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Appendix 1 General Uprising Order by Vo Nguyen Giap, 12 August 1945

Unit chiefs, political cadres and members of Liberation Army units! Self-defense units, peoples committees and the entire people! On August 11, 1945, the Japanese invaders completely disintegrated and asked to surrender to Allied Forces. The Soviet, British, and American conference meeting in Moscow has accepted the surrender of Japan. Thus the Pacific war is about to end. The hour and minute of the general uprising has arrived, the general struggle has come to a decisive time; you, comrades, must calmly and determinedly carry out the orders which follow: 1. Mobilize troops to strike into the cities where there are sufficient conditions for victory. 2. Deploy to attack and cut off withdrawing troops of the enemy. 3. Before acting, send an ultimatum to the Japanese army and security troops [Vietnamese troops under Japanese command, ed.]. If they do not surrender, they must be annihilated. 4. With regard to Japanese forces who have surrendered, they must be treated with all kindness, a large part of them must be put into concentration camps, and one part should be propagandized, then returned to the Japanese troops in various places to exert influence. As for Vietnamese soldiers, let them go after propagandizing them. 5. When you have fought a battle, immediately reinforce your troops with weapons captured. Unless you receive special orders, one third of the troops should stay in the locality, while two thirds should prepare to move on to another place to fight. 6. After occupying the cities, all provisions and foodstuffs which cannot be used right away should be taken immediately to our base for storage. 7. At this present moment, liaison must be tight, troops must always stay in touch with headquarters, and must immediately notify headquarters if there is a change in the situation. 8. Peoples committees and the whole people must with all their heart do their best to coordinate with the troops. The entire army and people must be prepared for all eventualities in order to continue the struggle for complete independence for the country. 9. With regard to the French of De Gaulle, continue to follow the previous announcement, and with regard to other foreigners, there will be a separate order.

342 Appendix I 343 10. This is a time of military action, so discipline must be very strict. Dear comrades! In order to insure the success of the general uprising, you should carry out these orders quickly, determinedly, heroically, and carefully. Annihilate the Japanese fascists! - Long live completely independent ! Long live the Vietnam Liberation Army! Appendix 2 Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 2 September 1945

We hold truths that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This immortal statement is extracted from the Declaration of Independence of the of America in 1776. Understood in the broader sense, this means: 'All peoples on the earth are born equal; every person has the right to live to be happy and free.' The Declaration of Human and Civic Rights proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1791 likewise propounds: 'Every man is born equal and enjoys free and equal rights.' These are undeniable truths. Yet, during and throughout the last eighty years, the French imperialists, abusing the principles of 'Freedom, equality and fraternity,' have violated the integrity of our ancestral land and oppressed our countrymen. Their deeds run counter to the ideals of humanity and justice. In the political field, they have denied us every freedom. They have enforced upon us inhuman laws. They have set up three different political regimes in Northern, Central and Southern Viet Nam (Tonkin, Annam, and ) in an attempt to disrupt our national, historical and ethnical unity. They have built more prisons than schools. They have callously ill-treated our fellow-compatriots. They have drowned our revolutions in blood. They have sought to stifle public opinion and pursued a policy of obscurantism on the largest scale; they have forced upon us alcohol and opium in order to weaken our race. In the economic field, they have shamelessly exploited our people, driven them into the worst misery and mercilessly plundered our country. They have ruthlessly appropriated our rice fields, mines, forests and raw materi• als. They have arrogated to themselves the privilege of issuing banknotes, and monopolised all our external commerce. They have imposed hundreds of unjustifiable taxes, and reduced our countrymen, especially the peasants and petty tradesmen, to extreme poverty. They have prevented the development of native capital enterprises; they have exploited our workers in the most barbarous manner. In the autumn of 1940, when the Japanese fascists, in order to fight the Allies, invaded Indochina and set up new bases of war, the French imperialists surren• dered on bended knees and handed over our country to the invaders. Subsequently, under the joint French and Japanese yoke, our people were liter• ally bled white. The consequences were dire in the extreme. From Quang Tri up to

344 Appendix 2 345 the North, two millions of our countrymen died from starvation during the first months of this year. On March 9th, 1945, the Japanese disarmed the French troops. Again the French either fled or surrendered unconditionally. Thus, in no way have they proved capable of 'protecting' us; on the contrary, within five years they have twice sold our country to the Japanese. Before March 9th, many a time did the League invite the French to join in the fight against the Japanese. Instead of accepting this offer, the French, on the contrary, let loose a wild reign of terror with rigour worse than ever before against Viet Minh's partisans. They even slaughtered a great number of our 'con- damnes politiques' imprisoned at Yen Bay and Cao Bang. Despite all that, our countrymen went on maintaining, vis-a-vis the French, a humane and even indulgent attitude. After the events of March 9th, the Viet Minh League helped many French to cross the borders, rescued others from Japanese prisons and, in general, protected the lives and properties of all the French in their territory. In fact, since the autumn of 1940, our country ceased to be a French colony and became a Japanese possession. After the Japanese surrender, our people, as a whole, rose up and proclaimed their sovereignty and founded the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam. The truth is that we have wrung back our independence from Japanese hands and not from the French. The French fled, the Japanese surrendered. Emperor Bao Dai abdicated, our people smashed the yoke which pressed hard upon us for nearly one hundred years, and finally made our Viet Nam an independent country. Our people at the same time overthrew the monarchical regime established tens of centuries ago, and founded the Republic. For these reasons, we, the members of the Provisional Government representing the entire people of Viet Nam, declare that we shall from now on have no more connections with imperialist ; we consider null and void all the treaties France has signed concerning Viet Nam, and we hereby cancel all the privileges that the French arrogated to themselves on our territory. The , animated by the same common resolve, are determined to fight to the death against all attempts at aggression by the French imperialists. We are convinced that the Allies who have recognized the principles of equality of peoples at the Conferences of Teheran and cannot but recognize the Independence of Viet Nam. A people which has so stubbornly opposed the French domination for more than 80 years, a people who, during these last years, so doggedly ranged itself and fought on the Allied side against , such a people has the right to be free, such a people must be independent. For these reasons, we, the members of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam, solemnly declare to the world: 'Viet Nam has the right to be free and independent and, in fact, has become free and independent. The people of Viet Nam decide to mobilise all their spiritual and material forces and to sacrifice their lives and property in order to safeguard their right of Liberty and Independence.' Appendix 3 Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference on the Problem of Restoring Peace in Indo- (Geneva, 21 July 1954)

1. The Conference takes note of the Agreements ending hostilities in Cambodia, and Viet Nam and organising international control and the super• vision of the execution of the provisions of these Agreements. 2. The Conference expresses satisfaction at the ending of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam; the Conference expresses its conviction that the execution of the provisions set out in the present declaration and in the Agreements on the cessation of hostilities will permit Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam henceforth to play their part, in full independence and sovereignty, in the peaceful community of nations. 3. The Conference takes note of the declarations made by the Governments of Cambodia and of Laos of their intention to adopt measures permitting all citizens to take their place in the national community, in particular by participating in the next general elections, which, in conformity with the constitution of each of these countries, shall take place in the course of the year 1955, by secret ballot and in conditions of respect for fundamental freedoms. 4. The Conference takes note of the clauses in the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities in Viet Nam prohibiting the introduction into Viet Nam of foreign troops and military personnel as well as of all kinds of arms and munitions. The Conference also takes note of the declarations made by the Governments of Cambodia and Laos of their resolution not to request foreign aid, whether in war material, in personnel or in instructors except for the purpose of the effective defence of their territory and, in the case of Laos, to the extent defined by the agreements on the cessation of hostilities in Laos. 5. The Conference takes note of the clauses in the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities in Viet Nam to the effect that no military base under the control of a foreign state may be established in the regrouping zones of the two parties, the latter having the obligation to see that the zones allotted to them shall not consti• tute part of any military alliance and shall not be utilised for the resumption of hos• tilities or in the service of an aggressive policy. The Conference also takes note of the declarations of the Governments of Cambodia and Laos to the effect that they will not join in any agreement with other states if this agreement includes the obligation to participate in a military alliance not in conformity with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations or, in the case of Laos, with the principles of the Agreement of the cessation of hostilities in Laos or, so long as their security is not threatened, the obligation to establish bases on Cambodian or Laotian territory for the military forces of foreign Powers. 6. The Conference recognises that the essential purpose of the Agreement relating to Viet Nam is to settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities

346 Appendix 3 347 and that the military demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary. The Conference expresses its conviction that the execution of the provisions set out in the present declaration and in the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities creates the neces• sary basis for the achievement in the near future of a political settlement in Viet Nam. 7. The Conference declares that, so far as Viet Nam is concerned, the settle• ment of political problems, effected on the basis of respect for the principles of independence, unity and territorial integrity, shall permit the Vietnamese people to enjoy the fundamental freedoms, guaranteed by democratic institutions established as a result of free general elections by secret ballot. In order to ensure that sufficient progress in the restoration of peace has been made, and that all the nec• essary conditions obtain for free expression of the national will, general elections shall be held in July 1956, under the supervision of an international commission composed of representatives of the member states of the International Supervisory Commission, referred to in the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities. Consultations will be held on this subject between the competent representative authorities of the two zones from 20th July, 1955, onwards. 8. The provisions of the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities intended to ensure the protection of individuals and of property must be most strictly applied and must, in particular, allow everyone in Viet Nam to decide freely in which zone he wishes to live. 9. The competent representative authorities of the Northern and Southern zones of Viet Nam, as well as the authorities of Laos and Cambodia, must not permit any individual or collective reprisals against persons who have collaborated in any way with one of the parties during the war, or against members of such persons' families. 10. The Conference takes note of the declaration of the Government of the French Republic to the effect that it is ready to withdraw its troops from the terri• tory of Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam, at the request of the governments con• cerned and within periods which shall be fixed by agreement between the parties except in the cases where, by agreement between the two parties, a certain number of French troops shall remain at specified points and for a specified time. 11. The Conference takes note of the declaration of the French Government to the effect that for the settlement of all the problems connected with the re- establishment and consolidation of peace in Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam, the French Government will proceed from the principle of respect for the indepen• dence and sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam. 12. In their relations with Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam, each member of the Geneva Conference undertakes to respect the sovereignty, the independence, the unity and the territorial integrity of the above-mentioned states, and to refrain from any interference in their internal affairs. 13. The members of the Conference agree to consult one another on any ques• tion which may be referred to them by the International Supervisory Commission, in order to study such measures as may prove necessary to ensure that the Agreements on the cessation of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam are respected. Appendix 4 United States Declaration on Indochina: Statement made by Under Secretary of State Walter B. Smith at the concluding Indochina plenary session, 21 July 1954

As I stated on 18 July, my Government is not prepared to join in a declaration by the Conference such as is submitted. However, the United States makes this uni• lateral declaration of its position in these matters:

Declaration The Government of the United States being resolved to devote its effort to the strengthening of peace in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations takes note of the agreements concluded at Geneva on 20 and 21 July 1954 between (a) the Franco-Laotian Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam; (b) the Royal Khmer Army Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam; (e) Franco-Vietnamese Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam and of paragraphs 1 to 12 inclusive of the declaration presented to the Geneva Conference on 21 July, 1954 declares with regard to the aforesaid agreements and paragraphs that (i) it will refrain from the threat or the use of force to disturb them, in accordance with Article 2 (4) of the Charter of the United Nations dealing with the obligation of members to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force; and (ii) it would view any renewal of the aggression in violation of the aforesaid agreements with grave concern and as seriously threatening international peace and security. In connection with the statement in the declaration concerning free elections in Viet-Nam my Government wishes to make clear its position which it has expressed in a declaration made in Washington on 29 June, 1954, as follows: In the case of nations now divided against their will, we shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they are conducted fairly. With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Viet- Nam, the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in an arrangement which would hinder this. Nothing in its declaration just made is intended to or does indicate any departure from this traditional position. We share the hope that the agreements will permit Cambodia, Laos and Viet- Nam to play their part, in full independence and sovereignty, in the peaceful com• munity of nations, and will enable the peoples of that area to determine their own future.

348 Appendix 5 The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 (extracts)

The Congress makes the following findings:

(8) The United States cooperated with its European and other allies to assist the difficult transitions from Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Therefore, it is appropriate for those allies to cooperate with the United States policy to promote a peaceful transition in .

(a) CUBAN TRADING PARTNERS - The President should encourage the governments of countries that conduct with Cuba to restrict their trade and credit relations with Cuba in a manner consistent with the purposes of this title. (b) SANCTIONS AGAINST COUNTRIES ASSISTING CUBA - (1) SANCTIONS - The President may apply the following sanctions to any country that provides assistance to Cuba: (A) The government of such country shall not be eligible for assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 or assistance or sales under the Arms Export Control Act. (B) Such country shall not be eligible, under any program, for forgive• ness or reduction of debt owed to the United States Government. (2) DEFINITION OF ASSISTANCE - For purposes of paragraph (1), the term 'assistance to Cuba' - (A) means assistance to or for the benefit of the Government of Cuba that is provided by grant, concessional sale, guaranty, or insurance, or by any other means on terms more favorable than that generally available in the applicable market, whether in the form of a loan, lease, credit, or otherwise, and such term includes subsidies for exports to Cuba and favorable tariff treatment of articles that are the growth, product, or manufacture of Cuba;

(b) PROHIBITIONS ON VESSELS - (1) VESSELS ENGAGING IN TRADE - Beginning on the 61 st day after the date of the enactment of this Act, a vessel which enters a port or place in Cuba to engage in the trade of goods or services may not, within 180 days after departure from such port or place in Cuba, load or unload any freight at any place in the United States, except pursuant to a license issued by the Secretary of the Treasury. (2) VESSELS CARRYING GOODS OR PASSENGERS TO OR FROM CUBA - Except as specifically authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury, a vessel carry• ing goods or passengers to or from Cuba or carrying goods in which Cuba or a Cuban national has any interest may not enter a United States port.

349 Appendix 6 Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996 (extracts)

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS (a) Short Title - This Act may be cited as the 'Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996'. (b) Table of Contents. - The table of contents of this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Purposes. Sec. 4. Definitions. Sec. 5. Severability.

TITLE I - STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS AGAINST THE CASTRO GOVERNMENT

Sec. 101. Statement of policy. Sec. 102. Enforcement of the economic embargo of Cuba. Sec. 103. Prohibition against indirect financing of Cuba. Sec. 104. United States opposition to Cuban membership in international financial institutions. Sec. 105. United States opposition to termination of the suspension of the Cuban Government from participation in the Organization of American States. Sec. 106. Assistance by the independent states of the former for the Cuban Government. Sec. 107. Television broadcasting to Cuba. Sec. 108. Reports on commerce with, and assistance to, Cuba from other foreign countries. Sec. 109. Authorization of support for democratic and human rights groups and international observers. Sec. 110. Importation safeguard against certain Cuban products. Sec. 111. Withholding of foreign assistance from countries supporting Juragua nuclear plant in Cuba. Sec. 112. Reinstitution of family remittances and travel to Cuba. Sec. 113. Expulsion of criminals from Cuba. Sec. 114. News bureaus in Cuba. Sec. 115. Effect of Act on lawful United States Government activities. Sec. 116. Condemnation of Cuban attack on American aircraft.

350 Appendix 6 351 SEC. 102 ENFORCEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC EMBARGO OF CUBA (a) Policy (1) Restrictions by other countries. - The Congress hereby reaffirms section 1704(a) of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, which states that the President should encourage foreign countries to restrict trade and credit relations with Cuba in a manner consistent with the purposes of that Act. (2) Sanctions on other countries - The Congress further urges the President to take immediate steps to apply the sanctions described in section 1704(b)(1) of that Act against countries assisting Cuba. (b) Diplomatic Efforts. - The Secretary of State should ensure that United States diplomatic personnel abroad understand and, in their contacts with foreign officials, are communicating the reasons for the United States economic embargo of Cuba, and are urging foreign governments to cooperate more effec• tively with the embargo.

SEC. 103 PROHIBITION AGAINST INDIRECT FINANCING OF CUBA (a) Prohibition. - Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no loan, credit, or other financing may be extended knowingly by a United States national, a per• manent resident alien, or a United States agency to any person for the purpose of financing transactions involving any confiscated property the claim to which is owned by a United States national as of the date of the enactment of this Act, except for financing by the United States national owning such claim for a transac• tion permitted under United States law.

SEC. 104 UNITED STATES OPPOSITION TO CUBAN MEMBERSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (a) Continued Opposition to Cuban Membership in International Financial Institutions. - (1) In General - Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director of each international financial institution to use the voice and vote of the United States to oppose the admission of Cuba as a member of such institution until the President submits a determination under section 203(c)(3) that a democratically elected government in Cuba is in power.

(b) Reduction in United States Payments to International Financial Institutions. - If any international financial institution approves a loan or other assistance to the Cuban Government over the opposition of the United States, then 352 Appendix 6 the Secretary of the Treasury shall withhold from payment to such institution an amount equal to the amount of the loan or other assistance, with respect to either of the following types of payment: (1) The paid-in portion of the increase in capital stock of the institution. (2) The callable portion of the increase in capital stock of the institution.

(c) Definition. - For purposes of this section, the term 'international financial institution' means the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency, and the Inter-American Development Bank.

SEC. 105 UNITED STATES OPPOSITION TO TERMINATION OF THE SUSPENSION OF THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES The President should instruct the United States Permanent Representative to the Organization of American States to oppose and vote against any termination of the suspension of the Cuban Government from participation in the Organization until the President determines under section 203(c)(3) that a democratically elected government in Cuba is in power.

SEC. 106 ASSISTANCE BY THE INDEPENDENT STATES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION FOR THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT (a) Reporting Requirement - Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report detailing progress toward the withdrawal of personnel of any independent state of the former Soviet Union (within the meaning of section 3 of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5801), including advisers, technicians, and military personnel, from the Cienfuegos nuclear facility in Cuba.

SEC. 401 EXCLUSION FROM THE UNITED STATES OF ALIENS WHO HAVE CONFISCATED PROPERTY OF UNITED STATES NATIONALS OR WHO TRAFFIC IN SUCH PROPERTY (a) Grounds For Exclusion. - The Secretary of State shall deny a visa to, and the Attorney General shall exclude from the United States, any alien who the Secretary of State determines is a person who, after the date of the enactment of this Act- (1) has confiscated, or has directed or overseen the confiscation of, property a claim to which is owned by a United States national, or converts or has converted for personal gain confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national; Appendix 6 353

(2) traffics in confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national; (3) is a corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a controlling interest of an entity which has been involved in the confiscation of property or trafficking in confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national; or (4) is a spouse, minor child, or agent of a person excludable under paragraph (l),(2),or(3).

Note (by Geoff Simons): This Act, a massive and multifaceted attempt to interfere in the affairs not only of Cuba but of many other sovereign trading nations with the aim of securing a pro-Washington regime in Cuba, includes the words (Section 201(2)): "The policy of the United States is ... to recognise that the self-determination of the Cuban people is a sover• eign and national right of the citizens of Cuba which must be exercised free of interference by the government of any other country.' This risible self-contradiction may be judged an apt metaphor on all US claims to ethical commitment while pursuing untrammelled self-interest. The effects of sanctions on Cuba are now well documented. For example, the American Association for World Health recently issued a report on the consequences for health. A profile of the report {, , 7 March 1997) under the heading 'Children die in agony as US trade ban stifles Cuba', included various details:

Child cancer sufferers are some of the most distressing victims of the embargo, which bans Cuba from buying nearly half of the new world-class drugs in a market dominated by US manufacturers. The team visited a paediatric ward which had been without the nausea-preventing drug, metclopramide HC1, for 22 days. It found that 35 children undergoing chemotherapy were vomiting on average 28 to 30 times a day. Another girl, aged five, in a cancer ward lacking Implantofix for chemotherapy, was being treated through her jugular vein because all her other veins had collapsed. She was in excruciating pain. Appendix 7 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 23 September 1971) {extracts)

Article I

1. Any person commits an offence if he unlawfully and intentionally;

(a) performs an act of violence against a person on board an aircraft in flight if that act is likely to endanger the safety of that aircraft; or (b) destroys an aircraft in service or causes damage to such an aircraft which renders it incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger its safety in flight; or (c) places or causes to be placed on an aircraft in service, by any means what• soever, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft, or to cause damage to it which renders it incapable of flight, or to cause damage to it which is likely to endanger its safety in flight;

Article 6

1. Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any Contracting State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is present, shall take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his presence. The custody and other measures shall be as provided in the law of that State but may only be continued for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradition pro• ceedings to be instituted. 2. Such State shall immediately make a preliminary enquiry into the facts. 3. Any person in custody pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article shall be assisted in communicating immediately with the nearest appropriate representa• tive of the State of which he is a national. 4. When a State, pursuant to this Article, has taken a person into custody, it shall immediately notify the States mentioned in Article 5, paragraph 1, the State of nationality of the detained person and, if it considers it advisable, any other interested States of the fact that such person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant his detention. The State which makes the preliminary enquiry con• templated in paragraph 2 of this Article shall promptly report its findings to the said States and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction.

