DOCSLIB.ORG

GIS-Based Multi Criteria Decision Analysis for Promoting Teak Plantation in Bokeo Province, Lao PDR

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GIS-Based Multi Criteria Decision Analysis for Promoting Teak Plantation in Bokeo Province, Lao PDR Master Thesis submitted within the UNIGIS MSc. programme at the Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS University of Salzburg, Austria under the provisions of UNIGIS joint study programme with Goa University, India GIS-Based Multi Criteria Decision Analysis for Promoting Teak Plantation in Bokeo Province, Lao PDR by Anja Nicolay - Grosse Hokamp (GIS_102905) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the degree of Master of Science (Geographical Information Science & Systems) - MSc (GISc) Advisor (s): Dr. Shahnawaz Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS University of Salzburg, Austria Bangkok, Thailand - May 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the following people for their valuable support: Employees of RECOFTC in Bokeo and Bangkok. Frank Siegmund, Ministry of Planning and Investment, Department of Planning (MPI/DOP), Vientiane, LAO PDR Dr Shahnawaz, Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Austria, Last but not least I would like to thank my family, especially my husband for all the support and patience during my studies. i SCIENCE PLEDGE By my signature below, I certify that my thesis is entirely the result of my own work. I have cited all sources I have used in my thesis and I have always indicated their origin. Bangkok, Thailand – 22. May, 2014 Place and Date Signature ii ABSTRACT GIS based multi criteria decision analysis is a process that combines geographic data with value judgement based on decision makers’ preferences. This analysis combines two different scientific methods: (1) the multi-criteria decision analysis, and (2) the GIS-based analysis. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a set of tools to structure the process of decision making in order to enable the consideration and evaluation of a high number of often conflicting criteria, alternatives and opinions. In questions of spatial decisions where multiple criteria need to be considered, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is often combined with GIS to enable mutual benefits. In this study GIS-based MCDA was used to find the most suitable locations for teak plantations in the province Bokeo in Lao PDR. Forest resources, mainly timber have played and still play a central role in Lao’s economy and development. The promotion of teak (Tectona grandis) plantations is seen as one means to generate and increase the income for the local rural population in the nation’s strive to reduce poverty through sustainable resource management. In Bokeo Province teak is an important element in the rural economy, generating between 25 and 55% of the annual household income. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a technique for organizing and analysing complex decisions based on a hierarchical tree structure with three levels. AHP was used to structure and organize the research problem and to define the necessary criteria used in the GIS. The decided on criteria were transformed into spatial layers and translated into suitability raster to be used in the weighted overlay analysis. The technique of pairwise comparison was used to determine inherent weights for each criterion. Four stakeholder groups determined four different sets of weights that were used in the final step of Weighted Overlay Analysis. iii During discussion with stakeholders it was decided on the following list of criteria to be used in the suitability analysis: altitude, slope, aspect, soil type, distance to and influence of transportation infrastructure, distance to sawmills, accessibility of villages, availability of manpower, landuse and poverty of villages. Protected areas and areas close to the hydrologic network were excluded. Based on the four different set of weights four suitability maps in raster format were created with ArcGIS software. The results show areas possible for teak plantations and their calculated suitability based on the chosen criteria. The experience of this study shows that the structured method inherent in the MCDA is very suitable for decisions with a multitude of criteria. Additionally the study shows that the method is very suitable in a problem solving environment where different stakeholders have different views about significance of factors and criteria, their measurement and their combination. The structured approach of MCDA helps in clarifying matters and guides the discussion and decision process. Easy replication and the visualisation of the results are two distinct advantages from using a GIS environment in location analysis. Key Words: MCDA, GIS, Lao PDR, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Pairwise Comparison, Location Analysis, Weighted Overlay Analysis iv CONTENTS Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. i Science Pledge ......................................................................................................................ii Abstract................................................................................................................................. iii Contents ............................................................................................................................... v List of tables ......................................................................................................................... vii List of figures ...................................................................................................................... viii List of maps .......................................................................................................................... ix List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................. x 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Area of focus ............................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Aims and objectives ..................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Literature review ........................................................................................................ 10 2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Data ........................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Software .................................................................................................................... 22 3 Processes and results ...................................................................................................... 22 3.1 MCDA procedure ....................................