Subproject Field Survey – Final Report

Project Number: TA 8882 17 December 2015

Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project – Due Diligence for Additional Financing

Prepared by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Planning and Cooperation

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank DAFO – District Agriculture and Forestry Office GIC – Grant Implementation Consultant (on-going NRI project) GOL – Government of Lao PDR GPS – Global Positioning System HHs – households LMC – Left Main Canal MC – Main Canal NCA – NPMO – National Project Management Office NRI – the on-going Northern Rural Infrastructure Sector Project NRI-AF – NR1A – NR2W – NR3 – O&M – operation and maintenance PAFO – Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office RC – reinforced concrete RMC – Right Main Canal S-PPTA – small-scale project preparation technical assistance WUG – water user group

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ha – hectare Kip/day – Kip/ha – km – kilometer m – meter m3 – cubic meter m3/sec – cubic meter per second t/ha – Yuan/kg –

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

CONTENTS Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Introduction 1 B. Longlist of Candidate Subprojects 1 C. Eligibility Criteria 1 D. Desktop Review Preliminary Findings 2 II. OUTLINE OF SUBPROJECT FIELD SURVEY 3 A. Objective of the Field Survey 3 B. Methodology 4 III. FINDINGS 5 A. Key Issues 5 B. Other Findings/Observations 8 C. Subproject Assessment and Prioritization 10 IV. CONCLUSIONS 10

Annexes

Annex A. Subproject Location Map 12 Annex B. Eligibility Criteria 13 Annex C. Subproject Assessment and Prioritization 14 Annex D. Notes on Field Visits, Maps and Data 19 Annex E. Subproject Description – Bokeo 20 Annex F. Subproject Description – Louang-Namtha 44 Annex G. Subproject Description – Phongsali 60 Annex H. Subproject Description – Oudomxai 72 Annex I. Subproject GPS Coordinates 78

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Introduction

1. The ADB is assisting the Government of Lao PDR to prepare additional financing for the on-going Northern Rural Infrastructure Sector Project. The bulk of the additional financing will be for the improvement of productive rural infrastructure based around small to medium scale community managed irrigation schemes. The irrigation and related productive infrastructure will be packaged as subprojects and assessed for their technical, financial, economic, environment, social and sustainability properties.

2. On 19 March 2015 the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved small scale project preparation technical assistance (S-PPTA) 8882 to prepare Additional Financing for the implementation of around 22 short-listed subprojects. A team of experts in productive rural infrastructure, representing the Government executing agency, the local authorities, the project and the ADB are screening a Longlist of 27 candidate subprojects. The screening procedure is being carried out in two stages: (i) a desktop review of the proposed subprojects; and (ii) site inspection to assess the prima facia viability the proposed subprojects.

3. This report presents the results of the site inspection, including a summary of the assessment and prioritization of the subprojects and annexes describing each subproject visited.

B. Longlist of Candidate Subprojects

4. The National Project Management Office (NPMO), the Grant Implementation Consultant (GIC) and the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Offices (PAFOs) under the Northern Rural Infrastructure Project have compiled a Longlist1 of 27 subprojects as candidates for investment under the proposed Additional Financing of the Project. Annex A contains a map showing the geographic distribution of the candidate subprojects.

5. The 27 candidate subprojects are located in 11 districts in the four northern provinces of Bokeo, Louang-Namtha, Phongsali and Oudomxai. There are 10 subprojects located in Bokeo province, six in Louang-Namtha province, seven in Phongsali, and four in Oudomxai province. The longlist of subprojects includes 113 sub-schemes, with a total command area of 9,548 hectare (ha), and the potential to benefit some 206 villages (27,428 households). The total cost estimate for the 27 subprojects is around $28.26 million, based on a rate of $3,000/ha of command area.

C. Eligibility Criteria

6. The eligibility criteria have been set to assess whether implementation of the candidate subprojects are supportive of the Project’s impact of improved rural household incomes and its outcome of increased agricultural productivity. The eligibility criteria are detailed in Annex B.

1 Longlist of Proposed Subprojects in 4 Provinces, 17 Aug. 2015, referred to as “the Longlist” in this report.

2 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

D. Desktop Review Preliminary Findings

7. A desktop review of the Longlist of 27 subprojects was undertaken under the S-PPTA to assess their eligibility against the criteria agreed between ADB and NPMO.2 The preliminary finding of the desktop review is that all subprojects are eligible for short-listing under five of the nine eligibility criteria. The remaining four criteria - improved productivity, safeguards compliance, improved access to markets and sustainability - require further evaluation/confirmation before and during the field visits to confirm the preliminary finding.

8. Following the desktop review, the S-PPTA required the Longlist to be prioritized for development through field inspections, assessment of need, and objective analysis to determine ranking.

9. As of the end of the desktop review (before the start of the Field Visits), the status of compliance with the various eligibility criteria was as presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Status of Compliance with Eligibility Criteria before Field Visits No. Criteria Status of Compliance (as of 31 Aug 2015) 1. National Strategy. Be complementary and supportive of All proposed subprojects eligible the Government’s strategies and Ministry of Agriculture (Desktop Review). and Forestry programs and policies. 2. Socio-economic Relevance. Be consistent with medium All proposed subprojects eligible and long-term sectoral and socio-economic development (Desktop Review). plans at the provincial and district levels. 3. Improved Productivity. Target areas: giving Oudomxai This criterion will be evaluated after the priority for the first two projects; with good productivity data on designated economic zones/ potential that can lead to improvements in livelihoods; and corridors and on other ADB projects potential to complement other ADB investment projects in the districts is collected. particularly the new livestock and tourism projects. 4. Safeguards Compliance. Comply with Government and This criterion will be assessed during ADB safeguard guidelines and involve a minimum of the field visits when a prima facie negative environmental and resettlement impacts, i.e. only evaluation will be made of the ADB Safeguard Category B or C should be considered. potential impacts. 5. Integrated Approach. Follow an integrated development All proposed subprojects eligible model centered on rehabilitating existing productive rural (irrigation component) (Desktop infrastructure to optimize productivity and increase Review). efficiency. The need for improvement of associated access roads will be assessed during the field visits. 6. Improved Access to Markets. Be centered upon The state of accessibility and the irrigation systems, with road, trail and path upgrading that condition of roads will be assessed lead to improved access within the command area and during the field visits when a prima connect the command area and villages to the higher facia evaluation will be made. order road network.

2 S-PPTA 8882: Northern Rural Infrastructure – Additional Financing, Desk-top Review of Long List of Subprojects, Graham Jackson, Project Implementation Specialist, 31 Aug 2015. Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203) 3

No. Criteria Status of Compliance (as of 31 Aug 2015) 7. Improved Resource Utilization. Prioritize the All proposed subprojects eligible preservation and sustainability of the current asset base (Desktop Review). over new construction. 8. Effectiveness. Have relatively simple and logical designs All proposed subprojects eligible – within one contiguous area. preliminary (Desktop Review). To be confirmed during field visit. 9. Sustainability. Provincial government to commit to Provincial Agriculture and Forestry support periodic maintenance through written assurance. Office/District Agriculture and Forestry Offices to obtain written agreement of each stakeholder prior to the field visits.

II. OUTLINE OF SUBPROJECT FIELD SURVEY

A. Objective of the Field Survey

10. As presented above, the screening procedure is being carried out in two stages: (i) a desktop review of the proposed subprojects; and (ii) site inspection (field survey) to assess the prima facia viability the proposed subprojects. The desktop review and the site inspection are complementary, and the final assessment of the quality of the subprojects against all eligibility criteria will be prepared using information from both.

11. Although both the desktop review and the site inspection consider all eligibility criteria, the desktop review mainly focused on the following five: Criterion 1. National Strategy Criterion 2. Socio-economic Relevance Criterion 3. Improved Productivity Criterion 7. Improved Resource Utilization Criterion 9. Sustainability

12. The main objective of the Subproject Field Survey is to assess the prima facia viability the proposed subprojects against the remaining four criteria: Criterion 4. Safeguards Compliance Criterion 5. Integrated Approach Criterion 6. Improved Access to Markets Criterion 8. Effectiveness

13. Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4). The field visits assessed if the subprojects complied with Government and ADB safeguard guidelines and involved a minimum of negative environmental and resettlement impacts (only ADB Safeguard Category B or C). During the visits, particular attention was given to assessing possible land acquisition requirements.

14. Integrated Approach (Criterion 5). Field visits verified if the proposed subprojects follows an integrated development model centered on rehabilitating existing productive rural infrastructure to optimize productivity and increase efficiency. This assessment covers both the irrigation and the need for improvement of associated access roads, if any.

4 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

15. Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6). The field visits assessed the state of accessibility and the condition of roads upgrading that lead to improved access within the command area and connect the command area and villages to the higher order road network.

16. When the field survey assessed that the access or integration between roads and the irrigation areas could be improved, the proposed solution was normally to include a simple access road (3 meter wide, laterite top) by widening one side of the Main Canal (MC) embankment. This approach was used successfully by the Northern Rural Infrastructure Project (NRI). However, access roads along MCs are difficult to consider in small, narrow valleys, where the MCs run along steep hillside, because of the excessive footprint right-of-way it would require.

17. Effectiveness (Criterion 8). The field visits checked whether the proposed subprojects, and their sub-schemes if any, have relatively simple and logical designs within one contiguous area.

18. Apart from assessing compliance with the eligibility criteria, a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of each subproject and readiness to proceed to the next processing steps including Identification and Feasibility Study was also carried during the field survey.

B. Methodology

19. The field survey was carried out from 26 October to 28 November 2015. It involved rapid field assessments of all subprojects proposed by the four provinces to ensure that the agreed eligibility criteria are met, and to re-confirm the District priority assigned to each by PAFO/District Agriculture and Forestry Office (DAFO).3

20. Apart from this consultant, the survey team included Mr. Vankham Thammachak, Deputy Team Leader/Irrigation Engineer of GIC for NRI, and concerned staff from PAFO and DAFO. At each subproject, discussions were held with local residents along with a visit of the key existing and proposed works. For all subprojects, this involved a visit to the existing weir(s), along with key locations along the MC and command area. The Global Positioning System (GPS) location of the sub-schemes visited is presented in Annex I.

21. Preliminary maps have been prepared for each subproject using Google Earth and UTM coordinates. The maps show some weirs, villages and command areas locations. However, some information is incomplete or not correct and the maps will need to be updated. Some corrections were noted during the field survey, and these were passed on to the NRI-GIC.

22. Wrap up meetings were held with PAFO/DAFO at the conclusion of the visits to each province.

23. A total of 63 sub-schemes in 25 subprojects were visited. Most subprojects include a number of sub-schemes. For most cases, “sub-schemes” control irrigation in contiguous areas part of a larger system, like a small valley. In some subprojects, the sub-schemes were not adjacent, but located nearby in the same District. In this case, they were regrouped under a subproject for contracting efficiency purposes (design, construction). When a subproject

3 Various notes on the field visits, maps and data are presented in Annex D. Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203) 5

involved several sub-schemes, a representative sample of 2-4 sub-schemes were selected for visit, in most cases the ones covering the largest command areas.

24. The two sample subprojects in Oudomxai, Nam Beng and Nam Oun, were not visited during the present field survey, as detailed Feasibility Studies have already been prepared for them. They were also visited during the June 2015 inception mission.

III. FINDINGS

A. Key Issues

25. The great majority of subprojects and sub-schemes submitted for consideration by the 11 Districts in four Provinces are good and pass all selection criteria. No significant environmental issues are envisaged for any of the subprojects seen, other than the usual temporary impacts during construction such as dust control. There are also no significant issues related to resettlement. The concept of some of the proposed sub-schemes visited during the field survey needs to be verified and firmed up before they can proceed to Feasibility Study. The key issues observed during the field survey are presented below.

1. Indicative Command Areas and Costs

26. The subprojects proposed by PAFOs/DAFOs and included in the Longlist are at different stage of preparation/planning, with some subprojects only at the conceptual stage. The details in the Longlist (command area, existing infrastructure, details of beneficiaries, proposed rehabilitation and potential crops) are indicative only. Several errors were noted during the field survey. Preliminary maps have been prepared using Google Earth and showing weirs and command areas locations but these will need to be updated, as some information is not correct.

27. It will be important to obtain more accurate data (particularly for size of command area) during later stages, like Identification and feasibility study, as this data is monitored closely later on for project achievements and agricultural production.

28. The cost for each subproject was estimated at $3,000/ha4. This is considered a maximum, and it appears that a number of schemes could be below this estimate because of the limited rehabilitation works involved. This high figure also allows for some funds for access road, if required. The $3,000/ha figure is for civil works, including survey, design and construction supervision.

29. Overall, it appears that both the command areas and the unit cost of the works, at $3,000/ha, were estimated on the high side. The total cost of the 27 subprojects on the Longlist may end up lower after details of the rehabilitation works are finalized during Identification and Feasibility Study.

4 Apart from the Nam Ou sub-scheme, part of Nam Tong Subproject in Nhot Ou, where $2,500/ha was used. The Nam Ou sub-scheme is a NRI Year-1 subproject that needs additional works, mainly on the MC. 6 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

2. Number of Subprojects and Sub-schemes

a. Background

30. Most subprojects are composed of several sub-schemes. The present Longlist has 27 subprojects and 92 sub-schemes, covering a total of 7,500 ha.5 To make things more complicated, some “sub-schemes” are composed of a number of smaller systems, like several small weirs along a stream, each serving an area of 1-5 ha.

31. Some of the subprojects re-group sub-schemes located next to one another, or very nearby in the same valley/watershed. In this case it makes sense to group them and call it a subproject. Eligibility criterion no. 8, Effectiveness, supports the subprojects with relatively simple and logical designs within one contiguous area. Some subprojects re-group sub- schemes not located near one another.

b. Feasibility Studies for Subprojects with Several Sub-schemes

32. The Nam Beng Subproject (sample subproject) has three, closely located sub-schemes. The costs have been estimated on a sub-scheme basis and then aggregated for economic justification which has been carried out on a total command area basis (subproject); the social impact assessment was done on a village basis for the whole subproject; the Initial Environmental Examination discusses the three sub-schemes and presents a general Environmental Management Plans; LARC explains the three sub-schemes and makes its assessment on a village basis for the whole subproject; and the Environmental Management Development Plans has been done on a village basis for the whole subproject. It is a reasonable approach for a subproject involving “a small number” of sub-schemes, but for the subprojects with larger numbers of sub-schemes the feasibility studies may be more of a challenge.

33. The safeguards framework document prepared by the S-PPTA sets out eligibility requirements for subprojects, and importantly, those that entail significant resettlement are excluded. When a subproject involves multiple sub-schemes, it should be sub-schemes that entail significant resettlement (if any) that are excluded from the subproject, rather than the whole subproject being excluded. In the Resettlement Framework, the exclusion criterion should apply to sub-schemes not subprojects.

c. Should the Sub-schemes/Subprojects be Reorganized?

34. In deciding if a re-organization of the sub-schemes is needed, the following may be considered:

35. Subproject processing (“batches”). The 92 sub-schemes are now re-grouped into 27 subprojects. The shortlist of 22 subprojects was (apparently) prepared with the understanding that (NRI-AF) would bring two additional construction batches; so all sub-schemes in each District were re-grouped into two “subprojects”. However, the project life of the Additional Financing proposed at this stage is 5 years - $30.0 million at $6.0 million/annum average. So

5 The overall average is 358 ha/subproject, and 85/ha sub-scheme, with a large variation. There are seven sub- schemes below 10 ha (21 sub-schemes below 20 ha, 34 sub-schemes below 30 ha), and there are 11 subprojects with five sub-schemes or more (eight subprojects have six sub-schemes or more). Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203) 7

the new project may have 3-4 construction batches. It may be judicious to re-arrange the sub- schemes into “new subprojects”, to better spread the works over the 11 Districts and construction batches.

36. Maximum number of sub-schemes. A maximum number of sub-schemes per subproject could be set, for example five or six. But this would only partly address the issue as some sub-schemes involve several small weirs (headworks).

37. Minimum command area. The Government of Lao PDR (GOL) is apparently developing a new classification for irrigation schemes, where schemes of 10 ha or less will be classified as “community” or “family” size. NRI-AF could also adopt this lower limit of 10 ha as criteria for inclusion in the Project. Only seven proposed sub-schemes are presently 10 ha or less. However, some sub-schemes are over 10 ha but composed of a number of family-size weirs and systems. So the threshold could be “minimum five (or 10) ha per headworks”.

38. More logical sub-scheme grouping. Sub-schemes may be re-grouped considering other aspects like geographical location6, or volume of works (construction costs).

39. Keep 22 subprojects, but remain flexible. One option would be to maintain the number of subprojects at 22 for now, but implement them by regrouping their sub-schemes into an appropriate number of processing/construction batches. Also, keep the flexibility to adjust the number of sub-schemes to suit the available funding, by developing a methodology/criteria to adjust the actual number of sub-schemes during implementation.

3. Some sub-schemes concepts have to be re-checked

40. The concept of some of the proposed sub-schemes visited during the field survey needs to be verified and firmed up before they can proceed to Feasibility Study. For these sub- schemes, issues included: i) several possible options available; ii) unclear or complex proposed technical solutions; and iii) possible land acquisition issues. A detailed field survey similar to the NRI Identification step is needed to clarify the proposed concepts and better define possible issues and solutions. The concerned sub-schemes are:7

(i) Houay Bong 1 and 2 sub-schemes, Houay Bong Subproject (No. 7), Pha Oudom District, Bokeo. (ii) Nam Lue 2 sub-scheme, Nam Lue – Nam Chang Subproject (No. 11), Louang- Namtha District, Louang-Namtha. (iii) Nam Ma Phakham sub-scheme, Nam Ma Subproject (No. 16), Long District, Louang-Namtha. (iv) Houay Lap sub-scheme, Houay Lap Subproject (No. 21), Boun-Tai District, Phongsali. (v) Nam Hoy-Nam Lou Subproject (four sub-schemes), Boun-Nua District, Phongsali; these sub-schemes will need further examination prior to feasibility study.

6 For example, the Nam Sa Subproject in Luang Namtha has 7 sub-schemes regrouped into two separate areas of Long District. This could be split into two subprojects. 7 Sub-scheme details are presented in the Subproject Descriptions Annexes. 8 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

(vi) Nam Ngay-Nam Boun Subproject (three sub-schemes), Boun-Nua District; these sub-schemes will need further examination prior to feasibility study.

4. Subproject Ranking

41. Each District covered by NRI-AF now has two subprojects, except for Houayxai and Pha Oudom, with four each, and Nhot Ou, with three. The Districts have assigned a priority to their two subprojects, either first or second. The Districts with more subprojects have also assigned a third and fourth priority.

42. The field survey has reconfirmed the District priority assigned to each subproject, with no change proposed. Issues with some sub-schemes have to be clarified, but this does not change District priorities.

B. Other Findings/Observations

43. The Identification Stage. The current NRI Project implementation steps include an Identification stage, during which a multi-disciplinary team composed of a senior irrigation engineer, land use specialist (GPS) and agriculture specialist carry out a detailed field survey of a proposed scheme to review its concept. The survey includes a visit to the weir site, walk- through of the MC alignment and identification of major canal structures, and some flow measurements. The Identification stage gives the go/no go to proceed with the full Feasibility Study. The concept of some of the proposed sub-schemes visited during the present field survey needs to be verified and firmed up before they can proceed to Feasibility Study. A visit similar to the NRI Identification step is needed to clarify the proposed concepts and clear any remaining issues.