354 Appendix 7 355

Article 7

The Contracting State in the territory of which the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to its compe• tent authorities for the purpose of prosecution. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under the law of that State.

Article 8

1. The offences shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between Contracting States. Contracting States under• take to include the offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them. 2. If a Contracting State which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another Contracting State with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State. 3. Contracting States which do not make extradition conditional on the exist• ence of a treaty shall recognize the offences as extraditable offences between themselves subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

Author's comment: Note (Article 8(2)), with the wording 'at its option\ protects Libya's right not to extradite the two Lockerbie suspects to any country with which Libya does not have an extradition treaty. Libya, unlike the United States, has observed the relevant interna• tional law in this matter. Appendix 8 Letter from Archbishop Romero to President Carter (17 February 1980)

'Dear Mr President: A recent news item in the press has concerned me very much. According to the article, your administration is studying the possibility of backing the present government junta and giving it economic and military aid. Because you are a Christian and have said that you want to defend human rights, I take the liberty of expressing my pastoral point of view on this matter and of making a specific request. I am deeply disturbed over the news that the United States government is study• ing a way to accelerate 's by sending military teams and advisors to 'instruct three of El Salvador's batallions in logistics, communications and intelligence techniques'. If this information is true, the contribution of your administration, instead of favoring greater justice and peace in El Salvador will almost surely intensify the injustice and repression of the common people who are organized to struggle for respect of their most basic human rights. Unfortunately the present government junta, and especially the armed forces and security forces have not demonstrated any ability to solve structurally or in politi• cal practice our serious national problems. In general, they have only resorted to repressive violence and this has resulted in a much greater toll of dead and wounded than in previous military regimes whose systematic violation of human rights was denounced by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. The brutal way in which security forces recently evicted and assassinated persons who occupied the Christian Democratic Party headquarters, in spite of the fact that the government junta and the Party - it seems - did not authorize said operation, is evidence that the junta and the Christian Democrats do not govern the country. Rather, political power is in the hands of unscrupulous military personnel who only know how to repress the people and favor the interests of the Salvadoran oligarchy. There is a report that last November 'a team of six North Americans was in El Salvador. ... They also gave out some $200,000 worth of gas masks and bullet• proof vests. They also gave instructions on how to use them in riot control.' You should be informed that there is evidence to show that beginning then the security forces, with greater personal protection and efficiency, have repressed the people even more violently, using deadly weapons. Therefore, since I as a Salvadorean and archbishop of the San Salvador archdio• cese have the obligation to work for the reign of faith and justice in my country, I urge you, if you really want to defend human rights • To prohibit the giving of military assistance to the Salvadoran government. • To guarantee that your government will not intervene directly or indirectly with military, economic, diplomatic or other pressure to determine the fate of the Salvadoran people.

356 Appendix 8 357 We are going through a serious economic and political crisis in our country, but without doubt the people are more conscientized and organized and thereby are becoming agents responsible for the future of El Salvador and are the only ones capable of ending the crisis. It would be deplorable and unjust if by the intervention of foreign powers the Salvadoran people should be frustrated, repressed and hindered from deciding autonomously the economic and political course our country should follow. It would mean violating a right that we Latin American bishops meeting in Puebla publicly acknowledged - 'Legitimate self-determination for our peoples. This will permit them to organize their lives in accordance with their own genius and history and to cooperate in a new international order' (Puebla, 505). I hope your religious sentiments and your sensitivity for the defense of human rights will move you to accept my request and thereby avoid greater bloodshed in this long-suffering country.

Sincerely, Oscar A. Romero, archbishop, February 17, 1980.

Translated by Latinamerica Press, 6 March 1980. Notes

Notes to the Introduction

1. Robert Hughes, 'Art of anxiety', The Guardian (London), 18 October 1996. 2. Ole R. Holsti and James N. Rosenau, American Leadership in World Affairs: Vietnam and the Breakdown of Consensus (London: Allen and Unwin, 1984) p. 114. 3. Ibid. Holsti and Rosenau, examining 'continuity and change in American leadership beliefs', consider whether this process constitutes an end to the Vietnam Syndrome (pp. 180-215). 4. Ibid., p. 199. 5. Ibid., pp. 238-40. 6. Ibid., p. 240. 7. See Geoff Simons, The Scourging of : Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice (London: Macmillan, 1996). 8. Frederick Turner, The Frontier in American History (: Henry Holt, 1920). 9. Paul M. Kattenburg, The Vietnam Trauma in American Foreign Policy, 1945-75 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1982) p. 287. 10. Ibid. 11. James Adams, 'Chill breeze of scandal for Clinton', The Sunday Times (London), 27 October 1996. 12. Quoted in Ibid. 13. See, for example, Alexander and Ken Silverstein, Washington Babylon (London: Verso, 1996). 14. Christine Toomey, 'Blowtorch Bob casts dark shadow over Salvador poll', The Sunday Times (London), 20 March 1994. 15. Julian Borger, 'West "covering up mass fraud in Bosnia polls'", The Guardian (London), 24 September 1996. 16. Phil Gunson, ''s right hails poll victory', The Guardian (London), 22 October 1996. 17. David Hearst, 'How the East was won - and lost', The Guardian (London), 19 October 1996; James Meek, 'The Yeltsin trail of broken promises', The Guardian (London), 9 August 1996. 18. Chris McGreal, 'US paid Burundi coup leader', The Guardian (London), 28 July 1996. 19. Mark Milner, 'Master of the Universe', The Guardian (London), 7 August 1996. 20. Ibid. 21. Quoted in ibid. 22. See, for example, Kattenburg, op. cit, pp. 287-303. Broadly, in this view, the US was acting morally in Vietnam until the 1970s: '... the tag of immorality cannot validly attach to the US effort in Vietnam before 1968' (p. 297), but see Figure 4.1 in the present book.

358 Notes 359

23. See Jay W. Baird (ed.), From Nuremberg to My Lai (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1972). 24. 'Vietnam Veterans against the War', The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972) p. 2. 25. Ramsey Clark et ai, War Crimes: A Report on Against Iraq (Washington, D.C: Maisonneuve, Press, 1992).

Notes to Chapter 1: The Shaping of a Syndrome

1. Michael T. Klare and Peter Kornbluh (eds), in their Preface to Low Intensity Warfare: How the US Fights Wars without Declaring Them (London: Methuen, 1988), comment on how the 'Vietnam debacle' and other events show that other states 'cannot escape the domestic and interna• tional repercussions of Washington's ill-conceived approach to the complex issue of Third World diversity and challenge'. 2. Ibid. 3. Barbara W. Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (London: Michael Joseph, 1984), p. 374. 4. Quoted in ibid., p. 375. 5. J. William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power (London: Penguin Books, 1966) pp. 27-9. 6. Frank Snepp, Decent Interval: The American Debacle in Vietnam and the (London: Penguin Books, 1988) p. 469. 7. Ibid., p. 47'1. 8. Ibid., pp. 471-3. 9. Ibid., p. 473. 10. Ibid., p. 474. 11. David W. Levy, The Debate Over Vietnam (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), p. 177. 12. Snepp, op. cit., p. 489. 13. Levy, op. cit., p. 174. 14. Quoted in Stanley Kamow, Vietnam: A History (London: Pimlico, imprint of Random House, 1984) p. 16. 15. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, It Doesn't Take a Hero (London: Bantam, 1992) pp. 181, 182. 16. , Memoirs (London: Arrow Books, 1978) pp. 399-400, 402. 17. Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Times Books, a division of Random House, 1995) p. xvi. 18. Ibid. 19. Guy J. Pauker, 'An Essay on ', Rand Corporation, R604-ARPA, March 1971. 20. Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (London: Cassell, 1973) pp. 203-7. 21. Quoted in Tuchman, op. cit., p. 377. 22. Quoted in Kamow, op. cit., p. 29. 23. Scott Shepard, 'US tries to exorcise the ghosts of My Lai', The Guardian (London), 5 December 1994. 360 Notes

24. Martin Walker, 'Through a war darkly', The Guardian (London), 19 April 1995. 25. Ibid. 26. Quoted in Karnow, op. cit., p. 612. 27. James S. Olson and Randy Roberts, Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945 to 1990 (New York: St Martin's Press, 1991), p. 283. 28. Richard Nixon, No More (London: W. H. Allen, 1986) pp. 12-13. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid. 31. Levy, op. cit., p. xiii. 32. Snepp, op. cit., p. 419. 33. Paul M. Kattenburg, The Vietnam Trauma in American Foreign Policy, 1945-75 (New York: Transaction Books, 1982) pp. 69ff. 34. Snepp, op. cit., p. 479. 35. Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990 (London: HarperPerennial, 1991) pp. 328-9. 36. Ibid. 37. Quoted in Ibid. 38. 'The Decline of US Power', Business Week, 12 March 1979, p. 88. 39. Michael T. Klare, 'The Assault on the "Vietnam Syndrome"' (originally 'Curing the Vietnam Syndrome', , 13 October 1979), in Beyond the 'Vietnam Syndrome': US Interventionism in the 1980s (Washington, D.C: Institute for Policy Studies, 1982) p. 4. 40. James Schlesinger, 'A Testing Time for America', Fortune, February 1976, p. 6. 41. Ibid., pp. 74-7; and 'The Decline of US Power', Fortune, February 1976, p. 88. 42. Edwin P. Hoyt, Pacific Destiny (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981) pp. 280-1. 43. Nixon (1986), op. cit., p. 13. 44. Ibid. 45. Washington Post, 1 November 1969. 46. Prensa Libre, 4 October 1969. 47. Thomas and Marjorie Melville, - Another Vietnam? (London: Penguin Books, 1971) p. 23. 48. Richard J. Barnet, Foreword, in Klare, op. cit., pp. viii-ix. 49. Karl Grossman, Nicaragua: America's New Vietnam (Sag Harbor, New York: The Permanent Press, 1984) p. 1. 50. Ibid., pp. 1-2. 51. Marlene Dixon (ed.), On Trial: Reagan's War Against Nicaragua, Testimony of the Permanent People's Tribunal (London: Zed Books, 1985); Alison Rooper, Fragile Victory: Nicaraguan Community at War (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987). 52. 'The Crisis in Grenada', issued by The Press Department, Embassy of the Republic of Cuba, London; in The Guardian (London), 19 November 1983. 53. , 'El Salvador' (1982), in James Peck (ed.), The Chomsky Reader (London: Serpent's Tail, 1988), p. 349. 54. Quoted in Bob Woodward, The Commanders (London: Simon and Schuster, 1991) p. 307. Notes 361 55. Ibid., p. 324. 56. Ibid., p. 339. 57. Richard Dowden, 'Somalia clash puts US tactics under fire', The Independent (London), 14 December 1992. 58. Richard Dowden, 'Today's reluctant imperialists', The Independent (London), 9 March 1993. 59. Ibid. 60. Martin Walker, 'Mission impossible', The Guardian (London), 31 August 1993. 61. Rupert Cornwell, 'Clinton faces Somalia storm', The Independent (London), 6 October 1993. 62. Ibid. 63. Peter Pringle, 'Horror comes home', The Independent (London), 13 October 1993; , 'Rattled by foreign fiascos, Clinton turns on allies', The Independent (London), 19 October 1993; Simon Tisdall, 'Spectre of long conflict starts to rattle US', The Guardian (London), 11 September 1993. 64. James Adams, 'World's policeman gets ready to go home and shut up shop', The Sunday Times (London), 10 October 1993. 65. Massimo Alberizzi, 'US helicopters strafe Somalis', The Independent (London), 10 September 1993. 66. , The Invasion of , Granta 32 - History (London: Penguin Books, 1990); see also John Weeks and Phil Gunson, Panama: Made in the USA (London: Latin American Bureau, 1991). 67. Peter Pringle, 'Americans scupper Rwanda rescue', The Independent (London), 17 May 1994; Peter Pringle, 'America hampers dispatch of UN troops for Rwanda', The Independent (London), 18 May 1994; Richard Dowden, 'Don't blame the UN for an American mess', The Independent (London), 18 May 1994; Alec Russell, 'Memory of Somalia clouds visit by Perry', The Daily Telegraph (London), 1 August 1994. 68. 'Haiti at risk from the Somalia effect', The Independent (London), 13 October 1993; Larry Birns and John Nagel, 'Clinton hits a hard rock', The Guardian (London), 22 October 1993; Martin Walker, 'US tussles over Haiti', The Guardian (London), 11 October 1993; Mark Tran, 'Haitian mob keep US peacekeepers at sea', The Guardian (London), 12 October 1993; Michael Gordon, 'Americans asked to buy death-free war', The Guardian (London), 7 October 1994. 69. Ed Vulliamy, 'America's big strategic lie', The Guardian (London), 20 May 1996; James Adams and Marie Colvin, 'Threats unravel as West scrambles to save face', The Sunday Times (London), 23 July 1995. 70. Levy, op. cit., p. 172. 71. McNamara, op. cit., pp. 320-3. 72. Ibid., p. 324. 73. Bryan Appleyard, 'Defeated in war; victorious in therapy', The Independent (London), 12 April 1995. 74. Nixon (1986), op. cit., p. 225. 75. Ibid. 76. Ibid., p. 226. 77. Ibid., pp. 226-7. 362 Notes

78. Klare, op. cit., p. 2. 79. Quoted in The Defense Monitor, vol. iv, no. 7 (September 1975) p. 5. 80. Michael T. Klare, 'The Brown Doctrine: have RDF, will travel', The Nation, 8 March 1980; in Klare (1982), op. cit., p. 24. 81. Quoted in , 26 February 1979. 82. John Cassidy, 'Hawks and doves seek a window of opportunity', The Sunday Times (London), 26 August 1990. 83. Colin Hughes, 'Why Bush may have to go for a quick strike', The Independent (London), 21 August 1990. 84. Sara Helm, 'Bush invokes God's will in allied crusade', The Independent (London), 29 January 1991. 85. John Lichfield, 'Saddam's mistreatment of prisoners builds support for Bush', The Independent (London), 23 January 1991. 86. Simon Jones, 'Demonstrators in world-wide protests against allied attack', The Independent (London), 19 January 1991; Sam Kiley, 'Deserters swell anti-war chorus across the US', The Sunday Times (London), 28 October 1990.

Notes to Chapter 2: Vietnam - The Turbulent Past

1. Dang Noghiem Van, Chu Thai Son and Luu Hung, Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam (: the G101 Publishers, 1993). 2. Nguyen Khac Vien, Vietnam: A Long History (Hanoi: the G101 Publishers, 1993) pp. 7-8. 3. Ibid.,p.\0. 4. Ibid., p. 12. 5. Ibid.,p. 19. 6. Helen B. Lamb, Vietnam's Will to Live: Resistance to Foreign Aggression from Early Times Through the Nineteenth Century (New York and London: Press, 1972) p. 12. 7. Joseph Buttinger, The Smaller Dragon: A Political (New York: Praeger, 1958) p. 88. 8. Ibid., p. 89. 9. Ibid. 10. Rene Grousset, The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire (Berkeley, Cal., 1953) p. 60. 11. Buttinger, op. cit., p. 77. 12. Quoted by Nguyen Khac Vien, op. cit, p. 26; elsewhere (, Vietnam: A History (London: Century Publishing, 1983), p. 100) a different translation is quoted: 'I want to rail against the wind and the tide, kill the whales in the sea, sweep the whole country to save the people from , and I refuse to be abused.' 13. Jean Chesneaux, Contribution a I'histoire de la nation Vietnamienne (, 1955) p. 9. 14. Buttinger, op. cit., p. 141. 15. Walter J. Sheldon, Tigers in the Rice: The Story of Vietnam from Ancient Past to Uncertain Future (London: Crowell-Collier Press, 1969) pp. 21-2. Notes 363 16. Le Than Khoi, Le Viet-Nam, Histoire et Civilisation (Paris, 1955) p. 162. 17. Nguyen Khac Vien, op. cit, p. 43. 18. Quoted in ibid., p. 46. 19. Quoted in ibid., p. 49. 20. G. Maspero, Le Royaume de (Paris, 1931) pp. 199-218. 21. Quoted in David Marr, 'Vietnam's anti-colonial movements, the early years 1885-1925', (Ph.D. thesis, Berkeley, Cal. 1969), p. 32. 22. Quoted in Truong Buu Lam, Patterns of Vietnamese Response to Foreign Intervention, 1858-1900 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968) p. 57. 23. Ibid. 24. Nguyen Khanh and Nguyen Nghe, 'La pensee philosophique et soci- ologique depuis 1917', La Nouvelle Critique, 1962, p. 64. 25. Lamb, op. cit., pp. 29-31. 26. Nguyen Khac Vien, op. cit., p. 87. 27. Buttinger, op. cit., p. 161. 28. Ibid., p. 162. 29. D. G. E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (London: Macmillan, 1958) p. 175. 30. Chesneaux, op. cit., p. 59. 31. Alexander Barton Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Nguyen and Ching Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Harvard, Mass., 1971) p. 3. 32. Buttinger, op. cit., pp. 208-9. 33. Ibid., p. 219 (cites subsidiary sources). 34. George Taboulet, La Geste francaise en Indochine (Paris, 1955) p. 153. 35. Report to Governor-General of French Pondichery, 1778, cited in ibid., p. 159. 36. Quoted in Sheldon, op. cit., p. 42. 37. Taboulet, op. cit., p. 405. 38. Ibid., p. 438. 39. Ibid., p. 448. 40. Leopold Pallu de la Barriere, History of the 1861 Cochinchina Expedition, quoted in Nguyen Khac Vien (ed.), A Century of National Struggles (1847-1945) (Hanoi, 1970) p. 12. 41. F. Vial, in ibid., p. 13. 42. Lamb, op. cit., p. 98. 43. Hoang Van Chi, From Colonialism to : A Case History of (London: Pall Mall Press, 1964) pp. 14-26. 44. Nguyen Khac Vien (ed.), A Century of National Struggle (1847-1945) (Hanoi, 1970), pp. 98-102. 45. Ibid., pp. 103-4. 46. Experience in My Thuy Phuong, described in James Walker Trullinger, Village at War: An Account of Revolution in Vietnam (London: Longman, 1980) pp. 40-3. 47. Ibid. 48. Nguyen Khac Vien (ed.), op. cit., p. 131. 49. Instructions issued on 12 March 1945, from Breaking Our Chains, Documents of the Vietnamese Revolution of August 1945 (Hanoi, 1960). 364 Notes

50. , Selected Works (Hanoi, 1960-2) volume m, pp. 17-21. 51. F. S. V. Donnison, British Military Administration in the Far East, 1943-46 (London: HMSO) p. 406. 52. Robert Shaplen, The Lost Revolution, Vietnam 1945-1965 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1966) p. 7. 53. George Rosie, The British in Vietnam: How the Twenty-Five-Year War Began (London: Panther, 1970) p. 11. 54. Gareth Porter, Vietnam: A History of Documents, Telegraph from Acting Secretary of State Dean Acheson to Charge Walter Robertson in China, 5 October 1945, p. 38. 55. Rosie, op. cit., p. 54. 56. Ellen Hammer, The Struggle for Indo-China (Stanford University Press, 1954). 57. Ho Chi Minh, On Revolution: Selected Writings, 1920-66, speech delivered in the First Days of the Resistance War in (November 1945) (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967) pp. 158-9. 58. Quoted in Hammer, op. cit., p. 183. 59. Buttinger, op. cit., p. 454. 60. George McT. Kahin, Intervention, How America Became Involved in Vietnam (New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday, 1987) p. 8. 61. See Michael Gillen, 'Sailing into war: the American troopship movement to Vietnam in 1945', paper read at the Mid-South Sociological Association Convention, Birmingham, Alabama, 28 October 1983; cited with other sources in Kahin, op. cit., p. 435. 62. Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (HarperPerennial, 1991) pp. 33-5.