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 Altitude ................................................................................................................ 23 3.1.2 Slope ................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.3 Aspect ................................................................................................................. 27 3.1.4 Soil ...................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.5 Transportation infrastructure ............................................................................... 32 3.1.6 Distance to sawmills ............................................................................................ 35 3.1.7 Accessibility ........................................................................................................ 37 3.1.8 Availability of manpower ...................................................................................... 38 3.1.9 Protected areas ................................................................................................... 41 3.1.10 Sustainability ..................................................................................................... 42 3.1.11 Land use ........................................................................................................... 42 3.1.12 Poverty reduction .............................................................................................. 45 3.2 Pairwise comparison ................................................................................................. 46 3.3 Modelbuilder (steps within ArcGIS) ............................................................................ 48 3.3.1 Reference systems ............................................................................................. 48 v 3.3.2 Resolution ........................................................................................................... 48 3.3.3 GIS Data Preparation .......................................................................................... 49 3.4 Results of the location analysis .................................................................................. 59 3.5 Validation of Weighted Overlay Analysis...................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Determinants of Adolescent Pregnancy and Access To
    Sychareun et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2018) 18:219 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1859-1 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Determinants of adolescent pregnancy and access to reproductive and sexual health services for married and unmarried adolescents in rural Lao PDR: a qualitative study Vanphanom Sychareun1*, Viengnakhone Vongxay1, Souphaphone Houaboun1, Vassana Thammavongsa1, Phouthong Phummavongsa1, Kongmany Chaleunvong2 and Jo Durham3 Abstract Background: Early marriage and pregnancy is a risk factor for poor maternal and child health and socio-economic outcomes. Bokeo and Luang Namtha provinces in northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) has high rates of teenage pregnancy. The purpose of this research was firstly to explore factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in rural Lao. Secondly, to understand the specific challenges adolescent mothers face in accessing maternal health services. Methods: Qualitative interviews were undertaken with adolescent mothers and unmarried adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, living in rural areas, and from different ethnic groups. In total, we undertook six focus group discussions with adolescents aged 13–19 years, twenty in-depth interviews with unmarried/married adolescents aged 12–19 years. In addition, we interviewed husbands of the adolescent mothers (N = 8) and mothers-in-law of both male and female adolescents (N = 9), community leaders and healthcare providers (health providers N = 17 and community leaders N =12). Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data, based on a conceptual framework identified at the outset of the study. Results: The findings suggest that pre-marital sex, early marriage and pregnancy are the norm in these settings. Determinants of teenage pregnancy included liberal attitudes to teen pre-marital sexual intercourse, early marriage and pregnancy, incomplete knowledge of sexual and reproductive health and limited access to appropriate services.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Cultivation in Laos: Transitions in Policy and Perspective
    Shifting Cultivation in Laos: Transitions in Policy and Perspective This report has been commissioned by the Secretariat of the Sector Working Group For Agriculture and Rural Development (SWG-ARD) and was written by Miles Kenney-Lazar Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, USA [email protected] The views contained in this report are those of the researcher and may not necessary reflect those of the Government of Lao PDR 1 Abbreviations and acronyms ACF Action Contre la Faim CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CPI Committee for Planning and Investment DAEC Department of Agricultural Extension and Cooperatives DCCDM Department of Climate Change and Disaster Management DAFO District Agriculture and Forestry Office DLUP Department of Land Use Planning EC European Commission FS 2020 Forest Strategy to the Year 2020 GOL Government of Laos ha hectares IIED International Institute for Environment and Development Lao PDR Lao People‘s Democratic Republic LFAP Land and Forest Allocation Program LPRP Lao People‘s Revolutionary Party MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute NA National Assembly NEM New Economic Mechanism NLMA National Land Management Authority NGPES National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy NNT NPA Nakai-Nam Theun National Protected Area NPEP National Poverty Eradication Program NTFPs
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project
    Environmental and Social Monitoring Report July 2013 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic: Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project Prepared by the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, National University of Laos, for the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and the Asian Development Bank. This environmental and social monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Final Draft Environmental and Social Safeguard Monitoring Report; Package 7-1 NORTHERN RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT SECTOR PROJECT SAFEGUARD MONITORING OF PACKAGE 7-1 FOR YEAR 2013 Final Draft Prepared by: Faculty of Environmental Sciences National University of Laos July 2013 Final Draft Environmental and Social Safeguard Monitoring Report; Package 7-1 Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... i 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Project .....................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Corridors