44. Previous NRI Support. A total of 10 sub-schemes proposed for rehabilitation already received some NRI support8. As funds were limited, NRI could not implement all required rehabilitation works. For these sub-schemes, remaining works typically involve additional MC lining, canal structures and some minor repairs at the weir, like MC intake. Providing funds for these sub-schemes will allow them to reach their full potential. They are already well known by NRI, and a significant volume of information is available. The new proposed works should clearly be different from the earlier NRI works (no overlap), and their cost/benefit analysis should only consider the benefits generated by the additional works (not by the entire sub- scheme).

45. Incremental Benefits. The sub-schemes proposed for rehabilitation are existing systems. Although they don’t operate at their full potential, some already produce decent yields. Farmers were harvesting during the field survey and some reported good yields this year, around 3.5 t/ha. Benefits from rehabilitation would normally include marginal increase in rice yields during the wet season, increased yields and area for dry season rice, and increase in diversified dry season crops.

46. Traditional stone/wood weirs require major re-building at the beginning of each irrigation season, and some maintenance during the dry season. Replacing them with permanent reinforced concrete (RC) weirs significantly decreases the effort required for

8 Nine sub-schemes in Bokeo and one in Phongsali (Nam Ou). Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203) 9

maintenance, and improves water control. Replacing them also fits well with Criteria 5. Integrated Approach: “Follow an integrated development model centered on rehabilitating existing productive rural infrastructure to optimize productivity and increase efficiency”. Moreover, traditional systems indicate that there is already a strong local interest in irrigated agriculture and also show that they already have some form of water management system. For this reason, this report indicates as much as possible if the new/rehabilitated system replaces a traditional one.

47. Water User Groups. Practically all sub-schemes visited already have informal water user groups (WUGs) managing the systems in their own ways. Most don’t collect a regular water fee, but are able to mobilize labour for maintenance, and to collect funds for small, specific repair works.

48. Main Canal Lining. As most proposed sub-schemes already have weirs, MC lining constitutes the largest single rehabilitation works. Most sub-schemes have requested for lining over the entire length of their MC, and some secondary canals also. MC lining is an effective way of reducing seepage losses and increasing irrigation conveyance efficiency. However, because of its high costs, canal lining should only be considered where needed, at locations with excessive seepage or when the canal is going through unstable terrain, for example. Lining can also be used to reduce the MC footprint, by using a rectangular section through a village, for example.

49. Economic life. A large number of sub-schemes visited were built 20 years ago, or more. In a way, they have reached the end of their economic life, and major rehabilitation works are perfectly normal.

50. Participatory Irrigation Management. Successful irrigation projects require participation by all stakeholders in planning, implementation, and operation and maintenance (O&M) to create a sense of ownership of and consequent commitment to the project. This requires that project planning allows time for beneficiaries to participate in planning and influence decisions affecting their future.9 NRI already has its own implementation procedures but it could be beneficial to review them and see if current participation level of the local stakeholders is adequate.

51. Ethnic Groups. Lao PDR has a total of 49 ethnic groups.10 Apart from Lao, the sub- schemes visited included Khmu, Lue, Yang, Akha and Hmong. In most cases, entire beneficiary villages were from the same ethnic group. Some villages had a mix of two, or more. In all cases, the sub-scheme benefits reaches everyone involved in irrigated agriculture. There are no disadvantaged minorities.

52. Rubber trees plantations. Large rubber tree11 plantations can be observed in the four Provinces covered by NRI-AF. The partnership system that has emerged as the favourite of the central GOL for foreign investment in rubber production is often referred to as ‘2+3’ in Laos. This generally means that farmers contribute two components: labour and land; and investors provide three: capital inputs (seedlings, fertilisers, etc.), technical support, and markets. Some

9 Participatory Irrigation Management, Learning Lessons, ADB Independent Evaluation, March 2012. 10 Laos population census 2005, National Statistics Centre. 11 Hevea brasiliensis, or para-rubber tree. 10 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203) local residents reported that prices were currently low. Some have stopped collecting rubber while others are still collecting and selling. Some people say they don’t collect because there is no market at the moment (no merchants coming to buy the rubber). Rubber trees are sometimes planted where upland rice used to grow, and start producing after 7 years. The rubber collected can be dried and stored. Rubber can provide a supplementary source of income for local residents.

53. Banana plantations. Large banana plantations also grow in the four Northern provinces, almost entirely for export to China. For example, in Muang Houn, along #(NR2W), five Chinese companies plant a total of 4,000 ha of this crop. Apparently they do not follow all the rules in their agreements, particularly use of fertilisers and pesticides, and the Government is presently reviewing their performance and the impact of these large-scale operations. In all subprojects visited with nearby banana plantation, there seems to be no conflict with water availability, as these large systems either pump their irrigation water downstream of the proposed sub-schemes or directly from larger rivers.

54. Increase in commercial agriculture. Over the past 25 years, there has been a shift from basic, subsistence food production in Lao PDR to more commercial agriculture, with plantations and cash crops. Cash crops are now very popular in the dry season. Several factor surely contribute to this, but the improvement of the road system and opening of borders with Thailand and China must have played a significant role. NRI-AF supports this trend, as most sub-schemes visited grow or plan to grow dry season cash crops. And better irrigation means that farmers have more options on what crops they can grow, and also puts them in a stronger position when assessing if they should grow crops themselves or lease their land to outside investors for bananas or watermelon, for example.

55. Contingency in construction contracts. Although the proposed sub-schemes have “relatively simple and logical designs”, it is not always possible for the detailed designs to fully capture all sub-scheme requirements, particularly at the lowest level, like farm turnout locations. Some adjustments normally have to be made during construction. For this reason, construction contracts should have some contingency amount, to address these changes and any other unforeseen conditions.

C. Subproject Assessment and Prioritization

56. The main objective of the field survey was to assess the prima facia viability the proposed subprojects against four eligibility criteria: Safeguards Compliance, Integrated Approach, Improved Access to Markets and Effectiveness. A preliminary assessment of the feasibility of each subproject and readiness to proceed to the next processing steps including Identification and Feasibility Study was also carried during the field survey.

57. The subproject assessment and prioritization is presented in a summary table in Annex C. The details of the assessment and prioritization are presented in the subproject descriptions (Annexe E-H).

IV. CONCLUSIONS

58. The great majority of subprojects and sub-schemes submitted for consideration by the 11 Districts in four Provinces are good and pass all selection criteria. No significant environmental issues are envisaged for any of the subprojects seen, other than the usual Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203) 11

temporary impacts during construction such as dust control. There are also no significant issues related to resettlement.

59. The concepts of some of the proposed sub-schemes visited during the field survey needs to be verified and firmed up before they can proceed to Feasibility Study. The NRI Identification step will be used for this.

60. The details in the Longlist (command area, existing infrastructure, details of beneficiaries, proposed rehabilitation and potential crops) are indicative only. It will be important to obtain more accurate data (particularly for size of command area) during later stages, like Identification and feasibility study, as this data is monitored closely later on for project achievements and agricultural production.

61. Subprojects and sub-schemes could be re-grouped considering other aspects like geographical location, or volume of works (construction costs). Also, because of the subproject processing requirements, a lower limit of command area (i.e. 10 ha) could be introduced for inclusion in the Project. As some sub-schemes are over 10 ha but composed of a number of family-size weirs and systems, the threshold could also be “minimum five (or 10) ha per headworks”.

62. The field survey has re-confirmed the District priority assigned to each subproject, with no change proposed. Issues with some sub-schemes have to be clarified, but this does not change District priorities. 12 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

ANNEX A. SUBPROJECT LOCATION MAP12

12 Courtesy of the NRI-GIC team. Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 13

ANNEX B. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

During the midterm review of the Northern Rural Infrastructure Project (NRI) in April 2014, the prospect of additional financing was discussed, and the National Project Management Office (NPMO) presented to the Mission of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) a list of subprojects that had been tentatively proposed by the provincial/district stakeholders for possible funding under the additional financing. It was agreed that the Project would consult with the provincial/district stakeholders to review and update the Longlist of potential candidate subprojects. The following criteria were agreed for use in preparing the Longlist of eligible subprojects, which had been tentatively assessed at that time at around 30 in number.

Theme Criteria 1. National Strategy Be complementary and supportive of the Government’s strategies and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry programs and policies. 2. Socio-economic Be consistent with medium and long-term sectoral and socio-economic Relevance development plans at the provincial and district levels. 3. Improved Target areas: giving Oudomxai the priority for the first two projects; Productivity with good productivity potential that can lead to improvements in livelihoods; and potential to complement other ADB investment projects particularly the new livestock and tourism projects. 4. Safeguards Comply with Government and ADB safeguard guidelines and involve a Compliance minimum of negative environmental and resettlement impacts, i.e. only ADB Safeguard Category B or C should be considered. 5. Integrated Approach Follow an integrated development model centered on rehabilitating existing productive rural infrastructure to optimize productivity and increase efficiency. 6. Improved Access to Be centered upon irrigation systems, with road, trail and path Markets upgrading that lead to improved access within the command area and connect the command area and villages to the higher order road network. 7. Improved Resource Prioritize the preservation and sustainability of the current asset base Utilization over new construction. 8. Effectiveness Have relatively simple and logical designs within one contiguous area. 9. Sustainability Provincial government to commit to support periodic maintenance through written assurance. Water user groups to commit to support routine maintenance through written assurance.

14 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

ANNEX C. SUBPROJECT ASSESSMENT AND PRIORITIZATION

Annex C. Subproject Assessment and Prioritization

Bokeo Province Eligibility Criteria

s e s

d d

District Subproject Subproject Description Proposed Rehabilitation t Preliminary Feasibility Priority

c s

e e

s k

a Assessment

a n

o o

c t

S f

. 8 Houayxai 1. Nam Tin 2 Rehabilitation of 2 sub- Existing headworks repairs, new OK OK OK OK OK 1st schemes; Total command RC weir, MC and secondary area 548 ha. canals rehabilitation including lining and structures. Total cost $1.64 M. 2. Nam Satone Rehabilitation of 4 sub- Existing headworks repairs, raise OK OK OK OK OK 2nd schemes; Total command dam, new RC spillway, MC and area 305 ha. secondary canals rehabilitation including lining and structures. Total cost $0.92 M. 3. Houay Poung Rehabilitation of 4 sub- Existing weir repairs, construction OK OK OK OK OK 3rd schemes; Total command of new RC weir, MC and area 244 ha. secondary canal rehabilitation including lining and structures. Total cost $0.73 M. 4. Nam Laem Rehabilitation of 5 sub- Existing weir repairs, construction OK OK OK OK OK 4th schemes; Total command of new RC weir, MC and area 212 ha. secondary canal rehabilitation including lining and structures. Total cost $0.64 M. Paktha 5. Houay Xo 2 Rehabilitation of 6 sub- Existing weir repairs, MC and OK OK OK OK OK 1st schemes; Total command secondary canals rehabilitation area 254 ha. including lining and structures, access road along MC. Total cost $0.76 M. 6. Houay Sat 2 Rehabilitation of 2 sub- Existing weir repairs, MC OK OK OK OK OK 2nd schemes; Total command rehabilitation including lining and area 251 ha. structures. Total cost $0.75 M. Bokeo 7. Houay Bong Rehabilitation of 6 sub- Construction of new RC weirs, OK OK OK OK Identification step needed to clarify 1st schemes; Total command new MCs, MC rehabilitation Houay Bong 1 and 2 issues. area 445 ha. including lining and structures. Other sub-schemes OK. Total cost $1.34 M. 8. Nam Kha Rehabilitation of 3 sub- Existing weirs repairs, MC and OK OK OK OK OK 2nd schemes; Total command secondary canals rehabilitation area 594 ha. including lining and structures. Total cost $1.78 M.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 15

Bokeo Province Eligibility Criteria

s e s

d d

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. 8 9. Houay Lieng 3 & 4 Rehabilitation of 5 sub- Existing weirs repairs, MC and OK OK OK OK OK 3rd schemes; Total command secondary canals rehabilitation area 359 ha. including lining and structures. Total cost $1.08 M. 10. Houay Khong Rehabilitation of 6 sub- Existing weir repairs, construction OK OK OK OK OK 4th schemes; Total command of new RC weir, MC and area 305 ha. secondary canal rehabilitation including lining and structures. Total cost $0.92 M.

16 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

Annex C. Subproject Assessment and Prioritization

Luang Namtha Province Eligibility Criteria

s e s

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. 8 Luang 11. Nam Lue-Nam Chang Rehabilitation of 3 sub- Existing weir repairs, construction OK OK OK OK Identification step needed to clarify 1st Namtha schemes; Total command of new RC weirs, MC rehabilitation Nam Lue 2 issues. area 370 ha. including lining and structures, Other sub-schemes OK. access road along MC. Total cost $1.24 M.

12. Namtha Rehabilitation of 1 sub- MC and secondary canals OK OK OK OK OK 2nd scheme; Total command rehabilitation including lining and area 605 ha. structures, access road along MC. Total cost $1.82 M.

Sing 13. Nam Gna 2 Rehabilitation of 1 sub- Existing weir repairs, MC and OK OK OK OK OK 1st scheme; Total command secondary canals rehabilitation area 420 ha. including lining and structures, access road along MC. Total cost $1.55 M. 14. Nam Gna 1 and 3 Rehabilitation of 6 sub- Existing weir repairs, construction OK OK OK OK OK 2nd schemes; Total command of new RC weirs, MC rehabilitation area 420 ha. including lining and structures, access road along MC. Total cost $1.54 M.

Long 15. Nam Sa Rehabilitation of 7 sub- Existing weir repairs, construction OK OK OK OK Nam Sa Yai 1 has a new weir & 1st schemes; Total command of new RC weirs, MC rehabilitation MC, so more detailed FS will be area 209 ha. including lining and structures, needed. access road along MC. Other sub-schemes OK. Total cost $1.14 M.

16. Nam Ma Rehabilitation of 13 sub- Existing weir repairs, construction OK OK OK OK Identification step needed to clarify 2nd schemes; Total command of new RC weirs, MC rehabilitation Nam Ma Phakham issues. area 383 ha. including lining and structures. Other sub-schemes OK. Total cost $1.04 M.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 17

18 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LA 42203)

Annex C. Subproject Assessment and Prioritization

Oudomxay Province Eligibility Criteria

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. 8 Beng 24. Nam Beng Sample subproject, not 1st visited. 25. Nam Hao Rehabilitation of 2 sub- Existing weir repairs, construction OK OK OK OK OK 2nd schemes; Total command of new RC weir, MC and area 493 ha. secondary canal rehabilitation including lining and structures. Total cost $1.48 M. Houn 26. Nam Oun Sample subproject, not 1st visited. 27. Nam Ngaad Rehabilitation of 3 sub- Existing weirs repairs, MC and OK OK OK OK OK 2nd schemes; Total command secondary canal rehabilitation area 497 ha. including lining and structures. Total cost $0.52 M.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 19

ANNEX D. NOTES ON FIELD VISITS, MAPS AND DATA

1. The field visits were carried out at the end of the rainy season, with some rain 2-3 times per week up to around 20 November. All 25 subprojects were visited, including some by boat and motorcycle. A total of 63 sub-schemes were visited.

2. The field survey allowed PAFO/DAFO to develop a better understanding of the present situation, required improvement works and to check if some of the initial concepts were correct. In some cases, it allowed them to take the exact GPS location of weirs and other key components.

3. The command areas are preliminary estimates submitted by PAFO/DAFO. Some provinces provided maps and tables, while other provided data in tables only. Google Earth maps were prepared by NRI-GIC team in Vientiane based on the information received from PAFO/DAFO. Because of time constraints, the maps were not verified again by PAFO/DAFO, so some errors occurred like command area size and location. The command areas shown on the Google Earth maps are indicative only, and will be firmed up during further studies.

4. Some sub-schemes and subprojects names may change later, if the sub-schemes are regrouped / re-packaged differently.

5. On the Longlist table, the values reported in the “Command Area” column are sometimes “existing”, and sometimes “potential”, depending on how the province interpreted the question.

6. In general, the Longlist data for Phongsali subprojects is less accurate than other Provinces. Apparently, they only submitted summarized tables, without maps, so the NRI-GIC team was left to estimate sub-scheme details (location, command area, beneficiary villages and proposed works). Also, because of the sub-schemes were re-named and re-grouped in Vientiane (i.e. Nam Gna 1 to 8), this lead to some confusion during the field survey.

7. During the field survey, some information on the Longlist table was updated, and the corrections were passed on to NRI-GIC.

8. A large number of georeferenced pictures were taken at each subproject and a soft copy was left with Ms. Sisavanh Phanouvong, Senior Project Officer, ADB Lao Resident Mission, Mr. Shimazaki, NRI-GIC Team Leader, and Mr. Vankham Thammachak, NRI-GIC Deputy Team Leader/Irrigation Engineer. Latitudes and longitudes are included in the file details.

9. Some local residents can be reluctant to report the full size of their fields, because of taxes. Some reported that they were still taxed using the 1996 figures, while they have expanded some of their fields since.

10. The terms “canal structures”, “water control structures” or “hydraulic structures” used throughout the subproject descriptions is meant to include all necessary irrigation structures, including checks, drops, farm turnouts, division boxes, flumes and small bridges, among others. Their type, size and location will only be finalized during the identification, feasibility and design stages.

11. As all schemes involve rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems with similar works (weir repairs, MC intake, MC rehabilitation with lining and canal structures), some parts of the subproject descriptions below can be somehow repetitive. 20 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

ANNEX E. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION – BOKEO

No. 1. Nam Tin 2 Subproject, Houayxai District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of two sub-schemes located on a good access road, 12 km from (NR3), and a total of 30 km from Houayxai: Nam Tin and Houay Xai Noi, for a total command area of 548 ha. Nam Tin was visited, covering 90% of the total command area of the subproject.

The Nam Tin irrigation project was completed in 2001 and includes a large reservoir, spillway, left main canal (LMC) (4,200 m) irrigating 48 ha and right main canal (RMC) (9,400 m) irrigating 450 ha. NRI Year-1 partly rehabilitated the project, including weir repairs (crest raised by 0.30 m), RMC and LMC intake control gate repairs, and RMC improvement for a total of $700,000. However, additional rehabilitation works are needed to bring the scheme to its full potential. Proposed works include repairs on the two MC intakes, LMC rehabilitation and lining, additional lining on RMC, and rehabilitation of secondary canals (4,300 m).

Although not included on the Longlist table, PAFO/DAFO staff mentioned that if the LMC were extended by 1-2 km, and lined, an additional 70 ha could be irrigated.

With the rehabilitation works provided by NRI Year-1, local farmers now grow 500 ha of rice in the rainy season and 325 ha during the dry season. With the proposed rehabilitation works, 570 ha will be grown in the rainy season, with 500 ha in the dry season. Nam Tin has sufficient water for this proposed command area, if used efficiently.

The scheme is operated by 6 WUGs, with a total of 30 people. DAFO remains at the top of the organization. There is an irrigation water fee of Kip 200,000/ha, but the collection rate is presently very low, around 10-20%. A strong water user association and good water management are needed for the scheme to perform effectively, and this was mentioned as a weakness. Support and training will be needed to strengthen the present WUGs.

The Houay Xai Noi sub-scheme (not visited) is located near Nam Tin and involves replacing a traditional wooden weir by a RC weir, with MC rehabilitation including lining and canal structures (500 m).