Notes to Chapter 3: United States - The Road to

1. W. E. Washburn, Red Man's Land, White Man's Law (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971) p. 33. 2. Benjamin B. Ringer, 'We the People' and Others: Duality and America's Treatment of Its Racial Minorities (New York: Tavistock Publications, 1983) p. 121. 3. Washburn, op. cit., p. 36. 4. Ibid., p. 31. 5. Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World, American Culture: The Formative Years (London: Chatto and Windus, 1965) p. 59; cites subsidiary sources. 6. Maud W. Goodwin, Dutch and English on the Hudson (Chronicles of America) (New Haven, Conn., 1919). 7. Washburn, op. cit., p. 55. 8. Ibid., p. 54. 9. Murray L. Wax, Indian-Americans: Unity and Diversity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971) pp. 46-7. 10. Steve Talbot, Roots of Oppression: The American Indian Question (New York International Publishers, 1981) p. 40. Notes 365

11. Clark Wissler, Indians of the United States (New York: Doubleday, 1966) p. 286. 12. Richard Erdoes, The Sun Dance People (New York: Random House, 1972) p. 125. 13. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (London: Pan Books, 1975) p. 6. 14. Quoted in Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (London: Longman, 1980) p. 15. 15. Gloria Jahoda, The Trail of Tears: The American Indian Removals 1813-1855 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1976). 16. Edward S. Ellis, The History of Our Country (Indianapolis, 1900) vol. 6, p. 1483. 17. Clarence Cramer, American Enterprise: The Rise of US Commerce (London: Paul Elek, 1972) p. 49. 18. A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero and Stanley Leathes (eds), The Cambridge Modem History, vol. vn: The United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1904) p. 19. 19. Hugh Brogan, History of the United States of America (London: Longman, 1985) p. 55. 20. Ringer, op. cit., p. 119. 21. F. J. Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920). 22. J. R. Pole, The Pursuit of Equality in American History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978) pp. 160, 296. 23. Ibid., p. 291. 24. W. R. Jacobs, Dispossessing the American Indian (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972) p. 110. 25. Jones, op. cit., p. 55. 26. Ibid., p. 57. 27. Michael Kraus, Immigration: The American Mosaic, From Pilgrim to Modern Refugees (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1966) p. 38. 28. Beth Day, Sexual Life Between Blacks and Whites (London: Collins, 1972) pp. 36-7. 29. H. Von Hoist, The Constitutional and Political History of the United States (, 1876) vol. ii, p. 230. 30. F. W. Newman, Anglo-Saxon Abolition of Negro Slavers (London, 1889) p. 54. 31. The Society expelled fewer than 4,000 blacks out of a population of around 300,000 free negroes in the United States. In 1830 there were 2 million slaves in the US, with the number increasing by half a million every 10 years. 32. There were significant slave revolts in the United States, though they were less frequent than those in the Caribbean or in . In 1811 some 400 to 500 slaves gathered near New Orleans to march in protest. The US Army and militia killed 66 on the spot, with 16 later tried and then shot by firing squad. 33. See, for example, Wyn Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987). 34. Quoted in ibid., p. 11. 366 Notes

35. Quoted in ibid., pp. 11-12. 36. Ho Chi Minh, 'Lynching', La Correspondence Internationale (Paris), no. 59, 1924; reprinted in Bernard B. Fall (ed.), Ho Chi Minh: On Revolution (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967) pp. 43-7. 37. Ibid., pp. 44-5. 38. Examples given in John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (London: Faber and Faber, 1986) chapter 4, pp. 77-93. 39. M. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed: Politics and the Japanese Evacuation (Chicago, 111.: The Press, 1949) p. 65. 40. US Army, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army (1943), Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942, p. 34. 41. Ibid. 42. Lynn Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor: The Story of the (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1990) p. 49. 43. Robert Louis Stevenson, The Amateur Emigrant (London: Chatto and Windus, 1895) pp. 130, 131. 44. Pan, op. cit., p. 93. 45. Shih-shan Henry Tsai, The Chinese Experience in America (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1986) p. 68. 46. Pan, op. cit., p. 95. 47. Ibid. 48. Michael C Sandusky, America's Parallel (Alexandria, Va: Old Dominion Press, 1983) p. 333. 49. Quoted by Zinn, op. cit., pp. 291-2. 50. Quoted by Dower, op. cit., p. 151. 51. Brian McAllister Linn, The US Army and in the Philippine War, 1899-1902 (The University of North Carolina Press, 1989) pp. 57-8, 83; cites subsidiary sources. 52. Ibid., p. 145. 53. Ibid., cites subsidiary sources. 54. Richard J. Welch, 'American Atrocities in the Philippines: The Challenge and the Response', Pacific Historical Review, no. 4 (May 1974) pp. 233-53. 55. Linn, op. cit., p. 145; cites subsidiary source. 56. Ibid., p. 155; cites subsidiary source. 57. Quoted by Zinn, op. cit., p. 308. 58. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian (Sphere Books, London, 1991) pp. 163-93; D. F. Fleming, The and Its Origins 1917-1960, vol. 1: 1917-1950 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1961) pp. 20-31. 59. Edward S. Miller, War Plan Orange: The US Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897-1945 (Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute 1991). 60. Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in and the Struggle for Peace (Boston: South End Press, 1985) p. 157. 61. Edward Westermarck, Christianity and Morals (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, 1939) p. 273. 62. H. Latimer, Works (Cambridge, 1844) vol. I, p. 478. 63. R. Baxter, A Christian Dictionary: A Sumni of Practical Theologie and Cases of Conscience (London, 1677), vol. iv, p. 225. Notes 367 64. E. Barker, National Character and the Factors in its Formation (London, 1927) p. 209. 65. G. Berkeley, Works (Oxford, 1871) vol. m, p. 387. 66. Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1962) p. 321. 67. Jahoda, op. cit., p. 75. 68. See Gustavus Myers, History of the Great American Fortunes (New York: Random House, 1937) for a wealth of detail in this area. 69. Talbot, op. cit., p. 107. 70. Cramer, op. cit., p. 646. 71. Harvey Wasserman, History of the United States (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows 1988) p. 64. 72. Quoted by Myers, op. cit., p. 81. 73. Quoted by Wasserman, op. cit., p. 73. 74. Quoted by Zinn, op. cit. p. 221. 75. Quoted in ibid., p. 243. 76. Charles Higham, Trading with the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949 (London: Robert Hale, 1983). 77. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (London: Hutchinson) p. 583. 78. US Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, October 1969. 79. Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins (New York: Harper, 1948) p. 303. 80. New York Times, 24 July 1941. 81. Sherwood, op. cit., p. 301. 82. Foster Rhea Dulles, The Road to Teheran (Princeton, 1944) p. 232. 83. Western Daily Press, 22 February 1943; quoted in Angus Calder, The People's War (London: Panther, 1971) p. 401. 84. Calder, ibid., p. 402. 85. Herbert Mitgang, Dangerous Dossiers (New York: Donald I. Fine, 1988). 86. Christopher Simpson, Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988); David Cesarani, Justice Delayed: How Britain Became a Refuge for Nazi War Criminals (London: Heinemann, 1992). 87. Herbert Feiss, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin (London: Oxford University Press, 1957) p. 596. 88. Fleming, op. cit., p. 270. 89. Howard K. Smith, The State of Europe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949) pp. 242-4. 90. Trygve Lie, In the Cause of Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1954) p. 98. 91. Fleming, op. cit., p. 436. 92. James P. Warburg, Put Yourself in Marshall's Place (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1948) pp. 12,46. 93. Fleming, op. cit., p. 437. 94. Ibid., p. 441. 95. Stephen E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938 (London: Penguin Books, 1988) p. 93. 96. Sallie Pisani, The CIA and the (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991) p. 81. 97. Ibid., p. 82. 368 Notes

98. Frank Wisner, correspondence, reproduced by John Loftus, The Balarus Secret (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982) pp. 102-3. 99. Simpson, op. cit., p. 245.

Notes to Chapter 4: Vietnam - A War at Home

1. There are many histories of the . See, for example, Michael Maclear, Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War (London: Thames Methuen, 1981); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: The Full Story of the US Involvement in Vietnam from Roosevelt to Nixon (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1971); Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (London: HarperPerennial, 1991); Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (London: Century Publishing, 1983). 2. Quoted in Michael D. Shafer, Deadly Paradigms: The Failure of US Counter-insurgency Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) p. 217. 3. Cited in George McT. Kahin, Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1987) p. 78. 4. There are suggestions that Washington doubted that Diem was up to the task (see Chester L. Cooper, op. cit., p. 129). 5. Quoted in Young, op. cit., p. 45. 6. Ibid., p. 46. 7. I am indebted to the useful legal analysis in American Policy vis-a-vis Vietnam, produced by the Lawyers Committee on American Policy Towards Vietnam, New York; inserted into the Congressional Record by Senators Wayne Morse and Ernest Gruening on 23 September 1965. 8. Ibid., p. 23. 9. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change: The White House Years, 1953-1956 (London, 1963) p. 372. 10. L. Fletcher Prouty, JFK: The CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy (New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1992) p. 79. 11. Quoted in Young, op. cit., pp. 60-1. 12. Quoted in Jeffrey Race, War Comes to Long An: Revolutionary Conflict in a Vietnamese Province (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1973) pp. 25, 26. 13. Ibid., p. 67. 14. Young, op. cit., p. 53. 15. Ibid., p. 54. 16. 'Viet Cong Motivation and Morale in 1964: A Preliminary Report', RAND RM450713, March 1965, pp. 27, 29. 17. See, for example, Noam Chomsky, Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and US Political Culture (London: Verso, 1993); , Hedrick Smith, E. W. Kenworthy and Fox Butterfield, Papers (New York: Bantam, 1971), chapter 3 (The Kennedy Years: 1961-1963' - Smith), pp. 79-157; Prouty, op. cit., chapter 17 ('JFK's plan to end the Vietnam warfare'), pp. 246-65. 18. Prouty, op. cit., pp. 145-51. Notes 369 19. Draft Memorandum for the President from the Office of Secretary of Defense McNamara, 19 May 1967, headed 'Future Actions in Vietnam'; in The , op. cit., pp. 577-85. 20. , Vietnam: Inside Story of the Guerrilla War (New York: International Publishers, 1965). 21. Maclear, op. cit., p. 246. 22. Cited in ibid., p. 247. 23. Ibid. 24. Harrison E. Salisbury, Behind the Lines - Hanoi (New York: Bantam, 1967) pp. 74-5. 25. Gerard Chaliand, The Peasants of North Vietnam (London: Penguin, 1969) pp. 66-7. 26. Ibid., p. 61. 27. , Viet Cong: The Organisation and Techniques of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Cambridge, Mass.; MIT Press, 1966) p. 210. 28. Ibid., p. 213. 29. Michael Lee and Dan Cragg, Inside the VC and the NVA: The Real Story of North Vietnam's Armed Forces (New York: Ballantine Books, Random House, 1992) pp. 1-15. 30. Joint United States Public Affairs Office, Saigon, 'Out of Rice, Ammunition and Bandages: Notes of a VC Veteran', Vietnam Documents and Research Notes, Document no. 13 (January 1968) pp. 1-7; cited in ibid., pp. 5-8. 31. Cited in ibid., pp. 10-11. 32. See, for example, David Chanoff and Doan Van Toai, Portrait of the Enemy: The Other Side of the War in Vietnam (London: Tauris, 1986); Truong Nhu Tang, Journal of a Vietcong (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986). 33. Michael C Sandusky, America's Parallel (Alexandria, Va.; Old Dominion Press, 1983) p. 333. 34. The US Imperialists Started the (Pyongyang, : Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1977) pp. 230-1. 35. Kathleen Gough, Ten Times More Beautiful: The Rebuilding of Vietnam (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978) pp. 39-55. 36. Ibid., p. 50. 37. Quoted in Myra MacPherson, Long Time Passing: Vietnam and the Haunted Generation (London: Sceptre, Hodder and Stoughton, 1988) p. 567. 38. Ibid., p. 570. 39. Ibid., pp. 595-6. 40. Ibid., pp. 597-602. 41. Seymour M. Hersh exposed the My Lai cover-up - which won him a Pulitzer Prize; see Hersh, My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and its Aftermath (1970), and Cover-Up: The Army's Secret Investigation of the Massacre at My Lai 4 (1972) (both Random House, New York); see also Michael Bilton and Kevin Sim, Four Hours in My Lai (London: Viking, 1972). 42. Ibid., pp. 109-40. 43. Quoted by Hersh (1970), op. cit. 44. Martha Gellhorn, The View from the Crowd (London: Granta Books, 1990) pp. 311-12. 370 Notes 45. Ibid., p. 312. 46. Martha Hess (ed.), Then the Americans Came: Voices from Vietnam (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1993) p. 19. 47. Ibid., pp. 84-5. 48. Ibid., pp. 133-4: one of the several testimonies from Son My (My Lai). 49. Ibid., p. 140. 50. Ibid., p. 142. 51. Michael McClintock, 'American doctrine and counterinsurgent state terror', in Alexander George (ed.), Western State Terror (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991) p. 138; cites subsidiary sources. 52. Army Concept Team, Vietnam, 'Employment of a Group', pp. F-12, F-13, Annex F, 'Counterguerrilla Operations in Border Surveillance', to LOI 1 (1 January 1965); cited in ibid., p. 139. 53. Young, op. cit., p. 213. 54. 'Military intelligence and the ', statement of K. Barton Osborne, Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, 92nd Congress, 1st Session, 15 July-2 August 1971. 55. Karnow, op. cit., p. 602. 56. Quoted in ibid. 57. Bilton and Sim, op. cit., p. 89. 58. Peter Macdonald, Giap: The Victor in Vietnam (London: Fourth Estate, 1993) p. 305. 59. Ibid., p. 306. 60. 'The Slaughter of Dail Lai', in Chaliand, op. cit., pp. 180-98. 61. Ibid., pp. 183-5. 62. 'Incendiary Weapons', a SITPRO (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) Monograph (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1975) pp. 153-4. 63. Frank Harvey, Air War - Vietnam (New York: Bantam, 1967) pp. 56-7. 64. John Cookson and Judith Nottingham, A Survey of Chemical and Biological Warfare (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969) p. 17. 65. Quoted in ibid., p. 25. 66. Quoted in ibid., p. 29. 67. Quoted in ibid., pp. 32-3. 68. 'Assessment of Ecological Effects of Extensive Use of Herbicides', Pentagon, United States, February 1968. 69. Young, op. cit., pp. 325-6. 70. MacPherson, op. cit., pp. 691^4. 71. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 697. 72. Kahin, op. cit., p. 404. 73. Ibid., p. 405. 74. See discussion in Cookson and Nottingham, op. cit., pp. 308-12. 75. For example, the International War Crimes Tribunal established by Bertrand Russell, see Russell, War Crimes in Vietnam (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1967); The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972); US War Crimes in Vietnam (Hanoi, 1968). Notes 371 Notes to Chapter 5: United States - A War Abroad

1. , Winners and Losers: Battles, Retreats, Gains, Losses and Ruins from the Vietnam War (New York: Penguin Books, 1985) pp. 58-9. 2. Ibid., p. 58. 3. Ibid., p. 59. 4. Richard Severo and Lewis Milford, The Wages of Fear: When America's Soldiers Came Home -from Valley Forge to Vietnam (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989) p. 350. 5. Robert Jay Lifton, Home from the War, Vietnam Veterans: Neither Victims Nor Executioners (London: Wildwood House, 1974) p. 42. 6. Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972) p. 5. 7. Ibid., p. 6. 8. William J. Lederer, The Anguished American (London: Victor Gollancz, 1969) pp. 20-7. 9. Ibid., p. 29. 10. Ibid., p. 26. 11. Ibid., p. 95. 12. Ibid., pp. 111-12. 13. Quotations given in Lifton, op. cit., pp. 36-7,40. 14. Cited in Emerson, op. cit., pp. 65-6. 15. Myra MacPherson, Long Time Passing: Vietnam and the Haunted Generation (London: Sceptre, Hodder and Stoughton, 1988) p. 393. 16. M. Baskir and William A. Strauss, Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978). 17. Ibid. 18. David Surrey, Chance of Conscience: Vietnam Era Military and Draft Resistors in Canada (South Hadley, Mass.: J. F. Bergen, Praeger Special Studies, 1982). 19. Baskir and Strauss, op. cit. 20. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 397. 21. Life, 10 October 1969. 22. See, for example, MacPherson, op. cit., pp. 415-45. 23. Quoted in Emerson, op. cit., pp. 99-101. 24. See, for example, testimonies in Michael Lee Lanning and Dan Cragg, Inside the VC and the NVA: The Real Story of North Vietnam's Armed Forces (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992) pp. 253-78. 25. Murray Polner, No Victory Parades: The Return of the Vietnam Veteran (London: Orbach and Chambers, 1972). 26. Lifton, op. cit., p. 36. 27. Martin Gershen, Destroy or Die: The True Story of Mylai (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971) p. 43. 28. Lifton, op. cit., p. 55. 29. Ibid., p. 56. 30. As, for example, those collated in The Winter Soldier Investigation, op. cit., where 79 men with direct personal knowledge of the war related their experiences. 372 Notes 31. All quotations from The Winter Soldier Investigation, op. cit., 32. Ibid. 33. Stanley Goff, Robert Sanders and Clark Smith, Brothers: Black Soldiers in the NAM (Novato, Cal., Presidio Press, 1982) p. ix. 34. The Winter Soldier Investigation, op. cit., p. 17. 35. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 654. 36. Wallace Terry, 'Bringing the War Home', in Clyde Taylor (ed.), Vietnam and Black America: An Anthology of Protest and Resistance (Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday, 1973). 37. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 664. 38. Wallace Terry, op. cit. 39. Quoted in MacPherson, op. cit., p. 673. 40. Quoted in Gerald Gill, 'Black soldiers' perspective on the war', Indochina Newsletter, January/February 1984, No. 25; reprinted in Walter Capps (ed.), The Vietnam Reader (London: Routledge, 1990) pp. 173-85. 41. Ibid., pp. \14-15. 42. Wallace Terry, op. cit., pp. 200-19. 43. Quoted, with subsidiary sources, by Gill, op. cit., p. 180. 44. Douglas Martinez and Manuel Gomez, 'Chicanos and Vietnam', in Capps (ed.), op. cit., pp. 186-90; first appeared as 'Hispanics on the Battlefield' (Martinez, The Nation, September/October 1978) and 'I am my brother' (Gomez, La Raza Magazine, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 16). 45. Discussed in Thomas M. Holm, Armed Forces and Society, vol. 12, no. 2 (Winter 1986) pp. 237-51; also in Capps (ed.), op. cit., pp. 191-204. 46. Capps (ed.), op. cit., p. 192. 47. Ibid., p. 194. 48. Ibid., p. 195. 49. See Caroline Page, US Official Propaganda during the Vietnam War, 1965-1973 (London: Leicester University Press, 1996); George C. Herring, LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994) chapter 5, 'Management of Public Opinion', pp. 121-50. 50. Herring, op. cit., pp. 125-6. 51. Brian VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 54. 52. Kathleen J. Turner, Lyndon Johnson's Dual War: Vietnam and the Press (Chicago, 111.: University of Chicago Press,) pp. 61-2, 106, 138-39. 53. Herring, op. cit., pp. 132-3. 54. Ibid., p.\31. 55. Ibid., p. 142. 56. Paul Dean, 'The Role of the Press', in Capps (ed.), op. cit., p. 231. 57. Tom Hayden, Reunion (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989) p. 198. 58. Quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (London: HarperPerennial, 1991) p. 192. 59. See, for example, Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era (New York: New York University Press, 1993). 60. Jack Langguth, The New York Times, 5 June 1965. 61. Charles Mohr, The New York Times, 5 September 1965. 62. Quoted by Young, op. cit., p. 201. Notes 373 63. Thomas Powers, Vietnam: The War at Home (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984) p. 171. 64. Rights in Conflict, The Walker Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (New York: Bantam Books, 1968). The report is based on 3,437 statements of eyewitnesses (including 2,017 made available by the FBI), 180 hours of motion picture film, more than 12,000 still photographs and thousands of news accounts. 65. Ibid., pp. 129-285. 66. Hay den, op. cit., pp. 338-411. 67. Richard Nixon, Memoirs (London: Arrow, 1978) pp. 398-401. 68. Quoted in ibid., p. 401. 69. Ibid., p. 403. 70. Ibid., pp. 412-13. 71. James A. Michener, Kent State: What Happened and Why (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1971). 72. Ibid., p. vii. 73. Nixon, op. cit., pp. 492-3. 74. Ibid., p. 491. 75. Emerson, op. cit., p. 42. 76. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 116. 77. Ibid., pp. 415-71. 78. Quoted by Severo and Milford, op. cit., p. 357. 79. Ibid., pp. 360-417. 80. Paul Sgroi, 'To Vietnam and Back', in Capps (ed.), op. cit., pp. 26-32; an essay written as 'an open letter to myself, to those who know me, and to the students' of the Santa Barbara class at the University of California where he was an auditor. In 1985 he visited the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington. In 1987 he killed himself. 81. Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative Adjustment of Veterans and their Peers: A Study, conducted for the Veterans Administration, 5 volumes (Centre for Policy Research, New York, March 1981); see also MacPherson, op. cit., pp. 331-46.