    About the Assessment of Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Corridors The transformation of transport corridors into economic corridors has been at the center of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Economic Cooperation Program since 1998. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) conducted this Assessment to guide future investments and provide benchmarks for improving the GMS economic corridors. This Assessment reviews the state of the GMS economic corridors, focusing on transport infrastructure, particularly road transport, cross-border transport and trade, and economic potential. This assessment consists of six country reports and an integrative report initially presented in June 2018 at the GMS Subregional Transport Forum. About the Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program The GMS consists of Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the People’s Republic of China (specifically Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Thailand, and Viet Nam. In 1992, with assistance from the Asian Development Bank and building on their shared histories and cultures, the six countries of the GMS launched the GMS Program, a program of subregional economic cooperation. The program’s nine priority sectors are agriculture, energy, environment, human resource development, investment, telecommunications, tourism, transport infrastructure, and transport and trade facilitation. About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining
    [Show full text]
  • Village Education Development Committees in Lao PDR: Their Functionality and Impact
    Village Education Development Committees in Lao PDR: Their functionality and impact by Amanda Seel, Nic I’Anson and Soukkasem Lomathmanyvong March 2015 Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations......................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ v 1. Background, Rationale and Approach ......................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background and Rationale .............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Purpose and Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Approach .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Core Research Questions (CRQs) ..................................................................................................... 4 2. Methodology ..........................................................................................................6 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Sampling Frame ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Subproject Field Survey – Final Report
    Subproject Field Survey – Final Report Project Number: TA 8882 17 December 2015 Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project – Due Diligence for Additional Financing Prepared by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Planning and Cooperation Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203) ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank DAFO – District Agriculture and Forestry Office GIC – Grant Implementation Consultant (on-going NRI project) GOL – Government of Lao PDR GPS – Global Positioning System HHs – households LMC – Left Main Canal MC – Main Canal NCA – NPMO – National Project Management Office NRI – the on-going Northern Rural Infrastructure Sector Project NRI-AF – NR1A – NR2W – NR3 – O&M – operation and maintenance PAFO – Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office RC – reinforced concrete RMC – Right Main Canal S-PPTA – small-scale project preparation technical assistance WUG – water user group WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ha – hectare Kip/day – Kip/ha – km – kilometer m – meter m3 – cubic meter m3/sec – cubic meter per second t/ha – Yuan/kg – NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Introduction 1 B. Longlist of Candidate Subprojects 1 C. Eligibility Criteria 1 D. Desktop Review Preliminary Findings 2 II. OUTLINE OF SUBPROJECT FIELD SURVEY 3 A. Objective of the Field Survey 3 B. Methodology 4 III. FINDINGS 5 A. Key Issues 5 B. Other Findings/Observations 8 C. Subproject Assessment and Prioritization 10 IV. CONCLUSIONS 10 Annexes Annex A. Subproject Location Map 12 Annex B. Eligibility Criteria 13 Annex C.
    [Show full text]
  • District Population Projections
    Ministry of Planning and Investment Lao Statistics Bureau District Population Projections Supported By: United Nations Population Fund Vientiane Capital, September 2019 District Population Projections Committees 2015-2035 Steering Committee 1. Mr Samaichan Boupha, Head of the Lao Statistics Bureau, Vice Minister of Planning and Investment 2. Ms Phonesaly Souksavath, Deputy Head of the Lao Statistics Bureau Technical Committee 1. Ms Thilakha Chanthalanouvong, General Director of Social Statistics Department, Lao Statistics Bureau 2. Ms Phoungmala Lasasy, Deputy Head of Register Statistics Division, Social Statistics Department Projection Committee 1. Mr Bounpan Inthavongthong, Technical Staff, Register Statistics Division, Social Statistics Department Supported By: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) District Population Projections 2015-2035 I Forward Population projections are extremely important for effective management and administration of population growth and related demographic issues. If population projections are as accurate as possible, the government and policy makers will be informed to formulate policies and develop plans with greater precision in order to provide necessary and effective population services such as social services and social welfare. Due to this importance and necessity the Lao Statistics Bureau, under the Ministry of Planning and Investment has conducted this population projection by using the baseline data from the fourth Population and Housing Census in 2015. Population projections demonstrate a calculation of the population’s size and characteristics in the future. It is not possible to guarantee one hundred percent accurate estimations, even if the best available methodology was utilized in the estimation. Therefore, it is necessary for Lao Statistics Bureau to improve the population projections periodically in order to obtain a more accurate picture of the population in the future, which is estimated using data from several surveys such as Lao Social Indicator Survey and other surveys.