The Problem

The Nam Tin sub-scheme operates in an inefficient way and does not have all required irrigation structures to reach its full potential. The MCs are mostly unlined, and some water control structures are damaged or missing. Some secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures. The Houay Xai Noi sub-scheme does not have a permanent weir, and its earth MC operates inefficiently.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For Nam Tin: o Minor repairs at headworks, lining MC with structures (11,300 m), secondary canals with structures (3,400 m).

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 21

 For Houay Xai Noi (not visited): o new RC weir, MC lining and structures (500 m).  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.64 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the two sub-schemes will be able to irrigate the full 548 ha during the wet season, with 348 ha of rice and 50 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general subproject area is well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes on good, year-round secondary roads. Nam Tin has access roads along its MCs, so there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Other Observations/Comments  Farmers are presently harvesting, and mechanical threshers can be seen in the area.  There is a large banana plantation along the LMC. The plantation apparently employs local farmers.  A rubber plantation is along the RMC, and rubber is presently being collected.  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  The total irrigated area is 548 ha benefitting over 11 villages, 410 households (HHs) with a population of around 2,294 people.  The subproject area is only 12 km from NR3, the main economic corridor linking Thailand and China. This proximity with a large market and outside investors is bringing increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural products.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): The proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments, so any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Integrated Approach (Criterion 5): The proposed subproject complies with this criterion as it involves rehabilitation of existing productive rural infrastructure to optimize productivity and increase efficiency.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The general subproject area is well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes connected to good secondary roads. The subproject area is only 12 km from the NR3, the main economic corridor linking Thailand and China. At Nam Tin, the existing access roads along the MCs contribute to improved O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed scheme has relatively simple and logical designs within one contiguous area.

Recommendation – PAFO/DAFO ranked this subproject as their first priority for Houayxai District because of its importance for the Province’s food security. It is recommended to keep this ranking unchanged. 22 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

No. 2. Nam Satone Subproject, Houayxai District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of four sub-schemes located together along NR3, about 70 km from Houayxai: Nam Satone, Houay Louang, Houay Ha and Houay Lor, for a total command area of 305 ha. Two sub-schemes were visited (Nam Satone and Houay Lor), covering 55% of the total command area of the subproject.

The Nam Satone sub-scheme has a mortared rock weir in good condition, built in 1998 with support from the non-government organization concern. The weir crest has an interesting zig-zag shape, supposedly to maximize weir capacity. The RMC and LMC have a total length over 2,000 m, with secondary canals. The total command area is presently 70 ha, and can be expanded.

The proposed works include removing sediments just upstream of weir, building a footbridge over the weir, MC intakes, RMC and LMC rehabilitation including lining and structures over 2,100 m, and secondary canals rehabilitation. Nam Satone has a large dry season flow, enough for the proposed crops and command area. Nam Satone flows into the Nam Ngao. The main beneficiaries are from Ban Thafa, a Leu village.

The Houay Lor sub-scheme has a small dam built in 1992; party to support Hmong people resettled in the area at the time. The length of the dam is 100 m, and the reservoir is around 600 m long. There is a small creek on the West side of the reservoir that acts as a natural spillway. The MC splits into a RMC and LMC, and then secondary canals to reach a total command area of 60 ha. It is a small, nice looking reservoir, full at the time of the survey, but somehow unutilized. Stored water is not used now during the dry season. Ban Donchai is the main beneficiary village, with a significant Hmong population.

The proposal for this sub-scheme involves (i) raising the dam by 1 m to store additional water; (ii) fixing the MC intake; (iii) building a RC spillway where the natural outlet is; and (iv) rehabilitate MCs and secondary canals including lining and canal structures. PAFO/DAFO reported that they had already surveyed and designed some of the proposed works. As the dry season flow is reported to be limited, the concept is to store additional water in the reservoir for dry season cash crops. During the rainy season, the reservoir simply acts as a diversion scheme, with water delivered through the canal system.

Of all sub-schemes visited during the field surveys, this was the only one involving a small reservoir.13 The concept of storage for dry season use has to be verified carefully during the Identification stage, and then Feasibility Study. Issues include water availability, reservoir water storage, and why the stored water is not used at present. However, MC rehabilitation is good for both wet and dry season, so at least parts of the sub-scheme benefits are clear.

The Problem

The two sub-schemes visited operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water

13 The Nam Tin Subproject, also in Houayxai District, involves a large reservoir.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 23 control structures. Secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the two sub-schemes visited: o Nam Satone: remove sediments upstream of weir, footbridge over weir, MC intakes, RMC and LMC rehabilitation including lining and structures over 2,100 m, and secondary canals rehabilitation. o Houay Lor: raise dam by 1 m, repair MC intake, build RC spillway where the natural outlet is, and rehabilitate MCs (6,000 m) and secondary canals (2,500 m) including lining and canal structures.  For the other two sub-schemes: o Weir repairs, and MC lining and structures (5,600 m).  Small access roads may be needed along the MCs of the 2 sub-schemes not visited, – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $915,000.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the subproject will be able to irrigate the full 305 ha during the wet season, with 172 ha of rice and 70 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general subproject area is well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes right along NR3.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  Local farmers have finished harvesting rice, and mechanical threshers can be observed in the fields. They are getting ready for dry season crops, including garlic, long beans, salad, cabbage and other vegetables. Some HHs without land rent land to produce some dry season rice.  Some rubber and teak plantations are grown in the area. Local resident reported that they collect and sell the rubber now to Chinese traders, as the price is reasonable.  Both sub-schemes visited have good access roads inside or along their command area, so there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.  They have informal WUGs. Although they don’t collect a regular water fee, they are able to mobilize labour for maintenance activities. They also collect money for specific repair works, proportional to land ownership.  The total irrigated area is 305 ha benefitting 4 villages, 306 HHs with a population of around 853 people.  The subproject area is on the NR3, the main economic corridor linking Thailand and China. This proximity with a large market and outside investors is bringing increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural products. The bridge with Thailand is only 70 km away, while the border with China is around 160 km. 24 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The general subproject area is well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being located right along NR3, the main economic corridor linking Thailand and China. The sub-schemes visited had small access roads inside or along their command areas, so there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes have simple and logical designs. The four sub-schemes control different parts of the rice growing area along a 10 km reach of the Nam Ngao. They were regrouped for contract packaging purposes (design, construction). They are adjacent systems, so developing these sub-schemes together improves effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – PAFO/DAFO ranked this subproject as their second priority for Houayxai District. It is recommended to keep this ranking unchanged.

No. 3. Houay Poung Subproject, Houayxai District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of four sub-schemes located together along NR3, about 30 km from Houayxai: Houay Poung, Houay Kod, Houay Markkeo and Houay Moot, for a total command area of 244 ha. Two sub-schemes were visited, Houay Poung and Houay Kod, covering nearly 60% of the total command area of the subproject.

The Houay Poung sub-scheme includes a small earth dam and tiny reservoir (50 m across) built a few years ago, with a RMC around 4,000 m, irrigating a total command area of 58 ha in the rainy season. The small dam stores very little but is used to divert water to the MC, without much control (the farmers have built a small stone/wood structure to attempt to control flow into the MC). Apparently there is reasonable dry season flow, but not presently used for agriculture, partly because some of it is used upstream for drinking water supply.

The first concept proposed during the site survey was to excavate the small reservoir to store additional water for dry season use. When it was pointed out that the few thousand cubic meters (at most) of storage would only be enough to grow a very small area14, the concept changed to improving the existing infrastructure to provide supplementary irrigation during the wet season. The proposed works now involves building a small weir at the MC intake to regulate flow going into the MC and spill the leftover back into the original stream, and rehabilitating the MC, including lining and canal structures.

14 For example, growing 1 ha of rice requires about 10,000 m3 of water.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 25

Large banana plantations surround the sub-scheme. On the day of the visit, some dead fish were floating in the reservoir, which could possibly be caused by pesticides washing down from the plantation. DAFO will follow up with the plantation company (Chinese, 5-year lease).

The Houay Kod sub-scheme has a RC weir right along NR3, with a RMC 2,000 m. The first proposal was to build a new RC weir upstream to irrigate higher fields on the left side of Houay Kod. However, this proposal was cancelled after further discussions with local residents and PAFO/DAFO during the field survey. The concept for this sub-scheme is evolving and, at the time of the survey, the proposal was redefined as removing sediments just upstream of the weir, building a controlled intake for the RMC, and rehabilitating RMC over 2,000 m with canal structures.

The sub-schemes are right along NR3, and there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Problem

The sub-schemes operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the two sub-schemes visited: o Houay Poung: New RC weir/MC intake, MC rehabilitation 5,500 m with lining and canal structures. o Houay Kod: Removing sediments upstream of the weir, RMC intake and RMC rehabilitation over 2,000 m with canal structures.  For the other two sub-schemes: o Weir repairs, and MC lining and structures (9,200 m), secondary canal rehabilitation (3,000 m).  The estimated total cost of the above is $732,000.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the subproject will be able to irrigate the full 244 ha during the wet season, with 154 ha of rice and 30 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general subproject area is well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes right along NR3.

Other Observations / Comments  The rehabilitation concepts (proposed technical solutions) of the two sub-schemes visited were still evolving (not finalized). The Identification processing step will be used to clarify any remaining issues and chose the best technical solutions.  The total irrigated area is 244 ha benefitting 6 villages, 160 HHs with a population of around 441 people.  The subproject area is on the NR3, the main economic corridor linking Thailand and China. This proximity with a large market and outside investors is bringing increased 26 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural products. The bridge with Thailand is only 30 km away, while the border with China is around 200 km.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes have simple and logical designs. They are adjacent systems, so developing these sub-schemes together improves effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – PAFO/DAFO ranked this subproject as their third priority for Houayxai District. It is recommended to keep this ranking unchanged.

No. 4. Nam Laem Subproject, Houayxai District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of five sub-schemes located near Ban Nam Chouam, 29 km Northeast of Houayxai along NR3, then 6 km driving North off NR3 on a good access road: Nam Laem, Houay Moot, Nam Tay Nhark, Nam Chapor and Nam Ong 2, with a total command area of 212 ha. Three sub-schemes were visited (Nam Laem, Houay Moot and Nam Ong 2), covering about 60% of the total subproject command area.

Houay Moot and Nam Ong 2 are located together along the Nam Ong, just downstream where Houay Moot joins the Nam Ong.

The Houay Moot sub-scheme has a mortared rock weir in good condition, built in 1997 with support from (NCA). The existing earth RMC is 1,000 m, with a command area of 15 ha benefitting 11 HHs. The proposed works include downstream erosion protection at the weir, MC intake and MC rehabilitation including lining and structures.

The Nam Ong 2 sub-scheme is located just downstream of Houay Moot. It has a mortared rock & RC weir in good condition, built in 2004 with support from NCA. It replaces a gabion weir built at the same location in 1996. The existing earth LMC is over 2,000 m, with a command area of 10-15 ha benefitting 14 HHs. The proposed works include downstream erosion protection at the weir, MC intake and MC rehabilitation including lining and structures. After rehabilitation, local residents reported that they could crop up to 20 ha. In the dry season, farmers are interested in growing cash crops more than rice, like garlic and onions.

Nam Laem and Houay Tay Nhark are located near one another about 8 km East of Ban Nam Chouam, along a good access road.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 27

The Nam Laem sub-scheme had a gabion weir built in 1996 on Houay Nam Chouam with support from NCA. The weir was destroyed soon after, and local residents have built a small stone and wood weir to divert water into a short MC and to nearby fields. The location of the old gabion weir was unstable, and the riverbed has moved since. Houay Nam Chouam was also reported to have flash floods. The main beneficiaries are from Ban Namko, a Khmu village. The proposed rehabilitation works involve a new RC weir about 100 m upstream of where the gabion weir was, or about 30 m upstream of the small culvert bridge over the Houay Nam Chouam. This higher location would allow increasing the command area to a total of 35 ha. The proposed scheme has already been surveyed and designed (preliminary) by PAFO. The new design also involves a new 2,500 m LMC built on the hillside along the command area. Building a weir just upstream of a road culvert may be an issue, and the hydraulics of it should be studied carefully at design stage.

The Problem

The three sub-schemes visited operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures. The Nam Laem sub-scheme does not have a permanent weir.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the sub-schemes visited: o Houay Moot: Weir downstream erosion protection and MC intake, and MC rehabilitation including lining and structures (1,000 m). o Nam Ong 2: Weir downstream erosion protection and MC intake, and MC rehabilitation including lining and structures (2,000 m). o Nam Laem: New RC weir, new 2,500 m LMC with lining and water control structures. Rehabilitation of secondary canals.  For the other 2 sub-schemes: o Weir repairs, and MC lining and structures (3,500 m).  Small access roads may be needed along the MCs of the two sub-schemes not visited – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $636,000.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 212 ha15 during the wet season, with 193 ha of rice and 9 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes along good, year-round secondary roads. However, improving access along the MC at the two sub-schemes not visited may be identified later as contributing to improved O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

15 According to Longlist table. Local Residents reported less. 28 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  For all sub-schemes visited on this subproject, local residents reported command areas much smaller (less than half) than the ones reported on the Longlist table. Command areas should be measured accurately during subproject Identification.  Watermelon is now being planted in the command area of Houay Moot, and in other areas round the subproject. As now commonly seen in Northern Laos, Chinese investors/merchants make contracts with local farmer for one growing season. Local farmers provide their land and labour, while the merchants provide seeds and technical expertise, and then buy the harvest at the end. Watermelon is grown directly on the rice paddies, which had to be levelled for this purpose. The paddies will have to be re-shaped before the next rainy season rice crop.  Rubber tree and banana plantations grow in the general subproject area.  The sub-schemes visited have good access roads along their command area. Dry season flows were also reported as being sufficient to irrigate the proposed crops.  The total irrigated area is 420 ha benefitting over 15 villages, 338 HHs with a population of around 1,762 people.  The subproject area is only 6 km from NR3, the main economic corridor linking Thailand and China. This proximity with a large market and outside investors is bringing increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural products. For example, the watermelon produced in the subproject area is easily exported to China via the Boten border crossing, some 200 km away.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): Apart from Nam Laem, the proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments, so any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. The Nam Laem sub-scheme new MC location may require land acquisition. However, any land acquisition and compensation should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The general subproject area is well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being located right along good secondary roads. The subproject area is only 6 km from the NR3, the main economic corridor linking Thailand and China. Small access roads may be needed along some parts of the MCs, if identified during further studies, as this can contribute to improved O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes have simple and logical designs. The five sub-schemes control different parts of the rice growing area near Ban Nam Chouam and were regrouped for contract packaging purposes (design, construction). Moreover, Nam Moot and Nam Ong 2, along with Nam Laem and Nam Tay Nhark, are adjacent systems. Developing these schemes together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 29

Recommendation – PAFO/DAFO ranked this subproject as their fourth priority for Houayxai District because of the small size of the total command area. It is recommended to keep this ranking unchanged.

No. 5. Houay Xo 2 Subproject, Paktha District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of six sub-schemes located in Paktha District, West of the Mekong River (right bank) and close to the border with Thailand and Xaignabouli Province: Houay Xo 1, Ban Dong, Pangsa, Pakxo, Houay Thanou 1+2 and Houay Kod 1+2+3, for a total of 254 ha. Four sub-schemes were visited (Houay Xo 1, Ban Dong, Houay Thanou 1+2 and Houay Kod 1+2+3), covering around 75% of the total command area. This subproject involves a total number of 11 weirs, as some sub-schemes have more than one weir.

NRI Year-1 has already supported three of these sub-schemes, Ban Dong, Pangsa and Pakxo. Works included new RC weirs, earth MC with some limited lining, water control structures and field intakes, for a total of around $300,000. For these sub-schemes, the proposed works is to complete the remaining MC lining, and build all required canal and field intake structures.

The Ban Dong sub-scheme’s new RC weir is built on the Nam Xo, and has a command area of around 35 ha. The weir is in excellent condition. It replaced three traditional weirs. The existing LMC is 2,800 m, with 100 m already lined. Ban Dong is a Lao Leu village, 11 km from the Ban Kontun ferry crossing the Mekong River, on a good secondary road. The road also provides a good connection to Muang Khop, Xaignabouli Province.

The farmers of Ban Dong have already started the nurseries for dry season rice, and plan to grow 30 ha. They said that they had limited interest in cash crops, and that they would like to try to grow three rice crops per year, with the right seeds and technical advice.

The Houay Xo 1 sub-scheme is composed of five traditional wooden weirs built on Houay Xo over a 2.5 km reach. The whole system (five weirs) irrigates a total command area of nearly 100 ha (68 ha from LMCs, and 30 ha from RMCs). Three weirs were visited. The total length of the three LMCs is 2,500 m. Local resident reported good dry season flows on Houay Xo, as it comes from two sources: a nearby mountain source, and Houay Sakhok.

Because of the inefficient weirs and canals, local farmers can only use a part of the total command area. Total dry season rice is now limited to 15-20 ha. With the proposed rehabilitation, they expect to grow the full area. The main beneficiary village is Ban Dong.

As the five traditional weirs are one after the other going down Houay Xo, the surplus irrigation (return flow) from one part feeds back into the area just downstream. There are several options to replace the five wooden weirs, using one or more RC weirs. A topographical survey should first be prepared to help select the most appropriate location for the weir(s) and MCs.

The Houay Tanou 1+2 sub-scheme is located near Ban Chiangtong, a Hmong village settled in 1987. Ban Chiangtong is next to high hills, and the border with Thailand. This sub-scheme includes an existing RC weir on Houay Tanou 1, with a RMC 3,000 m, and an exiting RC weir on Houay Tanou 2, with a short 300 m RMC feeding into the MC of the first weir. Both weirs were built in 2008 with GOL funds. The total command area is 40 ha, and could possibly be expanded. 30 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

They now grow rice on the full command area during the rainy season, and nothing during the dry season. Local farmers reported that, with the rehabilitated scheme, they would grow various cash crops in the dry season. The MC also ends at a fish pond, and is used to provide water to livestock. The MC crosses the access road after about 2,000 m.

The MCs are in poor condition, with major leaks. Local farmers have put a lot of effort into containing the leaks, with limited success. Dry season flows are limited. Houay Tanou 1 and 2 have relatively small watersheds, but they are protected border area forests. They may also benefit from groundwater sources, being next to large hills.

Proposed works include weir repairs, MC intakes, MC rehabilitation with lining and canal structures.

Although not indicated on the Longlist, PAFO/DAFO insisted that we visit a nearby system of four traditional weirs on the nearby Houay Sakhok, with a reported total command area of 80 ha. Houay Sakhok has a larger flow than Houay Tanou 1 and 2. It has a small watershed, but here again covered by a protected border area forest, and possibly with some ground water flows. If other sub-schemes do not pass feasibility, or if there is sufficient budget, this sub-scheme could be used as an alternative, after additional surveys and studies.

The Houay Kod 1+2+3 sub-scheme involves three weirs built along the Houay Kod valley and irrigating a total area of 40 ha. The upstream weir (“Weir 1”) is a traditional stone/wood weir with a LMC irrigating 10 ha. Weir 2, an existing RC structure built in 2014 with GOL funds, has a LMC 1,000 m. Weir 3, the lowest one (visited), also has an existing RC structure built with GOL support in 2014 and a RMC 1,800 m. It replaced a traditional weir built at the same location. The proposed works include a new RC weir to replace Weir 1, and MC rehabilitation, lining and canal structures for all three systems. Canal lining is requested to eliminate canal losses and allow dry season rice. Ban Kontun, where the Mekong ferry is, would be the main beneficiary.