Notes to Chapter 6: Options and Issues

1. Bruce W. Nelan, 'Lessons from the lost war', Time, 24 April 1995, p. 50. 2. The Military Balance 1996-97 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1996). 3. Lewis H. Lapham, Money and Class in America: Notes on the Civil Religion (London: Pan Books, 1989) p. 37. 4. Ibid., p. 46. 5. John Carlin, 'Dole or Clinton, the dollar will win', Independent on Sunday (London), 11 August 1996. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Quoted in Alexander Cockburn and Ken Silverstein, Washington Babylon (London: Verso, 1996) p. 67. 374 Notes 9. Carlin, op. cit. 10. Quoted in The Independent (London), 13 October 1990. 11. Andrew Sullivan, 'Life, liberty, no happiness', The Sunday Times (London), 4 February 1996. 12. Cockburn and Silverstein, op. cit., p. 251. 13. Martin Walker, 'Clinton soft on Asian hard cash', The Observer (London), 13 October 1996; Stephen Robinson, 'Fresh allegations of illegal funding threaten Clinton', The Daily Telegraph (London), 22 October 1996. Here it is alleged that wealthy Indonesians have been allowed to sit in on US trade discussions and to glean information on US attitudes to human-rights viola• tions in East Timor. 14. Such contributions include (according to the Centre for Public Integrity): $459,273 from Lew Wasserman, former MCA Chairman; $437,240 from Steven Grossman, President of the American Public Affairs Committee; $389,000 from David Geffen, co-founder of DreamWorks; $236,000 from Steven Spielberg, Hollywood director. 15. Daniel Robinson and Tom Stevenson, 'Markets set for fresh turmoil over US job figures', The Independent (London), 6 April 1996; Rupert Cornwell and Diane Coyle, 'US jobs surge sparks fear of rate rise', The Independent (London), 8 June 1996; Mark Tran and Sarah Ryle, 'Rate fears rattle US traders', The Guardian (London), 6 July 1996; Mark Tran, 'Shares surge as US unemployment jumps up', The Guardian (London), 4 February 1995. These reports all signal the dismay in the financial markets at any sugges• tion of a serious drop in the unemployment figures. 16. John Kenneth Galbraith, 'The war against the poor', The Observer (London), 29 September 1996. 17. John Carlin, 'How to profit from the poor', Independent on Sunday (London), 29 September 1996. 18. Quoted in Jonathan Freedland, 'Child victims of the American Dream', The Guardian (London), 4 June 1996. 19. Leonard Doyle, 'Homeless create a stink in New York', The Independent (London), 7 November 1990. 20. John Lichfield, 'Silencing the poor of America', The Independent (London), 1 October 1993. 21. Ibid. 22. Edward Helmore, 'Children of Bronx await Clinton cut', The Observer (London), 4 August 1996. 23. Charles Murray, 'An American caste system', The Independent (London), 22 July 1991. 24. 'A world apart', The Economist (London), 30 March 1991, pp. 21-3. 25. In late 1994 a film, The Excludables, by the independent film-maker Estela Bravo, revealed how some of the Cuban refugees had been treated by the US authorities. Many were held at the Atlanta federal penitentiary, and were beaten and used in drug experiments. One Cuban was tied to a bed for 72 hours while drugs were administered. The prison doctor, Bolivar Martineau, interviewed in the film, commented: 'The whole prison was a ... social lab- Notes 375 oratory. It was just fabulous.' (See Ana Berbeo, 'Film depicts plight of Cubans held in US jails', Militant (New York), 24 November 1994, p. 13.) 26. United States of America: Human rights violations: a summary of Amnesty International's concerns, March 1995, AMR 51/25/95; United States of America: Allegations of Police in Chicago, Illinois, December 1990, AMR/51/42/90; United States of America: Torture, ill-treatment and excessive force by police in , California, June 1992, AMR 51/76/92. 27. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology has published articles on positional asphyxia in recent years. See also USA: Human Rights Violations, op. cit., pp. 10-11. 28. Martha Gellhorn, 'Open arms for the Vietcong', in The Face of War (London: Sphere Books, 1967) pp. 233-6. 29. Martha Gellhorn, 'Real war and the war of words', in ibid., pp. 243-9. 30. Ibid., p. 244. 31. Ibid., p. 248. 32. Quoted in Sandy Gall, Don't Worry about the Money Now (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982) pp. 168-9. 33. , The Powers that Be (London: Chatto and Windus, 1979) pp. 39^0. 34. Ibid., pp. 429-30. 35. Ibid., pp. 452-3. 36. Ibid., p. 412. 37. Ibid., pp. 488-9. 38. Quoted in ibid., p. 490. 39. Ibid., pp. 490-1. 40. Quoted in New York Times, 30 October 1985. 41. , news conference, transcript in New York Times, 25 March 1977. 42. Christian Science Monitor, 24 August 1988. 43. Terry Anderson, 'The light at the end of the tunnel', Diplomatic History, Fall, 1988. 44. Ibid. 45. Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies (Pluto Press, 1989) p. 37. 46. Cockburn and Silverstein, op. cit., p. 8. 47. Quoted in ibid. 48. Clare Hollingworth, The Sunday Telegraph (London), 30 April 1995. 49. Anthony Lewis, 'Paper tigers are tame no more', The Guardian (London), 11 June 1990. 50. Frederick Kempe, 'The Noriega Files', Newsweek, 15 January 1990, p. 25. 51. Simon Tisdall, 'Noriega defence to call Reagan man', The Guardian (London), 16 December 1991; David Adams, 'CIA agent tells court Noriega was US asset', The Independent (London), 4 March 1992. 52. Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal, 'Diplomacy preferred to armed force', The Guardian (London), 6 December 1992. 53. Mark Huband, 'Operation Disaster born out of lie', The Observer (London), 12 December 1993. 376 Notes

54. Duncan Campbell and Richard Norton-Taylor, ' "US involved" in death of WPC at Libyan embassy', The Guardian (London), 9 April 1996; Paul Foot, 'Official bluster and a load of ballistics', The Guardian (London), 20 May 1996. 55. 'The United States has made the world believe that the report condemns Cuba and that the ICAO has assumed that position', press conference given by Ricardo Alarcon, president of the Cuba parliament and head of the delegation to the ICAO (24 June 1996), Granma International (Havana), 10 July 1996, pp. 4-8; Javier Rodriguez, 'United States conceals from UN the real results of the ICAO meeting', Granma International (Havana), 17 July 1996. 56. Julian Borger, ' "Corners cut" in race to stage Bosnia polls', The Guardian (London), 6 September 1996; Julian Borger, 'West "covering up mass fraud in Bosnia polls'", The Guardian (London), 24 September 1996. 57. Michael T. Klare and Peter Kornbluh (eds), Low Intensity Warfare: How the USA Fights Wars without Declaring Them (London: Methuen, 1989). 58. Ibid., p. vii. 59. , Out of Control (London: Bloomsbury, 1988) p. 26. 60. Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987) pp. 396-7. 61. Stansfield Turner, testimony before House Subcommittee on Western Hemispheric Affairs, Washington, 16 April 1985. 62. Geoff Simons, Cuba: From Conquistador to Castro (London: Macmillan, 1996) pp. 298-303. 63. Penny Lernoux, Cry of the People (London: Penguin Books, 1980) p. xxiii. 64. Ibid., p. 151. 65. The Nation, 31 March 1995; The Guardian (London), 1 April 1995; Rupert Cornwell, 'CIA to act in Guatemala abuses', The Independent (London), 30 September 1995. 66. James Adams, 'CIA admits its agents trained secret Honduran death squad', The Sunday Times (London), 8 October 1995. 67. Patrick Cockburn, 'CIA "funded Haitian drugs operations'", The Independent (London), 15 November 1993; Tim Weiner, 'Haiti military "worked as CIA agents'", The Guardian (London), 2 November 1993. 68. Quoted in Patrick Cockburn, 'Clinton backed Baghdad bombers', The Independent (London), 26 March 1996. 69. Quoted in ibid. 70. Quoted in ibid. 71. Victoria Brittain, 'West leaves Afghan women to fate', The Guardian (London), 12 October 1996. 72. Quoted in New York Times, 21 September 1996. 73. The Clinton administration has continued to develop the decades-long prac• tice, first employed by the CIA in late-1940s Europe, of using espionage organisations to gather business and political data. For example, see James Risen, 'Clinton aims CIA against foreign trade rivals', The Guardian (London), 25 July 1995. 74. Woodrow Wilson's Case for the League of Nations, compiled with his approval by Hamilton Foley (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1932) pp. 67,71,72. Notes 311

75. Evans Clark (ed.), Boycotts and Peace, a report by the Committee of Economic Sanctions (New York: Harper and Row, 1923) p. 21. 76. See Simons, op. cit., pp. 4-47, for a description of the impact of economic sanctions on Cuba. 77. See Geoff Simons, Libya: The Struggle for Survival (2nd ed, London: Macmillan, 1996) pp. 30-88; Geoff Simons, The Scourging of Iraq: Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice (London: Macmillan, 1996). Marc Weller, Research Fellow in International Law at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, discussing the passing of Security Council resolutions against Libya, notes that the claimant states (principally Washington) 'had to extend considerable political capital and goodwill in the Security Council, bullying fellow members to obtain the necessary votes, and enraging many non members who keenly observed this spectacle' (see Weller, 'The Lockerbie case: a premature end to the "New World Order"?', African Journal of International and Comparative Law, no. 4, 1992, pp. 1-15). He added that it may be necessary to refer the matter to the World Court 'if the constitu• tional system of the UN Charter is to recover from the blow it has suffered in this episode' (ibid.). 78. See Simons, Libya, op. cit., pp. 77-88. 79. Quoted in John Palmer and Mark Tran, 'West heads for trade war', The Guardian (London), 25 July 1996. 80. Mark Tran, 'Vitriol eats at UN heart', The Observer (London), 22 September 1996; Ian Black, 'Battle for UN crown begins', The Guardian (London), 26 September 1996. 81. Marc Weller, 'Surely this man is a ?', The Independent (London), 2 February 1990; Marc Weller, 'The return of the body snatch- ers', The Independent (London), 13 March 1992. 82. See William E. Burroughs and Robert Windrem, Critical Mass (Simon and Schuster, London, 1994); Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option (London: Faber and Faber, 1991); Zdenek Cervenka and Barbara Rogers, The Nuclear Axis (London: Julian Freedman Books, 1978). 83. See Geoff Simons, Scourging of Iraq, op. cit., pp. 200-5. 84. Tony Barber, 'Bosnia poll fails to add up', The Independent (London), 25 September 1996; Emma Daly, 'Observers critical of intimidation at polls', The Independent (London), 16 September 1996; Julian Borger, 'West quick to hail peaceful election', The Guardian (London), 16 September 1996. 85. Martin Walker, 'Thin line between might and right', The Guardian (London), 19 June 1993. 86. Teresa Hayter, Aid as (London: Penguin Books, 1971) p. 45. 87. Bailey Morris, 'World shaker emerges at IMF', Independent on Sunday (London), 2 May 1993. 88. Diane Coyle, 'World Bank backs trade unions', The Independent (London), 30 June 1995. 89. Mark Huband, 'Kenya devalues again to appease creditors', The Guardian (London), 21 April 1993; Mark Huband, 'Penitence wins Kenya return of World Bank aid', The Guardian (London), 22 April 1993. 90. Sarah Ryle, 'IMF calls for painful cuts in public services', The Guardian (London), 18 April 1996. 378 Notes

91. Kevin Watkins, 'IMF holds a gold key for Third World' ('The fund must stop grinding the faces of the poor)', The Guardian (London), 10 June 1996; Sarah Ryle, 'World Bank to admit flaws in policies for poor nations' {'Countries like Uganda may be meeting the Structural Adjustment Programme Conditioning but its poorest people are getting poorer'), The Guardian (London), 23 September 1996. 92. This bald assertion cannot be explored here. Consider, for example, any comprehensive Mafia biography detailing how gangsters such as Charles ('Lucky') Luciano, James ('Big Jim') Colosimo and AI ('Scarface') Capone hired police chiefs, judges, politicians and others; and how the prac• tice has continued up to the present day, even involving the White House. See, for example, the discussion of Richard Nixon, and political Mafia involvement (with copious documentation) in David E. Scheim, The Mafia Killed President Kennedy (London: W. H. Allen, 1988) pp. 297-402. 93. The importance of the frontier in the development of American institutions and society and the character of the American people is stressed by, among others, Frederick Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920). 94. Frank Church, 'Covert action: swampland of American foreign policy', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, February 1976, p. 11. 95. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York: Doubleday, 1963) p. 352. 96. David M. Abshire, Lessons of Vietnam: Proportionality and Credibility, in Anthony Lake (ed.), The Vietnam Legacy: The War, American Society and the Future of American Foreign Policy (New York: New York University Press, 1976) pp. 393-6. 97. Ibid., pp. 397-9. 98. Ole R. Holsti and James N. Rosenau, American Leadership in World Affairs: Vietnam and the Breakdown of Consensus (London: Allen and Unwin, 1984) pp. 16-19. 99. Philip E. Converse, 'The nature of belief systems in mass publics', in David E. Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (New York: Free Press, 1964) p. 207; quoted in ibid., p. 18. 100. See, for example, Paul M. Kattenburg, The Vietnam Trauma in American Foreign Policy, 1945-75 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982) chapter 8, pp. 287-327. 101. See, for example, Vietnam: Long-term Political Prisoners, June 1991, ASA 41/04/91; Vietnam: Arrests of Political Prisoners, 1990-1991, June 1992, ASA 41/01/92; Vietnam: Doan Viet Hoat and Seven Others Sentenced to Long Jail Terms, April 1993, ASA 41/06/93; Socialist Republic of Vietnam: The Death Penalty, February 1996, ASA 41/02/96. All these reports are published by Amnesty International, London. 102. Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (London: Harper Perennial, 1991) pp. 309-10. 103. Ibid., p. 312. 104. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1990) pp. 88-9, 90-2. Notes 379 105. Vo Van Kiet, Report at 2nd Session of 9th National Assembly, Vietnam Business, 1-15 January 1993, p. 14. 106. Quoted in Sara Helm, 'Amnesty adds food for thought to UK-Vietnam talks', The Independent (London), 21 February 1990. 107. Peter Pringle, 'A nation learning the final lesson of Vietnam', The Independent (London), 19 July 1990. 108. William Branigin, 'US-based exiles "tried to topple Hanoi's rulers'", The Guardian (London), 12 October 1990. 109. Caroline Lees, 'Vietnam courts West in bamboo brothels', The Sunday Times (London), 21 June 1992. 110. Raymond Whitaker, 'West leaps to fund Vietnam's march to market economy', The Independent (London), 8 October 1993. 111. Leslie Plummer, 'Vietnam faces cola war', The Guardian (London), 5 February 1994. 112. Philip Shenon, 'Poorest suffer in new Vietnam', The Guardian (London), 22 November 1994. 113. Allen Nairn, 'Behind the death squads', Progressive, May 1984, p. 21. 114. Quoted in Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: US Policy and El Salvador (New York: Times Books, 1982) p. 208. 115. Nairn, op. cit., p. 24. 116. Socorro Juridico: El Salvador: Del Genocidio de la Junta Militar a la Esperanza de la Lucha Insurreccional, English translation by Commission of the Churches on International Affairs, 1981; quoted in Jenny Pearce, Under the Eagle: US Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean (London: Latin American Bureau, 1982), pp. 228-9. 117. Quoted in Pearce, ibid., p. 236. 118. Quoted in ibid., p. 241. 119. Holsti and Rosenau, op. cit., p. 14 (sources cited, pp. 26-7). 120. Cited in ibid., pp. 14-15 (sources cited, p. 27). 121. Ibid.,p.\5. 122. Quoted in 'Why death squads still spread terror', US News and World Report, 27 February 1984, p. 30. 123. As Bad as Ever: A Report on Human Rights in El Salvador, Watch/American Civil Liberties Union, 31 January 1984, pp. 8-9; Joachin Villalobos, 'The Current State of the War in El Salvador and Outlook for the Future', Estudios Centroamericanos, May 1986. 124. Representative Gerry E. Studds, Central America 1981, Report to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, US House of Representatives (Washington: Government Printing Office, March 1981). 125. Ibid. 126. Noam Chomsky, El Salvador, 1982', in The Chomsky Reader (London: Serpent's Tail, 1987) pp. 342-3. 127. Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador, United Nations, New York, March 1993, S/25500. 128. Harold Pinter, 'Archbishop Romero's ghost can be avenged', The Observer (London), 28 March 1993. 129. Douglas Farah, 'Salvador army challenges civilian rule', The Guardian (London), 27 March 1993. 380 Notes

130. Mike Reid, 'FMLN murders "prove the return" of death squads', The Guardian (London), 5 November 1993; Phil Davison, 'Death squads in El Salvador on prowl again', The Independent (London), 11 November 1993. 131. Christine Toomey, 'Blowtorch Bob casts dark shadow over Salvador poll', The Sunday Times (London), 20 March 1994. 132. Jonathan Steel, 'Salvadorean lesson on peace in our time', The Guardian (London), 21 September 1996. 133. See, for example, such publications as The Link, published by Americans for Middle East Understanding (AMEU), New York; and ADC News Release, published by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), Washington. 134. ADC News Release, American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, Washington, 24 September 1990. 135. The ADC reports are supplemented by various other press reports: in, for example, , 21 January 1990; The New York Times, 1 February 1991 and 20 February 1991; USA Today, 23 January 1991; and The , 23 December 1990. 136. Philip M. Taylor, War and the Media: Propaganda and Persuasion in the (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992) p. 48. 137. Herb Greer, Sunday Telegraph (London), 3 February 1991. 138. Taylor, op. cit., pp. 185-6, 187. 139. Norman H. Schwarzkopf, // Doesn't Take a Hero (London: Bantam Press, 1992) p. 498. This 'legitimacy' is questionable (see Geoff Simons, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam, 2nd edn (Macmillan, London, 1996) pp. 353-9). 140. Quoted in John R. MacArthur, Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992) p. 113. 141. Arthur A. Humphries, Naval War College Review, May-June 1983; quoted in ibid., p. 139. 142. See MacArthur, op. cit., pp. 172-4. 143. See Maggie O'Kane, The Guardian Weekend (London), 16 December 1995. 144. See, for example, Simons, The Scourging of Iraq, op. cit., pp. 11-15. 145. Dana Priest, 'Baby massacre never happened', The Guardian (London), 8 February 1992. 146. Steve Coleman, 'The day war broke out', Socialist Standard, February 1991, p. 29. 147. , 'Free to report what we're told', The Independent (London), 6 February 1991; Peter Lennon, 'Relative values in a time of war', The Guardian (London), 21 February 1991. 148. Phillip Knightley, 'A new weapon in the news war', The Guardian (London), 4 March 1991. 149. See Simons, The Scourging of Iraq, op. cit. 150. See also Patrick Cockburn, 'Kuwait threatens last shreds of its free press', The Independent (London), 20 March 1992. 151. Quoted in Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose (New York: Council of Foreign Relations Press, 1992) p. 152. 152. Rick Atkinson, Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War (London: HarperCollins, 1993) p. 493. 153. Taylor, op. cit., p. 166. Bibliography

