2 5 agricultural land ©ò¡½¦ò¡¿ m 10,000 2 6 tree plantation ©ò¯ø¡ªíÄ´É m 6,000 2 7 Gardening ©ò¦¸ m 4,000 2 8 Upland ©òÄ»È m 3,000 2 9 Resident land ©ò¯÷¡¦É¾¤ m 130,000 2 10 fish pound land κ¤¯¾ m 5,000 2 11 dinpalau ©ò¯È¾À쉾 m 1,500 2 12 Grass land ꉤ¹¨É¾ìɼ¤¦ñ© m 4,000 II. Unit cost for struction ( ¹ö¸Îȸ¨´ø£È¾¦¿ìñ®¦…¤¯÷¡¦É¾¤ ) 2 1 Bricks house vilar À»õº¡Ò©ò¥†¸ò쾧˜©¼¸ m 500,000 2 2 Mix ( brick wood ) house À»õº¡ÒÀ£…¤Ä´ÉÀ£…¤©ò¥† m 150,000 2 3 Wooden house À»õºÀ»ñ©©É¸¨Ä´É m 250,000 2 4 bamboo house À»õºÀ»ñ©©É¸¨Ä´ÉÄ°È m 50,000 2 5 Wooden bamboo house À»õºÁ¯É³¾¡ m 60,000 2 6 Bricks house two stairs À»õº¡Ò¦º¤§˜¢›Ä¯ m 450,000 2 7 Wooden rice store ເລົ້າເຂົາ້ ŒÁ¯É m 350,000 2 8 bamboo rice store ເລົ້າເຂົາ້ Œ³¾¡Ä´ÉÀ»É¨ m 200,000 2 9 shops extent next to house »û¾¢¾¨À£ˆº¤ªÒ¥¾¡À»õº m 250,000 10 shops by house porch »û¾ÃÀêš´À»õº Íñ¤ 5,000,000 11 shops not next to house »û¾¢¾¨À£ˆº¤Àº¡½ì¾© Íñ¤ 1,000,000 12 garages for car parking À»õº¥º©ìö© Íñ¤ 6,500,000 13 gasoline station »û¾¢¾¨Õ´ñ Íñ¤ 20,000,000 14 repairing car »û¾¦Éº´Á¯¤ìö© Íñ¤ 13,000,000 III. Unit cost for Material (¹ö¸Îȸ¨´ø£È¾¸ñ©¦½©÷º÷¯½¡º ) 1 Cement §ó´ñ¤ ª 780,000 2 Roofing sheet ( Zinc ) ¦ñ¤¡½¦ó Á°È 45,000 3 Corrugated asbestos cement ¡½À®œº¤¦ó Á°È 17,000 4 C-pack ¡½À®œº¤§óÁ²Ê¡ Á°È 6,000 5 Corrugated fibro cement ¡½À®œº¤¢¾¸ Á°È 12,000 3 6 Wood Ä´É m 2,200,000 7 Plywood (0.4*120*240 cm) Ĵɺñ© Á°È 65,000 8 Brick ( 0.45*9*19 cm ) ©ò¥† ¡ûº 400
A9 - 34 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Annex 9: Attachment A9-6 Feasibility Study Nam Haad Left Bank Irrigation Subproject
ATTACHMEMNT A9-6.2: PHA OUDOM DISTRICT COMPENS ATION UNIT VALUES 3 9 sand §¾¨ m 50,000 10 cement block( 6*18*39 cm ) §ó´ñ¤®ëʺ¡ ¡ûº 1,500 3 11 Gravel ¹óÕ m 100,000 3 12 Shipping ¹ó¢ö® m 120,000 3 13 stone ¹óùȨ m 100,000 2 14 ceramic floor ²œ¯ø¡¾Âì m 15,000 15 bamboo Ä´ÉÄ°È ì¿ 4,000 16 Roofing grass Íñ¤£¾´÷¤¹¨É¾ ¥ú¾´ 3,000 17 Steel reinforcement ÀÍñ¡ ª 4,800,000 18 Nail ª½¯ø kg 13,000 19 PVC pipe D 3/4 êÒÕ D 3/4 êÒ 80,000 20 PVC pipe D 11/2 êÒÕ D 11/2 êÒ 50,000 21 Concrete pipe 20 cm êÒ£º¡ëó© 20 §´ m 200,000 22 Concrete pipe 30 cm êÒ£º¡ëó© 30 §´ m 300,000 23 Concrete pipe 40 cm êÒ£º¡ëó© 40 §´ m 400,000 24 Concrete pipe 50 cm êÒ£º¡ëó© 50 §´ m 600,000 25 Concrete pipe 60 cm êÒ£º¡ëó© 60 §´ m 800,000 26 Concrete pipe 80 cm êÒ£º¡ëó© 80 §´ m 1,000,000 27 Concrete pipe 100 cm êÒ£º¡ëó© 100 §´ m 1,200,000 28 Sticky rice À¢í¾Î¼¸¦¾ kg 5,000 29 White rice À¢í¾¥É¾¸¦¾ kg 6,000 30 paddy sticky rice À¢í¾Î¼¸À¯õº¡ kg 2,000 31 paddy white rice À¢í¾¥É¾¸À¯õº¡ kg 2,600 IV. Unit cost for trees ( ì¾£¾¹ö¸Îȸ¨¢º¤ªíÄ´É ) 1 Coconut ªí ²É¾¸ ªí 300,000 2 Tamarin ªí¢¾´ ªí 100,000 3 Mango ªí´È¸¤ ªí 150,000 4 Longgan ªíì¿Ä¨ ªí 100,000 5 jack fruit ªí´š ªí 80,000 6 Guava ªí¦ó©¾ ªí 20,000 7 Bamboo Ä´ÉÄ°È ¦÷´ 200,000 8 Breed fruit ªíª¾¡ö® ªí 50,000 9 Kapok ªí¤™¸ ªí 100,000 10 Teak Ĵɦñ¡ ªí 250,000 16 Banana ªí 30,000 11 rubber ªíµ¾¤²½ì¾ ªí 200,000 V. seeding (À®É¨Ä´É ) 1 coconut À®É¨Ï¾¡²É¾¸ À®É¨ 20,000 2 Mango À®É¨Ï¾¡´È¸¤ À®É¨ 13,000 3 teak À®É¨Ä´É¦ñ¡ À®É¨ 5,000 4 lemon À®É¨Ï¾¡¾¸ À®É¨ 5,000 5 Banana À®É¨¡É¸¨ À®É¨ 5,000 6 rubber À®É¨µ¾¤²½ì¾ À®É¨ 15,000 Ͼ¨À¹©: ¹ö¸Îȸ¨ì¾£¾©„¤¡È¾¸šÀ¯ñì¾£¾êɺ¤ª½¹ì¾©ê†¯½§¾§ö¢¾¨¡ñª¾´¡¾ªö¡ìö¤ì½¹¸È¾¤°øɧœ Áì½ °øÉ¢¾¨ ªÒ캤§œ¢¾¨¿¡ñ ®ÒÁ´Èì¾£¾ê†¡¿Îö©Ä¸Éª¾¨ªö¸
A9 - 35