A nearby large banana plantation is pumping water from Houay Kod, downstream of this sub- scheme. PAFO/DAFO reported that GOL was not so keen anymore on allowing large scale commercial banana plantations in the area, and that the 5-year lease of the investor would not be renewed at the end. They added that, if needed, they could also pump their water directly from the Mekong River.

All the sub-schemes are along good, year-round access roads.

The Problem

The sub-schemes visited operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals, when they exist, are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures. Some sub-schemes still have stone/wood traditional weirs that require extensive maintenance and provide limited water control.

Proposed Works: The main components include:

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o Ban Dong, Pangsa and Pakxo16: For these NRI Year-1 projects, the proposed works is to complete the remaining MC lining, and build all missing canal and field intake structures (7,000 m). o Houay Xo 1: New RC weir at one or more locations, rehabilitation of MCs, including lining and canal structures (2,800 m). o Houay Tanou 1+2: Weir repairs (two weirs), MC intakes, MC rehabilitation with lining and canal structures (3,300 m). o Houay Kod 1+2+3: New RC weir to replace Weir 1, and MC rehabilitation, lining and canal structures for all three systems (3,000 m).  Small access roads may also be needed along some MCs – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $762,000.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the sub-schemes will be able to irrigate the full 254 ha during the wet season, with 214 ha of rice during the dry season. Access roads: If improving access along some of the MC is identified later, it will contribute to improving scheme O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  Quite a lot of Job’s Tears (mak deuay) is grown in the general subproject area, all for sale to Chinese traders. DAFO reported that over 1,000 ha of Job’s Tears was grown in Paktha District. The current price is Baht 10/kg. Other upland crops are also grown, including corn.  The six sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 254 ha benefitting six villages, 233 HHs with a population of around 1,052 people.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): All sub-schemes are located along good, year-round secondary roads, and there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of six sub- schemes regrouped into two nearby areas of the Western part of Paktha District. The sub-

16 Pangsa and Pakxo were not visited but their works are similar to Ban Dong. 32 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) schemes have relatively simple and logical designs. Developing these schemes together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the first priority for Paktha District. PAFO/DAFO ranked this scheme as their first priority because the rehabilitation will allow making full use of the limited rice growing areas in Paktha.

No. 6. Houay Sat 2 Subproject, Paktha District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of two sub-schemes located near one another about 25 km South of Paktha District, along the left bank of the Mekong River: Houay Sa and Houay Sat 1+2+3, for a total of 251 ha. Houay Sat 1+2+3 was visited, covering nearly 60 % of the total command area.

The Houay Sat 1+2+3 sub-scheme involves three existing weirs and canal systems built on Houay Sat. Weir 1, the most upstream one, was built by GOL in 2014; Weir 2 was built in 2008 by GOL and rehabilitated by NRI Year-2; and Weir 3 is a new RC weir built by NRI Year-2.

Houay Sat flows into the Mekong River at Ban Hatdonkeo, a Leu village, some 27 km from Paktha District on a good access road. There is also a good access road along the Houay Sat 1+2+3 command area, 4.8 km long, rehabilitated earlier this year by NRI Year-2. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

At Weir 1, the RC weir built by GOL last year is in good condition. It replaced a traditional stone/wood weir built at the same location, just downstream of the confluence of Houay Sat and Houay Laway. The existing RMC is 800 m, irrigating 10 ha in the wet season (an additional 5 ha may be possible), and only 2-3 ha in the dry season because of the poor MC efficiency. The weir needs additional downstream erosion protection.

At Weir 2, the 2008 GOL weir was too small, and after a flood the riverbed went around the weir. NRI Year-2 solved the problem by building a new, larger RC structure next to the existing weir. The RMC is 1,700 m, with 450 m already lined. Weir 3 was just built by NRI earlier this year. The RMC is 2,550 m, and only 150 m is lined. Some bank protection is needed just upstream of the weir. The command area irrigated by Weir 2 and Weir 3 combined is 120 ha. In the dry season, they presently grow only 30-40 ha of rice, because of the poor condition of the MCs.

For all three systems, the proposed rehabilitations are similar: small weir repairs including erosion protection works, lining of MCs and control structures along MCs. DAFO explained that the main purpose of rehabilitation works for this subproject was rice production, both in the wet and dry seasons, as this was Bokeo Province first priority.

Local farmers have informal WUGs managing the systems in their own ways. They don’t collect a regular water fee, but mobilize labour for maintenance, just before the wet season, and collect funds for small, specific repair works, proportionally to the size of land owned.

Local residents and PAFO/DAFO reported that the dry season flow on Houay Sat was good, sufficient for the proposed command areas.

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The Problem

The sub-scheme visited operates in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach its full potential. The MCs are only partly lined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the sub-scheme visited: o Houay Sat 1+2+3: Small weir repairs including erosion protection works, lining of MCs and control structures along MCs (total 3,350 m).  For the other sub-scheme (Houay Sa): o Weir repairs, MC lining and structures (5,300 m).  The estimated total cost of the above is $753,000.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the sub-schemes will be able to irrigate the full 251 ha during the wet season, with 129 ha of rice during the dry season. Access roads: Both sub-schemes already have a good access road along their command areas. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  The schemes were visited at harvest time and mechanical threshers were operating in the fields.  The two sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 251 ha benefitting two villages, 200 HHs with a population of around 1,017 people.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): Both sub-schemes already have a good access road along their command areas. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of two sub- schemes in nearby valleys 25 km South of Paktha District. The sub-schemes have relatively simple and logical designs. Developing these schemes together improves effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Paktha District. 34 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

No. 7. Houay Bong Subproject, Pha Oudom District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of six sub-schemes located off the right and left banks of Namtha River, 20-30 km Northwest of Pha Oudom District: Houay Bong 1, 2 and 3, Houay Hok, Houay Kin and Had Mouark sub-schemes, for a total of 445 ha. Four sub-schemes were visited (Houay Bong 1 and 2, Had Mouak and Houay Kin), covering 75% of the total command area of the subproject.

Houay Bong 1, 2 and 3 and Houay Hok are located near one another around Ban Nam Gnao and Ban Houay Bong. These four sub-schemes share some of the same water resources and some concepts presented during the field survey were not clear.

The Houay Bong 1 sub-scheme is near Ban Nam Gnao, a Leu village 19 km from Pha Oudom. Ban Nam Gnao includes old residents, and new families resettled recently (2012), some from the Namtha 1 Hydropower project. This increase in population has created a need for additional irrigated land. The Houay Bong has six traditional wooden weirs, irrigating around 50 ha. The proposed scheme is to build a RC weir on Houay Bong and 2 km RMC to bring additional water to 90 ha of rice field near Houay Pom. Houay Pom already provides some water to this 90 ha, but not enough.

Houay Bong 2 is downstream of Houay Bong 1. Farmers are now using traditional wooden weirs on both streams with an earth RMC over 1,000 m irrigating “a large area”, and a LMC irrigating 20 ha. The proposed concept is to build a RC weir just downstream of the location where Houay Pom joins Houay Bong, near the road, rehabilitate RMC with liming, and build new LMC. Houay Bong was reported to have a good dry season flow, particularly downstream of the confluence with Houay Pom, and some dry season rice is planned if the sub-scheme is built. There is a good access road along the proposed command area. Some smaller creeks also come and supplement the RMC.

Houay Bong 1 and 2, along with Houay Bong 3 and Houay Hok in the same area, need additional surveys/studies to verify their concepts before they can proceed to feasibility study. Issues include water availability on both the Houay Bong and Houay Pom, elevation, measurement of command area, present cropping patterns and, for Houay Bong 1, the fate of the existing 50 ha irrigated from Houay Bong if a significant volume of water is diverted. These issues should be clarified during the Identification stage, an NRI processing step involving a detailed field visit by a multi-disciplinary team, before deciding if they can proceed to feasibility study or not.

The Haad Mouak sub-scheme is located at Ban Haad Mouak, off the right bank of Namtha River. The old village of Ban Haad Mouak has 160 HHs and several ethnic groups. A total of 570 new houses have been built just around Ban Haad Mouak by the Namtha 1 Hydropower project, and re-settled families are presently moving in.

The present scheme includes a gabion weir on the Nam Mouak, RMC intake and RMC over 3,000 m, built in 1998. The weir and MC are in poor condition, and need rehabilitation. The MC leaks and the limited water availability creates some water conflicts. Local residents reported that the dry season flow on the Nam Mouak was high, enough for the proposed command area.

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The total command area is 53 ha, but only 30 ha of rice is grown during the wet season, because of the lack of water. In the dry season, only 10 ha of rice is planted. The proposed rehabilitation would allow reaching the full potential of 53 ha during both wet and dry season, and possibly more.

The beneficiaries from the scheme would be from the old village of Haad Nouak, as they own the land in the command area. The newly resettled families may focus on upland agriculture and other activities, some supported by the hydropower project.

PAFO/DAFO first proposed to rehabilitate the gabion weir, but further observations and discussions during the field survey indicated that a new RC weir would be more appropriate. Proposed works included new RC weir with MC intake, rehabilitation of RMC over 3,000, with lining and canal structures, removal of sediments just upstream of the weir. Access roads already run along the command area.

The Houay Kin sub-scheme is located off the left bank of the Namtha River, across from Ban Donchai, a Leu village 20 km Northwest of Pha Oudom. Houay Kin has six well-managed, traditional wooden weirs built over a 5-6 km reach in a wide valley with rice paddies. The weirs each have short canals, 300-500 m, alternating right and left sides. The traditional weirs require a lot of repairs and maintenance each year. They leak a lot, so are not efficient at diverting flows. The initial proposal was to replace all six wooden weirs by a single RC weir, built where the highest weir is. After discussion, it was agreed that a topographical survey should decide if one, two or possibly three weirs should replace the existing six traditional weirs. Some options may reduce the need to have long MCs. Houay Kin was reported to have good dry season flows.

The total command area of the six weirs is 120 ha. Local residents reported that they presently grow rice over the entire area during the wet season, but no rice at all during the dry season, because it would require too much work/repairs on the traditional weirs. They said that if a new RC weir were built, they would grow some dry season rice. They presently raise cows, and have some teak plantation. There is a poor access road along the command area, and they ask for support to rehabilitate it. An access road could be built along the MCs, to improving scheme O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to the Namtha River. However, it would only connect the sub-scheme to the Mekong River, not to the road network.

The Problem

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the four sub-schemes visited: o Houay Bong 1 and 2: If proposed concepts reconfirmed through additional surveys/studies, works would include new RC weirs, rehabilitation of some MCs, new MCs, canal lining and structures. o Haad Mouak: New RC weir with MC intake, rehabilitation of RMC over 3,000, with lining and canal structures, removal of sediments just upstream of the weir. 36 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

o Houay Kin: New RC weirs, rehabilitation of existing MCs, new MCs, canal lining and control structures, and access road along the MCs if confirmed during further studies.  For the other two sub-schemes (Houay Bong 3 and Houay Hok): o Replacement of two traditional stone/wood weirs with RC weirs, and MC intakes, lining and structures (450m).  Small access roads may also be needed along some MCs – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.34 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the sub-schemes will be able to irrigate the full 445 ha during the wet season, with 173 ha of rice during the dry season. Access roads: If improving access along some of the MC is identified later, it would contribute to improving scheme O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Other Observations / Comments  Villages and command areas details drawn on the Google Earth map provided for this subproject were not correct. For PAFO/DAFO staff, it was their first visit to some of the proposed sub-schemes (Houay Bong 1 and 2). Some proposed weir locations and other details were clarified during the field survey, and GPS positions recorded.  Pha Oudom District is relatively isolated. It is connected with a year-round secondary road, but it remains 87 km from to Houayxai and the major roads network.  Banana and rubber plantations are grown along the Namtha River in the subproject area.  The six sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 445 ha benefitting four villages, 407 HHs with a population of around 1,937 people.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): Apart from Houay Bong 1 and 2 sub-schemes, all proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments, so any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. Houay Bong 1 and 2, and possibly some section of new MC for Houay Kin, may require land acquisition. However, any land acquisition and compensation should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): Four of the sub-schemes (Houay Bong 1, 2, 3 and Houay Hok) are located together along a year-round secondary road about 19 km NW of Pha Oudom. Haad Mouak is also along a good quality access road, off the right bank of the Namtha River. For these sub-schemes, there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas. Houay Kin is more isolated, not connected to the road network but right along the Namtha River. Small access roads may be needed along some parts of the MCs, if identified during further studies.

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Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of six sub- schemes regrouped into two areas of Pha Oudom District. The sub-schemes have relatively simple and logical designs. Houay Bong 1, 2, 3 and Houay Hok are adjacent and control different parts of a larger rice growing area. Developing these schemes together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the first priority for Pha Oudom District. PAFO/DAFO ranked this scheme as their first priority as it involves supporting families who have recently re-settled in the area with agricultural production (the Houay Bong 1, 2, 3 and Houay Hok sub-schemes).

No. 8. Nam Kha Subproject, Pha Oudom District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of three adjacent sub-schemes located around the Pha Oudom District Headquarters, about 87 km from Houayxai: Nam Haad, Nam Kha 1 and Nam Kha 2, for a total of 594ha. Nam Kha 1 and 2 were visited, covering over 85% of the total command area.

Nam Kha 1 is the largest irrigation scheme in Pha Oudom. A large RC weir was first built in 1995 by GOL. In 1997, the scheme was expanded with EU support, including a RMC over 3,000 m. NRI Year-2 has recently repaired the RMC intake gate, and provided RMC lining over 2,100 m. The reported total command area is large, 325 ha. During the field survey, local residents and DAFO could not provide an accurate estimate of the area presently used (wet and dry season), partly because they have not used the system fully since the NRI Year-2 rehabilitation works. The proposed rehabilitation is to complete the MC lining, and also rehabilitate secondary canals, including structures. With this full rehabilitation, they plan to grow 325 ha or rice in the wet season and 250 ha in the dry season. The Identification step will be used later to collect more accurate data.

At 325 ha, this is a large sub-scheme, and good water management is essential. Even if the scheme is 20 years old, local farmers only have an informal, poorly organized system for O&M. O&M training and support should be considered in the new project.

The sub-scheme has a road along the MC, so there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Nam Kha 2 sub-scheme involves a RC weir built in 2008 with GOL support, with RMC 500 m and secondary canals. The MC is already lined over 300 m, mostly the section where it goes through Ban Sibounhuang. The Nam Kha 2 command area is adjacent to the Nam Kha 1 command area. It is also a bit lower, and also benefits from receiving excess irrigation water (return flow) from Nam Kha 1. Proposed rehabilitation works include removal of sediments upstream of weir, control gate, and MC lining.

Local residents and PAFO/DAFO reported that the dry season flow on Houay Kha was good, sufficient for the proposed command areas.

38 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

The Problem

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the sub-schemes visited: o Nam Kha 1: Minor weir repairs, complete MC lining and structures (1,150 m), and also rehabilitate secondary canals, including structures (3,500 m). o Nam Kha 2: Removal of sediments upstream of weir, control gate, MC lining and structures (600 m) and secondary canal with structures (300 m).  For the other sub-scheme (Nam Haad): o Weir repairs, MC lining and structures (2,810 m) and secondary canal with structures (1,000 m).  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.78 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the sub-schemes will be able to irrigate the full 594 ha during the wet season, with 485 ha of rice during the dry season. Access roads: Both sub-schemes already have a good access road along their command areas. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  Pha Oudom District is relatively isolated. It is connected with a year-round secondary road, but it remains 87 km from to Houayxai and the major roads network.  This subproject is adjacent to No. 9. Houay Lieng 3 & 4 Subproject.  The cost of this subproject appears excessive, at $1.78 million, considering that the only works proposed are (i) small weir repairs; (ii) MC rehabilitation and lining 4.5 km; and (iii) secondary canals rehabilitation 4.8 km.  There is a banana plantation next to the Nam Kha 2 weir. They pump their irrigation water from a pond excavated just downstream of the weir. When asked about possible dry season conflicts, PAFO/DAF reported that they would not allow banana plantations after the current lease is finished.  The two sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 594 ha benefitting 18 villages, 824 HHs with a population of around 2,913 people.

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Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): Both sub-schemes already have a good access road along their command areas. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of three adjacent sub-schemes. The sub-schemes have simple and logical designs, and implementing them together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Pha Oudom District.

No. 9. Houay Lieng 3 & 4 Subproject, Pha Oudom District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of five sub-schemes located near Pha Oudom District Headquarters: Houay Lieng 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Houay Koun, for a total of 359 ha. Houay Lieng 1, 2 and 3 were visited, covering nearly 80% of the total command area.

The Houay Lieng 1 sub-scheme has a large RC weir built around 2000. The system was repaired several times over the years, and is now being partly rehabilitated by NRI Year-3. On- going NRI Year-3 works include removal of sediments at the weir, LMC lining 2,150 m, RMC lining 300 m, and some farm turnouts, canal structures, and secondary canals rehabilitation.

GOL surveyed the existing command area as follows: RMC 45 ha, and LMC 89 ha, for a total of 134 ha (the Longlist shows 175 ha). During the field survey, local residents and DAFO could not provide an accurate estimate of the area presently used (wet and dry season). The on-going NRI Year-3 rehabilitation works should also bring some increase in the cropping areas, so more accurate data will need to be collected during the Identification step.

Dry season flow is limited, and MC lining and control structures are needed to optimize the use of the available water. The proposed rehabilitation is for RMC lining (1,500 m), LMC lining (200 m), and also rehabilitation of secondary canals, including canal structures and farm turnouts. Houay Lieng 1 has an informal WUG able to mobilize labour for maintenance and minor repairs. They also have an irrigation water fee of Kip 30,000/ha, but do not collect it 100% (people who receive less water pay less).

The Houay Lieng 2 sub-scheme has a RC weir built in 2008 with GOL support. Although downstream of Houay Lieng 1, the weir is smaller because it is located in a flood plain. The existing RMC is 2,800 m, with secondary canals. Like Houay Lieng 1, this sub-scheme presently receives NRI Year-3 rehabilitation works including sediments removal upstream of the weir, and RMC lining 250 m.

The total cost of NRI Year-3 rehabilitation for Houay Lieng 1 and 2 is around $450,000. 40 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

The proposed additional rehabilitation works include new MC intake and control gate (to lessen sediment problems), MC lining 2,500 m to minimize losses, and MC structures. Houay Lieng 2 presently grows 60 ha of rice in the wet season, and 20 ha during the dry season. The proposed rehabilitation works will allow reaching the full command area of 80 ha.

The Houay Lieng 3 weir is located near Ban Viangkham Gnai. This RC weir was built in 2013 with GOL support, replacing an old traditional weir. The RMC is 800 m, with 100 m already lined. The command area is 35 ha. The proposed rehabilitation works include MC lining 800 m, weir repairs (downstream erosion), and control gate for MC intake.