VIETNAM

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1877: A Year of Violence, 148 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Abrams, Creighton W., 188, 193 260 Abrams, Elliott, 19,331 American Civil War, xvii, 121, 259, 278 Absent-Without-Leave (AWOL) cases, 229, American Colonization Society, 120 235, 236-7 American Constitution, 270 see also deserters, US American Declaration of Independence, 93 Acheson, Dean, 94 American Friends of Vietnam (AFV), 164, Adams, Henry, 270 247 Adams, James, xxi American Friends Services Committee, 220 Adams, John, 270 American Legion, 320 ADC Hate Crimes Annual Report, 334 American Revolution, 67, 143 see also American-Arab Anti- see also American War of Independence Discrimination Committee American War of Independence, 112 Addlestone, David F., 244 Americas Watch, 330 Adverte, Diego, 65-6 amnesia, as Vietnam War consequence, xix, Agency for International Development, 9, 11 248 see also Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry , xvii, xix, 16, 288, 291, 295 of Africa, 131 Anderson, Terry, 284 see also individual countries An Duong, 258 Agent Blue, 224 Angkor (ship), 170 see also defoliation Angola, 12, 26, 132, 138, 288, 330 Agent Orange, 224,226, 228, 261, 262, 323 Anh Tong, 54 see also defoliation animism, 44 Agent White, 224 An Khe, 249 see also defoliation Annam, 62, 72, 75, 89 Agnew, Spiro, 235 Anti-Rent Movement (1830s/40s) 146 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 132 tribes, xx, 117 Ahtisaari, Martti, 338 , 124, 277 Aideed, Mohammed Farah, 287 Arawak tribes, 115 see also Somalia Arbenz, Jacobo, 137 Aid for Families with Dependent Children, archaeology, 35-8, 109 276 see also Museum of Archaeology and aid to Vietnam, 314, 315, 319, 321 History Ailes, Roger, 337 Archangel, 135 Air India flight (1985), 289 Arena Party, 332 Alabama, 123-125 Argentina, 132, 153,295 Albright, Madeleine, 293, 294, 297 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 290 Alcmene (ship), 70 see also Haiti Alcoa, 153 Armed Forces Council (AFC), 179 Alexander of Rhodes, 66, 67 'armed propaganda' units, 89 Algeria, 77, 291 arms sales, US, 269 Alice Brown, (ship), 169 Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), Allende, Salvador, 304 202,211 Alliance for Progress, 324 Artefacts, ancient, 36, 38,41 Alvarez, Everett, 190 Asia, 64, 69, 85, 131, 136, 158 Alvaro de Soto, 330 see also individual countries; Southeast American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Asia Committee, 334 Asian Development Bank, 316, 319 392 Index 393 , xxii, 159, 168,203, 208, Benn, Tony, 335 219, 220, 286, 290, 314, 325, 328, Berkeley, Bishop, 139 329-30,331,332 Berlin, 105 see also executions; massacres; Phoenix; Bertrand Russell War Crimes Tribunal, 224, terrorism, American 245 Association of Americans for Democratic see also International War Crimes Action (ADA), 176 Tribunal; war crimes; Winter Soldier Astor, John Jacob, 144, 146 Investigation AT&T, 272, 318 Bevin, Ernest, 97-8 Atlantic Charter, 96 Bidault, Georges, 105 Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Statute, 301 Bill of Freedoms and Exemptions (1629), see also nuclear weapons 140 atrocities, 17, 133, 180, 213-27, 238, Binh Dinh Province, 63 239-40,280-81,285 Binh Xuyen, 166 see also assassinations; executions; biological warfare, 221, 227 genocide; massacre; terrorism; Bishop, Maurice, 18 torture; war crimes Bissell, Richard M., 102 al-Attar, Leila, 339 Bitter Cry of the Children (Spargo), 147 Attlee, Clement, 95,137 Black, Eugene, 247 Au Co, 34 Black Elk, 117 'August Revolution of 1945', 93, 94 Black Hawk, 114 Au Lac, 35, 37-9 Blarney, Thomas, 126 Austin, Hudson, 18 Blix, Hans, 312 Australia, 14, 126, 138, 165, 182, 184,230 Blum, Robert, 101 Aztecs, 115 Blundy, David, 328-9 boat people, Vietnamese, 312, 316 Bach Dang River, 45, 53 Boeing, 272, 318,320 Bach Mai Hospital, 258 Bohlen, Charles, 156 Bach Viet people ('The Hundred Yues'), 37 Boland Amendment (1982), 26 Bacon, A. O., 134 Bolivia, 295 Ba Dinh fortress, 77, 78 Bolshevik Revolution, 152, 154 Baeck, Pieter, 65 bombing, 26, 79, 80, 88-9, 91-2, 103, 104, Baghdad, 290, 291, 298, 335, 339 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, see also Iraq 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, Bai Xay, 79 193, 194, 195, 204, 205-7, 208, Baker, James, 28, 317, 333 213-15, 218, 220-2, 226-7, 247, Bandar bin Sultan, Prince, 21 251-2, 258, 289, 298, 300, 302, 311, Bangert, Joe, 231 329, 335, 337, 339, 340 Bank of America, 318 see also defoliation; nuclear weapons Banmethuot, 195 Bonesteel, Charles H., 163 Bao Dai (Vinh Thuy), 83, 90, 91, 92, 164, 'Bonus Army', 152 168 Born on the Fourth of July (film), 29 Barletta, General, 19 Bosch, Juan, 138 BaruchPlan, 157 Bosnia, xxii, xxv, 9, 30, 267, 269, 287, 301, see also nuclear weapons 302, 339 Barzani Massoud, 340 see also Serbs; Yugoslavia Battle of the Little Bighorn, 114 Boston, 143 Baylor University, 157 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, xxii, 297, 331 BeDanh, 213 Bradford, William, 116 Beijing, 56 Bradley, Omar, 249 Beirut, 289 Branco, General, 138 see also Lebanon Brazil, 138, 153,295 Bell, David, 6 Bretton Woods conference (1944), 303-4 Bell, J. Franklin, 133 bribery, 145,235,290,322 Benghazi, 298 see also corruption; sleaze 394 Index

Briggs, Jeremiah, 69 Calvin, John, 139 Britain, see also Calvinism; Christianity see England; United Kingdom Calvinism, 140 British East India Co., 65 see also Calvin, John British Petroleum, 272 Cam Ba Thuoc, 78 Brittain, Victoria, 338 Cam Binh ('Precious Peace'), 207 Bronx, 276-7 Cambodia, xviii, xix, 16, 26, 73, 74, 86, Bronze Age, 36, 38 105, 138, 182, 184, 189, 190, 191, 194, Brook,Stephen, 216 195, 213, 221, 237, 251, 257, 288, 311, Brookings Institute, 151 313,314,315,317,318,322 brothels, 103,249,322 see also Kampuchea; ; see also prostitution Brown, Clyde, 243 Camdessus, Michel, 305 Brown, Dee, 115 Camil, Scott, 240 Brown, Ron, 319 camouflage, 207 Brown, University, 277 Camper, Frank, 289 Bruce, Robert, 148 Camp Pendleton, 236 Brucker, Wilber, 172 Cam Ranh, 180,181,243 Brummett, Richard, 239-40 Canada, 112,235 brutalisation, 2?>1-A\ Canh, Prince, 68 see also atrocities Canh Thinh, 64 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 315 Canton, 64, 79, 80 Buchanan, Pat, 273 Can Vuong (Monarchist Movement), 78, 79, Buddhism, Buddhists, 44, 46, 49, 54, 56, 80 63,74, 106, 176, 177, 179, 184 Can Vuong (struggle), 77 Buffett, Warren, 274 see also dau tranh (struggle) Bui Thi Tinh, 221 Cao Dai, 90 Bundy, McGeorge, 248 Cao Thang, 78 Bundy, William, 179 , xx, xxi, xxiii-xxiv, 13, 122, Bunker, Ambassador, 196 139-53, 154, 155, 156, 157-8, 199, Bunker Hill (ship), 143 270, 305-6, 322, 323, 333 Burchett, Wildfred, 205, 224 see also G7 nations; hegemony, US; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms market economy; plutocracy (ATF), 278 Capital, 256 Bureau of Pest Control, 276 Caravelle (bulletin), 103 Burke, Edmund, 276 Carey, Matthew, 144 Burlington Railroad, 150 Caribbean, 123 Burma, 126, 137 see also Cuba; Guatemala; ; Burns, Nicholas, 269 Nicaragua Bush, George, xxv, 8, 9, 19, 20-1, 24, 28, Carmichael, Stokely, 242 267, 286, 287, 307, 316, 331, 333, 337, Carnegie, Andrew, 146 339-41 Carnegie Corp. 276 see also Bush administration Carolina, 120, 121, 123, 125 Bush administration, xxiii, 286, 288, 289, Carter, Jimmy, 236, 284, 315, 325, 331 321 see also Carter administration Butler, Colonel, 172 Carter administration, 27-8, 262, 286, 324, BuuHoi, 164 328 Buyoya, Pierre, xxii see also Carter, Jimmy Carwarden, Walter, 65 Cabot, George, 143 Casey, William, 16, 19 Cabrera, Jorge, xxi, 'caste system', 277 Calley, William, 195, 215, 216, 217 see also see also My Lai (Son My) massacre Castro, Fidel, 13,296 Caloocan, 134-5 see also Castro regime Calusa tribes, 109 Castro regime, 294 Index 395

see also Castro, Fidel Charter, UN, 154, 157, 289, 293, 298, 299, casualties 300,301,302 American, xvii, 6, 21, 23, 198, 203, Charter of Organisation of American States 229-30 (OAS), 300 Cambodian, xviii, xxv, 229 Chattanooga Times (newspaper), 122-3 Chinese, 40, 57-8 Che Bong Nga, 55 French, 98-9, 102, 104 'cheer syndrome', 280, 281 Guatemalan, 13 chemical warfare, 175, 176, 181, 182, 184, Iraqi, 21, 29, 337-8, 339 203, 204, 221, 222-6, 313, 337 Korean, 106 see also defoliation; gas warfare Laotian, xviii, xxv Che Nang, 55 Mongol, 53 Cheney, Richard, 21 Nicaraguan, 16, 17 Chen Nong, 34 Panamanian, 23 Cheraw tribes, 115 Filipino, 126, 132-3, 134 Cherokee tribes, 109, 112, 116, 118 Roman Catholic, 66-7, 70, 73 Chesapeake tribes, 115 Salvadorean, 324 Chevalier, Commander, 67 Somali, 22-3 Chevron, 272 Vietnamese, 23, 42-3, 65, 87, 95, 98, Chiang Kai-shek, 89, 97, 136, 137 198, 204-5, 214-27, 229, 230, 282, Chiao Chi (Vietnam), 40, 42, 44, 53 313 Chicago, 29, 124,253-4,255 Catawba tribes, 115 'Chicago Eight', 255 Cato Institute, 285 Chicago Peace Council, 254 Catroux, Governor-General, 85 Chicago Times (newspaper), 150 Cayuga, tribes, 112 Chickahominy tribes, 115 Cecile, Admiral, 70 Chickasaw tribes, 109, 118 Cedile, H. J., 94 Chief Cobb, 117 Censorship, 336, 337, 338 , 117 see also propaganda Chieu-Hoi ('Open Arms') programme, 232, Census Bureau, US, 274 280 Central America, 15 Chi Hoa Line, 73 see also individual countries child labour, 147, 148, 151 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), xxii, Children's Defence Fund, 274 xxiv, 5-6, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 27,137, Chile, 138,304 138, 159, 160, 164, 166, 168, 177, 182, China, xxi, xxiii, 3, 26, 33, 34, 35, 37, 200, 219, 250, 282, 286, 289, 290, 39-46, 49, 50, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 291-2, 299, 304, 314, 317, 324, 331, 70, 72, 74, 79, 80, 84, 85-6, 87, 89, 90, 340 97, 99, 105, 132, 136,137, 175, 179, Central Intelligence Group, 159 184, 187, 213, 292-3, 297, 304, 305, Central Military Committee, 195 312,313,315 Centre for Policy Research, 263 see also individual dynasties; Mongols Centre for Public Integrity, 271 Chin Dynasty, 39-40 Chaliand, Gerard, 221 , 80 Chamorro, Violeta, 17, 293 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 128 Chamoun, President, 138 Chirac, President, 24 Champa (South Vietnam), 44-5, 46, 50, 52, Chiu Chen (Thanh Hoa) province, 42 54, 55, 59, 60 Choang people, 37 Cham people, 46, 54-5, 60, 63, 74 Choctaw tribes, 117, 118, 140 see also Champa (South Vietnam) cholera, 72 'Charlie' Chomsky, Noam, 20, 137, 284 see National Liberation Front of South Chou Dynasty, 39 Vietnam (NLF) Christianity, 66, 70, 71, 73, 108, 111, 116, Charlie Company 118, 119, 120, 125, 139-40, 143, 165, see My Lai (Son My) massacre 177, 183,200,254,258-9,268, Charner, Admiral, 72 278 396 Index

Christianity {Cont.) Committee for Refugees, 284 see also Calvinism; Roman Catholic communism, communists, 78, 79, 80, 81, Church 84, 85, 98, 99, 135,136, 137, 153, 154, 'Christmas bombing' (1972), 215, 258 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163, 164, 165, Christopher, Warren, 298, 301, 321 178, 187, 191, 195, 196, 200, 201-2, Church, Frank, 307 203,208, 255, 261, 318, 322, 323, 325 Churchill, Winston, 104, 105, 156, 160 see also Chinese Communist Party; Cichon family, 152 French Communist Party; Citicorp, 273 Indochina Communist Party; US Civic Action teams, 200 Communist Party; Vietnamese Civic Guard, Vietnamese, 200 Communist Party Civilian Irregular Defence Group (CIDG), Comte D'Estaing, 67 219 concentration camps, Civilian Operations and Revolutionary American, 126-7, 134,311 Development Support (CORDS), 219 Cambodian, 190 Clapp, Asa, 143 South Vietnamese, 170, 171, 174, 183, Clark, Ramsey, 260, 293 214,218,311 Clark Amendment (1976), 26 Confederation generate du travail unitaire Clemency Board, 260 (CGTU), 83 Cleveland Area Peace Action Committee, , 40-1, 44, 47, 58, 60, 66, 70 254 Congo, 138, 180 Clifford, Clark, 187, 188 Congress (US), 26, 27, 28-9, 128, 131,147, Clinton, Bill, xxi, xxiii, 9, 23, 259, 273, 170, 178, 183, 194, 196, 247, 257, 258, 275, 276, 279, 291, 296, 297, 318, 319, 271,273,291,332,333 320,321,339-40 Contadora plan, 19 see also Clinton administration of communism, 158-9, 292 Clinton administration, xxiii, 271,287, 288, see also roll-back of communism 289,290,291,318-19,321 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful see also Clinton, Bill Acts Against the Safety of Civil Club Med, 317 Aviation (Montreal, 1971), 298, 301, cluster bombs (CBUs), 214, 222 302, 354-5 'Coal and Iron Policy', 150 Coolidge, Calvin, 151 Coca-Cola, 320 'coolie' labour, 127-8 Cochinchina (4Ke Chiem'), 66, 68, 69, 70, see also slavery 72, 74, 75, 82, 87, 89, 94 Cooper-Church Amendment, 191 , 117 Corley, Jake, 276 Cocks, Richard, 65 Cornell University, 256 Code of Louisiana, 120 corporations, transnational, 268, 272 Colby, William, 12,219 corruption, 145-6, 233, 271, 319, 322 Colden, Cadwallader, 143, 144 see also bribery; gangsters; sleaze Cold War, 108, 135, 152, 153, 154-60, 199, Cortes, Fernando, 115 288-9,304,315,341 counterinsurgency Cole, William, 243 see low-intensity warfare (LIW); terror• College for Ethnic Studies, 255 ism, American Collins, J. Lawton, 249-50 counter-revolutionaries (''), 16, 17, Co Loa, 37, 45 19,26 Colson, Charles, 235 'counter-terror teams' (CTs), 219 Columbia, 153 Cranston, Alan, 27 Columbia Eagle (ship), 190 Creek tribes, 109 Columbus, Christopher, 115 Cristiani, President, 330, 331 tribes, 117 Cronkite, Walter, 327 Combat Army Training Organ (CATO), 169 Cuba, Cubans, xxii, xxiii, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, combat zone, 197 26, 123, 131, 134, 138, 289, 293-5, 'Commander-in-Chief Syndrome, 10 296, 297, 299, 301, 303, 325, 353 Commission on the Truth, UN, 331 Cuba Libre, 134 Index 397

see also Cuba, Cubans see also elections; plutocracy Cuban Democracy Act (1992), 294, 301, Democratic Kampuchea, 313 349 Democratic National Convention (1968), Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity 253, 254, 255 (Libertad) Act (1996), 294-5, 301, Democratic Party, xxi, 272 350-3 Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 87, 96, Cu Bo (Hai Hung province), 45 97,344-5 cultivation, agrarian, 35, 38,41, 48, 55, 58-9 see also North Vietnam; Vietnam Custer, General, 115 demonstrations, 15, 29, 79, 81-3, 84, Cyprus, 180 89-90,94, 128, 152, 167, 177, 182, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 250, Dah Vit, 322 252-61,262,263,274,327 Dai Co Viet, 45-6, 50, 53, 54 see also draft, military; srtrikes Dai Ly, (), 49 demoralisation Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, 60 US, 233-7, 245 , 67, 69, 70, 71, 179, 180, 184, Vietnamese, 237 189, 191, 193, 194, 196,243,244 Department of 'Transitional Assistance' Dang Tat, 57 (Welfare), 276 Daniel, Nick, 322 depleted uranium ordinance, 301 Daponte, Beth Osborne, 338 DePuy, William E. ,21 d'Argenlieu, Admiral, 96, 97, 98 de Saussure, General, 185 Da River, 102 deserters, US, 229, 234-5, 236, 237 Da Trach (Hai Hung province), 44 see also Absent-Without-Leave (AWOL) d'Aubisson, Roberto, 328 cases dau tranh (struggle), 206, 213 Desert Land Act (1877), 141 see also Can Vuong (struggle) De Tham, 79 Davies, Joseph E., 155 Devillers, Philippe, 73 Davis, Rennie, 255 Dewey, George, 131-2 Day, Beth, 119 Diego de Jumilla, Father, 63 Dayton peace plan, 302 Diem administration, 167, 168, 169, 170-1, see also Bosnia; Serbs; Yugoslavia 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 199,200,201, Dean, Paul, 251 202,214,218 death squads, xxiv, 290, 324, 328, 332 Dien, Raymonde, 101 see also assassinations; d'Aubisson, 'Dien Bien Gorazde', 24 Roberto; terrorism, American; Dien Bien Phu, 24, 95, 103-5, 165, 308, torture 309 de Castries, General, 104 Dinh Bo Linh, 45-6 Declaration of Independence from the War Dinh Cong Trang, 77 in Vietnam, 252 Dinh Kien, 45 de Courcy, General, 77 dioxin (in Agent Orange), 226, 323 Decoux, Governor-General, 87 discrimination, racial, 243-4, 245, 246, Defense Attache's Office (DAO), 5 255-6, 277-8 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 289 see also racism defoliation, 184, 185,204,214,218,223-7, disease, 21, 72, 102, 116, 126, 127, 132, 311,314,323 134, 224-6, 230, 234, 261, 262, 263, see also 269,323, 338, 353 deformities, 323 see also cholera; defoliation; deformities; de Gaulle, Charles, 27, 178 dysentery; starvation; typhus de Lattre de Tassigny, 101, 102 Divine Right of Kings, xxi, xxiv, 130, 131 Delaware tribes, 118 'Dixiecrats' Dellinger, David, 254, 255 see States Rights Party ('Dixiecrats') Delta Airlines, 317 Dodd, T, 178 De Minh, 34, 35 doi moi ('renovation'), 315 democracy, xxi, 95, 119-20, 121, 137, 153, Dole, Robert, xxi, 272, 273, 279 268, 270, 272, 275, 284-5, 286, 296 Dominican Republic, 138 398 Index