    [Show full text]
  • Thammasat Institute of Area Studies (TIARA), Thammasat University
    No. 06/ 2017 Thammasat Institute of Area Studies WORKING PAPER SERIES 2017 Regional Distribution of Foreign Investment in Lao PDR Chanthida Ratanavong December, 2017 THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY PAPER NO. 09 / 2017 Thammasat Institute of Area Studies, Thammasat University Working Paper Series 2017 Regional Distribution of Foreign Investment in Lao PDR Chanthida Ratanavong Thammasat Institute of Area Studies, Thammasat University 99 Moo 18 Khlongnueng Sub District, Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand ©2017 by Chanthida Ratanavong. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit including © notice, is given to the source. This publication of Working Paper Series is part of Master of Arts in Asia-Pacific Studies Program, Thammasat Institute of Area Studies (TIARA), Thammasat University. The view expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Institute. For more information, please contact Academic Support Unit, Thammasat Institute of Area Studies (TIARA), Patumthani, Thailand Telephone: +02 696 6605 Fax: + 66 2 564-2849 Email: [email protected] Language Editors: Mr Mohammad Zaidul Anwar Bin Haji Mohamad Kasim Ms. Thanyawee Chuanchuen TIARA Working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. Comments on this paper should be sent to the author of the paper, Ms. Chanthida Ratanavong, Email: [email protected] Or Academic Support Unit (ASU), Thammasat Institute of Area Studies, Thammasat University Abstract The surge of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered to be significant in supporting economic development in Laos, of which, most of the investments are concentrated in Vientiane.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 57 LAO PEOPLE's DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Peace
    Page 1 of 57 LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity Prime Minister’s Office No. 301/PM Vientiane Capital, dated 12/10/2005 Decree of the Prime Minister Regarding the Implementation of The Law on Promotion of Foreign Investment - - Pursuant to the Law on the Government of the Lao PDR No. 02/NA, dated 6 May 2003; - Pursuant to the Law on Foreign Investment Promotion No. 1 1/NA, dated 22 October 2004; - Referencing the proposal of the Chairman of the Committee for Planning and Investment. Section I General Provisions Article 1. Objective This Decree is stipulated to implement the Law on Promotion of Foreign Investment in conformity with the purposes of the law in a uniform manner throughout the country on the principles, methods and measures regarding the promotion, protection, inspection, resolution of disputes, application of award policies toward good performers and imposition of measures against violators. Article 2. Legal Guarantees The State provides legal guarantees to foreign investors who are established under the Law on Promotion of Foreign Investment as follows: 2.1 administer law and regulations on the basis of equality and mutual interests; 2.2 undertake all of the State’s obligations under the laws, the international treaties in which the State is a party, agreements regarding the promotion and protection of foreign investment and the agreements that the government has signed with foreign investors; 2.3 do not interfere with the legal business operations of foreign investors. Page 2 of 57 Article 3. Capital Contribution That Is Intellectual Property The State recognizes enterprise capital contribution in the form of intellectual property.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lao People's Democratic Republic the MASTER PLAN
    No. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic THE MASTER PLAN STUDY ON SMALL-HYDRO IN NORTHERN LAOS Final Report: Volume 1 MAIN REPORT December 2005 Japan International Cooperation Agency Economic Development Department ED JR 05-108 Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts of Lao PDR THE MASTER PLAN STUDY ON SMALL-HYDRO IN NORTHERN LAOS FINAL REPORT : VOLUME 1 MAIN REPORT December 2005 KRI International Corporation Preface In response to a request from Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Government of Japan decided to conduct The Master Plan Study on Small Hydropower in Northern Laos and entrusted the study to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA sent a study team led by Mr. Ichiro Araki, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. and KRI International Corp., to Laos six times from February 2004 to November 2005. The study team held discussions with the officials concerned of the government of Laos and conducted a series of field surveys. After returning to Japan, the study team carried out