The sub-schemes have access roads around their command areas, and some inside, so there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Problem

The sub-schemes visited operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are only partly lined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the sub-schemes visited: o Houay Lieng 1: RMC lining (1,500 m), LMC lining (200 m), and secondary canals rehabilitation, including canal structures and farm turnouts. o Houay Lieng 2: New MC intake and control gate, MC lining and structures (2,500 m). o Houay Lieng 3: Weir repairs (downstream erosion), control gate for MC intake and MC lining 800 m with structures.  For the other sub-schemes (Houay Lieng 4 and Houay Koun): o Sediments removal at weir, MC lining and structures (3,000 m) and secondary canal with structures (300 m).  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.08 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the sub-schemes will be able to irrigate the full 359 ha during the wet season, with 270 ha of rice during the dry season. Access roads: The sub-schemes already have good access roads along their command areas. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

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RMC and LMC every dry season (only one side in operation), because of the limited water. Water availability should be verified during Identification.  The sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 359 ha benefitting 11 villages, 294 HHs with a population of around 1,194 people.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The sub-schemes already have good access roads along their command areas. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of five sub- schemes located near Pha Oudom District Headquarters. The sub-schemes have simple and logical designs, and implementing them together improves effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the third priority for Pha Oudom District.

No. 10. Houay Khong Subproject, Pha Oudom District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of six sub-schemes located within 10 km of Pha Oudom District: Houay Khong 1, Houay Khong 2, Houay Tiew, Houay Neuam, Houay Kong 1 and Houay Kong 2, for a total of 305 ha. Three sub-schemes were surveyed (Houay Khong 1, Houay Khong 2 and Houay Neuam), covering 2/3 of the total command area.

The Houay Neuam sub-scheme is on the road from Pak Hat to Pha Oudom, about 13 km before Pha Oudom (74 km from Houayxai). The existing RC + mortared rock weir on Houay Neuam is near Ban Houaypen, a Khmu village settled in 1985. The weir was built in 2010 and 2011, replacing a traditional weir. It is in good condition but need some downstream erosion protection. The existing RMC is 3,100 m. The RMC intake needs to be repaired, or moved to a new location because of recurrent sediments issues. Farmers now grow 64 ha of rice in the wet season, and about 30-40 ha in the dry season. In the dry season, they are interested in growing rice, not cash crops. The MC has major leaks, and the proposed works are to rehabilitate the MC including lining and structures, to make full use of the limited dry season flow.

The other five sub-schemes are located near one another about 5 km West of Pha Oudom District Headquarters. 42 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

The Houay Khong 1 sub-scheme17 has a RC weir built across Houay Sang in 2011, replacing a traditional weir. The weir is near Ban Houay Sang. The existing RMC is 400 m, with some lining at the beginning, and with secondary canals reaching a command area of 40 ha. Here also, local residents are interested in growing rice in the dry season, not cash crops. They mentioned that did not want to lease their land to outside investors for watermelon. The MC and secondary canals leaks, and they cannot irrigate the full command area in the dry season. Canals need lining reduce losses and make full use of dry season flows. Local residents reported that 4-5 villages benefitted from the sub-scheme. They have informal WUGs, able to mobilize labour when needed, and they reported giving fines to people who did not show up for work.

The Houay Khong 2 sub-scheme18 is about 5 km downstream of Houay Khong 1, close to Ban Homsouk and the main road, and about 4 km from Pha Oudom. The existing RC weir was built in 2012, replacing a traditional wooden weir. The earth RMC is 3,000 m irrigating 80 ha of rice in the wet season and 50 ha of rice in the dry season. The proposed rehabilitation works involve removal of sediments upstream of weir, installing MC control gates to replace stoplogs at weir, new pipe crossing under the main road, and MC lining and control structures.

Local residents have reported a good dry season flow on Houay Khong, enough for the proposed crops.

The sub-schemes visited have access roads around their command areas, so there is already a reasonable integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Problem

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the sub-schemes visited: o Houay Neuam: Weir downstream erosion protection, RMC intake repairs or moved to a new location, MC rehabilitation including lining and structures o Houay Khong 1: MC lining and structures, secondary canal rehabilitation. o Houay Khong 2: Removal of sediments upstream of weir, installing MC control gates, new pipe crossing under the main road, and MC lining and control structures.  For the other sub-schemes (Houay Tiew, Houay Kong 1 and 2): o New RC weir, weir repairs, MC lining and structures (3,300 m) and secondary canal with structures (500 m).  The estimated total cost of the above is $915,000.

17 This is the upstream weir, actually called “Weir 2” by local residents, as it was built after the downstream weir. 18 Called “Weir 1” by local residents.

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Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the sub-schemes will be able to irrigate the full 305 ha during the wet season, with 220 ha of rice during the dry season. Access roads: The sub-schemes already have good access roads along their command areas. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  The schemes were visited at harvest time and mechanical threshers were operating in the fields.  Banana and rubber plantations can be observed in the area. PAFO/DAFO and local residents informed that banana plantation pumped its irrigation water further downstream on Houay Khong.  The sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 305 ha benefitting seven villages, 535 HHs with a population of around 1,582 people.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The sub-schemes already have good access roads along their command areas. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of six sub- schemes located near Pha Oudom District Headquarters. The sub-schemes have simple and logical designs, and implementing them together improves effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the fourth priority for Pha Oudom District.

44 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

ANNEX F. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION – LOUANG-NAMTHA

No. 11. Nam Lue – Nam Chang Subproject, Louang-Namtha District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of three irrigation sub-schemes located just South of the town of Louang-Namtha: Nam Lue 1, Nam Lue 2 and Nam Chang, for a total command area of 370 ha. All three sub-schemes were visited.

Nam Chang has a small concrete/masonry headworks built with non-government organization support nearly 20 years ago, and an uncontrolled earth MC about 4,500 m. The command area at Nam Chang is 115 ha. There is no control on the weir itself (i.e. gates, stop-logs) and no control at the MC intake. The dry season flow on the Nam Chang is limited, and an efficient weir and canal system is needed to make optimal use of it. It is located near the Nam Yang scheme, a NRI Year-2 subproject. The Nam Chang MC could possibly reach the Nam Yang RMC, and provide supplemental irrigation to that scheme too, when needed.

Nam Lue 1 has a RC weir in very good condition, 3,400 m of earthen MC and a command area of around 100 ha. The weir is about 20-25 m long and was built around 1998 (EU funds?). The MC intake on the left side is in good condition. An informal committee of six people (one representative per village) manage the weir and canal system. The committee is able to mobilize labour from the beneficiary villages as needed for maintenance works. The Nam Lue has good rainy season flows, and sufficient flow during the dry season to irrigate the proposed command area. However, dry season crops are limited at present.

Nam Lue 2 is more complicated. Covering around 155 ha and located 1.5 km downstream of Nam Lue 1, the proposed rehabilitation works for this sub-scheme involves bringing water from two different sources: 1. To cover the Southern part of the command area - water from the Nam Lue 2 weir, an existing RC structure in very good condition, built as part of a small hydropower scheme in the 1980’s, and a new MC around 3,600 m; and

2. To cover the Northern part of the command area - water from the Nam Poung reservoir, an existing small earth dam with outlet gate and earth MC around 2,000 m. The earth dam was built in 1985 with support from the Vietnamese government. It appears to have limited storage and inflow at this time of the year, as the storage level was low when visited (27 October 2015). Although this source cannot really contribute to dry season irrigation, the system can provide supplementary irrigation during the rainy season. The limited flow reinforces the need to develop an efficient irrigation system for Nam Poung.

The Nam Lue 2 weir is not used now, so diverting water from that source is a good way to irrigate the proposed command area. This area does not receive any other significant source of irrigation, so brining water from Nam Lue makes sense. However, there are some technical issues that will have to be addressed. The proposed new MC first has to cross under NR3, and then travel along NR3 for around 600 m, crossing the Namtha River along an existing bridge. A small number of houses/shops are also located along NR3. The design would have to minimize land acquisition requirements, possibly by having some buried MC sections. Options will have to be studied more carefully during the Identification stage. If a likely viable option emerges, then the sub-scheme can proceed with feasibility and design stages.

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The Problem

Apart from the Southern part of the Nam Lue 2 command area (not irrigated now), the other sub- schemes operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC structures. The Nam Lue 2 system does not receive any other significant source of irrigation, so brining water from Nam Lue makes sense.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  Nam Chang: New RC weir, with control gates and sand sluice, MC intake, rehabilitation of MC with lining in some sections of the 4,500 m, canal structures.  Nam Lue 1: Removal of sediments just upstream of weir, minor repairs to the MC intake control gate, rehabilitate MC including lining and structures (3,400 m), and build short access road to the weir site (less than 500 m).  Nam Lue 2 sub-scheme: o Source 1 - water from Nam Lue 2 weir: Intake for MC at weir, new MC 3,600 m, with structures, crossing under NR3, and steel pipe crossing under NR3 bridge of the Namtha river. Part of the MC could be buried, to minimize land acquisition requirements. o Source 2 - water from Nam Poung reservoir: Sediment removal inside reservoir area, repair of MC intake, and rehabilitation of 2,000 m of MC, with structures, and including concrete lining at selected locations.  Small access roads may also be needed along some MC – if the need is identified during further studies, and if there is budget available.  The estimated total cost of the above is around $1.24 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 370 ha during the wet season, with 99 ha of rice and 226 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being adjacent to NR3 or NR3A. If improving access along some MCs is identified later, it would contribute to improving delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Other Observations / Comments  The Nam Lue 1 weir is next to a rubber (yang phala) collection/processing plant built around 7 years ago. Rubber plantations surround the nearby upland area, as some farmers have decided to grow this crop. Chinese investors also come in occasionally and lease land for watermelon crops during the dry season.  The 3 sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 370 ha benefitting 12 villages, 444 HHs with a population of over 1,700 people.

Improved Productivity (Criterion 3): The Nam Lue – Nam Chang scheme is located along the Northern Economic Corridor Project, which runs along NR3 from Boten in Louang-Namtha to Houayxai in Bokeo. It is also only about 30 km away from the Boten Special Economic Zone, and 46 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) the border with China. This proximity to new centres of economic activities has already started to bring increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural crops.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): Apart from the MC from Nam Lue 2 weir, all proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments, so any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. The MC from Nam Lue 2 weir may require some land acquisition along the new 600 m section, but this can be mitigated through judicious design. Any land acquisition and compensation issues there should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): As noted above, the general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the three sub-schemes being adjacent to NR3 or NR3A. However, the feasibility studies may reveal the need for some limited, localised access improvements to improve delivery of farm inputs, transport of crops to village or local markets.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): Two of the proposed sub-schemes have relatively simple and logical designs within one contiguous area. The Nam Lue 2 scheme is less effective but addresses an area with a more serious water shortage and thus will bring larger benefits. The three sub- schemes control different parts of the rice growing area just South of the town of Louang- Namtha. Developing these schemes together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the first priority for Louang- Namtha District. After further studies (Identification), if the Nam Leu 2 sub-scheme is not feasible, the subproject can proceed with the remaining two sub-schemes.

No. 12. Nam Tha Subproject, Louang-Namtha District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of an irrigation system located just East of the town of Louang-Namtha. The current system includes (i) headworks, with a large spillway and intake on the Nam Tha river; (ii) a MC about 10 km long, with a reported capacity of 2.65 m3/sec, mostly unlined apart from a 700 m section; and (iii) secondary canals adding up to around 8,700 m. The canal system was built in 2005 with GOL funds. This is a relatively large scheme, with an irrigated area of around 605 ha benefitting 12 villages.

The large headworks are used for power generation. Water is delivered to the MC after leaving the turbine, so there is no conflict between power generation and irrigation. Power generation stops at times during the dry season, but the intake system still feeds the MC. All headworks are in good condition.

A well-managed water user group operates the system. They currently collect 70,000 Kip/ha for supplementary irrigation during the wet season, while irrigation is provided for free for dry season crops.

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In the recent years, some farmers have been growing watermelon during the dry season, or have leased their land to private investors to grow this crop.

The scheme is well connected to the road network, with Road 3A crossing in the middle of the command area. There is a small road along part of the MC, but it is in poor condition. Improving this road, possibly by combining it with the MC, would improve scheme O&M, delivery of farm inputs and transport of crops to village or local markets.

The Problem

Although the scheme is operational, it is inefficient and cannot reach its full production potential. Apart from a 700 m section with a RC rectangular section, the MC is unlined, and in poor condition. The MC only has a limited water control structures, while the secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have any RC water control structures.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  Lining of MC over a distance of 9,300 m.  Access road integrated with MC embankment.  All required hydraulic structures along the MC, including checks, drops, outlets, flumes and small bridges.  Rehabilitate secondary canals over 4,800 m, with related water control structures.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.82 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 605 ha during the wet season, with 350 ha of rice and 250 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Some farmers reported that with the cold weather during part of the dry season, they favour diversified cash crops over rice. Access roads: The central part of the subproject is already well connected to the main road network. However, improving access along the MC would improve delivery of farm inputs, transport of crops to village or local markets.

Other Observations / Comments  This is a good scheme that simply needs some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at its full potential.  It is also a relatively large subproject. There are about 896 beneficiary HHs, and 4,130 beneficiaries.  The Nam Tha is a large river, and the dry season flows can supply the total irrigation area all year around, provided the system is well designed and operated.

Improved Productivity (Criterion 3): The Nam Tha scheme is located along the Northern Economic Corridor Project, which runs along NR3 from Boten in Louang-Namtha to Houayxai in Bokeo. It is also only about 30 km away from the Boten Special Economic Zone, and the border with China. This proximity to new centres of economic activities has already started to bring increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural crops. 48 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

Integrated Approach (Criterion 5): The proposed subproject complies with this criterion as it involves rehabilitation of existing productive rural infrastructure. This, along with the construction of a simple access road inside the system, will optimize productivity and increase efficiency.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The scheme is well connected to the road network, with Road 3A crossing in the middle of the command area. There is a small road along part of the MC, but it is in poor condition. Improving this road, possibly by combining it with the MC, would improve system O&M, delivery of farm inputs and transport of crops to village or local markets, therefore improving the integration of the roads and the irrigation area.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed scheme has relatively simple and logical designs within one contiguous area.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Louang-Namtha District.

No. 13. Nam Gna 2 Subproject, Sing District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of an existing irrigation scheme located just Southeast of the town of Muang Sing, with a total command area of around 420 ha. The existing weir was designed by the Provincial Irrigation Section and built around 2005 using GOL funds. The weir is around 40 m long, and is in very good condition. The two steel lift gates serving as the MC intake on the left side are also in good condition. A large amount of sediments accumulates in front of the gates and needs to be removed before each irrigation season.

The current system also includes about 7,000 m of earth MC, and about 10,000 m of earth secondary canals. Some mortared rock river bank protection was built about 100 m upstream of the weir, on the left bank, but this has already failed. It does not need to be replaced.

Although there is no formal water user association, the local residents reported that they mobilize people from the beneficiary village when maintenance or repair work has to be done on the system, like de-silting upstream of the weir and intake gates, for example.

Road 17A crosses part of the Eastern side of the scheme, providing good access to this part of the system. The MC crosses the entire length of the scheme and, if a simple access road were included on one side of the MC embankment, this would greatly improve the access to and from the crop area. One end of this road would also connect with the town of Muang Sing.

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The Problem

Although the scheme is operational, it is inefficient and cannot reach its full production potential. The MC is unlined, and in poor condition. The MC only has limited water control structures, while the secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures. The general access to the middle part of the command area is difficult.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  De-silting upstream of weir, with minor repairs on weir and upstream/downstream bank erosion protection, if needed.  De-silt/re-shape the first 1 km of MC (natural ditch).  RC lining for about 7,000 m of MC.  Basic access road integrated with MC embankment.  All required hydraulic structures along the MC.  Rehabilitate secondary canals over 10,000 m, with related water control structures.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.55 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 420 ha during the wet season, with 153 ha of rice and 211 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The Eastern side of the subproject is already well connected to main road network. Improving access along the MC will improve scheme O&M, delivery of farm inputs, transport of crops to village or local markets, and provide a direct link with the town of Muang Sing.

Other Observations / Comments  Good scheme, needs some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at its full potential.  This is a relatively large system, with an irrigated area of 420 ha benefitting 11 villages, 278 HHs with a population of over 1,300 people.  The Nam Gna is a large river, with a significant dry season flow. A description of river flows by local staff and local residents indicates that dry season flows are enough for dry season crops.  There is quite a bit of gravel mining on the Nam Gna riverbed, both upstream and downstream of the Nam Gna 2 weir, but this does not seem to create any problems with the riverbed stability.  Local residents interviewed reconfirmed their keen interest in dry season crops, particularly watermelon, garlic and cabbage, among others. They much prefer these crops compared with dry season rice, because of higher price and lower water requirements.  The scheme is located less than 15 km from the border with China. This proximity with a large market and outside investors is bringing increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural products.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): All proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments, so any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. The only access road component proposed is along the existing MC. As the existing MC is a 50 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) winding ditch over most of its length, a new straight MC, even with an access road, would fit inside the existing MC right-of-way. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The Eastern side of the subproject is already well connected to main road network. Improving access along the MC will improve delivery of farm inputs, transport of crops to village or local markets, and provide a direct link with the town of Muang Sing.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed scheme has relatively simple and logical designs within one contiguous area. Although they were split for packaging purposes (design, construction), the Nam Gna 2 scheme, along with Nam Gna 1 and 3 (Subproject No. 14), are three adjacent systems with a total combined command area of around 625 ha. Developing these schemes together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the first priority for Muang Sing District. PAFO/DAFO ranked this scheme as their first priority for the District as (i) it is a large scheme; (ii) they never received assistance to develop their canal system; and (iii) they need an access road to connect the middle area of the scheme.

No. 14. Nam Gna 1 and 3 Subproject, Sing District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of six sub-schemes located within 10 km of the town of Muang Sing: Nam Gna 1, Nam Gna 3, Nam Dai 7, Nam Hou 4, Houay Kod 1 and Houay Hou 2, for a total command area of 420 ha. The first three sub-schemes were visited, covering over half of the total command area. The six schemes form two groups: Nam Gna 1 and 3 (along with Nam Gna 2) built along the Nam Gna, Southeast of Muang Sing town, and the other four sub-schemes, located near the Nam Youan, Southwest of Muang Sing. The sub- schemes control different parts of the rice growing area near Muang Sing.

The Nam Gna 1 sub-scheme has a 25 m RC weir built around 1988 and repaired a couple of times since, the last time in 2013 when the downstream apron was extended. The weir is located near an Akha village. The existing MC is around 3,900 m long, and the first 900 m is a rectangular RC section. The MC intake on the left side of the weir is in good condition. A large volume of sediments has accumulated just upstream of the weir and intake, and the local residents reported that they clean this area when they need the MC in operation. Some erosion protection works may be needed just downstream of the weir, both on the riverbed and banks.

The 3,900 m MC ends at Ban Thinthat, and then joins Nam Keo, a small rivulet that flows over 6,000 m reaching the town of Muang Singh. Nam Keo serves as the extension of the MC, and water controls structures are needed on it. As the MC goes through two villages (Ban Tinthat and Ban Patoy), canal rehabilitation there may require some minor land acquisition.

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The Nam Gna 1 sub-scheme is along NR17, so there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Nam Gna 3 sub-scheme includes a 15-20 m RC weir designed by the DAFO and built in 2007 with GOL funds. The MC is around 2,000 m, unlined, with limited control. There is some erosion just downstream of the weir so the stilling basin has to be extended, and set at a lower elevation. The MC intake needs a new gate. Sediment removal is needed just upstream of the weir. A sand sluice gate would help flush the upstream sediments when needed. Some riverbank erosion protection may be needed just upstream and downstream of the weir to stabilize the weir area.

Beneficiaries include Leu and Khamou villages. Local residents reported that they prefer various cash crops (i.e. watermelon) instead of rice during the dry season, because of higher price and lower water requirements. Nam Gna 3 has an informal WUG, collecting water fees. They regularly organize for a backhoe to excavate sediments near the weir.