Donehogawa, 117 Eisenhower, Dwight D. , 104, 152, 167, Dong Dau culture, 36 172,308-9, 332 Dong Du (Trip to the East') Movement, 79 Eisenhower administration, 202 Dong Hoi, 63 elections, xxii 16-17, 19, 83, 138, 166, 167, Dong Khanh, 77 168, 169, 170, 173, 184, 186, 189, 192, Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc ('Private Schools') 199, 270-1, 272, 273, 275, 284-5, 286, Movement, 78-9 287,297,302,321,330,332 Dong Minh Hoi (DMH), 89 see also democracy; plutocracy Dong Nai River, 35, 36 Eliot, Samuel, 115 Dong Son culture, 36 Ellender, Allen, 217 Dorr, Thomas, 146-7 El Salvador, xxii, xxiv, 14, 15, 138, 279, 'double veterans', 217 288, 295, 296, 297, 304, 308, 311, see also rape; veterans, Vietnam 324-32 Douglas, William O., 164 Ely, General, 104 Doumer, Paul, 78 embargo, economic Dow Chemicals, 153 see sanctions draft, military, 13, 194, 234-5, 237, 250, encomienda system, 109-10 253, 259-260 Endara, Guillermo, 20 Drexel Burnham, 273 England, 67, 115,120 Drug Enforcement Adminstration (DEA), see also United Kingdom 19,286 Enterprise (ship), 187 see also drug trafficking Eries, 115 drug experiments, 278 Eriksson, Leif, 109 drug trafficking, xxii, 19, 290 Eritrea, 12 Duarte, Jose Napoleon, 324, 326 Esperanee (ship), 74 Duke University, 255-6 espionage, 174, 176 Dulles, Allen, 137, 163-4, 247 ethics, xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, 25-6, 66, 270, Dulles, John Foster, 102, 104, 137, 163-4, 282,283, 284, 287, 302-3, 309, 320 165, 166, 167, 168,293 Ethics and Public Policy Center, 285 Duong Dien Nghe, 43, 45 Ethiopia, 12, 15,295,304,325 Duong Hieu Nghia, 179 eugenics, 124 Duong Thanh, 45 euphoria, as Vietnam consequence, 9, 10 Duong Van Due, 179 see also Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry Duong Van Minh, 177, 179, 192, 196 of Duong Vuong, 34 Europe, xxiii, 15, 154, 158, 159, 160, 269, Dutch East India Co., 64-5 284, 297 Dutch forces, 64-5 see also individual countries see also Holland Evans, Kathy, 338 Dutch West India Co., 140, 141 executions, 54, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, Duvalier, Jean-Claude ('Baby Doc'), 319 95, 97, 120-1, 122, 172, 201, 214, 215, dysentery, 78 217, 218, 219, 226, 278-9, 290, 291, 330,331 Eagleburger, Lawrence, xxiii, 15, 318 see also assassinations; death squads; Earlier Le Dynasty, 46-7 massacres East , 325 exploitation, xxiii East Timor, xxi, 138, 292, 300 see also capitalism; imperialism; plutoc• Eckert, Ted, 341 racy economic blockade extra-territoriality, 294, 296, 297, 301, 302 see sanctions Faas, Horst, 222 Economic Cooperation Administration Fadlallah, Sheikh, 289 (EC A), 102 Faifo, 67 Edelman, Marian Wright, 274 Falklands, 295 Egypt, 290, 291, 304 Fame (ship), 69 Ehrlichman, John, 256 Farabundo Martf National Liberation Front Eichmann, Adolf, 160 (FMLN), 15,328,329,330-1 Index 399 farms, 145 Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), 115 see also cultivation, agrarian Fort Wayne, 258 fascism, 81, 85, 154, 155, 157, 172 Founding Fathers, 119 see also plutocracy Fournier, Bill, 8 Fawzi, Mary C, 338 Fourteenth Amendment, 125 'fear syndrome', 280-1 Fox tribes, 114 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 250, 'fragging', 228, 243,244 263, 289 France, 3, 4, 24, 64, 65, 67-9, 70, 71, 72, see also Hoover, Edgar J. 75, 78, 81, 85, 87, 90, 93, 94, 96-7, Federal Election Commission, 273 101, 102, 105, 130, 163, 164, 165, 168, Federal Reserve, US, 276 199, 201, 218, 284, 292, 308, 309, 318 Felt, Harry, 172, 176 see also invasions of Vietnam, by French; Female Anti-Slavery Society, 121 Vichy France see also slavery Franklin, Keith, 237 Ferguson, Colin, 277 Franklin (ship), 69 Fertel, Randy, 9 French Committee of Action for the feudalism, 81, 140-1 Amnesty of Political Prisoners, 83 Fifth Avenue Peace Anti-Vietnam Parade French Communist Party, 80, 81, 83 Committee, 254 French East India Co., 66 Filipinos French Expeditionary Corps, 101, 102 see Philippines, Filipinos French Foreign Legion, 82 finance, international, 308, 311, 315, 316, French Guiana, 83 318,319,333,340,341 French National Assembly, 78, 81 see also International Bank for French Popular Relief, 83 Reconstruction and Development French Revolution, 67 (World Bank); International Fried, Joe, 281 Monetary Fund (IMF) Froines, John, 255 Finland, 154 fuel-air explosives (FAEs), 300-1, 339 'Fish Hook' area (Cambodia), 190, 191 Fulbright, J. William, 4, 183, 249, 250 Fittzwater, Marlin, 318 Fulton, Missouri, 156, 160 'Five O'clock Follies', 248, 335 see also 'Saigon Follies' G7 nations, 269, 305 flag Gaddafi, Muammar, 286, 295 American, 256, 283 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 274 Confederate, 243 Gandhi, 254 French, 95 gangsters, 233, 307 Vietcong, 256, 259 see also bribery; corruption; sleaze Vietminh, 92, 95 Gao Pian, 45 Fletcher, Governor, 142 Gamier, Francis, 75 Fletcher, Yvonne, 287 Garrison, William Lloyd, 121 flight from Saigon (1975), 4-6, 9, 196, 307, gas warfare, 222-3, 226 312 see also defoliation; chemical warfare Florida, 109, 124-5 Gay, Bill, 8 Fonda, Jane 252 Gehlen, Reinhard, 159 Fontainbleau Conference (1946), 97 Gellhorn, Martha, 218, 280 Forbes, Malcolm, 273 General Accounting Office, 276 Ford, Congressman, 126-7 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Ford, Gerald, 4, 195, 196,260 (GATT), xxii, 303 Ford, Henry, 151, 152 see also World Trade Organisation (WTO) Ford administration, 262 General Assembly, UN, 292, 313 Fordice, Kirk, 277 General Assembly resolutions Foreign Assistance Appropriation Act 47/19, 48/16, 49/24, 50/10, 51/17, 293-4, (1976), 314 298, 303, Foreign Assistance Bill (1973), 26, 194, 326 32/84,301, Fort Benning, 217 57/22, 302 400 Index

General Electric, 318 , 156-7 General Foods, 153 Greek National Guard, 157 General Motors, 153 Greek Royal Army, 157 Geneva Accords (1954), 105-6, 163, 164, Green Berets, 324 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, Greer, Herb, 335 175, 176, 178, 199, 200, 218, 299, 308, Gregory, Dick, 256 346-7 Grenada, 16, 138, 267, 286, 300 Geneva Agreement (1954), Grenadian People's Revolutionary Army, 18 see Geneva Accords (1954) Griffin, R. Allen, 102 Geneva Conference (1954), 165, 166, 167, Griswold, Whitney, 136 169, 171 gross domestic product (GDP), see also Geneva Accords (1954) Mozambique, 271 Geneva Convention, xxii, 232, 299, 300, Grosse Island, 147 301,303 Grossman, Karl, 15 see also international law, US violations gross national product (GNP), US, 268 of; war crimes Gruening, Ernest, 199 Genghis Khan, 49 Gruenther, General, 308-9 genocide, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxiv, xxv, 21, Guam, 134, 181, 185 72, 106, 108, 109-18, 119, 126, 129, Guantanamo naval base, 299 130, 137, 153, 160, 214, 220-1, 245, Guatemala, 13, 137, 138, 153, 290, 295, 304, 311, 324, 325, 328-9, 330, 335, 324, 332 337-8 Guernica, 213 see also massacres guerrilla war George, Lloyd, 337 see rebellion, Vietnamese Georgia, 125 Guevara, Ernesto 'Che', xvii, 13 Germany, 81, 85, 124, 152, 154, 158 Guggenheim, Simon, 146 see also East Germany guilt transference 238, 239 Gulf of Thailand, 33 see Goyathlay (Geronimo) Gulf of Tonkin incidents, 187 Gestapo, 160 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 29, 178, 244, Geymann, John, 240 257,260 Gulf War (1991), 6, 9, 21, 24-5, 29, 251, see Nguyen Anh (Gia Long) 267, 305, 308, 312, 336, 337, 338, 339, Gian Dinh, 56-7 340 Gilligan, John, 236 see also Hussein, Saddam Gingrich, Newt, 272, 273 Gulf War Syndrome, 262 Glasman, John D., 325 see also Agent Orange Global Engagement, 269 Guzman, Ralph, 245 see also hegemony, US Goa, 64 Hahpiua Luta (), 114, 117 Goldman, Robert, 303 Haig, Alexander, 14, 327, 331 Goldman Sachs & Co., 273 Island, 84 Go Mun culture, 36 Haines, Harry, 11 Gougelmann, Tucker, 5 Haiphong, 26, 84, 86, 98, 178,182, 184, Goulart, Joao, 138 186, 192, 193,208 Gould, Jay, 146 Haiti, 24, 30, 153, 267, 290, 296 Goyathlay, (Geronimo), 117 Ha Long Bay, 45 Gracey, Douglas D., 93, 94, 95 Halsey, William, 126 Grant, Ulysses, S., 70 Hamas, 290 Graves, William S., 135 'Hamburger Hill', 189 Great Depression, 151, 154 Ham Nghi, 77, 79 Programme, 242 Handal, Shafik, 329 Great War (First World War), xvii, 85, 148, , 35, 39,40-1, 42 152,242,337 Hanoi, 26, 42, 62, 65, 68, 75, 86, 92, 97, 98, Greece, 156-7 101, 164, 183, 184, 185, 186, 191, 192, Index 401

193, 201, 204, 205, 206, 208, 214, 215, Ho Chi Minh Campaign, 196 258, 284, 313, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, (Saigon), 317, 320, 321, 322-3 322, 323 see also Kecho (Hanoi); Thang Long see also Saigon (Hanoi); Tong Binh (Hanoi); Tonkin Ho Chi Minh Trail (Laos), 192, 194 (Hanoi) Hoffman, Abbie, 255 Han Wu Ti, 40 Ho Hue (Quang Trung), 63, 64 haragei ('stomach talk'), 231 Holbrooke, Richard, 302 Harivarman II, 54 Holland, 64-5, 110, 111-12, 140 Harkins, Paul D., 175 Holocaust, 160 Harris, Hunter, 171 Holsti, Ole R., xviii-xix, 326 Harrison, Lieutenant, 214 Holtzman, John, 291 Hart, Gary, 272 Ho Lu, 63, 64 , 284 Homestead Act (1862), 141, 173 Harvey, Frank, 222 Honan province, 39 Hatfield, Mark, 29 Honduras, 15, 17, 138, 290, 324, 332 Hatfield-McGovern Amendment, 191 Hong Due Code, 59 Ha Thuc Can, 283 , 233, 312, 316 Ha Tinh, 206-7 Hong Kong Transport (ship), 170 Hawaii, 123, 131, 134 Ho Nhac, 63, 64 Ha Xuan Dai, 212 Honolulu, 261 Hayden, Tom, 252, 255 Hoover, Edgear J., 152, 263 Hayes, President, 148 'Hoovervilles', 152 Hayter, Teresa, 304 Ho Qui Ly, 55 hegemony, US, xxi, xxii-xxiii, 24, 25-6, 108, hospitals, bombing of, 180, 181, 193, 138,159, 160, 213, 264, 267-8,269, 206-7, 258 279, 287, 289,292, 302-3, 306-7, 333 Ho Ting, 233 see also Cold War; containment of com• House Banking Committee, 271 munism; imperialism; rollback of House Defense Appropriations communism Subcommittee, 178 Helms, Jesse, 294, 296 House Un-American Activities Committee Helms, Richard, 299 (HUAC), 152 Helms-Burton Act Hue, Father, 71 see Cuban Liberty and Democratic Hue, 40, 42, 63, 65, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77, Solidarity (Libertad) Act (1996) 79,83,91, 176, 177, 179, 184, 187, Henderson, Oran, 217 189,196 Heng Samrin, 313 Hughes, Robert, xvii-xviii Hernando de Soto, 109, 111 Huk guerrillas, 164 Heroine (ship), 70 human rights, xxi, xxiii, 268, 279, 291, 295, Herrington, Stuart, 220 296, 318, 321, 325, 329-30, 331, 332 Hertz, Helga Alice, 180 see also assassinations; executions; geno• Hirado, 65 cide; massacres; starvation; terror• Hirohito, Emperor, 86, 92 ism; torture; women's rights Hirohima, 91-2, 214 Humphrey, Hubert, 183 Hitler, Adolf, 124, 152, 154, 155, 332, 335 Humphries, Arthur A., 336 Hoa Lu, 46 Humphries, Hulond, 278 Hoang Hoa Tham, 88 Hung Dynasty, 34, 37 , 33 Huntington, Samuel, 284 Ho Chi Minh ('The Enlightened One'), Huron tribes, 115, 118 79-80, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, Hussein, Saddam, xxiv, 8, 20-1, 28, 138, 98, 122, 163, 164, 167, 189, 199, 208, 332, 334, 335, 339, 340 259 Huu Ngon, 320 see also Nguyen Ai Quoc ('Nguyen the HuynhPhuoc Tinh, 219 Patriot'); Nguyen Tat Thanh (Ho HuynhVanTon, 179 Chi Minh) Hwang Chao, 45 402 Index

Ignatio, 65 International Institute for Strategic Studies, Illinois Anti-Slavery Society, 121 269 see also slavery international law, US violations of, xxii, Imperial Advisor, office of, 60 xxiii, 18, 105-6, 202, 287-8, 289, 293, imperialism, xix, xx, xxiii, 3, 13, 46, 54, 74, 294, 298-303, 306, 308, 340, 341 81,85, 108, 123, 129-38,269 see also Geneva Accords; Geneva see also hegemony, US; invasions of Convention; genocide; war crimes Vietnam International Monetary Fund (IMF), 154, Imperial Japanese Greater East Asia 269, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 316, Manifesto, 90 317,318,319,333 imprisonment of debtors, 143-4 International Press Institute, 338 Incas, 115 International Red Cross, 207, 222, 338 independent dynasties (Vietnam), 46-64 International War Crimes Tribunal, 182 India, 64, 67, 96, 168, 295 see also Bertrand Russell War Crimes 'Indian frontiers', 114 Tribunal; war crimes; Winter Soldier Indian General Allotment Act (1887), 114, Investigation 115 invasions of Vietnam, 44, 55, 214 Indian Removal Act (1830), 114 by Britain, 93 Indians, American, 72, 109-19, 126, 140, by China, 40, 44-5, 46, 48, 55-6 141,245-6,283 by France, 71-3, 74 see also individual tribes by Japan, 79, 84, 86-7 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, 114 by Mongols, 49-50, 74, 88 Indian wars, 113 by Spain, 72 Indochina, 76, 85, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, by United States, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175 101, 105, 163, 164, 166, 195,251,252, see also rebellions, Vietnamese; Vietnam 284,309,318-19,326 War see also individual countries Iran, xvii, xix, xxii, 16, 27, 138, 157, 291, Indochina Communist Party, 80-1, 82, 85, 295,296,297, 302, 304-5 91,98,315 see also Persia see also Vietnamese Communist Party , 27 Indochinese Democratic Front, 85 Iraq, xix, xxiii, xxiv, 22, 28, 29, 138, 267, Indochinese Federation, 90, 97 269, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, Indonesia, xxi, 138, 252, 292, 300, 312 298,302, 303, 304, 308, 311, 332-41 see also East Timor Iraqi National Accord, 290-1, 292 Indrapura (Champa capital), 46 Iron Age, 36 Indravarman III, 54 '', 156 Indravarman IV, 54 'Iron Triangle', 186 Industrial Workers of the World Iroquois Confederacy, 112 ('Wobblies'), 151 Isaacs, Harold, 91 Institute of Economic Affairs, 268 Islamic Society (), 334 Inter-Church World Movement, 151 Israel, Israelis, xvii, 27, 292, 294, 297, 299, International Bank for Reconstruction and 300,301 Devolopment (World Bank), 154, 269, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 316, 318, Jackson, Andrew ('Sharp Knife'), 70, 114, 319,321,333 125,145 International Civil Aviation Organisation Jackson, Jesse, 272 (ICAO), 287, 301 Jackson,M., 174 International Committee of Conscience on Jackson News (newspaper), 122 Vietnam, 183 Jackson State University, 257 International Control Commission, 167, Jacobson, George, 5 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 176 Jamaica, 138 International Covenant on Civil and James, Lew, 5 Political Rights (ICCPR), 279 Jankowski, Celene, 182 International Court of Justice at The Hague Japan, 14, 64, 65, 81, 85-6, 87-8, 90, 91-2, (World Court), 17, 289, 293, 300 93-4, 95, 96, 101, 106, 126, 132, 136, Index 403

137, 184, 201, 203, 206, 213-14, 284, Khmer Rouge, 313 297,317,318,320,338 Khuc Hao, 45 Java, 44-5 Khuc Thua Du, 43, 45 Jay,John, 270 Kieft, Willem, 111 Jaya Indravarman I, 54 Kim II-sung, 163 Jaya Sinhavarman II, 54 Kim Quy (Golden Sea Turtle), 35, 38 Jaya Sinhavarman IV, 55 King, Martin Luther, 242, 243, 244, 252 Jefferson, Thomas, 130, 270 King, Rodney, 278 Jennings, Francis, 116 King Philip's War (1976), 111 Jerusalem, 300, 337 King Sport Victory (ship), 170 Johns Hopkins University, 247 Kipling, Rudyard, 126 Johnson, Edward, 111 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 331 Johnson, Lady Bird, 250 Kissinger, Henry, 4, 5, 8, 10, 193, 194, 196, Johnson, Lyndon, 8, 9, 10, 23, 25, 28, 173, 256 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, Knights of the White Camelia, 121 186, 187, 188, 197, 199, 237, 243, 247, Knox, Henry, 112 248, 249-50, 260, 281, 282, 283, 299 Kolchak forces, 135 see also Johnson administration Komer, Robert, 219 Johnson, R. W., 272 Kontum, 193, 195 Johnson, Samuel, 119-20 Korea, xix, 40, 104, 105, 106, 126, 136, Johnson administration, 7, 29, 247, 249, 137,213,214 250, 263, 285, 309 see also Korean War; North Korea; South see also Johnson, Lyndon Korea Johnston, Robert, 22 Korean Flight 007, 295 Joint Military Commission (JMC), 195 Korean War, xvii, 128-9, 163, 175, 214, Jones, Governor, 123-4 235, 282, 284, 299 Josephson, Matthew, 140 Kosygin, Alexei, 186 Juan de Onate, Don, 109-10 Kovic, Ron, 29 Judaism, 183 Kubilai, 50, 53 Ju-Ju club, 243 Kublai Khan, 49 Junior Chamber of Commerce, 248 KuKluxKlan, 121, 151,277 Justice Department, US, 277 , 89, 136, 137 Kurdistan, 292, 339, 340 Kahn, Robert, 276 Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), 339, Kampuchea 340 see Cambodia; Democratic Kampuchea; Kuwait, xxiv, 8, 20-1, 28, 332, 333, 334, People's Republic of Kampuchea 337, 338, 339, 340 Kattenburg, Paul, 11 Kwangju, 56, 190, 226 Kecho (Hanoi), 64 Kwantung Army, 92 Kennedy, Edward, 27, 236 Kennedy, John F., 25, 164, 169, 173, 174, Lac Long Quan, 34, 37 175, 176, 177,203,299 Lac Viet people, 37 see also Kennedy administration Laird, Melvin, 178, 189, 194, 239 Kennedy, Joseph (Jnr), 292 LamVanPhat, 179 Kennedy, Joseph (Snr), 164 language, in Vietnam, 33-4, 41, 55, 66, 232 Kennedy administration, 7, 309 Lansdale, Edward Geary, 164, 165, 200 see also Kennedy, John. F. Laos, xviii, xix, 16, 26, 86, 103, 105, 137, Kent State University, 191, 257 178, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, Kenya, 305 213,221,251,311,313,314 Kerry, John, 320 Laotian Provisional National Union, 314 al-Khadami, Abu Amneh, 290-1 Lapham, Lewis H., 270 Kham, Captain, 233 Later Le Dynasty, 58-64 Kham Thien Street, 258 Latin America, 14, 15, 131, 290 Khe Sanh, 186, 187, 188 see also individual countries Khmer people, 33, 54-5, 73, 74 Latin American Studies Association, 16-17 404 Index