further studies and compiled the final results in this report. I hope this report will be utilized for contributing to develop the small hydropower in Northern Laos and to the promotion of amity between our two countries. I also express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the government of Laos for their close cooperation throughout the study. December 2005 Tadashi IZAWA Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency Consulting Engineers December 2005 Mr. Tadashi IZAWA Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency Tokyo, Japan Dear Sir, LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL We are pleased to submit herewith the Final Report of Master Plan Study on Small-Hydro in Northern Laos.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobility and Heritage in Northern Thailand and Laos: Past and Present
    and Heritage rn Thailand and Laos: Past and Present Prooeedlngs of the Chiang Mai Conterence. 1 - 2 December 2011 Mobility and Heritage in Northern Thailand and Laos: Past and Present Mobility and Heritage in Northern Thailand and Laos: Past and Present Proceedings 0/ the Chiang Mai Conference, 1 - 2 December 20 11 Editedby Olivier Evrar~ Dominique Cuillaud Chqyan Vaddhanaphuti Post/ace by Charles F. Keyes 4 Mobility andheritage in Northern Thailand andLaostpastandpresent Copyright © 2013 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Printed in Chiang Mai at Good Print. National Library of Thailand Cataloging in Publication Data Evrard,Olivier. Mobility and Heritage in Northern Thailand and Laos: Past and Present.-- Chiang Mai : Center for Ethnic Studies and Development, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 2013. 302p. 1. Thailand--History. 2. Laos--History. 1.Guillaud, Dominique, jt. auth. Il. Vaddhanaphuti, Chayan, jt. auth. rv Billault, Laurence, ill. V. Tide. 959.3 ISBN 978-974-672-822-5 Cover picture © Olivier Evrard Lamet woman walking toward her field hut. Ban Takrong, Pha Oudom district, Bokeo province, Lao PD.R. Layout: Laurence Billault illustration & cartography: Laurence Btllault, Elisabeth Habert Institut de Recherche pour le Developpernent : http://wwmirdfr/ PALOC: http://www.paloc.irdfr/ Center for Ethnic Studies and Development, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University. http://www.cesdsoc.cmu.ac.th/ Contents Contents Authors 9 Introduction 11 Mobility and Heritage in Northern Thailand and Laos: Past and Present 11 DOMINIQUE GUILLAUD CHAYAN VADDHANAPHUTI Part 1 Historic andSymbolic Traces ofSedentz"sm 25 1. Sedentarity and metallurgy in upland Southeast Asia 27 OLIVER PRYCE 2. Foucling,deserting and returning: the impeded sedentism of Northern Tai populations.
    [Show full text]
  • [Draft Implementing Decree for New FIL]
    Authentic in Lao Only LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity Prime Minister’s office No. 301/PM Vientiane Capital, dated 12 October 2005 Decree of the Prime Minister Regarding the Implementation of The Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment - Pursuant to the Law on the Government of the Lao PDR No. 02/NA, dated 6 May 2003; - Pursuant to the Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment No. 11/NA, dated 22 October 2004; - Referencing to the proposal of the President of the Committee for Planning and Investment. SECTION I General Provisions Article 1. Objective This Decree is set out to implement the Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment correctly to the objectives and uniformly throughout the country on the principles, methods and measures regarding the promotion, protection, inspection, resolution of disputes, policies towards productive persons and measures against the violators. Article 2. Legal Guarantees The State provides legal guarantees to foreign investors who are established under the Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment as follows: 2.1 administer by Law and regulation on the basis of equality and mutual interests; 2.2 undertake all of the State’s obligations under the laws, international treaties in which the State is a party, the Agreement Regarding the Page 1 of 61 Promotion and Protection of Foreign Investment and the agreements that the government has signed with the foreign investor; 2.3 do not interfere with the legally business operation of foreign investors. Article 3. Capital Contribution which is an Intellectual Property The State recognizes the shared capital contribution of the enterprises which is an intellectual property; the evaluation of the intellectual property value shall be determined in detail by the scope of rights, obligations and interest in the resolution of a shareholders’ meeting and the business joint venture agreement of the enterprise.
    [Show full text]