As Nam Gna 3 is downstream of Nam Gna 1 and 2, dry season flow can be limited if these upstream weirs take more than their share. It will be important to plan these three schemes together, and make them as efficient as possible (good water control, good water management) to optimize water use.

The Nam Gna 3 sub-scheme is long and narrow, and NR17A cuts across the middle. A smaller road also runs along part of the Eastern side of the scheme, connecting Ban Silimoun. But the Southern part of the scheme, where the weir is located, does not have any access. Local residents expressed their interest in having a simple access road built as part of the MC, for scheme O&M purposes and to improve delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Nam Gna 1 and 3, along with the Nam Gna 2 scheme presented above (Subproject No. 13), are three adjacent systems with a total combined command area of around 625 ha.

The Nam Dai 7 sub-scheme has a small, mortared rock weir, around 10-12 m wide, built by local farmers around 2005. The weir has now practically failed from under-piping, and a new weir is required. The existing earth MC is around 1,500 m, with secondary canals adding up to 3,000 m. The MC splits into two branches and one 50 m section was destroyed by a flood. Following discussions between PAFO/DAFO and local residents during the visit, it was proposed to only keep one of the branches as the MC, with lining over the first 1,000 m.

The Nam Dai 7 sub-scheme is also along NR17, and there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Problem

The three sub-schemes operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures. For Nam Gna 3, access to the weir and Southern part of the sub-scheme is difficult.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the three sub-schemes visited: 52 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

o Nam Gna 1: Extend MC lining an additional 3,000 m, with control structures, minor repairs at weir site (left sidewall, downstream erosion), hydraulic structure where the MC connects with Nam Keo, rehabilitation and water control structures along the 6,000 m of Nam Keo. o Nam Gna 3: Various works at weir site (new stilling basin, MC intake gate, sand sluice gate, riverbank erosion protection), sediment removal upstream of weir, lining of MC at selected location, access road along MC. o Nam Dai 7: New weir, MC intake and lining over 1,000 m, with canal structures, rehabilitation of secondary canals over 3,000 m, with some lining and canal structures.  For the other 3 sub-schemes: o new RC weirs, weir repairs, and MC lining and structures (5,500 m).  Small access roads may be needed along the MCs of the 3 sub-schemes not visited, – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.54 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 420 ha during the wet season, with 115 ha of rice and 252 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being either adjacent or very near NR17 and 17A. However, improving access along the MC at Nam Gna 3, and possibly at some of the three sub-schemes not visited (if identified later), will contribute to improved O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  The total irrigated area is 420 ha benefitting over 15 villages, 338 HHs with a population of around 1,762 people.  The Nam Gna is a large river, with a significant dry season flow. A description of river flows by local staff and local residents indicates that dry season flows are enough for dry season crops.  There is quite a bit of gravel mining on the Nam Gna riverbed, both upstream and downstream of the Nam Gna 3 weir, but this does not seem to create any problems with the riverbed stability.  The schemes were visited at harvest time and mechanical threshers were operating in the fields.  Rubber tree plantations can be observed in the general upland areas (not in the command area). Apparently rubber trees have become less attractive since the price of rubber has dropped a few years ago. Some Sugar cane plantations are also near the Nam Dai 7 scheme.  The scheme is located less than 15 km from the border with China. This proximity with a large market and outside investors is bringing increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural products.

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Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): All proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments. For Nam Gna 1, the existing MC goes through two villages (Ban Tinthat and Ban Patoy), and any canal rehabilitation or widening there may require some minor land acquisition. Any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being either adjacent or very near NR17 and 17A. However, improving access along the MC at Nam Gna 3, and possibly at some of the three sub-schemes not visited (if identified later), will contribute to improved O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes have relatively simple and logical designs. These six sub-schemes control different parts of the rice growing area near Muang Sing and were regrouped for contract packaging purposes (design, construction). Moreover, Nam Gna 1 and 3 sub-schemes, along with the Nam Gna 2 scheme (Subproject No. 13), are three adjacent systems with a total combined command area of around 625 ha. Developing these schemes together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Muang Sing District.

No. 15. Nam Sa Subproject, Long District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of seven sub-schemes regrouped into two areas of Long District: (i) Nam Sa Yai, Nam Sa Noi, Houay Poung 1 and 3 and Houay Long, located together around Ban Sa and Ban Tin Doi, in a small, isolated valley on the Western side of the District, near the Mekong River; and (ii) Houay Nam On 1 and 2, located along NR17B, about 5 km from Ban Xiangkok-Mai and the Mekong River. Five sub-schemes were visited (Nam Sa Yai, Nam Sa Noi, Houay Poung 1, and Nam On 1 and 2), covering over 80% of the total command area of the subproject.

The sub-schemes in the small, isolated valley:

The Nam Sa Yai sub-scheme includes an existing system, Sa Yai 2, and a new command area, Sa Yai 1. The general area includes Leu (i.e. Ban Sa) and Akha (i.e. Ban Tin Doi) villages. The proposed Sa Yai 1 sub-scheme includes a new RC weir about 20 m long, a new MC 1,000 m long, 600 m of new secondary canals, and a new command area of 50 ha. This area is not used now, as irrigation is not available. The Nam Sa Yai was reported to have sufficient flow during the dry season to irrigate the proposed area. Ban Tin Doi, the village that will mostly benefit from this scheme, was settled in 2003 with the promise of an irrigation scheme in the future. The people met during the field survey were really enthusiastic about the possibility of the irrigation scheme finally becoming reality. 54 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

The new MC would be built on land that was reported to be public village land, given by the Government to the new village. The land is not used yet, and has not been divided into individual lots (owners) yet. Nevertheless, this would have to be looked into in details as part of the land acquisition and compensation exercise.

Sa Yai 2 has an existing wooden weir about 10 m long, and a 100 m MC irrigating an area of 12 ha. Rehabilitation works are also proposed for this sub-scheme.

Nam Sa Noi has an existing RC weir in good condition, built by DAFO in 2013. They need an intake for the MC, MC rehabilitation (1,500 m) including canal structures, and rehabilitation of secondary canals (500 m) with structures. The Nam Sa Noi was reported to have sufficient flow during the dry season to irrigate the proposed area. As the weir and the higher part of this sub- scheme is isolated, an access road built as part of the rehabilitated MC would improve access and facilitate scheme O&M.

Houay Poung 119 has a small mortared rock weir about 6 m long, a 500 m RMC and 1,000 m LMC. Houay Poung was reported to have sufficient dry season flow for the command area.

The sub-schemes along NR17B:

The Nam On flows along the NR17B down to the Mekong River. In a 10 km or so stretch of this narrow valley, three traditional rock/wood weirs, six RC weirs and canal systems were built over the years to provide irrigation. The Nam On 1 and 2 sub-schemes are parts of this system. Nam On 1 has a small RC weir, around 10-12 m long, built in 2013 by DAFO, and an earth MC about 600 m. Proposed works include small repairs and/or erosion protection downstream of the weir, and MC rehabilitation, including lining and structures. Nam On 2 has a small RC weir, around 8- 10 m long, also built in 2013 by DAFO. The MC is 700 m. Similar to Nam On 1, some erosion protection is needed downstream of the weir, and the MC needs improvements, including lining and structures over its entire length.

The Problem

Apart from the Nam Sa Yai 1 sub-scheme, which is a new system, the other sub-schemes operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals, when they exist, are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures.

The small valley around Ban Sa and Ban Tin Doi, where the group five sub-schemes are located, is remote. It can only be reached either by road part of the year (20 km of poor road connecting to NR17 near the new bridge to Myanmar), or from the Mekong River, with an existing 5 km road in poor condition, not passable year-round. PAFO/DAFO and local people requested to improve this access road connecting to the Mekong River.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the four sub-schemes visited:

19 PAFO/DAFO discussed the possibility of re-naming Houay Poung 1 and 2 to “Houay Sai Keo”, to better identify the system with the local area.

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o Nam Sa Yai 1, new RC weir about 20 m long, new MC 1,000 m, new secondary canals 600 m, with canal structures. For Nam Sa Yai 2, the existing sub-scheme, a new RC weir is proposed, along with 100 m MC rehabilitation, lining and canal structures. o Nam Sa Noi, MC intake, MC rehabilitation (1,500 m) including canal structures, rehabilitation of secondary canals (500 m) with structures, access road along MC. o Houay Poung 1, new RC weir, with lining and canal structures for both MCs, total around 1,500 m. o Spot improvements along the 5 km access road connecting the Mekong River and the small valley where Ban Sa and Ban Tin Doi are located, if enough funds are available. o Nam On 1 and 2, erosion protection downstream of the weirs, and MC rehabilitation, including lining and structures over a total of around 1,300 m.  For the other 2 sub-schemes (Houay Poung 3 and Houay Long): o Replacement of two traditional stone/wood weirs with RC weirs, and MC intakes, lining and structures (600 m).  Small access roads may also be needed along some MCs – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.14 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 209 ha during the wet season, with 95 ha of rice and 110 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: Five sub-schemes are located in a small, isolated valley with Ban Sa and Ban Tin Doi, on the Western side of Long District, 5 km from the Mekong River. Improving this existing 5 km access road connecting this isolated valley to the Mekong would significantly improve delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to outside markets. If improving access along some of the MC is identified later, it will contribute to improving scheme O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Other Observations / Comments  Both areas covered by the Nam Sa subproject are only 5 km or so from the border with Myanmar. A new bridge was recently completed nearby20, linking the Long District and Myanmar, over the Mekong River. This is expected to bring increased investments and trade opportunities to Long District, particularly for agricultural products.  The seven sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 209 ha benefitting four villages, 289 HHs with a population of around 1,342 people.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): Apart from Nam Sa Yai 1, which is a new system, all proposed irrigation or access road upgrades are along existing alignments, so any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable.

20 The Myanmar–Lao Friendship Bridge, completed in 2015, between Muang Long in Luang Namtha and the Shan State. 56 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

Nam Sa Yai 1 may require land acquisition along the new 1,000 m MC. The proposed alignment for the new MC is on land that was reported to be public village land, given by the Government to the new village. The land is not used yet, and has not been divided into individual lots (owners). This would have to be looked into in details as part of the land acquisition and compensation exercise carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): Five sub-schemes are located in a small, isolated valley with Ban Sa and Ban Tin Doi, on the Western side of Long District, 5 km from the Mekong River. Improving this existing 5 km access road connecting Ban Sa and Ban Tin Doi to the Mekong would significantly improve delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to outside markets. If improving access along some of the MC is identified later, it will contribute to improving scheme O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of seven sub- schemes regrouped into two areas of Long District. The sub-schemes have relatively simple and logical designs. Inside each area, the sub-schemes are adjacent and control different parts of the rice growing area in their small valley. Developing these schemes together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the first priority for Muang Long District. PAFO/DAFO ranked this scheme as their first priority for the District as it involves a number of isolated sub-schemes that did not receive significant support in the past. One sub- scheme in particular, Nam Sa Yai 1, would develop a new rice growing area much needed by the population of Ban Tin Noi.

No. 16. Nam Ma Subproject, Long District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of a group of 13 irrigation sub-schemes located along the Nam Ma and Nam Long rivers, near the town of Muang Long. The total command area is around 383 ha. The sub-schemes are contiguous, and control different parts of the rice growing area around Muang Long. The sub-schemes include Nam Ma Phakham, Nam Long 1, 2, 3 and 4, Houay Done Noi, Nam Tiu 4 and 5, Houay Keo 2, Houay Pang Xang 3, Houay Keo 1, and Houay Ta Fak 3 and 4. Four sub-schemes were visited: Nam Long 4, Nam Tiu 4 and 5, and Nam Ma Phakham, covering just over half of the total command area of the subproject.

The Nam Long 4 system includes a concrete/mortared rock weir and around 1,100 m of earthen MC, with a command area of around 21 ha. The weir was built in 2010 and the sand sluice in the middle is damaged. This sub-scheme benefits three villages, and each village had named one person to be on the informal WUG managing the scheme. They get together to clean the MC twice per year. The Nam Long is a relatively large stream, with good all-year-round flow. The MC is too small, does not have RC structures, and several sections suffer from excessive seepage.

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The Nam Tiu 4 and 5 are two systems covering a total of around 100 ha. Nam Tiu 4 includes a very good weir, built with UN support in the 90s, and an uncontrolled earth MC around 800 m. They have a simple WUG to manage the system. Nam Tiu 5, located over 1 km downstream of Nam Tiu 4, has a small traditional stone/wood weir and an uncontrolled earth MC of around 200 m. The Nam Tiu has enough flow for the proposed wet and dry season crops.

Nam Ma Phakham had a large traditional weir, about 30 m long, made of stones and wood built across the Nam Ma, and a MC of about 2,000 m. Their traditional weir, built in 1996, needed major repairs each year, and the MC had several sections with high seepage. The weir was completely washed away by a flood in 2010 and the system could not be used since. A 40 m long steel bridge just upstream of the old weir was also destroyed recently by severe erosion caused by floods. The initial PAFO/DAFO proposal for this site involved building a new RC weir across the Nam Ma. A weir at that location would be a major structure, in an area with large floods and unstable riverbanks. Additional discussions held during the field survey led to the conclusion that a better option may be to only build an intake for the MC, on the right bank of the Nam Ma, about 600 m upstream of the old weir. Options will have to be studied more carefully during the Identification stage. If a likely viable option emerges, then the sub-scheme can proceed with feasibility and design stages. The total command area of this sub-scheme is around 79 ha.

The Problem

Apart from the Nam Ma Phakham, which is not operational now, the other sub-schemes operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the four sub-schemes visited: o Nam Long 4: Repair the weir, concrete lining for the first 800 m of MC, rehabilitate 300 m of secondary canal, and build all required canal structures. o Nam Tiu 4: Lining MC with structures (500 m). Improve secondary canals with structures (300 m). o Nam Tiu 5: Build new RC weir, lining MC with structures (200 m). o Nam Ma Phakham: Build new intake 600 m upstream of old weir (to be reconfirmed during technical studies), new section of MC, with structures (600 m), lining of old MC with structures (1,400 m), rehabilitate secondary canals with structures (600 m).  For the other nine sub-schemes (not visited): o Five new RC weirs, four new control gates, MC lining and structures (3,900 m), and secondary canal with structures (2,100 m).  Small access roads may also be needed along some MC – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.04 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 383 ha during the wet season, with 214 ha of rice and 169 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. 58 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

Access roads: The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being either adjacent or within 1 km of NR17B. If improving access along some of the MC is identified later, it will contribute to improving delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Other Observations from Field Survey  The town of Muang Long is located on NR17B, at the confluence of the Nam Long and the Nam Ma, a large river flowing into the Mekong about 25 km away. The proposed 13 sub-schemes are located along the Nam Ma and Nam Long, near the town of Muang Long.  A new bridge over the Mekong River was recently completed nearby, linking NR17B and the Long District to Myanmar. This is expected to bring increased investments and trade opportunities to Long District, particularly for agricultural products.  Various plantations grow in the general area, mostly banana, rubber trees and some sugar cane. These plantations extract their own irrigation water from the Nam Ma, the large perennial river flowing through the valley. Their pumps can be observed along the Nam Ma.  At the Nam Ma Phakham sub-scheme, as their irrigation system has been inoperational for the past 5 years, some farmers have recently decided to lease their land for banana plantation. If the Nam Ma Phakham goes ahead, it would be important to ensure that these leases are finished and the farmers get their land back for rice and diversified crop cultivation.  The 13 sub-schemes have a combined irrigated area of 383 ha benefitting eight villages, 787 HHs with a population of around 4,000 people.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): Apart from the Nam Ma Phakam sub-scheme, all proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments, so any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. Nam Ma Phakam may require land acquisition along the new 600 m MC section, if this option is selected. This land along the riverbank is presently unused and appears to be mostly recent deposits from the river. Any land acquisition and compensation issues there should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The 13 sub-schemes forming this subproject have different levels of integration between roads and the irrigation areas. The four sub-schemes visited focussed their requests on the irrigation component, and expressed limited needs for improved access. This is possibly because the nearby plantation investors have recently built a number of access roads in the area. Nevertheless, the Identification and feasibility studies may reveal the need for some limited, localised access improvements to improve delivery of farm inputs, transport of crops to village or local markets.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed subproject has relatively simple and logical designs. The sub-schemes are contiguous, and control different parts of the rice growing area in the larger valley around Muang Long. Developing these schemes together allows an integrated design to be developed, improving effectiveness and overall coordination.

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Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Muang Long District. If the Nam Ma Phakam sub-scheme does not pass the feasibility stage, the subproject can proceed with the other sub-schemes.

60 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

ANNEX G. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION – PHONGSALI

No. 17. Nam Tong Subproject, Nhot Ou District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of three sub-schemes located near one another in the large valley next to Nhot Ou District Headquarters (Ban Ou Tai): Nam Ou, Nam Deng and Nam Tong, for a total command area of 670 ha. Nam Ou and Nam Tong were visited, covering about 85% of the total command area.

The Nam Ou sub-scheme has a 65 m long RC weir on the Nam Ou river, built in 1998 with GOL funds, and RMC + LMC with a total length of 5,300 m. The Nam Ou has a large, perennial flow more than enough to irrigate the 450 ha command area. This sub-scheme is also a NRI Year-1 subproject. The NRI-supported works at the time included repairs on LMC intake gate, rehabilitation of LMC and RMC (re-shaping), some canal structures and some limited MC lining, for a total of around $600,000.

The additional rehabilitation works proposed include repairs of the two sand sluices at the weir, some minor repairs to the LMC intake gate, repair of MC syphon crossing the Nam Deng, lining over selected MC sections, construction of the remaining missing MC structures, and rehabilitation of selected secondary canals. The lining of the MC should not require any land acquisition, as the new RC sections will be the same size or smaller that the existing ones. These rehabilitation works will finally bring the Nam Ou scheme to a final stage of completion with efficient water controls and higher irrigation efficiency.

The Nam Tong sub-scheme presently consists of three traditional small stone intakes on the Nam Tong, feeding small canals and irrigating around 60 ha just above the Nam Ou sub- scheme. In the upper reach where the intakes are, the stream is quite steep, gravely, with an unstable riverbed. The proposed works involve building a RC weir, and new LMC and RMC over a total of 3,500 m. This sub-scheme is still at conceptual stage, and will require further technical studies to firm up, to select the location for the new weir, for example. This should be reviewed carefully during Identification. The potential command area for this new scheme is 120 ha.

The Nam Tong has limited flow during the dry season, and a new, effective irrigation system is needed to optimize its use. R1A crosses in the middle of the Nam Tong command area. Some access roads were built in some parts of the command area to reach the small nearby rubber plantations. However, small access roads may be needed along some parts of the MCs – if the need is identified during further studies.

The Problem

The Nam Ou sub-scheme has already received significant support but still requires MC structures and lining to reach its full potential. The Nam Tong sub-scheme is only partly developed with stone inlets and small earth canal and need a permanent, RC weir and MCs to develop its full potential. The Nam Deng sub-scheme has a traditional stone/wood weir and unlined canals, with limited water control.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the two sub-schemes visited:

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o Nam Ou: Repairs of two sand sluices at weir, minor repairs to LMC intake gate, repair of MC syphon crossing Nam Deng, lining over selected MC sections, construction of remaining missing MC structures, and rehabilitation of selected secondary canals. o Nam Tong: New RC weir, new LMC and RMC, with structures and lining at selected locations.  For the Nam Deng sub-scheme (not visited): o Replace traditional stone/wood weir with RC weir, rehabilitate MC (7,200 m) including structures, and MC lining at selected locations.  Small access roads may be needed along some MC for the Nam Deng sub-scheme – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.78 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 670 ha during the wet season, and 580 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being either adjacent or very near (NR1A). There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas. Small access roads may be needed along some parts of the MCs, if the need is identified during further studies.