Lavelle, John, 192 see also Convention for the Suppression Law 10/59, 172, 173,200 of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety Lawless, Judge, 121 of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 1971) Lawn, John C, 19 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 131, 179, 181 Law on Foreign Investment, 316 see also Cabot, George Lawrence mills, 151 Lond, Clarence, 326 Lawrence Poor Farm, 151 Lon Nol, 190, 191 Lawson, J. J., 95 Lo River, 98 League of Nations, 154 Los Angeles, 29 Lease, Mary, 145 Lo Tuan, 43 Leatherneck (magazine), 126 Louis XVIII, 69 Lebanon, Lebanese, xvii, xxiii, 138, 292, Louis-Adolphe Bonard, 72, 73 297,301 Louisiana, 120 see also Beirut Lousiana Purchase, 130 Le Bao Phung, 75 Lovejoy, Elijah P., 121 Leclerc, General, 95, 97 Lovett, Robert, 247 Le Duan, 201 Lowell system, 148 LeDucTho, 194 low-intensity warfare (LIW), xxii, 27, Lefevre, Monsignor, 70 288-92, 306, 308, 324-9, 332, 340 Legal Defence Committee, 254 see also terrorism, American legend, Vietnamese, 34-5, 38, 56, 60 Loyang, 39 Legro, William, 5 Lumumba, Patrice, 138 Le Hien Tong, 61 Luong Ngoc Quyen, 88 Le Hoan, 46-7, 54 Lutheran Action Committee, 254 Le Hong De Huan, 61-2 Luu Ky Tong, 54 Le Hong Phong, 83 Ly Bi, 43,44 Le Loi (Le Thai To), 56, 57, 58, 59, 74, Ly Dynasty, 47-9 79 Lynch, Judge, 122 LeMay, Curtis, 129, 182,214 lynchings, 122-3 Lemnitzer, L., 173, 174 Lynd, Staughton, 252 Lempa River, 329 Ly Nhan Ton, 49 Le Populaire (journal), 80 Ly Phat Tu, 43 Lernoux, Penny, 290 Ly Thai To (Ly Cong Uan), 47 'Les Jaunes', 95,99 Ly Thuong Kiet, 48 LeTham, 167 Ly Tu Tien, 45 Le Thanh Tong, 58, 59, 60, 61 Ly Xuan, 43 Letter of Instructions (LOI), 219 Le Van Duyet, 70 Macao, 64, 65, 66 LeVanTy, 169 MacArthur, Arthur, 126, 135 Leveque, Captain, 70 MacArthur, Douglas, 126,152 Lewis, Charles, 271 MacArthur, John R., 336 Lewis, Jake, 271 MacCormick Commission, 236 Liberia, 120 Mac Dang Doanh, 61 Libya, xxii, xxiii, 16, 138, 288, 289, 295, Mac Dang Dung, 61 296,297,298,301,302 Machapunga tribes, 115 see also Gaddafi, Muammar MacNeice, Louis, 155 Libyan Embassy, London, 287 Madagascar, 85 Lieu Thang, 57 Maddox (ship), 178 Lincoln Memorial, 274 Magna Carta, 47 Linh Nam Chich Quai, 60 Magsaysay, President, 164 Linton, Benjamin F., 145 Mahan,A.T. ,131 Lippo Group, xxi Mai Thuc Loan, 43, 45 Liuzzo, Viola, 125 Mai Xuan Thuong, 77 Livingstone, R., 130 Major Crimes Act (1885), 114 Lockerbie case, 301 Malacca, 64 Index 405

Malaya, 44-5, 174 McNamara, Robert, 7, 9, 25-6, 174, 175, see also Malaysia 176, 178, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 204, Malaysia, 312 222, 247 see also Malaya Medical Committee for Human Rights, 254, management science, 153 255 Manchu Dynasty, 62, 64 Medrano, Jose, 324 mandarin class, 47-8, 49, 61, 62, 63, 68, Meese, Ed, 19 73-4, 75, 77, 79,80 megalomia, 11 Institute, 285 Mekong River, 33, 75, 96, 103, 188, 243 Manhattan Island, 110, 140 Me Linh people, 37 Manhattes tribe, 110 Mellon, Andrew W., 146 'man-holes', defensive, 204, 205 Melville, Marjorie, 13, 14 , 129-30, 131 Melville, Thomas, 13, 14 Manila, 69, 131, 171, 178 memorials to veterans, 263 Mansfield, Mike, 164, 176 Memphis Press (newspaper), 123 Mao Tse-tung, 137 Merino, Francisco, 331 Mariana Islands, 134 Merrill Lynch, 273 Marit Maersk (ship), 169 Metcalf, Joseph, 18 Ma River, 35, 36 Mexican-American War (1848), 130 market economy, 315-16, 317, 320-1, 323 Mexico, 13, 115 see also capitalism; plutocracy Miami tribes, 114, 115 Marmion (ship), 69 Michener, James, 257 Marshall, George C., 158 Michigan State University, 252 Marshall Plan, 98, 101, 158-9, 160 Mikhail Frunze (ship), 186 Marti, Agustin Farabundo, 324 Military Assistance Advisory Group Martin, Graham Anderson, 4-5 (MAAG), 172, 173, 174, 175 Martin, Henri, 101 Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Marx, Karl, 80 (MACV), 175,281 Mason, John, 116 military colonies, Chinese, 41 Massachusetts, 110, 111, 115, 116, 139, military expenditure, US, xxii-xxiii 143, 151 Military Professional Resources (MPR) massacres, 110-11, 112, 115, 118, 134-5, Inc., 301 138, 167, 168, 171, 173, 181, 182, 183, Military Staff Committee, UN, 157 184, 188, 190,214,216-19,226, Miller {ship), 170 238-40, 249, 258, 267, 324, 325, mines, mining, 186, 193 327-8, 329, 331, 332, 337, 338 , 55^6, 57, 58, 61, 62, 74, 106 see also atrocities; casualties; genocide; Ming Mang, 68-9, 70 matanza massacre; My Lai (Son Ly) Minh Long, 213 massacre; Phoenix ('Phuong Minuit, Peter, 111 Hoang') Program miscegenation laws, 124-5 'master race' concepts, 278 mismanagement, US, 4-6, 13, 25 matanza massacre, 324 missiles, 339 Mather, Cotton, 116, 118 cruise, 339, 340 Matsumoto, Gary, 336 Patriot, 337 Matsuoka Yosuke, 86 Scud,337 Mau-Mau club, 243 see also rockets Maxwell House, 153 Missing-in-Action (MIA) personnel, 230, Ma Yuan (Tamer of Waters'), 42 284,311,317,318,319,320 McCain, John, 23 see also prisoners of war (POWs) McCarthy, Joseph, 152, 155 Mississippi, 123, 124 McCIoy, John, 247 Mississippi River, 130 McConnel, John P., 184 Mitterrand, Francois, 318 McCulloch, Frank, 282 Mobile tribes, 109 McCusker, Michael, 240 Moc Thanh, 57 McGovern, George, 317 Mogadishu, 22, 23 406 Index

Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, xvii see also chemical warfare; phosphorus Mohawk tribes, 112, 115 bombs Mohican tribes, 111, 115, 117 Napoleon III, 71, 73 Mohr, Charles, 252-3 Napoleonic Wars, 67 'mole people', New York, 274 Narrangansett tribes, 117 Molly Maguires, 148 National Association of Broadcasters, Molotov, Vyacheslav, 156 281-2 Mondale, Walter, 272 National Association of Travel Agents, 272 Mongols, 49-50, 52-3, 54, 74 National Commission on the Causes and Mon-Khmer people, 33 Prevention of Violence, 253 Monroe, James, 131 National Day of Prayer, 256 Monroe, Doctrine, 131 National Defense Ribbon, 236 Montauk tribes, 115 National Grange of the Patrons of Montreal Convention (1971) Husbandry, 146 see Convention for the Suppression of National Guard, 148, 150 Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of National Lawyers Guild, 254 Civil Aviation (Montreal, 1971) National Liberation Committee, 92 morality National Liberation Front of South Vietnam see ethics (NLF), 173, 179, 180, 181, 186, 187, Morgan, John Pierpont, 146 188, 190, 208-12, 216, 218, 219-20, Morgan, Stanley, 273 222, 223, 232, 233, 245, 250, 251, 252, Morrow, Michael, 317 259,280-1,282,285 Morse, Wayne, 187 see also Vietcong Code of Discipline Moscow, 80 National Mobilisation Against the War, Mossadeq, Mohammed, 138 253, 254, 255 Mountbatten, Louis, 93, 94 National Museum, Hanoi, 214-15 Moutet, Marius, 97-8 National Opposition Union (UNO), 286 Moynihan, Patrick, 242 national security, US, 3-4 Mozambique, 138, 271 National Security Agency (ANSESAL), 324 Muller, Bobby, 262 National Security Council (NSC), 159, 318 , 33, 74, 77 National Security Council (NSC) 10/2 Murmansk, 135 memorandum, 159 Museum of Archaeology and History, 214 National Security Council (NSC) memoran• see also archaeology; National Museum, dum 58, 159-60 Hanoi National Security Council (NSC) memoran• mutilations, 215-16, 217, 218, 219, 226, dum 68, 159 238,240 National United Front for the Liberation of My Lai 4 (Tu Cung) Vietnam, 317 see My Lai (Son My) massacre Navarre, General, 102-3 My Lai (Son My) massacre, 9, 188, 190, Nay Luette, 5 195, 216-18, 220, 233-4, 238-9, 283 Nehru, Pandit, 96 see also Calley, William Nelson, David, 121 My Nuong, 34 Nelson, Margaret, 220 Myrdal, Gunnar, 125 Nemesis (ship), 71 My Thuy Phuong, 89 Neolithic Age, 35 'New Deal', 152, 154 Nabisco, 272 New Netherlands, 140, 142 Nader, Ralph, 272 New Orleans States (newspaper), 122 Nagasaki, 92, 214 Newsweek (journal), 178, 184 Nam Dinh, 206 New World Group, 317 Nam Viet ('Nan Yueh'), 35, 38-9, 40 New York, 29, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, Nan Chiao (Yunnan), 44-5 147, 148,270,274 Nanticoke tribes, 115 New York Central Railroad, 146 napalm, xx, 180, 182, 184, 203, 204, 214, New York Times (newspaper), 151 218,221-22,246,252-3,328 New Zealand, 14, 165,182 Index 407

Nez Perces, 117 Nho Dinh Nhu, 177 Nghe An, 78, 88 Nicaragua, xxii, 15-17, 19,26, 132, 138, Nghe province, 57 279, 286, 288, 289, 293, 295, 300, 304, Nghe Tinh Soviets, 82 324,332 Ngo Dien Liem, 316 'nigger-hunting licences', mock, 278 , 42, 83, 164, 166, 167, 168, Nikken, Pedro, 331 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177,200, Ninh Binh, 206 201,203,214 Nixon, Richard, 7, 10, 13, 26, 27, 102, 189, see also Diem administration 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 203, 217, Ngo Dinh Diem, Madame, 42 255, 256, 257-8, 260, 262, 314, 315 Ngo Quyen, 43, 45, 53 Nixon administration, 14, 26, 250, 256, 258, Ngo Si Lien, 60 263,285 Ngo Trong Hieu, 174 see also Nixon, Richard Nguyen, Doctor, 224 'no-fly zones', Iraq, 298, 302, 339 Nguyen Ai Quoc ('Nguyen the Patriot'), 80, 'No More Vietnams', 12-24, 306 89 Nordstrom, Charles, 118 see also Ho Chi Minh ('The Enlightened Noriega, Manuel, 18-20, 286, 295, 298 One') see also Panama Nguyen An, 56 Norodom Sihanouk, 190 Nguyen Anh (Gia Long), 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 70,75 (NATO), 14, 165, 178, 269, 309 Nguyen An Ninh, 83 Northern tribes, 115, 117 Nguyen Binh Khiem, 60-1 North Korea, 287-8, 301 Nguyen Canh Chan, 57 see also Pyongyang Nguyen Cao Ky, 180, 183, 184, 186, 191, North Vietnam, 26, 35, 37, 166, 168, 169, 192 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, Nguyen Du, 60 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, Nguyen Duy Khiem, 184, 191, 192 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, Nguyen Dynasty, 68 200, 201, 202, 204, 207, 208, 220-1, Nguyen faction, 62-3 230,247,250,314,326 Nguyen Hoang, 62, 65 see also Haiphong; Hanoi; Vietnam Nguyen Huu Co, 233 North Vietnam Army (NVA), 209, 211-13, Nguyen Khanh, 177, 178-9, 180 250 Nguyen Kim, 62 Northwest Ordinance (1787), 112 Nguyen Luong, 167 nuclear weapons, 91-2, 104, 157, 165, 187, Nguyen Ngoc Tho, 177 204, 213-14, 221, 252, 269, 287-8, Nguyen Phuc Anh, 63 295, 300-1 Nguyen Phuoc Tan, 65 Nung people, 37 Nguyen Quang Bich, 77-8 Nuremburg Code (drug experimentation), Nguyen Sinh Huy, 80 302 Nguyen Tat Thanh (Ho Chi Minh), 79 see also Ho Chi Minh (The Enlightened Oakes, John, 16 One') Oakley, Robert, 22 Nguyen Thai Hoc, 79 Occam's Razor, 25 Nguyen Thanh Mai, 218 O'Daniel, General, 168 Nguyen Thi Binh, 218 , 33 Nguyen Thi Dieu, 168 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 91 Nguyen Thien Thuat, 77 Ogaden, 12 Nguyen Trai, 57 Ohio State University, 256 Nguyen Trung True, 74 oil, oil companies, 27, 138, 151, 318, 333 Nguyen Van Tao, 83 Oksenberg, Michel, 315 Nguyen Van Thieu, 180, 184, 188, 189, Olivier, Lawrence, 155 191,192,194, 195, 196 Olson, Harry, 124 Nguyen Xuan Oanh, 179 O Ma Nhi (Omar), 52, 53 Nhan Tong, 50 Oneida tribes, 112 408 Index

Onondaga tribes, 112 Panama, 18-20, 23, 138, 267, 286, 290, Operation Attleboro, 185 295, 298, 300 Operation Birmingham, 183 see also Noriega, Manual , 186 Panama Canal Treaties (1977-8), 300 Operation Complete Victory, 188 Pan-Asian Movement, 79 Operation Delaware, 188 Pdnfilo de N£rva6z, 109 Operation Dewey Canyon II, 191 Paramesvaravarman, 54 'Operation Disaster', 287 paranoia, as Vietnam consequence, 9, 10 Operation Double Eagle, 183 see also Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry of Operation Geronimo, 185 Paraguay, 295 Operation Grimp, 182 Parkman, Francis, 119 Operation Hastings, 184 Parr Wa Samen (Ten Bears), 117 , 261 'Parrot's Beak' area (Cambodia), 190,191 Operation Iowa, 185 PathetLao, 103,314 , 186 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), 339, Operation Just Cause, 20, 23 340 Operation Lam Son 719, 192 Patton, George C, 152 Operation Marauder, 182 Pauker, Guy J., 7-8 - White Wing, 183, 249 Pauling, Linus, 175 Operation Mongoose, 17, 299 Peabody, Governor, 150 Operation Pegasus, 188 Peabody, Joseph, 143 Operation Ranch Hand, 225 Peace Agreement (1973), 315, 319 see also defoliation Peace Conference (Paris, 1946), 157 Operation Rolling Thunder, 206, 226 peace talks (Paris, 1969-73), 188, 189, 191, see also bombing 194,315 Operation Sea Lords, 188 Peckarsky, J. C, 262 Operation Somalia, 287 Peers, William, 216 see also Somalia Pellerin, Monsignor, 71 Operation Star-light, 181 Pendleton, Senator, 115 Operation Sunrise, 175 Pennsylvania, 147, 148 Operation Texas, 183 Pentagon, 6, 15, 24, 27, 102, 106, 187, 191, Operation Urgent Fury, 18 202, 203, 225, 253, 254, 291 Operation Van Buren, 183 People's Republic of Kampuchea, 313 Operation White Wing, 249 Pepsi-Cola, 320 see also Operation Masher - White Wing Pequot tribes, xx, 115, 116, 117, 118 Organisation of American States (OAS), Perez de Cuellar, Xavier, 329, 330 300, 330 Peri, Gabriel, 83 Ortega, Daniel, 17 permanent Indian frontier, 129 Osborne, K. Barton, 220 Perot, Ross, 273 Osdorne, William N, 175 Perry, William, 288 Ottawa tribes, 114, 118 Persia, 66 Overseas Development Institute, 304 see also Iran Peru, 115 Pacific, 123, 131, 134 Pham Dong, 219 Pacific Mail Steamship, 128 Pham Quynh, 83 Pacific Stock Exchange, San Francisco, 29 Pham Van Dong, 180, 193, 194, 206, 207, Page, Admiral, 72 314 Pakistan, 165,291,295 Phan Boi Chau, 58, 79 Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age, 35, 38 Phan Dinh Phung, 78, 79, 88 paleolithic culture Phan Thanh Gian, 72, 74 see Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age Philadelphia, 29 , 301 Philadelphia Ledger (newspaper), 135 Pallu, Francois, 66 Philip Morris Tobacco, 272 Pallu de la Barriere, 72, 74 Philippines, Filipinos, 123, 125-6, 131-5, Pan, Lynn, 127 164, 165, 184, 213, 230, 233, 288, 310 Index 409

Phnom Penh, 313, 315 Post-Pleistocene Age, 35 Phoenix ('Phuong Hoang') Program, 5, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 261 219-20,226 Potomac tribes, 115 Pho Hien, 65 Poulo Condor, 83 phosphorus bombs, 182, 204, 214, 222, 240, poverty, 268, 270, 273-7, 322, 323, 332 321 see also capitalism; market economy; see also napalm plutocracy Phuc Quoc, 90 Powell, Colin, 8, 20, 21 Phu Ly, 206 Powhatan tribes, 115, 116, 117 Phung Hung, 43, 45 Prison Discipline Society, 143^4 Phung Tri Chinh, 42 prisoners of war (POWs), 191, 192, 194, 'Phuong Hoang' Program 232,261,311,317,318 see Phoenix ('Phuong Hoang') Program see also (MIA) person• Pierce (ship), 169 nel; veterans, Vietnam Pigneau de Behaine, Bishop of Adran, 65, Progressive Labor Party, 255 67-8, 70 Project 100,000 (Great Society Pilgrim (ship), 143 Programme), 242-3 Pinckney, Charles, 270 propaganda, xxii, 8, 11-12, 16, 43, 65, 71, Pine Ridge Agency, 115 124, 134, 149, 154, 155, 159, 160, Pinkerton guards, 150 164-5, 200, 202, 209-10, 211, 228, 'Pinkville' 232, 246-51,279, 280-8, 306, 308, see My Lai (Son My) massacre 309,311,325-6,333-7,340 Pinochet, General, 304 see also 'armed propaganda' units Pinter, Harold, 331 property requirements piracy, 143 see voting qualifications plane cemeteries, 206 prostitution, prostitutes, 103, 314, 321, 322, Plane of Jars (Laos), 221 323 Pleiku, 103, 179, 195 see also brothels Pleistocene Age, 35 Protectorate of Annam (Pacified South), 44 Pleistocene culture Provisional Revolutionary Government of see Pleistocene Age; Post-Pleistocene South Vietnam, 191, 192, 193, 195 Age Prudential Bache, 273 plutocracy, xxi, xxii, 139, 268-77, 279, 307 psychiatry see also capitalism; democracy; elec• see Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry of tions; hegemony, US psychic numbing, 238, 239 pluto-democracy, xxi Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War, see also plutocracy 17 Pocahontas, 117 Pueblo tribes, 109-10 Podhoretz, Norman, 283 Puerto Rico, 109, 134 Poivre, Pierre, 67 Pullman Palace Car Co., 150 Pokanoket tribes, 117 Puritanism, 139 Poland, 156,295 see also Calvinism; Christianity Policy Planning Staff, US, 158 Pyongyang, 214 political action committees (PACs), 271, see also North Korea 272 political prisoners, 82-3 Qana compound, 297 polls, US, 190, 191, 248, 250, 271, 277, Quang Binh, 77 278, 327 Quang Tri province, 77, 193 Pol Pot, xviii, 313, 315 Quang Trung Ponca tribes, 117 see Ho Hue (Qhang Trung) Ponce de Leon, Juan, 109 Qui Nhon, 63 Pontiac, 114 Quoc Toan, 50 Popular Front, French, 84 Quy Khoang, 57 Portland, Oregon, 29 Portugal, 62, 64, 65 'rabbit lesson', 231 410 Index racism, xix, xx, xxi, xxiii, 95, 99, 108, 109, Revolutionary Contingent, 255 110, 118-30, 131, 132-3, 134, 135, Rhade people, 60 151, 152, 228, 231, 240, 241-6, 255-6, Rhodes, James, 256 261,277-9,333-5 Riady, Mochtar, xxi Radford, A., 172 Richardson, Ralph, 155 Radio Saigon, 168, 169 Ridgway, Matthew, 4 RAND Corp., 7 Riegle, Donald, 8 Randolph, A. Philip, 242 Rigault de Genouilly, 71, 72 Rangel, Charles, 277 Rio Treaty (1947), 300 Rangoon, 93 Rivers, Mendell, 185 see also Burma 'roaring armies' {quan o), Tay Son, 63-4 Rankin, John, 126 see also Tay Son Rebellion rape, 181, 182, 217, 218, 219, 226, 238-9, Robb, Charles S., 319 240,328,331 'robber barons', 130, 140, 141-2, 144-6, Reagan, Ronald, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 307 257, 272, 285, 286, 307, 325, 331 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, 259 Reagan administration, xix, 15, 16, 19, 274, Roberts, Edmund, 70 276, 288, 289, 315, 325, 326, 327, 329 Robertson, Walter, 94 see also Reagan, Ronald Rockefeller, John D., 140, 149 , 288 rockets, 222, 251, 337 rebellions, Vietnamese, 214 see also missiles against Chinese, 56-8 Rocky Mountains, 130 against French, 71-5, 76-9, 80, 81-5, 87, Rodgers, Marques, 278 96-105 Rogers, William, 191 against Japanese, 87, 89, 91-2 roll-back of communism, 158,292 against Mongols, 52-4 see also containment of communism see also demonstrations; strikes; Tay Son Ro mam people, 33 Rebellion; Vietnam War Roman , 66-7, 68, 71, 95, Red Army, 155 165,200,258-9,290 Red Cloud see also Christianity see Hahpiua Luta (Red Cloud) Romero, Carlos Humberto, 324 Red Jacket, 117 Romero, Oscar A., Archbishop, 325, 328, Red River, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 52, 57, 356-7 65,80,89,91,98 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 156 Reedy, George, 259-60 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 152, 154, 156 religion, folk, 44 Roosevelt, Theodore, 125 see also animism; Buddhism; Rosenau, James N., xviii-xix, 326 Christianity; Confucianism; Rosenwald, Julius, 146 repression Rostow, Walt, 178 by US/Diem forces, 167-8, 169, 170, Rubin, Jerry, 255 171, 176,201,202 Rudravarman III, 54 see also Diem administration Ruggles, John F., 172 by US police/military, 253-4, 255, 256, Rusk, Dean, 131, 163, 173, 178, 187, 247 257,262 Russell, Bertrand, 182 industrial: see demonstrations; strikes Russia, xvii, xxii, 130 Republican Party, 272 see also Russian Federation; Union of Republic of Vietnam, 168, 170, 189 Soviet Socialist Republics see also South Vietnam; Vietnam Russian Federation, 154, 293, 301, 305 reservations, Indian, 112, 116, 118 see also Russia resident superieur, 75 Rutgers University, 278 resistance movements, 78-9 Rwanda, 24 see also rebellions, Vietnamese resolutions, UN Sachs, Ernie, 240 see General Assembly resolutions; Sacramento, 263 Security Council resolutions Index 411