Other Observations / Comments  A large Chinese contractor is presently upgrading NR1A from Boun Neua to the border with China, passing through Nhot Ou, for a total distance of 140 km. Their 5-year contract started in 2014. They have very good equipment, labour force and work teams. Unskilled labour is Lao, while skilled workers can be Lao, Chinese or Vietnamese. The upgraded NR1A will improve the access to Nhot Ou District, bring increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural products.  Nhot Ou District always had strong ties to China, because access to China was always easier than the rest of Laos. Border area people often speak each other’s language. Chinese goods and traders are common in Nhot Ou. Lao often seek medical services in nearby Chinese towns, because of the easy access.  Rice is not grown in the dry season in the valley around the Nhot Ou District Headquarters (Ban Ou Tai). People prefer cash crops, because of higher returns, and also because they already grow enough rice. Chinese/Lao investors/merchants are making contracts with local farmers to grow cash crops such as watermelon, pumpkins, long beans and some potato and sweet potatoes. The merchants provide seeds and technical expertise, and buy the harvest at the end, while local farmers provide their land and labour.  Cash crops require adequate fertilizers and pesticides to reach export quality (grade). The local government has to ensure that the various chemicals used remain safe for the people and the environment. Training for farmers on safe use of fertilizers and pesticides would be important, if training activities are included in the Project’s scope.  The total irrigated area is 670 ha benefitting 6 villages, 950 HHs with a population of around 3,447 people. 62 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): For the Nam Ou sub-scheme, all proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments. The Nam Deng sub-scheme should be similar, as it involves the rehabilitation of an existing system. At the Nam Tong sub-scheme, the new weir and MCs will require some land acquisition. Overall, any land acquisition and compensation issues should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The three sub-schemes are located in the valley next to Ban Ou Tai and there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas. NR1A crosses both the Nam Tong and Nam Ou sub-schemes. The Nam Ou sub-scheme has an access road along the MC for most of the command area. Small access roads may be needed along some parts of other MCs, if the need is identified during further studies.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes have relatively simple and logical designs. These three sub-schemes control different parts of the rice growing area in the Nhot Ou District Headquarters valley. Developing these schemes together allows improved overall coordination and effectiveness in design and construction (contract packaging).

Recommendation –This subproject was given first priority by PAFO/DAFO because of its importance supporting commercial agriculture production near the Nhot Ou District Headquarters. It is recommended to keep this subproject as the first priority for Nhot Ou District.

No. 18. Dong Nouark Subproject, Nhot Ou District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of an irrigation scheme located along NR1A, about 45 km North of the Nhot Ou District Headquarters and just 8 km before the border with China. The existing RC weir was built in 2006 using GOL funds. The weir is around 40 m long, and is in good condition. The 4,500 m LMC reaches Ban Som Huang, and is lined partially over the first 500 m. The existing canal system does not operate well, possibly because of poor design. It is in poor condition and need rehabilitation, water control structures and lining at selected locations. A syphon (or flume) is also needed to cross the Nam Ou and provide irrigation to the right side. The MC intake at the weir needs repairs, and sediments removal just upstream of the weir is needed.

Although a formal WUG was not formed, the users of the scheme mobilize as needed to carry out basic maintenance, particularly at the beginning of each irrigation season. People can also pay 45,000 Kip/day and not participate in the collective maintenance activities. About four years ago, a major re-shaping of the MC was carried out with GOL support.

The present system of weir and MC irrigates only around 80 ha because of poor water control, excessive seepage and poor water management. Irrigation water does not reach the Southern part of the system, near Ban Som Huang, so sugar cane and other upland crops are grown there presently. Rehabilitation works will increase the command area to 245 ha, and the sugar cane

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 63 crops will be replaced by rice. PAFO/DAFO staff also reported that they would not allow sugar cane crops after 2018 in the area.

NR1A runs along the subproject, which is long and narrow, and the three beneficiary villages are also on NR1A. Some access roads were built in the Southern part of the command area, to reach sugarcane crops. Unless the need for small access road is identified during further studies, it appears that there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Problem

The scheme is marginally operational, irrigating only 80 ha out of a potential of 245 ha. It is inefficient and cannot reach its full production potential. The MC is unlined, and in poor condition. The MC only has limited water control structures, while the secondary canals are limited and in poor condition.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  De-silting upstream of weir, repair of MC intake  Rehabilitate MC and existing canal structures over 4,500 m, with lining at selected locations and build all required new canal structures.  Syphon (or flume) to cross Nam Ou, and RMC section on the other side.  The estimated total cost of the above is $735,000.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 245 ha during the wet season, with 245 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: Unless the need for small access road is identified during further studies, it appears that there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Other Observations / Comments  Good scheme, needs some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at its full potential.  The subproject has a potential irrigated area of 245 ha benefitting three villages, 148 HHs with a population of 720.  The Nam Ou, flowing from China, has good year-round flow and sufficient water to irrigate the proposed dry season crops.  This subproject is different from most other subprojects as it involves a significant increase in command area if the system is rehabilitated (as opposed to simply increasing efficiency on existing command area).  Local residents reported that they couldn’t grow rice in the dry season, as it is too cold. The elevation of the area is 910 m above sea level, as opposed to only 700 m in the Nhot Ou District Headquarter valley. They grow various cash crops, following the Chinese market demand. The rehabilitated scheme, with improved water quantity and control, will be able to attract Chinese merchants who look to make contracts with local farmers - the merchants providing seeds, technical expertise and market, and the local farmers providing land and labour. These contracts are normally only possible with a good irrigation system. 64 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

 The scheme is located only 8 km from the border with China. This proximity with a large market and outside investors is bringing increased investments and trade opportunities, particularly for agricultural products.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): Practically all proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments. The short, new RMC may require some land acquisition. Any land acquisition and compensation issues there should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Integrated Approach (Criterion 5): The proposed subproject complies with this criterion as it involves rehabilitation of existing productive rural infrastructure.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The subproject already has good integration between roads and the irrigation areas, and very good access to markets.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed scheme has relatively simple and logical designs within one contiguous area.

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Nhot Ou District.

No. 19. Houay Keng Subproject, Nhot Ou District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of two sub-schemes located near one another 16 km Southwest of the Nhot Ou District Headquarters (Ou Tai): Houay Keng and Nam La, for a total command area of 405 ha. Nam La was visited, covering around 55% of the total command area.

The Nam La sub-scheme involves the rehabilitation of traditional stone/wood weirs on the Nam La and an adjacent tributary, the Nam Song. The Nam Song has five traditional weirs with short canals irrigating small rice growing areas along its banks. The Nam La has one traditional weir, and also irrigates the rice paddies along its narrow valley.

For the Nam La sub-scheme, the proposed works include one or two RC weirs on the Nam Song to replace the five traditional weirs, with related LMC and RMC and structures, and a RC weir on the Nam La, to replace the existing traditional structure, along with new improved RMC.

The subproject area is connected to the Nhot Ou District Headquarters by a 16 km small access road. In the rainy season, access is difficult, and only small farm tractors can get through. The road crosses the Nam Deng, a relatively large river, directly on the riverbed (no bridge).21 The command areas of Houay Keng and Nam La are both along narrow valleys, with small roads running along. So access inside the subproject area is reasonably good.

21 When visited on 13 November 2015, the water level on the Nam Deng was too high for a 4x4 vehicle to cross, and the subproject area was reached with motorcycles.

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The Problem

The two sub-schemes are traditional systems with stone/wood weirs and earth canal. They require extensive maintenance, operate in an inefficient way and only have limited canal control using stones and wood. The rice growing areas in the two small valleys cannot reach their full potential.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For Nam La sub-scheme: (i) Nam Song: one (or two) RC weirs, LMC and RMC with lining at selected locations, and canal structures; and (ii) Nam La: RC weir with RMC and lining at selected locations. Total MC length is 7,500 m.  For Houay Keng (not visited): o Replace traditional weir and earth canals with RC weir, MCs with selected lining, and all required canal structures over 7,900 m. o Small access roads may be needed along some parts of the MC, if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.22 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate 405 ha during the wet season, with also 405 ha of rice during the dry season.22 Access roads: The general subproject area is connected to the main road network, with some limitations during some parts of the wet season. Small local roads run along most of the command area. If improving access along some of the MC at the Houay Keng sub- scheme is identified later, it would contribute to improving delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good traditional sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  Local residents have grown rice in the area for a long time, and the highest traditional weir on the Nam Song has been used for “a very long time” (over one generation).  Local residents reported a good dry season flow in both Nam La and Nam Song. They also confirmed their keen interest in this subproject. Three Leu villages benefit from the subproject.  Like several subprojects visited, this one is still at the preliminary stage, and further technical studies will refine its concept and technical solutions. Also, as it is a stand-by subproject.  The total irrigated area is 405 ha benefitting four villages, 264 HHs with a population of around 1,087 people.

22 The Longlist shows 405 ha of dry season rice for the Houay Keng subproject, and no diversified crops. This may be an error, as other subprojects in Nhot Ou favor cash crops instead of rice during the dry season. 66 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): The new RC weirs for this subproject replace traditional ones. The new MC system will rehabilitate canals in their existing alignments and also extend into new alignment. This will likely require some land acquisition. Overall, any land acquisition and compensation issues should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The general subproject area is connected to the main road network, with some limitations during some parts of the wet season. Small local roads run along most of the command area. If improving access along some of the MC at the Houay Keng sub-scheme is identified later, it would contribute to improving delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes control two nearby valleys and have relatively simple and logical designs. Developing these schemes together allows improved overall coordination and effectiveness in design and construction (contract packaging).

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the third priority for Nhot Ou District.

No. 20. Nam Ngaen 2 Subproject, Boun-Tai District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of five sub-schemes located around 30 km South of Ban Boun-Tai, the District Headquarters: Nam Ngaen 2 and 4, Nam Ban 1 and 2, and Houay Chakhanh, for a total command area of 199 ha. Two sub-schemes were visited: Nam Ngaen 2 and Nam Ban 1, covering around 75% of the total command area.

The Nam Ngaen 2 sub-scheme has a RC weir built in 2002 with EU support, a 1,000 m LMC and a 2,500 m RMC, with some parts lined. The weir has failed from under-piping and several attempts to fix it were not successful. The present weir location is unstable, just after a river bend. A new RC weir is proposed around 200 m upstream, in a straight section, with rehabilitation of the two MCs, including lining and structures. The Nam Ngaen has a good year- round flow, but the local farmers were not able to make full use of it and cover the 95 ha command area, because of the leaking weir and deteriorated MCs.

The beneficiaries are from Ban Longnay Kao, a Yang (Thai Dam) village located 27 km South of Ban Boun-Tai. The command area ends at Ban Longnay Kao. Like many other schemes visited, they have an informal WUG, don’t collect water fees, but are able to mobilize labour when needed for maintenance and manage an equitable water distribution.

Although the Nam Ngaen 4 sub-scheme was not visited, its main beneficiary village was, Ban Longnay Mai, located 2 km South of Ban Longnay Kao. The sub-scheme has a RC weir built in 2002 with EU support, with downstream erosion, and a 300 m long RMC. The request from the local residents is to repair the weir and rehabilitate the MC. They also mentioned another weir on

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 67 the nearby Houay Pot, which has a RC weir that is too low. Raising that weir could help extend the total command area of the Nam Ngaen 4 sub-scheme, which is only 7 ha at present.

The Nam Ban 1 sub-scheme had a simple mortared rock weir built by the local residents in 2006, with GOL support, and a 1,300 m LMC. The weir was washed away by a flood the following year, and nothing remains of it. Since 2007, individual farmers are building small stone and wood weirs on the Nam Ban to irrigate fields along the river. The proposed works involve building a new RC weir, around 100 m downstream of the old location, and rehabilitate the LMC over 1,300 m, including lining and canal structures. Local residents now grow cash crops during the dry season, and not rice anymore. The Nam Ban has sufficient dry season flow for the proposed command area and crops.

The rehabilitated MC will mainly follow the old alignment, going around the village. The local residents already have a good idea where a new alignment may be needed, and reported that the new MC would not go over any rice production area, but only be along paths and communal land.

The Nam Ban 2 sub-scheme, not visited, is just upstream of Nam Ban 1.

The Nam Ban 1 and 2 sub-schemes are located at Ban Bohat, a Khmu village, 8 km from Ban Longnay Kao, or 35 km from Ban Boun-Tai. The access road is very good.

The Problem

The sub-schemes operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals, if any, are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the two sub-schemes visited: o Nam Ngaen 2 sub-scheme: New RC weir, rehabilitation of RMC + LMC over a total distance of 2,400 m, with lining and structures. o Nam Ban 1 sub-scheme: New RC weir, and LMC rehabilitation over 1,300 m, including lining and canal structures.  And for the three small sub-schemes not visited: o Nam Ngaen 4 sub-scheme: Repair existing RC weir, rehabilitate RMC over 300 m. o Nam Ban 2 sub-scheme: Repair existing RC weir, rehabilitate RMC over 1,500 m. o Houay Chakhanh sub-scheme: New RC weir, and MC rehabilitation over 1,800 m, including lining and canal structures.  The estimated total cost of the above is $597,000.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate 199 ha during the wet season, and also 199 ha of diversified cash crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general access to the subproject area is good. The sub-schemes are located along a good, year-round, access road connecting to Ban Boun-Tai, about 30 km 68 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

away. For some sub-schemes, particularly Nam Ban 1 and 2, improving access along some MCs may contribute to improving delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village, if identified during further studies.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  Rubber plantations can be observed along the access road and some parts of the command areas. When asked about the nearby rubber plantations, the residents of Ban Longnay Mai replied that they did not collect now, as the price was too low.  Farmers have started to grow dry season cash crops, including long beans.  The total irrigated area is 199 ha benefitting 5 villages, 236 HHs with a population of around 1,022.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): Practically all proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments. The extension of selected MCs may require some land acquisition. Any land acquisition and compensation issues there should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The general access to the subproject area is good. The sub-schemes are located along a good, year-round, access road connecting to Ban Boun- Tai, about 27 km away. For some sub-schemes, particularly Nam Ban 1 and 2, improving access along some MCs may contribute to improving delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village, if identified during further studies.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes irrigate command areas re-grouped within a few km of Ban Longnay Kao. They have relatively simple and logical designs. Developing these schemes together allows improved overall coordination and effectiveness in design and construction (contract packaging).

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the first priority for Boun-Tai District.

No. 21. Houay Lap Subproject, Boun-Tai District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of four sub-schemes located near Ban Boun- Tai: Houay Lap, Houay Souay, Houay Chone and Houay Lor for a total command area of 173 ha. Three sub-schemes were visited: Houay Lap, Houay Souay and Houay Chone, covering around 85% of the total command area.

The Houay Lap sub-scheme has two components, covering a total of 90 ha:

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 69

1) To rehabilitate the existing RC weir and RMC built in 1998 by GOL on the Houay Lap. This sub-scheme is right along NR1A, just 3 km East of Ban Boun-Tai. The weir needs major repairs and the RMC needs rehabilitation, concrete lining and control structures. Houay Lap has limited flow during the dry season. 2) To extend the RMC of the Nam Ngaen subproject, an NRI Year-2 scheme, to irrigate fields along the Nam Lan and also provide additional water to the Houay Lap system. The NRI Nam Ngaen subproject was reported to have sufficient water, and its MC designed to carry larger flows and be extended one day. The existing Nam Ngaen MC is 3,600 m long, and the proposed extension is around 3,000 m. The feasibility of this component is doubtful, because of the long canal extension involved, some parts along steep and winding terrain. Other issues include water availability and the capacity of the existing Nam Ngaen MC. The Identification stage will have to clarify these issues, before the sub-project can proceed with feasibility study.

The Houay Chone sub-scheme is located along NR1A around 10 km Southeast of Ban Boun- Tai. It has a series of five RC weirs and small earth canals built along a 5 km or so stretch of Houay Chone, irrigating a total of 31 ha (so average 5-6 ha per weir). The weirs were built in 2002, with EU support. The two highest weirs are small, in good condition, and benefit only a few families. The third weir needs repairs, the fourth one is damaged and too low, and the fifth weir, the lowest one, is completely destroyed.

The proposed works include repairing the third weir, replacing the fourth weir with a higher RC weir, either at the same location or a bit higher, in order to reach the command area previously covered by the fifth weir. All MCs also need to be rehabilitated, with concrete lining and control structures.

Local residents reported that Houay Chone had good dry season flows, enough for the proposed command area and crops. Ban Phia Lek, a Khmu village, benefits from the scheme. They also reported that during the dry season they prefer growing cash crops instead of rice. Several cash crops, including long beans, are now growing in their fields. Like in other subprojects visited, they sign 3-month (one growing season) contracts with Chinese merchants/investors where they provide land and labour, while the investors provide inputs (seeds, etc.), technical know-how and buy the harvest at a pre-agreed price at the end. Long beans were reported to be 1.8 Yuan/kg this year, and were 2.1 Yuan/kg last year.

The Houay Souay sub-scheme, located on a smaller road 8 km South of Ban Boun-Tai, includes a RC weir on Houay Souay built in 2002 with GOL funds, a short LMC connecting with Houay Pu just 100 m away, a RC weir on Houay Pu, also built in 2002, and a LMC about 1,000 m long irrigating around 27 ha. Both weirs are in good condition, and only need minor repairs, including the MC intakes. The MCs need rehabilitation, concrete lining on its entire length (1,000 m) and canal structures.

Local residents reported that they did not have a formal WUG, and did not collect an irrigation fee. However, they do mobilize labour before each irrigation season, with individual farmers responsible for the part of the canal that concerns them. Farmers at the tail end of the canal have to remind the ones higher up to only take their share on the irrigation water. They said that they would formalize their WUG after the rehabilitation works.