see Hussein, Saddam on Libya {748, 883), 294 Safer, Morley, 283 tribes, 118 Sage, Russell, 146 Senate Armed Services Committee, 182 Saigon, 4, 5, 63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 83, 87, 88, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 4, 93-4, 95, 96, 101, 164, 166, 170, 171, 183,187,249,294 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, Seneca trines, 112, 115, 117 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 195, Serbs, 24 196,215,218,231,267,316 see also Bosnia; Yugoslavia see also Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon); Seven Years' War, 67 South Vietnam sexual imagery, 238, 251 'Saigon Follies', 281, 282 see also brothels; prostitution; rape see also 'Five O'clock Follies'; propa• sexism, 242 ganda Sgroi, Paul, 262 Saigon Military Mission, 164 Shah of Iran, 27, 138 Saigon Municipal Council, 83 Shang Dynasty, 39 Sainteny, Jean, 97 Sharp, Daniel, 143 Salisbury, Harrison, 185, 250 Shawnee tribes, 114, 117, 118 Sallahadine, 340 Sheridan, Philip, 118 Samoa, 131 Sherman Services Incorporated, 151 sanctions, xxii, 16, 288, 293-7, 306, 308, shock 311, 314, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 338, see trauma, as Vietnam consequence 340,341,353 Shultz, George, 19 Sandinista regime, 16-17, 19, 293, 295 Siam, 63, 66 Sandino, Augusto, 16 see also Thailand San Francisco, 15,29, 128 Siberia, 135 San Francisco Charter, 96 Sibert, Edwin, 159 San Jose" Municipal Auditorium, 257 Simpson, Christopher, 160 , xxiv, 28-9, 289, 333, 337 Simpson, O. J., 278 Sauk tribes, 114 Sinanthropus anthropoids, 35 Schaade, Carl, 175 Singapore, 95 Schlesinger, James, 12, 27 Sinte Galeshka (Spotted Tail), 117 School of Police Administration, 200 tribes, xx, 115, 117 see also University of Michigan Skrellings, 109 School of the Americas, 290 slavery, 37, 38, 64, 73, 109-10, 111, Schuylkill River, 147 119-20,121-2,125,126 Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, 6, 12, 336 see also 'coolie' labour Scott, C. P., 337 sleaze, xxi-xxii, 69-70, 130 Seale, Bobby, 255 see also bribery; corruption; gangsters Second World War, xvii, xviii, 28, 85, 89, Slim, General, 126 90,96, 126-7, 128, 136, 137, 152, 155, Smith, Lewis M., 133 160, 206, 235, 249, 251, 282, 284, 285 Smith, Walter B., 105 Scott Bill (1888), 128 Snepp, Frank, 6 Secretariat, UN, 155,297 'social evils', 322 Secretary-General, UN Solomon, Richard, 317 see Boutros-Ghali, Boutros; Perez de Somalia, xxiii, 21-4, 30, 138, 267, 287, 303 Cuellar, Xavier; U Thant see also Somalia Effect Security Council, Permanent Members of, Somalia Effect, xvii, 24, 267, 287 157,292-3 see also Somalia Security Council, UN, xxii, 154, 183, 292, Somoza, Anastasio, 16, 295, 304 293, 294, 296, 297, 307, 340 Son My village Security Council resolutions, 298, 300 see My Lai (Son My) massacre on Bosnia (775), 301 Sontay, 42 on Iraq {661, 678, 687), 294, 300, 305 Son Tinh, 34 on Israel {242, 338, 465, 476, 478, 799), South Africa, 124,294,304 299,300, 301 South China Sea, 33 412 Index

Southeast Asia, 3, 33, 44, 51, 60, 69, 70, 71 Stone Age cultures see also individual countries see Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age; South-East Asia Command (Allied Forces), Pleistocene Age; Post-Pleistocene 93 Age South East Asia Treaty Organisation 'Stop the Draft Week', 253 (SEATO), 165, 168, 171, 173, 178, see draft, military 299 strategic hamlets Southern Han Dynasty, 45 see concentration camps, South South Korea, 27, 136, 163, 179, 183, 230, Vietnamese 233 strikes, 81-2, 84, 89-90, 94, 148-50, 151 see also Korea see also demonstrations South Vietnam, 4-5, 22, 64, 65, 91, 94, 164, 'structural adjustment', 268-9, 305 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, Stuart, Charles, 120 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, Student Health Organisation (SHO), 254 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, student protests, 255-8, 259 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, see also demonstrations 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 230, 232, 233, 238, 280, 281, 323, 326 254 Soweto uprising (1976), 304 Sudan, 296, 297 Spain, 14, 65-6, 71, 109, 130, 132 Sui Dynasty, 44 Spanish-American War (1898), 131-5 Sukarno, President, 138 Spargo, John, 147 Sulzberger, C. L., 7 Special Assistant for Field Operations Sung Dynasty, 46, 48, 54 (SAFFO), 5 Supreme Allied Command Sout-East Asia Special Forces, US, 219 (SACSEA), 93 see also Central Intelligence Agency Supreme Court, 125 (CIA); Green Berets Suttler, David, 260 Spellman, Francis, 164 Swartwout, Samuel, 144 SS Section Amt IVB4, 160 Sweden, 235 see also Holocaust Sylvester, Arthur, 283 Staley, Eugene, 174 Syria, 295 Staley Plan, 174 Stalin, Joseph, 155, 156 Taft, Robert A., 155 Standard Oil, 151 Taft, William Howard, 130 'Stand for Children' demonstration, 274 , 137, 177, 196, 269, 295 Standing Bear, 117 forces, 291 Stanton, Frank, 283 Tamexco, 322 Stanton, Henry B., 121 Tang Dynasty, 44, 45 starvation, 21, 116, 126, 132, 134, 152,214, Tao Dan academy, 60 220, 286, 303, 328, 338 Taoism, 44, 56, 60, 63 Stassen, Senator, 167 Tappan, Lewis, 121 State Department, US, 15, 114, 153, 174, Tay Au {Au Viet) people, 33, 37 175, 177, 185,248,291,315,324, Taylor, Maxwell, 174, 179, 181 325 Taylor, Philip M., 336 State Department Planning Committee, Tay Son Rebellion, 63, 64, 67, 68, 75 178 Tecumseh, 114, 117 State Rights Party ('Dixiecrats'), 124 tenements (New York inter alia), 147 St Clair, Arthur, 112 terrorism Steel Age (ship), 170 American, xxii, 16,17,137,159-60,171, Stephens, Charles, 240 176, 177, 183, 186, 219, 286, 289, Stevenson, Adlai, 180 290-2,293, 300, 306, 308, 311,317, Stevenson, Robert Louis, 127 324, 332, 340, 341 , 74 French, 72 Stockwell, David, 23 South Vietnamese, 167-8, 169, 171, 174, Stome, Olivier, 29 176, 177, 183 Index 413

see also assassinations; genocide; low- see also Phoenix ('Phuong Hoang') intensity warfare (LIW); Operation Program Mongoose; Phoenix ('Phuong Tracey, Nathaniel, 143 Hoang') Program; repression; trade, 69-70, 81, 268, 304, 318, 320 torture see also market economy , 187, 192, 250, 336 Tran Binh Trong, 49 Texaco, 278 Tran Cao, 58 Texas, 130 Tran Di Ai, 50 Texas and Pacific Railroad, 150 Tran Dynasty, 49-58, 88 Thai Binh province, 44 Tran Hoan, 322 Thailand, 80, 137, 165, 190, 311, 312, 313 Tran Hung Dao, 49, 50, 52, 53-4, 74 see also Siam; Thai people Tran Khanh Du, 53 Thai people, 33 Tran Ninh (Truong Due), 63 Thang Long (Hanoi), 47, 48, 49, 52, 55 Tran Phu, 83 Thanh Hoa, 77, 78, 206 Tran Quang Khai, 52 Thanit Tung, 233 Tran Thien Khiem, 179 Than Van Kinh, 176 Tran Trong Kim, 91,92 Thatcher, Margaret, 17, 316 Tran Van Chuong, 91 The Nation (newspaper), 123, 152 Tran Van Don, 177 therapy for Vietnam Syndrome, 12 Tran Van Huu, 164 The Robber Barons, 140 Tran Xuan Soan, 77 see also 'robber barons' trauma, as Vietnam consequence, xviii, xix, of Vietnam (newspaper), 177 xxiv, 9, 10-11,12,26,228 Thich Quang Due, 177 see also Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry of Thiesen, Bruce, 320 Treaty of Grenville, 112 Thieu Tri, 70 Trien Da, 34-5 Third Reich, 154 Trieu Au, Lady, 42-3 see also Hitler, Adolf Trieu Dinh, 165 Thoat Hoan, 52-3 Trieu Quang Phuc, 43, 44 Thompson, R. G. K, 174 Trinh faction, 62-3 Thorwald, 109 Trinh Kiem, 62 Thuc Phan (An Duong), 37 Trinh Tong, 62 Thuy Tinh, 34 Tripoli (Libya), 298 Ticonderoga (ship), 178 Truman, Harry S., 124, 154-5, 156, 157-8, 'tiger cages', 214, 219, 226 160 Timber and Stone Act (1878), 141 , 157-8, 159, 160 Timber Culture Act (1873), 141 Trung Lap (Neutrality) journal, 83 Time (magazine), 153 Trung Nhi, 42, 43 Timour, 53 Trung True, 42, 43 Toa Do (Gogetu), 50, 52 Truong Buu Lam, 74 Todd, Olivier, 221 Truong Cong Dinh, 74 Tominaga Kyoji, 86 Truong My Hoa, 218 Tong Binh (Hanoi), 44, 45 Truong Quyen, 74 Tong Duy Tan, 78 Truyen Ky Man Luc, 60 Tonkin, 62, 72, 75, 89 Tu Due, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 Tonkin Gulf Resolution Tuland University, 9 see Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Turkestan, 40 Tonkin (Hanoi), 75 , 304 Ton That Thuyet, 77 Turner, Stansfield, 289 Torricelli, Robert, 294 Turner Joy (ship), 178 torture, xx, xxiv, 17, 80, 83, 95, 109, 111, Tuscarora tribes, 112 116, 122, 125, 133, 137, 167, 168, 170, Tweed ring, 146 173, 200, 201, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, typhus, 147 219, 220, 226, 232, 236, 239, 240, 269, 279, 290, 308, 322, 328-9, 331, 339 Ukraine, 160 414 Index

UN Charter see Secretariat, UN see Charter, UN UN Security Council Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total see Security Council, UN de Angola (UNITA), 330 Uruguay, 132,153,295 Union Carbide, 153 US Air Force, 164, 175, 178, 184 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, xix, see also bombing; nuclear weapons xxiii, 13, 15, 21, 26, 92, 105, 135, 136, US Commission on Industrial Relations, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159-60, 151 169, 175, 186, 288, 291, 294, 295, 298, US Communist Party, 255 304,310,325,341 US Information Agency (USIA), 248 see also Russia US Information Service (USIS), 179 United Fruit Co., 137, 153 US Steel, 153 United Kingdom, 18, 64, 70, 85, 93-4, 96, U Thant, 180 105, 106, 130, 155, 156, 159, 165, 168, Utter, L. N, 222 169, 186,312,316,340 see also England VA Compensation and Pension Service, 262 United Nations, xxii, 156-7, 292-4, 296-7, see also veterans, Vietnam 298, 305, 306, 308, 313, 329, 330-1, Valluy, General, 98 332-3, 340 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 15, 146 see also General Assembly, UN; Military Van Lang, 37 Staff Committee, UN; resolutions, Van Liesvelt, 65 UN; Secretariat, UN; Secretary- Van Rennsselaer, Kiliaen, 141 General, UN; Security Council, UN Van Xuan, 44 United Nations Angola Verification Mission Vasco da Gama, 64 (UNAVEM), 330 Vasquez de Ayllon, Lucas, 109 United Nations Economic and Social Vasquez de Coronado, Francisco, 109 Council, 330, 331 Vessey, John, 318 United Nations High Commissioner for veterans, Vietnam, 228, 237-8, 257, 261-4, Refugees (UNHCR), 312 320,321 United Nations Observer Mission in El see also 'double veterans' Salvador (ONUSAL), 330 Veterans Administration (VA), 262 United Nations World Food Programme, Veuillot, Louis, 71 338 Vial, F., 72-3 United States, xvii, xviii, xix-xx, xxi, Vichy France, 86, 87, 90, 94, 95 xxii-xxiii, xxiv, xxv, 3-4, 6, 7, 9, 10, Vicksburg Evening Post (newspaper), 123 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19,22,23,24, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 27, 69-70, 86, 91, 94, 99-101, 102, 299 104, 105, 106-7, 163, 164, 165, 166, Vietcong 167, 169, 170, 176, 200, 202, 227, 214, see National Liberation Front of South 228-64, 267-8, 269, 272, 273, 274, Vietnam (NLF) 277, 279, 284, 288-9, 292, 293, 296, Vietcong Code of Discipline, 209, 211 297, 298-304, 305, 306-7, 309-11, Vietminh 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, see Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, (Vietminh) 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, Vietnam, xvii, xxiv, xxv, 3,4, 6, 8, 15, 23, 340-1,348 24,28,33, 105,108, 136, 137,138, history of, 108-60 160,163,167,228,251,290,304, see also hegemony, US; invasions of 308-23, 325 Vietnam, by US; Vietnam War, history of, 33-107, 163, 226 chronology see also Democratic Republic of University of Kansas, 256 Vietnam; Republic of Vietnam; University of Leeds (England), 336 Vietnam Syndrome; Vietnam War University of Michigan, 168, 200 Vietnam as symbol, xvii, 3, 267, 308, University of Pennsylvania, 256 326-7 UN Secretariat see also Vietnam Syndrome Index 415

Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh (Vietminh), Vinh Linh, 204, 205-6, 218 87, 89, 90-1, 92-3, 94, 95, 96, 97, Vinh Thuy 103-5, 163, 164, 165,200,201 see Bao Dai (Vinh Thuy) Vietnamese Communist Party, 84, 85, 87, Virginia, 111, 115, 116, 120, 125, 147, 322 150-1 see also Indochina Communist Party Virginia Company, 111 Vietnamese National Assembly, 318 Vladivostok, 135, 136 Vietnamese people, 5, 25, 30, 33-7, 213 Vo Luong, 167 see also boat people, Vietnamese; von Clausewitz, Karl, 25, 208 Vietnam; Viet people; Vietnam War Vo Nguyen Giap, 54, 80, 89, 92, 98, 104-5, Vietnam Heroico (ship), 18 171,208,342-3 'Vietnamisation', 7-8, 26, 189 voting qualifications, 123-4,275 Vietnam Memorial, 11 see also democracy; elections; poverty see also memorials to veterans VoVanKiet,316 Vietnam Moratorium (1969), 189, 256 'Vulture' plan, 104 Vietnam Perspectives (journal), 249 Vung Tau Bay, 69 Vietnam Public Affairs Policy Committee Vuong Thong, 58 (AFV), 248, 249 Viet-Nam Quang-Phuc Hoi (Association for Wallace, Henry, 156 the Restoration of Vietnam), 79 Wall Street, 145,151,273 Viet-Nam Quoc-Dan Dang (Nationalist see also capitalism; plutocarcy Movement), 79, 81 Wall Street crash (1929), 151, 154 Vietnam Syndrome, xvii-xix, xx, xxiv, xxv, see also Great Depression 3,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, Walpole, Horace, 120 19, 20, 21, 22, 23-24, 25, 26, 27, 28, Walters, Vernon, 15 29-30, 108, 138, 204, 228, 230, 251, Wampanoag tribes, 115 262, 264, 267, 279, 280, 283, 284, 286, war crimes, xxiv-xxv, 227 287, 288, 293, 297, 306, 307, 308, 310, see also assassinations; Bertrand Russell 312, 324, 326-7, 332, 333, 335, 336, War Crimes Tribunal; genocide; 340-1 International War Crimes Tribunal; psychiatry of, xviii, xix, 3, 9-12, 30, 228, massacres; torture; Winter Soldier 267,310 Investigation see also Vietnam War, lessons of war criminals, Nazi, 157, 159, 160 Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 29 see also war crimes Vietnam War, xvii, xx, xxiv, 6-7, 9, 10, 21, War of Intervention, 154 22,28,29, 109, 128, 129, 138, 152-3, War Powers Act (1973), 4, 26, 27 163-264, 285, 298, 299, 317, 323, 333, Warring States (China), 39 335-6, 339, 341 Warsaw, 185 as 'folly', 3, 4 Washington, D.C, 203, 256 as tragedy, 6, 7 Washington Monument, 256, 259, 262 chronology, 163, 167-96 Wasserman, Harvey, 142 damage to US, 6-9, 12 Watergate, 195, 235, 260, 262, 271 lessons of, xvii-xix, xxv, 3, 12, 24-30, wealth, personal, 268, 270, 274, 276 251, 267, 308-11, 327, 333, 337-8, see also plutocracy; poverty 340 Weiner, Lee, 255 price of, 229-30, 251, 326-7 Welch, Richard J., 133 see also invasions of Vietnam, by United Weld, William, 276 States; Vietnam; Vietnam Syndrome 'welfare reform', US, 275-6 Vietnam Workers' Party, 172, 173 Welfare Reform Bill (1995), 276 'Vietniks', 252 Westermarck, Edward, 139 Viet people, 33 Western Civil War of Incorporation, 148-9 see also Vietnamese people Western Sahara, 288 Viking sites, 109 Westmoreland, William, 14, 185, 187, 188, Villalobus, 328 215,229 Vinh, 206 Weyand, Frederick C, 5, 193 416 Index

Weyler, Valerio 'Butcher', 134 see International Bank for Reconstruction Wheelan, Robert, 268 and Development (World Bank) Wheeler, Burton K., 155 World Court Wheeler, E., 176 see International Court of Justice at the White, John, 69-70 Hague (World Court) White, Robert, 328 World Health Organisation (WHO), 230, White House, 256, 262, 270-1, 273 338 Why Vietnam?, 248 World Trade Organisation (WTO), xxiii, Williams, Samuel T., 171 269, 303, 307 Wilson, Harold, 186 see also General Agreement on Tariffs Wilson, Woodrow, 124, 270, 293 and Trade (GATT) Winter, Roger, 284 Winter Soldier Investigation, 239-41 Yangtze River, 37 see also Bertrand Russell War Crimes Yeltsin, Boris, xxii, 154 Tribunal; International War Crimes Yemen, 305 Tribunal; war crimes Yen Bai garrison, 80 Wisner, Frank, 160 'Yippies', 255 'Wobblies' Young, Stephen M., 182 see Industrial Workers of the World Young Democrats, 247, 248 ('Wobblies') Young Socialist Party, 255 Woods, Brian, 261 Youth Against the War and Fascism, 255 women rebels, 42-3, 81, 253 Youth International Party ('Yippies'), 255 women's rights, 59 Yugoslavia, 24 see also human rights see also Bosnia; Serbs Women Strike for Peace, 252, 254 Workers' Association for National Zaidi, Sarah, 338 Salvation, 89 Zaire, 304 Workingmen's Party, 150 Zimbabwe, 295, 305 World Bank Zyuganov, Gennady, 154