The three sub-schemes visited, Houay Lap, Houay Chone and Houay Souay, are reasonably well connected to the road network. They are either next to NR1A, or are connected to it with good access roads. Small access roads run along their command areas. 70 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

The Problem

Proposed Works: The main components include:  Houay Lap sub-scheme: Pending results of the Identification stage, (i) repair existing RC weir, rehabilitate RMC (1,000 m) including concrete liming and control structures; and (ii) extend RMC of NRI Nam Ngaen subproject (3,000 m), including lining, control structures and flumes/syphons.  Houay Chone sub-scheme: Repair damaged RC weirs, build new RC weir, and rehabilitate all MCs (2,800 m) including concrete lining and control structures.  Houay Souay sub-scheme: Minor weir repairs, including the MC intakes, and MC rehabilitation with concrete lining on its entire length (1,000 m) and canal structures.  For Houay Lor (not visited): o Replace traditional weir and earth canals with RC weir, MCs with selected lining, and all required canal structures over 1,800 m. o Small access roads may be needed along some parts of the MC, if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $519,000.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate 173 ha during the wet season, and also 173 ha of diversified cash crops during the dry season. Access roads: The sub-schemes are well connected to the road network. They are either along NR1A, or are connected to it with good access roads. Small access roads run along their command areas. If improving access along some of the MC at the Houay Lor sub-scheme is identified later, it will contribute to improving delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  The feasibility of the Nam Ngaen RMC extension is doubtful, because of the long canal extension involved, some parts along steep and winding terrain. Other issues include water availability and the capacity of the existing Nam Ngaen MC. The Identification stage will have to clarify these issues, before the sub-project can proceed with feasibility study.  At the field survey was mid-November, the farmers are busy preparing their fields for cash crops. Long beans are already planted. Some tractors can also be seen in the fields, doing land preparation.  The Houay Lap sub-scheme existing and new command areas are not indicated correctly on the Google Earth map provided. Notes were made during the filed survey, and the map will be corrected during further studies.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 71

 Houay Chone had a large flood this year, and some riverbanks were severely eroded, including adjacent fields. Local residents hired heavy equipment to repair some the damages.  Some rubber plantations can be seen in the general area, including on the higher grounds around some subproject command areas. Local residents reported that some of these plantations were previously used for upland rice (shifting cultivation).  The total irrigated area is 173 ha benefitting seven villages, 214 HHs with a population of around 1,208 people.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): Practically all proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments. The extension of the NRI Nam Ngaen MC may require some land acquisition. Any land acquisition and compensation issues there should be manageable, and will be carried out in accordance with GOL and ADB requirements. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The sub-schemes are well connected to the road network. They are either along NR1A, or are connected to it with good access roads. Small access roads run along their command areas. If improving access along some of the MC at the Houay Lor sub-scheme is identified later, it will contribute to improving delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes control command areas in small valleys near Ban Boun-Tai. They have relatively simple and logical designs. Developing these schemes together allows improved overall coordination and effectiveness in design and construction (contract packaging).

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Boun- Tai District.

No. 22. Nam Hoy-Nam Lou Subproject, Boun-Nua District

This subproject and its sub-schemes need further examination by NPMO/ADB prior to feasibility study.

No. 23. Nam Ngay-Nam Boun Subproject, Boun-Nua District

This subproject and its sub-schemes need further examination by NPMO/ADB prior to feasibility study.

72 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

ANNEX H. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION – OUDOMXAI

No. 25. Nam Hao Subproject, Beng District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of two sub-schemes located near one another in the Nam Beng valley: Nam Hao and Nam Haeng, for a total command area of 493 ha. Nam Hao was visited, as it is the larger of the two sub-schemes, covering about 75% of the total command area.

The Nam Hao sub-scheme has five weirs over a 5 km stretch just East of NR2W. The first three weirs, upstream, are traditional stone/wood structures, with relatively small MCs and command areas. Just downstream, the Nam Hao enters a flat area and splits into two branches. In this flat, gravely area, the Nam Hao riverbed is unstable. The left branch has a RC weir, near Ban Na Houay. This weir and its LMC intake, built by GOL in 2009, need repair but are otherwise in operation. The unlined LMC is 2,300 m long, crossing under NR2W and running along the road and houses for some of its length. The Nam Hao right branch has two RC weirs built next to one another, one built in 2001, and the other one in 2009, after the first one failed. The weirs on the right feed a RMC about 2,900 m, also crossing the main road and staying along it for some parts.

Before the field survey, the proposed rehabilitation involved replacing the most upstream weir (one of the three stone/wood weirs) by a large RC weir, with two new MCs, one on each side, reaching the MCs of the two RC weirs downstream. However, the field survey and discussions with local residents and PAFO/DAFO revealed that the initial concept might not be the best solution. For example the construction of a RMC from the most upstream weir would involve cutting into a quite steep slope, and the existing RC weir with the LMC is in good condition, operates well, and would only need minor repairs.

The situation is quite complex, and further technical surveys and studies are needed. Various options should be studied. This should be done during the Identification stage.

One option that was discussed and could be promising would be to (i) replace the most upstream weir (one of the three stone/wood weirs) with a RC weir, with a new LMC to irrigate all the command area above the two existing RC weirs; (ii) repair the existing RC weir on the left side, and its LMC; and (iii) build de new structure to replace the RC weir on the right side, and rehabilitate the existing RMC. In any case, detailed technical studies are required to select the best option.

The Nam Hao has very good year-round flows. A description of river flows by local staff and local residents indicates that dry the season flow is sufficient for the proposed crops. High flood peaks were also reported, so the final technical solution selected should take this into consideration.

All beneficiary villages of the subproject are Lao, except from one Khmu village (Ban Houay La). An informal WUG manages the scheme operation. They collect an irrigation fee of 180,000 Kip/ha, which is used for small repairs and as an emergency fund.

The bulk of the command area for Nam Hao is right along NR2W. Also, there is an existing access road going along the upstream part of the sub-scheme, passing along the five weirs and going even further. Nam Haeng is also right along NR2W. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 73

The Problem

The two sub-schemes operate in an inefficient way and do not have all required irrigation structures to reach their full potential. The MCs are unlined, in poor condition, with limited water control structures. Secondary canals are in poor condition and do not have adequate RC water control structures.

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For Nam Hao, although the technical solution is not finalized, major works components would normally include: o Two new RC weirs, new extended MC for most upstream weir, repairs of existing RC weir, LMC and RMC intake, rehabilitation of MC (8,500 m) and secondary canals (2,500 m), with RC canal structures and lining at selected locations.  For Nam Haeng (not visited): o Repairs of existing RC weir, MC rehabilitation (5,500 m) and concrete lining at selected locations, secondary canal rehabilitation (2,000 m) and RC canal structures.  Small access roads may be needed along the MC at Nam Haeng – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.48 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 493 ha during the wet season, with 75 ha of rice and 200 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being either adjacent or very near NR2W. There is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  Some small patches of rubber trees were observed on the higher grounds around parts of the command area at the Nam Hao sub-scheme. Local residents reported that they don’t harvest the rubber anymore, as there are no buyers.  When asked about upland rice (khao hai) / shifting cultivation, local residents replied that they now prefer to grow corn. Corn can be grown in both the wet and the dry season.  The total irrigated area is 493 ha benefitting six villages, 393 HHs with a population of around 1,854 people.

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): All proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments. For Nam Hao, the existing LMC and RMC runs along NR2W near some houses and small shops, and any canal rehabilitation there may require some minor land acquisition. These main canals are very old, and new houses and shops were built along, and in some locations “over” them. However, any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. No significant environmental issues are foreseen. 74 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the two sub-schemes being right along NR2W. Moreover, Nam Beng is only 60 km from Oudomxai.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The conceptual design for the Nam Hao sub-scheme as first proposed appears too ambitious, and may not be feasible. However, other technical options are available using relatively simple and logical designs. The two sub-schemes control different parts of the rice growing area around Muang Beng. Developing these schemes together allows improved overall coordination and effectiveness in design and construction (contract packaging).

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Muang Beng District. The first priority for the District is Nam Beng, one of the sample subprojects.

No. 27. Nam Ngaad Subproject, Houn District

Description of Subproject

The proposed subproject involves the rehabilitation of three sub-schemes located in the Nam Beng valley: Nam Ngaad, Nam Kha and Nam Mao, for a total command area of 497 ha. The three sub-schemes form two groups: Nam Ngaad, located just North of Muang Houn District town, and the other two sub-schemes around 20 km South of Muang Houn, along NR2W. These sub-schemes control different parts of the rice growing area in the Nam Beng valley. Nam Ngaad and Nam Mao were visited, covering about 2/3 of the total command area.

The Nam Mao sub-scheme has a good RC weir built in 1992 with UNDP support. The weir is located 8 km from NR2W, near Ban Hua Nam Mao, a village settled over 20 years ago with Mong and Khmu residents. The weir needs minor repairs, including fixing the two intake steel lift- gates, downstream erosion, repair MC sand trap and removal of sediments just upstream of the weir. The existing MC is around 7,000 m, with several RC canal structures. The first 300 m of MC is RC. The MC needs rehabilitation over its entire length, with some new canal structures and repairs of existing ones. Some MC sections needs major repairs and RC structures (i.e. flume), and MC lining will be needed at selected locations.

Local residents reported that they presently grow 105 ha of rice in the wet season, and 25 ha in the dry season. After rehabilitation, they plan to grow 155 ha during the wet season. And for the dry season, they are mainly interested in rice (over 25 ha) and diversified crops (65 ha), mainly soybean. Their informal WUG collects around 100,000 Kip/ha as water fees. They also remove the sediments just upstream of the MC intake before each irrigation season.

The Nam Mao has a significant dry season flow. A description of river flows by local staff and local residents indicates that dry season flows are enough for dry season crops. Ban Hua Nam Mao also gets its drinking water supply from the Nam Mao.

An 8 km access road connects the Nam Mao weir and command area to NR2W. Starting from NR2W, the first 5 km is constantly rehabilitated and maintained by the Chinese banana plantation. The road on last 3 km leading to Ban Hua Nam Mao is along the MC, and can only be

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 75 used by farm tractors during the wet season. Spot improvements on this section would improve the integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Nam Ngaad has a series of five weirs benefitting six villages just 2 km North of the town of Muang Houn. The five systems are somehow interconnected, with the water from upstream MCs often feeding the MC/command area of the weir just downstream. The proposed Nam Ngaad sub-scheme involved the rehabilitation of the third and fifth weir and MCs (starting from the top).23 The third weir was built with Vietnam support in the late 1970s. It is still in very good condition. The LMC is over 1,000m requires rehabilitation, RC canal structures and lining at selected locations. The fifth weir is a Khon Kaen University standard design built with GOL support in 1990. The Government provided the construction materials, while local farmers provided free labour. The weir is still in very good condition, but needs some works to address downstream erosion. The LMC needs an intake structure, and RC canal structures over its entire length.

The Nam Ngaad has limited dry season flow. For this reason, local residents indicated that they have limited interest for dry season rice, and will use dry season irrigation for diversified crops. And because dry season flow is limited, efficient MC and control structures are needed.

Beneficiaries include Lao and Khmu villages. Their informal WUG collects irrigation fees, in rice, equivalent to around 100,000 Kip/ha, and is able to mobilize labour for small maintenance works.

Apart from works on the third and fifth weirs and MCs, further studies may reveal that some limited works is also needed on other weirs of the Nam Ngaad system. The command area of the fifth weir appeared to be missing on the preliminary maps provided. All the discussions between the local farmers and the PAFO/DAFO during the field visit indicate that the scope of works can be further refined during the Identification step.

There is a good road connecting NR2W and the beneficiary villages. From the villages, there is an access road along the entire command area, and going even pass the most upstream weir. So there is already a good integration between roads and the irrigation areas.

The Problem

Proposed Works: The main components include:  For the two sub-schemes visited: o Nam Mao: Minor weir repairs, including two intake steel lift-gates, downstream erosion, and removal of sediments just upstream. Repair MC sand trap, rehabilitate MC over 7,000 m, including lining at selected locations, repair of

23 There is some confusion about the naming of the weirs, i.e. the weir known as “Nam Ngaad 4” is actually the 5th weir, and the two weirs proposed for rehabilitation were named Nam Ngaad 1 and 2 in the documents, but they are the third and fifth from the top. Weir names should be corrected to avoid confusion. 76 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

existing structures and construction of new ones. Access road spot improvement along the last 3 km leading to Ban Hua Nam Mao, along the MC. o Nam Ngaad: Repairs of the third and fifth weir (starting from the top) and rehabilitation of their MCs, including canal structures and lining at selected locations, over a total length of around 5,000 m.  For the Nam Kha sub-scheme (not visited): o Repair of existing RC weir, and MC lining and structures (MC 7,000 m, secondary canals 1,000 m).  Small access roads may also be needed along some MC for the Nam Kha sub-scheme – if the need is identified during further studies.  The estimated total cost of the above is $1.49 million.

Envisaged Benefits Irrigation: After rehabilitation, the scheme will be able to irrigate the full 497 ha during the wet season, with 95 ha of rice and 255 ha of diversified crops during the dry season. Access roads: For the Nam Mao sub-scheme, spot improvement on the last 3 km leading to Ban Hua Nam Mao, along the MC, will improve the integration between roads and the irrigation areas and contribute to improved scheme O&M.

Other Observations / Comments  These are good sub-schemes, needing some rehabilitation and upgrading to operate at their full potential.  Quite a lot of banana plantations can be observed in Muang Houn, along NR2W. Five Chinese companies plant a total of 4,000 ha of this crop. Apparently they do not follow all the rules in their agreements, particularly use of fertilisers and pesticides, and the Government is presently reviewing their performance and the impact of these large-scale operations. Two companies have signed contracts, while the contacts for the three others are being reviewed.  At Nam Mao, new large banana plantations are just next to the sub-scheme command area, on higher land. Their lease period is 20 years. They pump their irrigation water from the Nam Beng, a large perennial river along NR2W, and are prohibited to use water from the MC.  Popular dry season crops include corn and watermelon; some planted by individual farmers themselves, and some by outside investors renting land for one cropping season (3 months).  Farmers were harvesting during the field survey and reported good yields this year, around 3.5 t/ha. When assessing the benefits of these scheme rehabilitation, it is important to keep in mind that the “before” yields are already quite good. Benefits would normally include marginal rice yields during the wet season, increased yields and area for dry season rice, and introduction of diversified dry season crops.  Some limited rubber tree plantation can be observed on some fields previously used for shifting cultivation. One farmer reported that he preferred this to growing upland rice.  The total irrigated area is 497 ha benefitting 13 villages, 130 HHs with a population of 520 people.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 77

Safeguards Compliance (Criterion 4): All proposed irrigation upgrades are along existing alignments. Any land acquisition and compensation issues should be small and manageable. No significant environmental issues are foreseen.

Improved Access to Markets (Criterion 6): The general subproject area is relatively well connected to main road network, with the sub-schemes being either adjacent or very near NR2W. However, improving access along the last part of the MC at Nam Mao, and possibly at Nam Kha (if identified later), will contribute to improved O&M, delivery of farm inputs, and transport of crops to village or local markets.

Effectiveness (Criterion 8): The proposed sub-schemes have relatively simple and logical designs. These three sub-schemes control different parts of the rice growing area in Muang Houn. Developing these schemes together allows improved overall coordination and effectiveness in design and construction (contract packaging).

Recommendation – It is recommended to keep this subproject as the second priority for Muang Houn District. The first priority for the District is Nam Oun, one of the sample subprojects.

78 Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203)

ANNEX I. SUBPROJECT GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM COORDINATES

No. Subproject Sub-scheme Component24 Latitude Longitude Visited 1 Nam Tin 2 Nam Tin Dam 20.2660 100.5666 2 Nam Satone Nam Satone Weir 20.4382 100.9071 Houay Lor Dam 20.4263 100.8580 Houay Ha Weir 20.4166 100.8644 3 Houay Poung Houay Poung Small dam 20.3805 100.5956 Houay Kod Weir 20.3657 100.5679 4 Nam Laem Houay Moot Weir 20.4338 100.5591 Nam Laem Proposed weir 20.4701 100.6397 Nam Ong 2 Weir 20.4299 100.5632 5 Houay Xo 2 Ban Dong Weir 19.7929 100.5198 Houay Kod 1+2+3 Weir 3 (lowest) 19.8241 100.5561 Houay Tanou 1+2 Weir 1 19.8339 100.4715 Weir 2 19.8371 100.4717 Houay Xo 1 Weir 1 19.8032 100.4903 Weir 2 19.8014 100.5007 Weir 3 19.7983 100.5129 6 Houay Sat 2 Houay Sat 1+2+3 Weir 1 19.8847 100.6357 Weir 2 19.8833 100.6270 Weir 3 19.8798 100.6158 7 Houay Bong Had Mouak Weir 20.2272 100.7118 Houay Bong 1 Proposed weir 20.1901 100.7902 Houay Bong 2 Proposed weir 20.2049 100.7705 Houay Kin Weir 6 (lowest) 20.1696 100.7341 Weir 5 20.2290 100.7759 Weir 4 20.1724 100.7406 8 Nam Kha Nam Kha 1 Weir 20.0730 100.8382 Nam Kha 2 Weir 20.0690 100.8232 9 Houay Lieng 3 & 4 Houay Lieng 1 Weir 20.0543 100.8220 Houay Lieng 2 Weir 20.0560 100.8165 Houay Lieng 3 Weir 20.0673 100.8051 10 Houay Khong Houay Khong 1 Weir 20.0360 100.7878 Houay Khong 2 Weir 20.0709 100.7840 Houay Neuam Weir 20.1211 100.8119 11 Nam Lue – Nam Chang Nam Lue 1 Weir 20.9098 101.3943 Nam Lue 2 Weir 20.9309 101.4133 Nam Chang Weir 20.9942 101.3964 12 Nam Tha Nam Tha Weir 21.0328 101.4074 13 Nam Gna 2 Nam Gna 2 Weir 21.1530 101.1785 14 Nam Gna 1 and 3 Nam Gna 1 Weir 21.1421 101.1886 Nam Gna 3 Weir 21.1628 101.1802 Nam Dai 7 Weir 21.1804 101.1347 15 Nam Sa Nam Sa Yai Command area 21.0008 100.6203 Nam Sa Noi Weir 20.9978 100.6037 Houay Poung 1 Weir 21.0246 100.6133 Houay Nam On 1 Weir 20.9101 100.6717

24 A large number of georeferenced pictures were also taken at each sub-scheme visited.

Additional Financing of Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project (RRP LAO 42203) 79

No. Subproject Sub-scheme Component24 Latitude Longitude Visited Houay Nam On 2 Weir 20.9090 100.6697 16 n/a 17 Nam Tong Nam Ou Weir 22.1396 101.8142 Nam Tong Proposed weir 22.1081 101.8104 18 Dong Nouark Dong Nouark Weir 22.4352 101.7307 19 Houay Keng Nam La Traditional weir 1 22.1156 101.6915 on Nam Song Traditional weir 2 22.1088 101.7019 on Nam Song Traditional weir 22.1005 101.6919 on Nam La 20 Nam Ngaen 2 Nam Ban 1 Proposed weir 21.2192 101.9765 Nam Ngaen 2 Weir 21.2445 101.9184 21 Houay Lap Houay Lap Weir 21.3839 101.9890 Houay Souay Weir 21.3672 101.9588 Houay Pu weir 21.3679 101.9594 Houay Chone Weir 3 21.3581 102.0213 Weir 5 21.3542 102.0078 Weir 4 21.3581 102.0102 22 Nam Nga Nam Nga 8 (H. Oun) Weir 21.2172 102.6805 Nam Nga 4 (H. Vang) Weir 21.1869 102.6539 Nam Nga 2 Weir 21.1814 102.7095 Nam Nga 3 Weir 21.1691 102.7343 Nam Nga 1 Weir 21.1730 102.7198 Nam Nga 7 (H. Xong) Weir 21.1676 102.7214 23 Nam Houn Nam Houn 3 (H.Kang) One of the trad. weirs 21.2396 102.8101 Nam Houn 4 Weir 21.2543 102.7983 Nam Houn 5 One of the weirs 21.2813 102.7961 24 Nam Beng Sample subproject, not visited. 25 Nam Hao Nam Hao Upstream trad. weir 20.3055 101.6679 Left side weir 20.3039 101.6495 Right side weir 20.3061 101.6545 26 Nam Oun Sample subproject, not visited. 27 Nam Ngaad Nam Mao Weir 19.9798 101.3519 Nam Ngaad Weir 1 (upstream) 20.1988 101.4433 Weir 2 20.1964 101.4419 Weir 3 20.1869 101.4412 Weir 5 20.1659 101.4453